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https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Case_studies_eutrophication&diff=67966
Case studies eutrophication
2014-10-10T07:26:25Z
<p>Carolienk: /* Human health impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Humans at the top of the food web) */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Ecological impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Eutrophication and dead zones)==<br />
[[Image:Balsea.jpg|thumb|right|250px|<small>Algae blooms have created the world's largest dead zone in the Baltic Sea (Photo credit: Jeff Schmaltz, NASA)</small>]]<br />
====Introduction====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Dead zones are very low oxygen areas ([[hypoxia|hypoxic]]) in the ocean where marine life including fish, crabs and clams cannot survive. In the 1970s oceanographers began noting increased instances of dead zones. A 2008 study counted 405 dead zones worldwide<ref>Diaz R. J, Rosenberg R. (2008): Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems. Science 321, 629.</ref>. Hypoxia is a natural phenomenon that occurs periodically in coastal waters around the world. During the last 50 years however, increases in key pollutants from human activities on land have thrown many coastal ecosystems out of balance, resulting in expanded dead zone regions.</P><br />
<br />
====Causes and consequences====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Aquatic and marine dead zones can be caused by an increase in nutrients (mainly [[Nitrogen|nitrates]] and [[Phosphorus|phosphates]]) in the water known as [[eutrophication]]. Major nutrient sources come from human activities such as the use of [[fertilizer|fertilizers]] in agriculture and the burning of fossil fuels. These nutrients lead to a rapid increase of the density of certain types of [[phytoplankton]] resulting in [[algal blooms]]. The organic matter produced by these phytoplankton species at the surface of the ocean sinks to the bottom (the benthic zone) where bacteria break it down. The bacteria use oxygen and give off carbon dioxide during this breakdown. Fish and mobile invertebrates can migrate out of hypoxic areas. Plants and animals that are slow moving or attached to the bottom (sea grass, worms and clams) cannot escape from the dangers of hypoxic waters and will die. The largest dead zone worldwide is the Baltic Sea[http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea]. Overfishing of Baltic cod has greatly intensified the problem. Cod eat sprats, a small, herring-like species that eat microscopic zooplankton that in turn eat the algae. So, fewer cods and an explosion of zooplankton-eating sprats means more algae and less oxygen- a vicious cycle develops <ref>Westman, 2010; cited in Owen 2010. World's Largest Dead Zone Suffocating Sea, National Geographic News.</ref>.</P><br />
<br />
==== Solutions====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The main goal in reducing dead zones is to keep fertilizers on the land and out of coastal waters. The Black Sea dead zone largely disappeared between 1991 and 2001 after fertilizers became too costly to use following the collapse of the Sovjet Union and the demise of eastern European economies. Nutrients loads entering the sea where therefore considerably reduced. Fishing has again become a major economic activity in the region. However, our ocean ecosystems are fragile and the combined threats of climate change, overexploitation, pollution and habitat loss,all mostly caused by human activity, are undermining the sustainability. Expanded dead zones caused by global warming will remain for thousands of years and have harmful long-term effects on ocean ecosystems.</P><br />
<br />
==Human health impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Humans at the top of the food web)==<br />
[[Image:Shellfish_mussels.jpg|thumb|left|180px|<small>Mussels can be contaminated with algal toxins causing illness and economic loss (Photo credit: Lisa Williams)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The consumption of shellfish (e.g. mussels, clams) is one of the most common ways for algal [[toxic|toxins]] to impact human health. Marketable shellfish are generally considered to be safe, but in spite of these precautions, there are known illnesses.<br />
One dramatic incident occurred in 1990 when six fishermen almost died from eating mussels during a fishing trip on Georges Bank, a productive offshore finfish and shellfish area. The fishermen became ill after eating a pot of mussels they had caught in their nets. The Captain, who had joined the meal later than the rest of the crew, witnessed his fellow fishermen become incapacitated due to the paralytic effects of the toxin. He himself also became ill, but was capable of sending an urgent radio message to the US Coast Guard. In the hospital they were treated using respiratory therapy to sustain their breathing and prevent them from dying due to paralysis of the lungs. The event, presumably caused by a massive Alexandrium <ref>WoRMS (2012). Alexandrium Halim, 1960 emend. Balech, 1989. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2012). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470</ref> bloom transported offshore from areas along the northeast coast, closed the surf clam industry on Georges Bank to further harvest. Source: WHOI <ref>http://www.whoi.edu/science/B/redtide/foodweb/shellwedolunch.html</ref></P><br />
<br />
==Economic impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Shellfish flavour)==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Some algae and diatoms impart off-flavours or bitter taints to shellfish, rendering them unpalatable and unmarketable. In 1987 in Port Phillip Bay, Melbourne, Australia, a bloom of the diatom ''Rhizosolenia chunii'' <ref>Kraberg, A. (2011). Rhizosolenia chunii Karsten, 1905. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=341502</ref> <ref>Parry, G.D., Langdon, J.S. & Huisman, J.M. (1989). Toxic effects of a bloom of the diatom Rhizosolenia chunii on shellfish in Port Phillip Bay, southeastern Australia. Marine Biology, Berlin 102: 25-41.</ref>occurred and 3 species of shellfish within the bay, mussels, oysters and scallops, developed a powerful bitter taint. The taint was so persistent and unpleasant that the mussels from the bay were unmarketable for 7 months, causing a revenue loss of approximately $1 million.</P><br />
<br />
==Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Foam on the beach)==<br />
[[Image:Foambeachphaeo.png|right|thumb|200px|<small>Phaeocystis bloom (Photo credit: Nausicaa, Adrien Delater-Julien Legrand)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Some algae, particularly of the taxa ''Phaeocystis''<ref>Guiry, M.D. (2011). Phaeocystis. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2011). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=115088</ref>, produce a mucus, which when disturbed produce a foam. These algae are more prone to develop when there is little competition. It seems that in areas such as the south-east coast of the North sea, where all the silica has been captured by diatoms in estuarine regions, the residual nitrogen is used by ''Phaeocystis'' to bloom. They produce large amount of mucus which, if the weather is windy, will in turn be transformed into large amounts of foam covering extensive areas of beach and lake shores. Besides the impact on the landscape and the nuisance it represents for tourists, this foam is suspected of disturbing flat fish larvae development. This phenomenon is frequently observed at the Belgian and Dutch coasts, and appears from time to time in Germany.</P><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
<br />
{{Iseca}}<br />
{{author <br />
|AuthorID=26102<br />
|AuthorFullName= Knockaert, Carolien<br />
|AuthorName=Carolienk}}</div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Case_studies_eutrophication&diff=67965
Case studies eutrophication
2014-10-10T07:26:04Z
<p>Carolienk: /* Human health impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Humans at the top of the food web) */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Ecological impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Eutrophication and dead zones)==<br />
[[Image:Balsea.jpg|thumb|right|250px|<small>Algae blooms have created the world's largest dead zone in the Baltic Sea (Photo credit: Jeff Schmaltz, NASA)</small>]]<br />
====Introduction====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Dead zones are very low oxygen areas ([[hypoxia|hypoxic]]) in the ocean where marine life including fish, crabs and clams cannot survive. In the 1970s oceanographers began noting increased instances of dead zones. A 2008 study counted 405 dead zones worldwide<ref>Diaz R. J, Rosenberg R. (2008): Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems. Science 321, 629.</ref>. Hypoxia is a natural phenomenon that occurs periodically in coastal waters around the world. During the last 50 years however, increases in key pollutants from human activities on land have thrown many coastal ecosystems out of balance, resulting in expanded dead zone regions.</P><br />
<br />
====Causes and consequences====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Aquatic and marine dead zones can be caused by an increase in nutrients (mainly [[Nitrogen|nitrates]] and [[Phosphorus|phosphates]]) in the water known as [[eutrophication]]. Major nutrient sources come from human activities such as the use of [[fertilizer|fertilizers]] in agriculture and the burning of fossil fuels. These nutrients lead to a rapid increase of the density of certain types of [[phytoplankton]] resulting in [[algal blooms]]. The organic matter produced by these phytoplankton species at the surface of the ocean sinks to the bottom (the benthic zone) where bacteria break it down. The bacteria use oxygen and give off carbon dioxide during this breakdown. Fish and mobile invertebrates can migrate out of hypoxic areas. Plants and animals that are slow moving or attached to the bottom (sea grass, worms and clams) cannot escape from the dangers of hypoxic waters and will die. The largest dead zone worldwide is the Baltic Sea[http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea]. Overfishing of Baltic cod has greatly intensified the problem. Cod eat sprats, a small, herring-like species that eat microscopic zooplankton that in turn eat the algae. So, fewer cods and an explosion of zooplankton-eating sprats means more algae and less oxygen- a vicious cycle develops <ref>Westman, 2010; cited in Owen 2010. World's Largest Dead Zone Suffocating Sea, National Geographic News.</ref>.</P><br />
<br />
