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• Detached breakwaters
  ...lnerability to storms. However, adapting a protection structure to fit the economic landscape can override the original goal of creating a more stable beach fo ...rrier islands. Coast. Eng. 56: 1133–1152</ref>), can prevent large beach losses and provide a sand buffer that protects coastal infrastructure against stor
  31 KB (4,721 words) - 16:08, 21 October 2025
• Threats to the coastal zone
  ...for agriculture, especially in arid regions, with considerable social and economic consequences. Coastal areas can also become less suitable for habitation du ....org/10.1787/011766488208]</ref>. Coastal natural disasters cut across all economic sectors. Wind or water damage from a cyclone (hurricane), flooding by tsuna
  29 KB (4,242 words) - 12:57, 1 November 2025
• Coastal pollution and impacts
  ...nd Seneca, J. 2006. Biological effects and subsequent economic effects and losses from marine pollution and degradations in marine environments: Implications
  31 KB (4,561 words) - 12:18, 4 February 2026
• Water Framework Directive
  ...y substances and the cessation or phasing-out of discharges, emissions and losses of the priority hazardous substances; | 5 || Characterisation of river basin: pressures, impacts and economic analysis
  12 KB (1,701 words) - 17:38, 3 September 2020
• Blue carbon sequestration
  ...2024. Deconstructing the mangrove carbon cycle: gains, transformation, and losses. Ecosphere 15, e4806</ref>. The spread in the results is mainly related to ...arbon Stocks and Fluxes in Mangrove Forests. Forests 13, 149</ref>. Annual losses of mangrove systems have declined from 1-3% in the late 20th century to 0.3
  52 KB (7,945 words) - 22:44, 15 May 2026
• Environmental risk assessment of marine activities
  ...ue loss for people depending on the harmed [[ecosystems|ecosystem]] in the economic impacts assessment, extinction or total catch in ecological risk assessment ...QRA) is the determination of the probability and consequences of potential losses in numerical terms. The assignment of probability values to the various [[e
  36 KB (5,430 words) - 20:20, 18 September 2023
• Contingent Valuation Method
  ...for a systematic bias in the estimation (an underestimation) of the total economic value of the related environment. Third, CVM brings with it the advantage t ...Davis 1963<ref>DAVIS, Robert K. (1963)"The Value of Outdoor Recreation: An Economic Study of the Maine Woods" Ph.D. dissertation. Harvard University</ref>). Da
  17 KB (2,626 words) - 20:54, 10 August 2024
• Impacts caused by increasing urbanization
  ...ll make the case for conservation even stronger. Finally we note that the losses are much greater from ribbon development than for cluster development. Howe :Marzetti Dell’Aste Brandolini, S. (2003) Economic Valuation of the Recreational Beach Use: The Italian Case-Studies of Lido D
  16 KB (2,380 words) - 17:04, 15 July 2020
• Mangroves
  ...level of sulphide in the soil and increases the pH leading to major shrimp losses. ...ref>). The main causes of mangrove loss are transformation of forests into economic land use such as aquaculture and agriculture, wood production, and (urban)
  46 KB (6,802 words) - 23:06, 25 April 2026
• Experiences with beach nourishments in Portugal
  ...serious and have great repercussions in terms of property losses and socio-economic impacts. For this reason, it is important to defend the area with soft or h
  37 KB (5,937 words) - 18:06, 18 January 2022
• Pollution prevention, detection and mitigation in European coastal waters
  ...port of compounds, biological impacts on human health or ecosystems, socio-economic consequences of a pollution event and engineering techniques for the mitiga ...rnments were neither prepared nor used to face the consequences of such an economic revolution and found themselves unable to deal with the ever growing figure
  26 KB (3,940 words) - 16:24, 20 February 2024
• ALGADEC - Detection of toxic algae with a semi-automated nucleic acid biosensor
  ...ealth or living resources, such as shellfish and fish, as well as economic losses to fishermen, aquaculture and the tourist industry, efficient [[Field Obser
  10 KB (1,504 words) - 20:50, 27 April 2026
• Thresholds and Marine Policies
  ...ion. This calls for reliable indicators of change, abilities to link socio-economic drivers and pressures to these indicators, as well as an awareness of the e ...E.g. Holling, 2001<ref>Holling, C.S. 2001. Understanding the Complexity of Economic, Ecological, and Social Systems. Ecosystems, Vol. 4, No. 5, 390-405</ref>)
  9 KB (1,369 words) - 15:54, 7 October 2021
• Flood risk analysis study at the German Bight Coast
  ...ure probabilities of the [[coastal defence]] system with micro-scale socio-economic vulnerability analysis. ...s. The vulnerability analysis follows an integrated approach and comprises economic, social, and ecological vulnerability criteria. It is divided into a damage
  25 KB (3,734 words) - 11:46, 17 February 2024
• Threats to Marine Biodiversity
  Threats to marine biodiversity have widespread social, economic, and biological consequences, the combination of which could threaten our o *Economic losses through reduced productivity
  2 KB (268 words) - 23:14, 27 December 2020
• Coastal cities and sea level rise
  ...WEF, 2019)<ref>WEF 2019. The Global Risks Report 2019, 14th Edition. World Economic Forum</ref>. According to a study by Kulp and Strauss (2019)<ref>Kulp, S.A. ...investments and revenues from industry and tourism and ultimately lead to economic and social disruption<ref name=VB>Vivekananda, J. and Bhatiya, N. 2016. Coa
  51 KB (7,528 words) - 12:22, 22 January 2024
• Species extinction
  * Reclamation of coastal wetlands (mangroves, salt marshes) for economic uses ...ty. Moreover, the loss of coastal habitats has also resulted in historical losses of floodplain buffer area and loss of erosion control from coastal wetlands
  25 KB (3,716 words) - 18:44, 23 February 2024
• Mediterranean seagrass ecosystem
  ...and services and support a highly diverse community, including species of economic interest. ...ew meadow in the 45 years, representing a gain of 5%. However, P. oceanica losses in the area were higher than the gains, as 81 ha were lost in the same peri
  37 KB (5,390 words) - 17:55, 24 February 2023
• Meiofauna of Sandy Beaches
  ...values and functions of beaches are often perceived as secondary to their economic value. Due to the lack of quantitative data, the ecological functions of pe ...data</ref>). Largely as a result of conflicting uses of coastal habitats, losses of marine diversity are highest in coastal areas. The best way to conserve
  23 KB (3,378 words) - 12:52, 7 May 2025
• Posidonia oceanica (Linnaeus) Delile
  ...and services and support a highly diverse community, including species of economic interest. ...species indicate that recovery of disturbed meadows, where important plant losses have occurred, would involve several centuries.
  10 KB (1,588 words) - 12:12, 7 September 2020

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