==== Solutions====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The main goal in reducing dead zones is to keep fertilizers on the land and out of coastal waters. The Black Sea dead zone largely disappeared between 1991 and 2001 after fertilizers became too costly to use following the collapse of the Sovjet Union and the demise of eastern European economies. Nutrients loads entering the sea where therefore considerably reduced. Fishing has again become a major economic activity in the region. However, our ocean ecosystems are fragile and the combined threats of climate change, overexploitation, pollution and habitat loss,all mostly caused by human activity, are undermining the sustainability. Expanded dead zones caused by global warming will remain for thousands of years and have harmful long-term effects on ocean ecosystems.</P><br />
<br />
==Human health impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Humans at the top of the food web)==<br />
[[Image:Shellfish_mussels.jpg|thumb|left|190px|<small>Mussels can be contaminated with algal toxins causing illness and economic loss (Photo credit: Lisa Williams)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The consumption of shellfish (e.g. mussels, clams) is one of the most common ways for algal [[toxic|toxins]] to impact human health. Marketable shellfish are generally considered to be safe, but in spite of these precautions, there are known illnesses.<br />
One dramatic incident occurred in 1990 when six fishermen almost died from eating mussels during a fishing trip on Georges Bank, a productive offshore finfish and shellfish area. The fishermen became ill after eating a pot of mussels they had caught in their nets. The Captain, who had joined the meal later than the rest of the crew, witnessed his fellow fishermen become incapacitated due to the paralytic effects of the toxin. He himself also became ill, but was capable of sending an urgent radio message to the US Coast Guard. In the hospital they were treated using respiratory therapy to sustain their breathing and prevent them from dying due to paralysis of the lungs. The event, presumably caused by a massive Alexandrium <ref>WoRMS (2012). Alexandrium Halim, 1960 emend. Balech, 1989. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2012). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470</ref> bloom transported offshore from areas along the northeast coast, closed the surf clam industry on Georges Bank to further harvest. Source: WHOI <ref>http://www.whoi.edu/science/B/redtide/foodweb/shellwedolunch.html</ref></P><br />
<br />
==Economic impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Shellfish flavour)==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Some algae and diatoms impart off-flavours or bitter taints to shellfish, rendering them unpalatable and unmarketable. In 1987 in Port Phillip Bay, Melbourne, Australia, a bloom of the diatom ''Rhizosolenia chunii'' <ref>Kraberg, A. (2011). Rhizosolenia chunii Karsten, 1905. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=341502</ref> <ref>Parry, G.D., Langdon, J.S. & Huisman, J.M. (1989). Toxic effects of a bloom of the diatom Rhizosolenia chunii on shellfish in Port Phillip Bay, southeastern Australia. Marine Biology, Berlin 102: 25-41.</ref>occurred and 3 species of shellfish within the bay, mussels, oysters and scallops, developed a powerful bitter taint. The taint was so persistent and unpleasant that the mussels from the bay were unmarketable for 7 months, causing a revenue loss of approximately $1 million.</P><br />
<br />
==Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Foam on the beach)==<br />
[[Image:Foambeachphaeo.png|right|thumb|200px|<small>Phaeocystis bloom (Photo credit: Nausicaa, Adrien Delater-Julien Legrand)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Some algae, particularly of the taxa ''Phaeocystis''<ref>Guiry, M.D. (2011). Phaeocystis. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2011). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=115088</ref>, produce a mucus, which when disturbed produce a foam. These algae are more prone to develop when there is little competition. It seems that in areas such as the south-east coast of the North sea, where all the silica has been captured by diatoms in estuarine regions, the residual nitrogen is used by ''Phaeocystis'' to bloom. They produce large amount of mucus which, if the weather is windy, will in turn be transformed into large amounts of foam covering extensive areas of beach and lake shores. Besides the impact on the landscape and the nuisance it represents for tourists, this foam is suspected of disturbing flat fish larvae development. This phenomenon is frequently observed at the Belgian and Dutch coasts, and appears from time to time in Germany.</P><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
<br />
{{Iseca}}<br />
{{author <br />
|AuthorID=26102<br />
|AuthorFullName= Knockaert, Carolien<br />
|AuthorName=Carolienk}}</div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Case_studies_eutrophication&diff=67964
Case studies eutrophication
2014-10-10T07:19:07Z
<p>Carolienk: /* Human health impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Humans at the top of the food web) */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Ecological impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Eutrophication and dead zones)==<br />
[[Image:Balsea.jpg|thumb|right|250px|<small>Algae blooms have created the world's largest dead zone in the Baltic Sea (Photo credit: Jeff Schmaltz, NASA)</small>]]<br />
====Introduction====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Dead zones are very low oxygen areas ([[hypoxia|hypoxic]]) in the ocean where marine life including fish, crabs and clams cannot survive. In the 1970s oceanographers began noting increased instances of dead zones. A 2008 study counted 405 dead zones worldwide<ref>Diaz R. J, Rosenberg R. (2008): Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems. Science 321, 629.</ref>. Hypoxia is a natural phenomenon that occurs periodically in coastal waters around the world. During the last 50 years however, increases in key pollutants from human activities on land have thrown many coastal ecosystems out of balance, resulting in expanded dead zone regions.</P><br />
<br />
====Causes and consequences====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Aquatic and marine dead zones can be caused by an increase in nutrients (mainly [[Nitrogen|nitrates]] and [[Phosphorus|phosphates]]) in the water known as [[eutrophication]]. Major nutrient sources come from human activities such as the use of [[fertilizer|fertilizers]] in agriculture and the burning of fossil fuels. These nutrients lead to a rapid increase of the density of certain types of [[phytoplankton]] resulting in [[algal blooms]]. The organic matter produced by these phytoplankton species at the surface of the ocean sinks to the bottom (the benthic zone) where bacteria break it down. The bacteria use oxygen and give off carbon dioxide during this breakdown. Fish and mobile invertebrates can migrate out of hypoxic areas. Plants and animals that are slow moving or attached to the bottom (sea grass, worms and clams) cannot escape from the dangers of hypoxic waters and will die. The largest dead zone worldwide is the Baltic Sea[http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea]. Overfishing of Baltic cod has greatly intensified the problem. Cod eat sprats, a small, herring-like species that eat microscopic zooplankton that in turn eat the algae. So, fewer cods and an explosion of zooplankton-eating sprats means more algae and less oxygen- a vicious cycle develops <ref>Westman, 2010; cited in Owen 2010. World's Largest Dead Zone Suffocating Sea, National Geographic News.</ref>.</P><br />
<br />
==== Solutions====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The main goal in reducing dead zones is to keep fertilizers on the land and out of coastal waters. The Black Sea dead zone largely disappeared between 1991 and 2001 after fertilizers became too costly to use following the collapse of the Sovjet Union and the demise of eastern European economies. Nutrients loads entering the sea where therefore considerably reduced. Fishing has again become a major economic activity in the region. However, our ocean ecosystems are fragile and the combined threats of climate change, overexploitation, pollution and habitat loss,all mostly caused by human activity, are undermining the sustainability. Expanded dead zones caused by global warming will remain for thousands of years and have harmful long-term effects on ocean ecosystems.</P><br />
<br />
==Human health impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Humans at the top of the food web)==<br />
[[Image:Shellfish_mussels.jpg|thumb|left|190px|<small>Mussels can be contaminated with algal toxins causing illness and economic loss (Photo credit: Lisa Williams)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The consumption of shellfish (e.g. mussels, clams) is one of the most common ways for algal [[toxic|toxins]] to impact human health. Marketable shellfish are generally considered to be safe, but in spite of these precautions, there are known illnesses.<br />
One dramatic incident occurred in 1990 when six fishermen almost died from eating mussels during a fishing trip on Georges Bank, a productive offshore finfish and shellfish area 100 miles east of Cape Cod, MA. After a hard day of fishing, the fishermen settled down in the ship's galley to eat a pot of steamed mussels that they had inadvertently caught in their nets. The Captain, who had joined the meal later than the rest of the crew, witnessed his fellow fishermen become incapacitated due to the paralytic effects of the toxin. He himself also became ill, but was capable of sending an urgent radio message to the US Coast Guard. The Coast Guard airlifted the men to the nearest hospital located on Nantucket Island, MA where they were treated using respiratory therapy to sustain their breathing and prevent them from dying due to paralysis of the lungs. Fortunately, all the men recovered and were back fishing within a few weeks. The event, presumably caused by a massive Alexandrium <ref>WoRMS (2012). Alexandrium Halim, 1960 emend. Balech, 1989. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2012). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470</ref> bloom transported offshore from areas along the northeast coast, closed the surf clam industry on Georges Bank to further harvest. Source: WHOI <ref>http://www.whoi.edu/science/B/redtide/foodweb/shellwedolunch.html</ref></P><br />
<br />
==Economic impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Shellfish flavour)==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Some algae and diatoms impart off-flavours or bitter taints to shellfish, rendering them unpalatable and unmarketable. In 1987 in Port Phillip Bay, Melbourne, Australia, a bloom of the diatom ''Rhizosolenia chunii'' <ref>Kraberg, A. (2011). Rhizosolenia chunii Karsten, 1905. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=341502</ref> <ref>Parry, G.D., Langdon, J.S. & Huisman, J.M. (1989). Toxic effects of a bloom of the diatom Rhizosolenia chunii on shellfish in Port Phillip Bay, southeastern Australia. Marine Biology, Berlin 102: 25-41.</ref>occurred and 3 species of shellfish within the bay, mussels, oysters and scallops, developed a powerful bitter taint. The taint was so persistent and unpleasant that the mussels from the bay were unmarketable for 7 months, causing a revenue loss of approximately $1 million.</P><br />
<br />
==Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Foam on the beach)==<br />
[[Image:Foambeachphaeo.png|right|thumb|200px|<small>Phaeocystis bloom (Photo credit: Nausicaa, Adrien Delater-Julien Legrand)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Some algae, particularly of the taxa ''Phaeocystis''<ref>Guiry, M.D. (2011). Phaeocystis. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2011). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=115088</ref>, produce a mucus, which when disturbed produce a foam. These algae are more prone to develop when there is little competition. It seems that in areas such as the south-east coast of the North sea, where all the silica has been captured by diatoms in estuarine regions, the residual nitrogen is used by ''Phaeocystis'' to bloom. They produce large amount of mucus which, if the weather is windy, will in turn be transformed into large amounts of foam covering extensive areas of beach and lake shores. Besides the impact on the landscape and the nuisance it represents for tourists, this foam is suspected of disturbing flat fish larvae development. This phenomenon is frequently observed at the Belgian and Dutch coasts, and appears from time to time in Germany.</P><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
<br />
{{Iseca}}<br />
{{author <br />
|AuthorID=26102<br />
|AuthorFullName= Knockaert, Carolien<br />
|AuthorName=Carolienk}}</div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Case_studies_eutrophication&diff=67963
Case studies eutrophication
2014-10-10T07:18:33Z
<p>Carolienk: /* Economic impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Shellfish flavour) */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Ecological impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Eutrophication and dead zones)==<br />
[[Image:Balsea.jpg|thumb|right|250px|<small>Algae blooms have created the world's largest dead zone in the Baltic Sea (Photo credit: Jeff Schmaltz, NASA)</small>]]<br />
====Introduction====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Dead zones are very low oxygen areas ([[hypoxia|hypoxic]]) in the ocean where marine life including fish, crabs and clams cannot survive. In the 1970s oceanographers began noting increased instances of dead zones. A 2008 study counted 405 dead zones worldwide<ref>Diaz R. J, Rosenberg R. (2008): Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems. Science 321, 629.</ref>. Hypoxia is a natural phenomenon that occurs periodically in coastal waters around the world. During the last 50 years however, increases in key pollutants from human activities on land have thrown many coastal ecosystems out of balance, resulting in expanded dead zone regions.</P><br />
<br />
====Causes and consequences====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Aquatic and marine dead zones can be caused by an increase in nutrients (mainly [[Nitrogen|nitrates]] and [[Phosphorus|phosphates]]) in the water known as [[eutrophication]]. Major nutrient sources come from human activities such as the use of [[fertilizer|fertilizers]] in agriculture and the burning of fossil fuels. These nutrients lead to a rapid increase of the density of certain types of [[phytoplankton]] resulting in [[algal blooms]]. The organic matter produced by these phytoplankton species at the surface of the ocean sinks to the bottom (the benthic zone) where bacteria break it down. The bacteria use oxygen and give off carbon dioxide during this breakdown. Fish and mobile invertebrates can migrate out of hypoxic areas. Plants and animals that are slow moving or attached to the bottom (sea grass, worms and clams) cannot escape from the dangers of hypoxic waters and will die. The largest dead zone worldwide is the Baltic Sea[http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea]. Overfishing of Baltic cod has greatly intensified the problem. Cod eat sprats, a small, herring-like species that eat microscopic zooplankton that in turn eat the algae. So, fewer cods and an explosion of zooplankton-eating sprats means more algae and less oxygen- a vicious cycle develops <ref>Westman, 2010; cited in Owen 2010. World's Largest Dead Zone Suffocating Sea, National Geographic News.</ref>.</P><br />
<br />
==== Solutions====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The main goal in reducing dead zones is to keep fertilizers on the land and out of coastal waters. The Black Sea dead zone largely disappeared between 1991 and 2001 after fertilizers became too costly to use following the collapse of the Sovjet Union and the demise of eastern European economies. Nutrients loads entering the sea where therefore considerably reduced. Fishing has again become a major economic activity in the region. However, our ocean ecosystems are fragile and the combined threats of climate change, overexploitation, pollution and habitat loss,all mostly caused by human activity, are undermining the sustainability. Expanded dead zones caused by global warming will remain for thousands of years and have harmful long-term effects on ocean ecosystems.</P><br />
<br />
==Human health impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Humans at the top of the food web)==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The consumption of shellfish (e.g. mussels, clams) is one of the most common ways for algal [[toxic|toxins]] to impact human health. Marketable shellfish are generally considered to be safe, but in spite of these precautions, there are known illnesses.<br />
One dramatic incident occurred in 1990 when six fishermen almost died from eating mussels during a fishing trip on Georges Bank, a productive offshore finfish and shellfish area 100 miles east of Cape Cod, MA. After a hard day of fishing, the fishermen settled down in the ship's galley to eat a pot of steamed mussels that they had inadvertently caught in their nets. The Captain, who had joined the meal later than the rest of the crew, witnessed his fellow fishermen become incapacitated due to the paralytic effects of the toxin. He himself also became ill, but was capable of sending an urgent radio message to the US Coast Guard. The Coast Guard airlifted the men to the nearest hospital located on Nantucket Island, MA where they were treated using respiratory therapy to sustain their breathing and prevent them from dying due to paralysis of the lungs. Fortunately, all the men recovered and were back fishing within a few weeks. The event, presumably caused by a massive Alexandrium <ref>WoRMS (2012). Alexandrium Halim, 1960 emend. Balech, 1989. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2012). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470</ref> bloom transported offshore from areas along the northeast coast, closed the surf clam industry on Georges Bank to further harvest. Source: WHOI <ref>http://www.whoi.edu/science/B/redtide/foodweb/shellwedolunch.html</ref></P><br />
<br />
==Economic impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Shellfish flavour)==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Some algae and diatoms impart off-flavours or bitter taints to shellfish, rendering them unpalatable and unmarketable. In 1987 in Port Phillip Bay, Melbourne, Australia, a bloom of the diatom ''Rhizosolenia chunii'' <ref>Kraberg, A. (2011). Rhizosolenia chunii Karsten, 1905. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=341502</ref> <ref>Parry, G.D., Langdon, J.S. & Huisman, J.M. (1989). Toxic effects of a bloom of the diatom Rhizosolenia chunii on shellfish in Port Phillip Bay, southeastern Australia. Marine Biology, Berlin 102: 25-41.</ref>occurred and 3 species of shellfish within the bay, mussels, oysters and scallops, developed a powerful bitter taint. The taint was so persistent and unpleasant that the mussels from the bay were unmarketable for 7 months, causing a revenue loss of approximately $1 million.</P><br />
<br />
==Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Foam on the beach)==<br />
[[Image:Foambeachphaeo.png|right|thumb|200px|<small>Phaeocystis bloom (Photo credit: Nausicaa, Adrien Delater-Julien Legrand)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Some algae, particularly of the taxa ''Phaeocystis''<ref>Guiry, M.D. (2011). Phaeocystis. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2011). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=115088</ref>, produce a mucus, which when disturbed produce a foam. These algae are more prone to develop when there is little competition. It seems that in areas such as the south-east coast of the North sea, where all the silica has been captured by diatoms in estuarine regions, the residual nitrogen is used by ''Phaeocystis'' to bloom. They produce large amount of mucus which, if the weather is windy, will in turn be transformed into large amounts of foam covering extensive areas of beach and lake shores. Besides the impact on the landscape and the nuisance it represents for tourists, this foam is suspected of disturbing flat fish larvae development. This phenomenon is frequently observed at the Belgian and Dutch coasts, and appears from time to time in Germany.</P><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
<br />
{{Iseca}}<br />
{{author <br />
|AuthorID=26102<br />
|AuthorFullName= Knockaert, Carolien<br />
|AuthorName=Carolienk}}</div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Case_studies_eutrophication&diff=67962
Case studies eutrophication
2014-10-10T07:17:58Z
<p>Carolienk: /* Economic impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Shellfish flavour) */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Ecological impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Eutrophication and dead zones)==<br />
[[Image:Balsea.jpg|thumb|right|250px|<small>Algae blooms have created the world's largest dead zone in the Baltic Sea (Photo credit: Jeff Schmaltz, NASA)</small>]]<br />
====Introduction====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Dead zones are very low oxygen areas ([[hypoxia|hypoxic]]) in the ocean where marine life including fish, crabs and clams cannot survive. In the 1970s oceanographers began noting increased instances of dead zones. A 2008 study counted 405 dead zones worldwide<ref>Diaz R. J, Rosenberg R. (2008): Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems. Science 321, 629.</ref>. Hypoxia is a natural phenomenon that occurs periodically in coastal waters around the world. During the last 50 years however, increases in key pollutants from human activities on land have thrown many coastal ecosystems out of balance, resulting in expanded dead zone regions.</P><br />
<br />
====Causes and consequences====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Aquatic and marine dead zones can be caused by an increase in nutrients (mainly [[Nitrogen|nitrates]] and [[Phosphorus|phosphates]]) in the water known as [[eutrophication]]. Major nutrient sources come from human activities such as the use of [[fertilizer|fertilizers]] in agriculture and the burning of fossil fuels. These nutrients lead to a rapid increase of the density of certain types of [[phytoplankton]] resulting in [[algal blooms]]. The organic matter produced by these phytoplankton species at the surface of the ocean sinks to the bottom (the benthic zone) where bacteria break it down. The bacteria use oxygen and give off carbon dioxide during this breakdown. Fish and mobile invertebrates can migrate out of hypoxic areas. Plants and animals that are slow moving or attached to the bottom (sea grass, worms and clams) cannot escape from the dangers of hypoxic waters and will die. The largest dead zone worldwide is the Baltic Sea[http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea]. Overfishing of Baltic cod has greatly intensified the problem. Cod eat sprats, a small, herring-like species that eat microscopic zooplankton that in turn eat the algae. So, fewer cods and an explosion of zooplankton-eating sprats means more algae and less oxygen- a vicious cycle develops <ref>Westman, 2010; cited in Owen 2010. World's Largest Dead Zone Suffocating Sea, National Geographic News.</ref>.</P><br />
<br />
==== Solutions====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The main goal in reducing dead zones is to keep fertilizers on the land and out of coastal waters. The Black Sea dead zone largely disappeared between 1991 and 2001 after fertilizers became too costly to use following the collapse of the Sovjet Union and the demise of eastern European economies. Nutrients loads entering the sea where therefore considerably reduced. Fishing has again become a major economic activity in the region. However, our ocean ecosystems are fragile and the combined threats of climate change, overexploitation, pollution and habitat loss,all mostly caused by human activity, are undermining the sustainability. Expanded dead zones caused by global warming will remain for thousands of years and have harmful long-term effects on ocean ecosystems.</P><br />
<br />
==Human health impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Humans at the top of the food web)==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The consumption of shellfish (e.g. mussels, clams) is one of the most common ways for algal [[toxic|toxins]] to impact human health. Marketable shellfish are generally considered to be safe, but in spite of these precautions, there are known illnesses.<br />
One dramatic incident occurred in 1990 when six fishermen almost died from eating mussels during a fishing trip on Georges Bank, a productive offshore finfish and shellfish area 100 miles east of Cape Cod, MA. After a hard day of fishing, the fishermen settled down in the ship's galley to eat a pot of steamed mussels that they had inadvertently caught in their nets. The Captain, who had joined the meal later than the rest of the crew, witnessed his fellow fishermen become incapacitated due to the paralytic effects of the toxin. He himself also became ill, but was capable of sending an urgent radio message to the US Coast Guard. The Coast Guard airlifted the men to the nearest hospital located on Nantucket Island, MA where they were treated using respiratory therapy to sustain their breathing and prevent them from dying due to paralysis of the lungs. Fortunately, all the men recovered and were back fishing within a few weeks. The event, presumably caused by a massive Alexandrium <ref>WoRMS (2012). Alexandrium Halim, 1960 emend. Balech, 1989. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2012). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470</ref> bloom transported offshore from areas along the northeast coast, closed the surf clam industry on Georges Bank to further harvest. Source: WHOI <ref>http://www.whoi.edu/science/B/redtide/foodweb/shellwedolunch.html</ref></P><br />
<br />
==Economic impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Shellfish flavour)==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Some algae and diatoms impart off-flavours or bitter taints to shellfish, rendering them unpalatable and unmarketable. In 1987 in Port Phillip Bay, Melbourne, Australia, a bloom of the diatom ''Rhizosolenia chunii'' <ref>Kraberg, A. (2011). Rhizosolenia chunii Karsten, 1905. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=341502</ref> <ref>Parry, G.D., Langdon, J.S. & Huisman, J.M. (1989). Toxic effects of a bloom of the diatom Rhizosolenia chunii on shellfish in Port Phillip Bay, southeastern Australia. Marine Biology, Berlin 102: 25-41.</ref>occurred and 3 species of shellfish within the bay, mussels, oysters and scallops, developed a powerful bitter taint. The taint was so persistent and unpleasant that the mussels from the bay were unmarketable for 7 months, causing a revenue loss of approximately $1 million.</P><br />
[[Image:Shellfish_mussels.jpg|thumb|left|190px|<small>Mussels can be contaminated with algal toxins causing illness and economic loss (Photo credit: Lisa Williams)</small>]]<br />
<br />
==Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Foam on the beach)==<br />
[[Image:Foambeachphaeo.png|right|thumb|200px|<small>Phaeocystis bloom (Photo credit: Nausicaa, Adrien Delater-Julien Legrand)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Some algae, particularly of the taxa ''Phaeocystis''<ref>Guiry, M.D. (2011). Phaeocystis. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2011). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=115088</ref>, produce a mucus, which when disturbed produce a foam. These algae are more prone to develop when there is little competition. It seems that in areas such as the south-east coast of the North sea, where all the silica has been captured by diatoms in estuarine regions, the residual nitrogen is used by ''Phaeocystis'' to bloom. They produce large amount of mucus which, if the weather is windy, will in turn be transformed into large amounts of foam covering extensive areas of beach and lake shores. Besides the impact on the landscape and the nuisance it represents for tourists, this foam is suspected of disturbing flat fish larvae development. This phenomenon is frequently observed at the Belgian and Dutch coasts, and appears from time to time in Germany.</P><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
<br />
{{Iseca}}<br />
{{author <br />
|AuthorID=26102<br />
|AuthorFullName= Knockaert, Carolien<br />
|AuthorName=Carolienk}}</div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Case_studies_eutrophication&diff=67961
Case studies eutrophication
2014-10-10T07:17:40Z
<p>Carolienk: /* Economic impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Shellfish flavour) */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Ecological impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Eutrophication and dead zones)==<br />
[[Image:Balsea.jpg|thumb|right|250px|<small>Algae blooms have created the world's largest dead zone in the Baltic Sea (Photo credit: Jeff Schmaltz, NASA)</small>]]<br />
====Introduction====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Dead zones are very low oxygen areas ([[hypoxia|hypoxic]]) in the ocean where marine life including fish, crabs and clams cannot survive. In the 1970s oceanographers began noting increased instances of dead zones. A 2008 study counted 405 dead zones worldwide<ref>Diaz R. J, Rosenberg R. (2008): Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems. Science 321, 629.</ref>. Hypoxia is a natural phenomenon that occurs periodically in coastal waters around the world. During the last 50 years however, increases in key pollutants from human activities on land have thrown many coastal ecosystems out of balance, resulting in expanded dead zone regions.</P><br />
<br />
====Causes and consequences====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Aquatic and marine dead zones can be caused by an increase in nutrients (mainly [[Nitrogen|nitrates]] and [[Phosphorus|phosphates]]) in the water known as [[eutrophication]]. Major nutrient sources come from human activities such as the use of [[fertilizer|fertilizers]] in agriculture and the burning of fossil fuels. These nutrients lead to a rapid increase of the density of certain types of [[phytoplankton]] resulting in [[algal blooms]]. The organic matter produced by these phytoplankton species at the surface of the ocean sinks to the bottom (the benthic zone) where bacteria break it down. The bacteria use oxygen and give off carbon dioxide during this breakdown. Fish and mobile invertebrates can migrate out of hypoxic areas. Plants and animals that are slow moving or attached to the bottom (sea grass, worms and clams) cannot escape from the dangers of hypoxic waters and will die. The largest dead zone worldwide is the Baltic Sea[http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea]. Overfishing of Baltic cod has greatly intensified the problem. Cod eat sprats, a small, herring-like species that eat microscopic zooplankton that in turn eat the algae. So, fewer cods and an explosion of zooplankton-eating sprats means more algae and less oxygen- a vicious cycle develops <ref>Westman, 2010; cited in Owen 2010. World's Largest Dead Zone Suffocating Sea, National Geographic News.</ref>.</P><br />
<br />
==== Solutions====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The main goal in reducing dead zones is to keep fertilizers on the land and out of coastal waters. The Black Sea dead zone largely disappeared between 1991 and 2001 after fertilizers became too costly to use following the collapse of the Sovjet Union and the demise of eastern European economies. Nutrients loads entering the sea where therefore considerably reduced. Fishing has again become a major economic activity in the region. However, our ocean ecosystems are fragile and the combined threats of climate change, overexploitation, pollution and habitat loss,all mostly caused by human activity, are undermining the sustainability. Expanded dead zones caused by global warming will remain for thousands of years and have harmful long-term effects on ocean ecosystems.</P><br />
<br />
==Human health impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Humans at the top of the food web)==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The consumption of shellfish (e.g. mussels, clams) is one of the most common ways for algal [[toxic|toxins]] to impact human health. Marketable shellfish are generally considered to be safe, but in spite of these precautions, there are known illnesses.<br />
One dramatic incident occurred in 1990 when six fishermen almost died from eating mussels during a fishing trip on Georges Bank, a productive offshore finfish and shellfish area 100 miles east of Cape Cod, MA. After a hard day of fishing, the fishermen settled down in the ship's galley to eat a pot of steamed mussels that they had inadvertently caught in their nets. The Captain, who had joined the meal later than the rest of the crew, witnessed his fellow fishermen become incapacitated due to the paralytic effects of the toxin. He himself also became ill, but was capable of sending an urgent radio message to the US Coast Guard. The Coast Guard airlifted the men to the nearest hospital located on Nantucket Island, MA where they were treated using respiratory therapy to sustain their breathing and prevent them from dying due to paralysis of the lungs. Fortunately, all the men recovered and were back fishing within a few weeks. The event, presumably caused by a massive Alexandrium <ref>WoRMS (2012). Alexandrium Halim, 1960 emend. Balech, 1989. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2012). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470</ref> bloom transported offshore from areas along the northeast coast, closed the surf clam industry on Georges Bank to further harvest. Source: WHOI <ref>http://www.whoi.edu/science/B/redtide/foodweb/shellwedolunch.html</ref></P><br />
<br />
==Economic impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Shellfish flavour)==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Some algae and diatoms impart off-flavours or bitter taints to shellfish, rendering them unpalatable and unmarketable. In 1987 in Port Phillip Bay, Melbourne, Australia, a bloom of the diatom ''Rhizosolenia chunii'' <ref>Kraberg, A. (2011). Rhizosolenia chunii Karsten, 1905. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=341502</ref> <ref>Parry, G.D., Langdon, J.S. & Huisman, J.M. (1989). Toxic effects of a bloom of the diatom Rhizosolenia chunii on shellfish in Port Phillip Bay, southeastern Australia. Marine Biology, Berlin 102: 25-41.</ref>occurred and 3 species of shellfish within the bay, mussels, oysters and scallops, developed a powerful bitter taint. The taint was so persistent and unpleasant that the mussels from the bay were unmarketable for 7 months, causing a revenue loss of approximately $1 million.</P><br />
<br />
==Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Foam on the beach)==<br />
[[Image:Foambeachphaeo.png|right|thumb|200px|<small>Phaeocystis bloom (Photo credit: Nausicaa, Adrien Delater-Julien Legrand)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Some algae, particularly of the taxa ''Phaeocystis''<ref>Guiry, M.D. (2011). Phaeocystis. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2011). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=115088</ref>, produce a mucus, which when disturbed produce a foam. These algae are more prone to develop when there is little competition. It seems that in areas such as the south-east coast of the North sea, where all the silica has been captured by diatoms in estuarine regions, the residual nitrogen is used by ''Phaeocystis'' to bloom. They produce large amount of mucus which, if the weather is windy, will in turn be transformed into large amounts of foam covering extensive areas of beach and lake shores. Besides the impact on the landscape and the nuisance it represents for tourists, this foam is suspected of disturbing flat fish larvae development. This phenomenon is frequently observed at the Belgian and Dutch coasts, and appears from time to time in Germany.</P><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
<br />
{{Iseca}}<br />
{{author <br />
|AuthorID=26102<br />
|AuthorFullName= Knockaert, Carolien<br />
|AuthorName=Carolienk}}</div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Case_studies_eutrophication&diff=67960
Case studies eutrophication
2014-10-10T07:17:24Z
<p>Carolienk: /* Human health impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Humans at the top of the food web) */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Ecological impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Eutrophication and dead zones)==<br />
[[Image:Balsea.jpg|thumb|right|250px|<small>Algae blooms have created the world's largest dead zone in the Baltic Sea (Photo credit: Jeff Schmaltz, NASA)</small>]]<br />
====Introduction====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Dead zones are very low oxygen areas ([[hypoxia|hypoxic]]) in the ocean where marine life including fish, crabs and clams cannot survive. In the 1970s oceanographers began noting increased instances of dead zones. A 2008 study counted 405 dead zones worldwide<ref>Diaz R. J, Rosenberg R. (2008): Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems. Science 321, 629.</ref>. Hypoxia is a natural phenomenon that occurs periodically in coastal waters around the world. During the last 50 years however, increases in key pollutants from human activities on land have thrown many coastal ecosystems out of balance, resulting in expanded dead zone regions.</P><br />
<br />
====Causes and consequences====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Aquatic and marine dead zones can be caused by an increase in nutrients (mainly [[Nitrogen|nitrates]] and [[Phosphorus|phosphates]]) in the water known as [[eutrophication]]. Major nutrient sources come from human activities such as the use of [[fertilizer|fertilizers]] in agriculture and the burning of fossil fuels. These nutrients lead to a rapid increase of the density of certain types of [[phytoplankton]] resulting in [[algal blooms]]. The organic matter produced by these phytoplankton species at the surface of the ocean sinks to the bottom (the benthic zone) where bacteria break it down. The bacteria use oxygen and give off carbon dioxide during this breakdown. Fish and mobile invertebrates can migrate out of hypoxic areas. Plants and animals that are slow moving or attached to the bottom (sea grass, worms and clams) cannot escape from the dangers of hypoxic waters and will die. The largest dead zone worldwide is the Baltic Sea[http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea]. Overfishing of Baltic cod has greatly intensified the problem. Cod eat sprats, a small, herring-like species that eat microscopic zooplankton that in turn eat the algae. So, fewer cods and an explosion of zooplankton-eating sprats means more algae and less oxygen- a vicious cycle develops <ref>Westman, 2010; cited in Owen 2010. World's Largest Dead Zone Suffocating Sea, National Geographic News.</ref>.</P><br />
<br />
==== Solutions====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The main goal in reducing dead zones is to keep fertilizers on the land and out of coastal waters. The Black Sea dead zone largely disappeared between 1991 and 2001 after fertilizers became too costly to use following the collapse of the Sovjet Union and the demise of eastern European economies. Nutrients loads entering the sea where therefore considerably reduced. Fishing has again become a major economic activity in the region. However, our ocean ecosystems are fragile and the combined threats of climate change, overexploitation, pollution and habitat loss,all mostly caused by human activity, are undermining the sustainability. Expanded dead zones caused by global warming will remain for thousands of years and have harmful long-term effects on ocean ecosystems.</P><br />
<br />
==Human health impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Humans at the top of the food web)==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The consumption of shellfish (e.g. mussels, clams) is one of the most common ways for algal [[toxic|toxins]] to impact human health. Marketable shellfish are generally considered to be safe, but in spite of these precautions, there are known illnesses.<br />
One dramatic incident occurred in 1990 when six fishermen almost died from eating mussels during a fishing trip on Georges Bank, a productive offshore finfish and shellfish area 100 miles east of Cape Cod, MA. After a hard day of fishing, the fishermen settled down in the ship's galley to eat a pot of steamed mussels that they had inadvertently caught in their nets. The Captain, who had joined the meal later than the rest of the crew, witnessed his fellow fishermen become incapacitated due to the paralytic effects of the toxin. He himself also became ill, but was capable of sending an urgent radio message to the US Coast Guard. The Coast Guard airlifted the men to the nearest hospital located on Nantucket Island, MA where they were treated using respiratory therapy to sustain their breathing and prevent them from dying due to paralysis of the lungs. Fortunately, all the men recovered and were back fishing within a few weeks. The event, presumably caused by a massive Alexandrium <ref>WoRMS (2012). Alexandrium Halim, 1960 emend. Balech, 1989. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2012). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470</ref> bloom transported offshore from areas along the northeast coast, closed the surf clam industry on Georges Bank to further harvest. Source: WHOI <ref>http://www.whoi.edu/science/B/redtide/foodweb/shellwedolunch.html</ref></P><br />
<br />
==Economic impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Shellfish flavour)==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Some algae and diatoms impart off-flavours or bitter taints to shellfish, rendering them unpalatable and unmarketable. In 1987 in Port Phillip Bay, Melbourne, Australia, a bloom of the diatom ''Rhizosolenia chunii'' <ref>Kraberg, A. (2011). Rhizosolenia chunii Karsten, 1905. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=341502</ref> <ref>Parry, G.D., Langdon, J.S. & Huisman, J.M. (1989). Toxic effects of a bloom of the diatom Rhizosolenia chunii on shellfish in Port Phillip Bay, southeastern Australia. Marine Biology, Berlin 102: 25-41.</ref>occurred and 3 species of shellfish within the bay, mussels, oysters and scallops, developed a powerful bitter taint. The taint was so persistent and unpleasant that the mussels from the bay were unmarketable for 7 months, causing a revenue loss of approximately $1 million.</P><br />
<br style="clear:both;"/><br />
<br />
==Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Foam on the beach)==<br />
[[Image:Foambeachphaeo.png|right|thumb|200px|<small>Phaeocystis bloom (Photo credit: Nausicaa, Adrien Delater-Julien Legrand)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Some algae, particularly of the taxa ''Phaeocystis''<ref>Guiry, M.D. (2011). Phaeocystis. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2011). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=115088</ref>, produce a mucus, which when disturbed produce a foam. These algae are more prone to develop when there is little competition. It seems that in areas such as the south-east coast of the North sea, where all the silica has been captured by diatoms in estuarine regions, the residual nitrogen is used by ''Phaeocystis'' to bloom. They produce large amount of mucus which, if the weather is windy, will in turn be transformed into large amounts of foam covering extensive areas of beach and lake shores. Besides the impact on the landscape and the nuisance it represents for tourists, this foam is suspected of disturbing flat fish larvae development. This phenomenon is frequently observed at the Belgian and Dutch coasts, and appears from time to time in Germany.</P><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
<br />
{{Iseca}}<br />
{{author <br />
|AuthorID=26102<br />
|AuthorFullName= Knockaert, Carolien<br />
|AuthorName=Carolienk}}</div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Case_studies_eutrophication&diff=67959
Case studies eutrophication
2014-10-10T07:16:54Z
<p>Carolienk: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Ecological impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Eutrophication and dead zones)==<br />
[[Image:Balsea.jpg|thumb|right|250px|<small>Algae blooms have created the world's largest dead zone in the Baltic Sea (Photo credit: Jeff Schmaltz, NASA)</small>]]<br />
====Introduction====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Dead zones are very low oxygen areas ([[hypoxia|hypoxic]]) in the ocean where marine life including fish, crabs and clams cannot survive. In the 1970s oceanographers began noting increased instances of dead zones. A 2008 study counted 405 dead zones worldwide<ref>Diaz R. J, Rosenberg R. (2008): Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems. Science 321, 629.</ref>. Hypoxia is a natural phenomenon that occurs periodically in coastal waters around the world. During the last 50 years however, increases in key pollutants from human activities on land have thrown many coastal ecosystems out of balance, resulting in expanded dead zone regions.</P><br />
<br />
====Causes and consequences====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Aquatic and marine dead zones can be caused by an increase in nutrients (mainly [[Nitrogen|nitrates]] and [[Phosphorus|phosphates]]) in the water known as [[eutrophication]]. Major nutrient sources come from human activities such as the use of [[fertilizer|fertilizers]] in agriculture and the burning of fossil fuels. These nutrients lead to a rapid increase of the density of certain types of [[phytoplankton]] resulting in [[algal blooms]]. The organic matter produced by these phytoplankton species at the surface of the ocean sinks to the bottom (the benthic zone) where bacteria break it down. The bacteria use oxygen and give off carbon dioxide during this breakdown. Fish and mobile invertebrates can migrate out of hypoxic areas. Plants and animals that are slow moving or attached to the bottom (sea grass, worms and clams) cannot escape from the dangers of hypoxic waters and will die. The largest dead zone worldwide is the Baltic Sea[http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea]. Overfishing of Baltic cod has greatly intensified the problem. Cod eat sprats, a small, herring-like species that eat microscopic zooplankton that in turn eat the algae. So, fewer cods and an explosion of zooplankton-eating sprats means more algae and less oxygen- a vicious cycle develops <ref>Westman, 2010; cited in Owen 2010. World's Largest Dead Zone Suffocating Sea, National Geographic News.</ref>.</P><br />
<br />
==== Solutions====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The main goal in reducing dead zones is to keep fertilizers on the land and out of coastal waters. The Black Sea dead zone largely disappeared between 1991 and 2001 after fertilizers became too costly to use following the collapse of the Sovjet Union and the demise of eastern European economies. Nutrients loads entering the sea where therefore considerably reduced. Fishing has again become a major economic activity in the region. However, our ocean ecosystems are fragile and the combined threats of climate change, overexploitation, pollution and habitat loss,all mostly caused by human activity, are undermining the sustainability. Expanded dead zones caused by global warming will remain for thousands of years and have harmful long-term effects on ocean ecosystems.</P><br />
<br />
==Human health impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Humans at the top of the food web)==<br />
[[Image:Shellfish_mussels.jpg|thumb|left|190px|<small>Mussels can be contaminated with algal toxins causing illness and economic loss (Photo credit: Lisa Williams)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The consumption of shellfish (e.g. mussels, clams) is one of the most common ways for algal [[toxic|toxins]] to impact human health. Marketable shellfish are generally considered to be safe, but in spite of these precautions, there are known illnesses.<br />
One dramatic incident occurred in 1990 when six fishermen almost died from eating mussels during a fishing trip on Georges Bank, a productive offshore finfish and shellfish area 100 miles east of Cape Cod, MA. After a hard day of fishing, the fishermen settled down in the ship's galley to eat a pot of steamed mussels that they had inadvertently caught in their nets. The Captain, who had joined the meal later than the rest of the crew, witnessed his fellow fishermen become incapacitated due to the paralytic effects of the toxin. He himself also became ill, but was capable of sending an urgent radio message to the US Coast Guard. The Coast Guard airlifted the men to the nearest hospital located on Nantucket Island, MA where they were treated using respiratory therapy to sustain their breathing and prevent them from dying due to paralysis of the lungs. Fortunately, all the men recovered and were back fishing within a few weeks. The event, presumably caused by a massive Alexandrium <ref>WoRMS (2012). Alexandrium Halim, 1960 emend. Balech, 1989. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2012). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470</ref> bloom transported offshore from areas along the northeast coast, closed the surf clam industry on Georges Bank to further harvest. Source: WHOI <ref>http://www.whoi.edu/science/B/redtide/foodweb/shellwedolunch.html</ref></P><br />
<br />
==Economic impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Shellfish flavour)==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Some algae and diatoms impart off-flavours or bitter taints to shellfish, rendering them unpalatable and unmarketable. In 1987 in Port Phillip Bay, Melbourne, Australia, a bloom of the diatom ''Rhizosolenia chunii'' <ref>Kraberg, A. (2011). Rhizosolenia chunii Karsten, 1905. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=341502</ref> <ref>Parry, G.D., Langdon, J.S. & Huisman, J.M. (1989). Toxic effects of a bloom of the diatom Rhizosolenia chunii on shellfish in Port Phillip Bay, southeastern Australia. Marine Biology, Berlin 102: 25-41.</ref>occurred and 3 species of shellfish within the bay, mussels, oysters and scallops, developed a powerful bitter taint. The taint was so persistent and unpleasant that the mussels from the bay were unmarketable for 7 months, causing a revenue loss of approximately $1 million.</P><br />
<br style="clear:both;"/><br />
<br />
==Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Foam on the beach)==<br />
[[Image:Foambeachphaeo.png|right|thumb|200px|<small>Phaeocystis bloom (Photo credit: Nausicaa, Adrien Delater-Julien Legrand)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Some algae, particularly of the taxa ''Phaeocystis''<ref>Guiry, M.D. (2011). Phaeocystis. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2011). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=115088</ref>, produce a mucus, which when disturbed produce a foam. These algae are more prone to develop when there is little competition. It seems that in areas such as the south-east coast of the North sea, where all the silica has been captured by diatoms in estuarine regions, the residual nitrogen is used by ''Phaeocystis'' to bloom. They produce large amount of mucus which, if the weather is windy, will in turn be transformed into large amounts of foam covering extensive areas of beach and lake shores. Besides the impact on the landscape and the nuisance it represents for tourists, this foam is suspected of disturbing flat fish larvae development. This phenomenon is frequently observed at the Belgian and Dutch coasts, and appears from time to time in Germany.</P><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
<br />
{{Iseca}}<br />
{{author <br />
|AuthorID=26102<br />
|AuthorFullName= Knockaert, Carolien<br />
|AuthorName=Carolienk}}</div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Case_studies_eutrophication&diff=67958
Case studies eutrophication
2014-10-10T07:16:40Z
<p>Carolienk: /* Human health impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Humans at the top of the food web) */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Ecological impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Eutrophication and dead zones)==<br />
[[Image:Balsea.jpg|thumb|right|250px|<small>Algae blooms have created the world's largest dead zone in the Baltic Sea (Photo credit: Jeff Schmaltz, NASA)</small>]]<br />
====Introduction====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Dead zones are very low oxygen areas ([[hypoxia|hypoxic]]) in the ocean where marine life including fish, crabs and clams cannot survive. In the 1970s oceanographers began noting increased instances of dead zones. A 2008 study counted 405 dead zones worldwide<ref>Diaz R. J, Rosenberg R. (2008): Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems. Science 321, 629.</ref>. Hypoxia is a natural phenomenon that occurs periodically in coastal waters around the world. During the last 50 years however, increases in key pollutants from human activities on land have thrown many coastal ecosystems out of balance, resulting in expanded dead zone regions.</P><br />
<br />
====Causes and consequences====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Aquatic and marine dead zones can be caused by an increase in nutrients (mainly [[Nitrogen|nitrates]] and [[Phosphorus|phosphates]]) in the water known as [[eutrophication]]. Major nutrient sources come from human activities such as the use of [[fertilizer|fertilizers]] in agriculture and the burning of fossil fuels. These nutrients lead to a rapid increase of the density of certain types of [[phytoplankton]] resulting in [[algal blooms]]. The organic matter produced by these phytoplankton species at the surface of the ocean sinks to the bottom (the benthic zone) where bacteria break it down. The bacteria use oxygen and give off carbon dioxide during this breakdown. Fish and mobile invertebrates can migrate out of hypoxic areas. Plants and animals that are slow moving or attached to the bottom (sea grass, worms and clams) cannot escape from the dangers of hypoxic waters and will die. The largest dead zone worldwide is the Baltic Sea[http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea]. Overfishing of Baltic cod has greatly intensified the problem. Cod eat sprats, a small, herring-like species that eat microscopic zooplankton that in turn eat the algae. So, fewer cods and an explosion of zooplankton-eating sprats means more algae and less oxygen- a vicious cycle develops <ref>Westman, 2010; cited in Owen 2010. World's Largest Dead Zone Suffocating Sea, National Geographic News.</ref>.</P><br />
<br />
==== Solutions====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The main goal in reducing dead zones is to keep fertilizers on the land and out of coastal waters. The Black Sea dead zone largely disappeared between 1991 and 2001 after fertilizers became too costly to use following the collapse of the Sovjet Union and the demise of eastern European economies. Nutrients loads entering the sea where therefore considerably reduced. Fishing has again become a major economic activity in the region. However, our ocean ecosystems are fragile and the combined threats of climate change, overexploitation, pollution and habitat loss,all mostly caused by human activity, are undermining the sustainability. Expanded dead zones caused by global warming will remain for thousands of years and have harmful long-term effects on ocean ecosystems.</P><br />
<br />
==Human health impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Humans at the top of the food web)==<br />
[[Image:Shellfish_mussels.jpg|thumb|left|190px|<small>Mussels can be contaminated with algal toxins causing illness and economic loss (Photo credit: Lisa Williams)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The consumption of shellfish (e.g. mussels, clams) is one of the most common ways for algal [[toxic|toxins]] to impact human health. Marketable shellfish are generally considered to be safe, but in spite of these precautions, there are known illnesses.<br />
One dramatic incident occurred in 1990 when six fishermen almost died from eating mussels during a fishing trip on Georges Bank, a productive offshore finfish and shellfish area 100 miles east of Cape Cod, MA. After a hard day of fishing, the fishermen settled down in the ship's galley to eat a pot of steamed mussels that they had inadvertently caught in their nets. The Captain, who had joined the meal later than the rest of the crew, witnessed his fellow fishermen become incapacitated due to the paralytic effects of the toxin. He himself also became ill, but was capable of sending an urgent radio message to the US Coast Guard. The Coast Guard airlifted the men to the nearest hospital located on Nantucket Island, MA where they were treated using respiratory therapy to sustain their breathing and prevent them from dying due to paralysis of the lungs. Fortunately, all the men recovered and were back fishing within a few weeks. The event, presumably caused by a massive Alexandrium <ref>WoRMS (2012). Alexandrium Halim, 1960 emend. Balech, 1989. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2012). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470</ref> bloom transported offshore from areas along the northeast coast, closed the surf clam industry on Georges Bank to further harvest. Source: WHOI <ref>http://www.whoi.edu/science/B/redtide/foodweb/shellwedolunch.html</ref></P><br />
<br />
==Economic impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Shellfish flavour)==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Some algae and diatoms impart off-flavours or bitter taints to shellfish, rendering them unpalatable and unmarketable. In 1987 in Port Phillip Bay, Melbourne, Australia, a bloom of the diatom ''Rhizosolenia chunii'' <ref>Kraberg, A. (2011). Rhizosolenia chunii Karsten, 1905. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=341502</ref> <ref>Parry, G.D., Langdon, J.S. & Huisman, J.M. (1989). Toxic effects of a bloom of the diatom Rhizosolenia chunii on shellfish in Port Phillip Bay, southeastern Australia. Marine Biology, Berlin 102: 25-41.</ref>occurred and 3 species of shellfish within the bay, mussels, oysters and scallops, developed a powerful bitter taint. The taint was so persistent and unpleasant that the mussels from the bay were unmarketable for 7 months, causing a revenue loss of approximately $1 million.</P><br />
<br style="clear:both;"/><br />
<br />
==Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Foam on the beach)==<br />
[[Image:Foambeachphaeo.png|right|thumb|200px|<small>Phaeocystis bloom (Photo credit: Nausicaa, Adrien Delater-Julien Legrand)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Some algae, particularly of the taxa ''Phaeocystis''<ref>Guiry, M.D. (2011). Phaeocystis. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2011). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=115088</ref>, produce a mucus, which when disturbed produce a foam. These algae are more prone to develop when there is little competition. It seems that in areas such as the south-east coast of the North sea, where all the silica has been captured by diatoms in estuarine regions, the residual nitrogen is used by ''Phaeocystis'' to bloom. They produce large amount of mucus which, if the weather is windy, will in turn be transformed into large amounts of foam covering extensive areas of beach and lake shores. Besides the impact on the landscape and the nuisance it represents for tourists, this foam is suspected of disturbing flat fish larvae development. This phenomenon is frequently observed at the Belgian and Dutch coasts, and appears from time to time in Germany.</P><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Iseca}}<br />
{{author <br />
|AuthorID=26102<br />
|AuthorFullName= Knockaert, Carolien<br />
|AuthorName=Carolienk}}</div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Case_studies_eutrophication&diff=67957
Case studies eutrophication
2014-10-10T07:15:35Z
<p>Carolienk: /* Human health impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Humans at the top of the food web) */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Ecological impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Eutrophication and dead zones)==<br />
[[Image:Balsea.jpg|thumb|right|250px|<small>Algae blooms have created the world's largest dead zone in the Baltic Sea (Photo credit: Jeff Schmaltz, NASA)</small>]]<br />
====Introduction====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Dead zones are very low oxygen areas ([[hypoxia|hypoxic]]) in the ocean where marine life including fish, crabs and clams cannot survive. In the 1970s oceanographers began noting increased instances of dead zones. A 2008 study counted 405 dead zones worldwide<ref>Diaz R. J, Rosenberg R. (2008): Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems. Science 321, 629.</ref>. Hypoxia is a natural phenomenon that occurs periodically in coastal waters around the world. During the last 50 years however, increases in key pollutants from human activities on land have thrown many coastal ecosystems out of balance, resulting in expanded dead zone regions.</P><br />
<br />
====Causes and consequences====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Aquatic and marine dead zones can be caused by an increase in nutrients (mainly [[Nitrogen|nitrates]] and [[Phosphorus|phosphates]]) in the water known as [[eutrophication]]. Major nutrient sources come from human activities such as the use of [[fertilizer|fertilizers]] in agriculture and the burning of fossil fuels. These nutrients lead to a rapid increase of the density of certain types of [[phytoplankton]] resulting in [[algal blooms]]. The organic matter produced by these phytoplankton species at the surface of the ocean sinks to the bottom (the benthic zone) where bacteria break it down. The bacteria use oxygen and give off carbon dioxide during this breakdown. Fish and mobile invertebrates can migrate out of hypoxic areas. Plants and animals that are slow moving or attached to the bottom (sea grass, worms and clams) cannot escape from the dangers of hypoxic waters and will die. The largest dead zone worldwide is the Baltic Sea[http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea]. Overfishing of Baltic cod has greatly intensified the problem. Cod eat sprats, a small, herring-like species that eat microscopic zooplankton that in turn eat the algae. So, fewer cods and an explosion of zooplankton-eating sprats means more algae and less oxygen- a vicious cycle develops <ref>Westman, 2010; cited in Owen 2010. World's Largest Dead Zone Suffocating Sea, National Geographic News.</ref>.</P><br />
<br />
==== Solutions====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The main goal in reducing dead zones is to keep fertilizers on the land and out of coastal waters. The Black Sea dead zone largely disappeared between 1991 and 2001 after fertilizers became too costly to use following the collapse of the Sovjet Union and the demise of eastern European economies. Nutrients loads entering the sea where therefore considerably reduced. Fishing has again become a major economic activity in the region. However, our ocean ecosystems are fragile and the combined threats of climate change, overexploitation, pollution and habitat loss,all mostly caused by human activity, are undermining the sustainability. Expanded dead zones caused by global warming will remain for thousands of years and have harmful long-term effects on ocean ecosystems.</P><br />
<br />
==Human health impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Humans at the top of the food web)==<br />
[[Image:Shellfish_mussels.jpg|thumb|left|190px|<small>Mussels can be contaminated with algal toxins causing illness and economic loss (Photo credit: Lisa Williams)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The consumption of shellfish (e.g. mussels, clams) is one of the most common ways for algal [[toxic|toxins]] to impact human health. Marketable shellfish are generally considered to be safe, but in spite of these precautions, there are known illnesses.<br />
One dramatic incident occurred in 1990 when six fishermen almost died from eating mussels during a fishing trip on Georges Bank, a productive offshore finfish and shellfish area 100 miles east of Cape Cod, MA. After a hard day of fishing, the fishermen settled down in the ship's galley to eat a pot of steamed mussels that they had inadvertently caught in their nets. The Captain, who had joined the meal later than the rest of the crew, witnessed his fellow fishermen become incapacitated due to the paralytic effects of the toxin. He himself also became ill, but was capable of sending an urgent radio message to the US Coast Guard. The Coast Guard airlifted the men to the nearest hospital located on Nantucket Island, MA where they were treated using respiratory therapy to sustain their breathing and prevent them from dying due to paralysis of the lungs. Fortunately, all the men recovered and were back fishing within a few weeks. The event, presumably caused by a massive Alexandrium <ref>WoRMS (2012). Alexandrium Halim, 1960 emend. Balech, 1989. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2012). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470</ref> bloom transported offshore from areas along the northeast coast, closed the surf clam industry on Georges Bank to further harvest. Source: <ref>http://www.whoi.edu/science/B/redtide/foodweb/shellwedolunch.html</ref></P><br />
<br />
==Economic impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Shellfish flavour)==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Some algae and diatoms impart off-flavours or bitter taints to shellfish, rendering them unpalatable and unmarketable. In 1987 in Port Phillip Bay, Melbourne, Australia, a bloom of the diatom ''Rhizosolenia chunii'' <ref>Kraberg, A. (2011). Rhizosolenia chunii Karsten, 1905. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=341502</ref> <ref>Parry, G.D., Langdon, J.S. & Huisman, J.M. (1989). Toxic effects of a bloom of the diatom Rhizosolenia chunii on shellfish in Port Phillip Bay, southeastern Australia. Marine Biology, Berlin 102: 25-41.</ref>occurred and 3 species of shellfish within the bay, mussels, oysters and scallops, developed a powerful bitter taint. The taint was so persistent and unpleasant that the mussels from the bay were unmarketable for 7 months, causing a revenue loss of approximately $1 million.</P><br />
<br style="clear:both;"/><br />
<br />
==Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Foam on the beach)==<br />
[[Image:Foambeachphaeo.png|right|thumb|200px|<small>Phaeocystis bloom (Photo credit: Nausicaa, Adrien Delater-Julien Legrand)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Some algae, particularly of the taxa ''Phaeocystis''<ref>Guiry, M.D. (2011). Phaeocystis. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2011). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=115088</ref>, produce a mucus, which when disturbed produce a foam. These algae are more prone to develop when there is little competition. It seems that in areas such as the south-east coast of the North sea, where all the silica has been captured by diatoms in estuarine regions, the residual nitrogen is used by ''Phaeocystis'' to bloom. They produce large amount of mucus which, if the weather is windy, will in turn be transformed into large amounts of foam covering extensive areas of beach and lake shores. Besides the impact on the landscape and the nuisance it represents for tourists, this foam is suspected of disturbing flat fish larvae development. This phenomenon is frequently observed at the Belgian and Dutch coasts, and appears from time to time in Germany.</P><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Iseca}}<br />
{{author <br />
|AuthorID=26102<br />
|AuthorFullName= Knockaert, Carolien<br />
|AuthorName=Carolienk}}</div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Case_studies_eutrophication&diff=67956
Case studies eutrophication
2014-10-10T07:14:59Z
<p>Carolienk: /* Human health impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Humans at the top of the food web) */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Ecological impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Eutrophication and dead zones)==<br />
[[Image:Balsea.jpg|thumb|right|250px|<small>Algae blooms have created the world's largest dead zone in the Baltic Sea (Photo credit: Jeff Schmaltz, NASA)</small>]]<br />
====Introduction====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Dead zones are very low oxygen areas ([[hypoxia|hypoxic]]) in the ocean where marine life including fish, crabs and clams cannot survive. In the 1970s oceanographers began noting increased instances of dead zones. A 2008 study counted 405 dead zones worldwide<ref>Diaz R. J, Rosenberg R. (2008): Spreading dead zones and consequences for marine ecosystems. Science 321, 629.</ref>. Hypoxia is a natural phenomenon that occurs periodically in coastal waters around the world. During the last 50 years however, increases in key pollutants from human activities on land have thrown many coastal ecosystems out of balance, resulting in expanded dead zone regions.</P><br />
<br />
====Causes and consequences====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Aquatic and marine dead zones can be caused by an increase in nutrients (mainly [[Nitrogen|nitrates]] and [[Phosphorus|phosphates]]) in the water known as [[eutrophication]]. Major nutrient sources come from human activities such as the use of [[fertilizer|fertilizers]] in agriculture and the burning of fossil fuels. These nutrients lead to a rapid increase of the density of certain types of [[phytoplankton]] resulting in [[algal blooms]]. The organic matter produced by these phytoplankton species at the surface of the ocean sinks to the bottom (the benthic zone) where bacteria break it down. The bacteria use oxygen and give off carbon dioxide during this breakdown. Fish and mobile invertebrates can migrate out of hypoxic areas. Plants and animals that are slow moving or attached to the bottom (sea grass, worms and clams) cannot escape from the dangers of hypoxic waters and will die. The largest dead zone worldwide is the Baltic Sea[http://www.en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea]. Overfishing of Baltic cod has greatly intensified the problem. Cod eat sprats, a small, herring-like species that eat microscopic zooplankton that in turn eat the algae. So, fewer cods and an explosion of zooplankton-eating sprats means more algae and less oxygen- a vicious cycle develops <ref>Westman, 2010; cited in Owen 2010. World's Largest Dead Zone Suffocating Sea, National Geographic News.</ref>.</P><br />
<br />
==== Solutions====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The main goal in reducing dead zones is to keep fertilizers on the land and out of coastal waters. The Black Sea dead zone largely disappeared between 1991 and 2001 after fertilizers became too costly to use following the collapse of the Sovjet Union and the demise of eastern European economies. Nutrients loads entering the sea where therefore considerably reduced. Fishing has again become a major economic activity in the region. However, our ocean ecosystems are fragile and the combined threats of climate change, overexploitation, pollution and habitat loss,all mostly caused by human activity, are undermining the sustainability. Expanded dead zones caused by global warming will remain for thousands of years and have harmful long-term effects on ocean ecosystems.</P><br />
<br />
==Human health impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Humans at the top of the food web)==<br />
[[Image:Shellfish_mussels.jpg|thumb|left|190px|<small>Mussels can be contaminated with algal toxins causing illness and economic loss (Photo credit: Lisa Williams)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The consumption of shellfish (e.g. mussels, clams) is one of the most common ways for algal [[toxic|toxins]] to impact human health. Marketable shellfish are generally considered to be safe, but in spite of these precautions, there are known illnesses.<br />
One dramatic incident occurred in 1990 when six fishermen almost died from eating mussels during a fishing trip on Georges Bank, a productive offshore finfish and shellfish area 100 miles east of Cape Cod, MA. After a hard day of fishing, the fishermen settled down in the ship's galley to eat a pot of steamed mussels that they had inadvertently caught in their nets. The Captain, who had joined the meal later than the rest of the crew, witnessed his fellow fishermen become incapacitated due to the paralytic effects of the toxin. He himself also became ill, but was capable of sending an urgent radio message to the US Coast Guard. The Coast Guard airlifted the men to the nearest hospital located on Nantucket Island, MA where they were treated using respiratory therapy to sustain their breathing and prevent them from dying due to paralysis of the lungs. Fortunately, all the men recovered and were back fishing within a few weeks. The event, presumably caused by a massive Alexandrium <ref>WoRMS (2012). Alexandrium Halim, 1960 emend. Balech, 1989. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2012). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470</ref> bloom transported offshore from areas along the northeast coast, closed the surf clam industry on Georges Bank to further harvest.</P> Source: <ref>http://www.whoi.edu/science/B/redtide/foodweb/shellwedolunch.html</ref><br />
<br />
==Economic impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Shellfish flavour)==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Some algae and diatoms impart off-flavours or bitter taints to shellfish, rendering them unpalatable and unmarketable. In 1987 in Port Phillip Bay, Melbourne, Australia, a bloom of the diatom ''Rhizosolenia chunii'' <ref>Kraberg, A. (2011). Rhizosolenia chunii Karsten, 1905. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=341502</ref> <ref>Parry, G.D., Langdon, J.S. & Huisman, J.M. (1989). Toxic effects of a bloom of the diatom Rhizosolenia chunii on shellfish in Port Phillip Bay, southeastern Australia. Marine Biology, Berlin 102: 25-41.</ref>occurred and 3 species of shellfish within the bay, mussels, oysters and scallops, developed a powerful bitter taint. The taint was so persistent and unpleasant that the mussels from the bay were unmarketable for 7 months, causing a revenue loss of approximately $1 million.</P><br />
<br style="clear:both;"/><br />
<br />
==Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication (Case study: Foam on the beach)==<br />
[[Image:Foambeachphaeo.png|right|thumb|200px|<small>Phaeocystis bloom (Photo credit: Nausicaa, Adrien Delater-Julien Legrand)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Some algae, particularly of the taxa ''Phaeocystis''<ref>Guiry, M.D. (2011). Phaeocystis. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2011). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=115088</ref>, produce a mucus, which when disturbed produce a foam. These algae are more prone to develop when there is little competition. It seems that in areas such as the south-east coast of the North sea, where all the silica has been captured by diatoms in estuarine regions, the residual nitrogen is used by ''Phaeocystis'' to bloom. They produce large amount of mucus which, if the weather is windy, will in turn be transformed into large amounts of foam covering extensive areas of beach and lake shores. Besides the impact on the landscape and the nuisance it represents for tourists, this foam is suspected of disturbing flat fish larvae development. This phenomenon is frequently observed at the Belgian and Dutch coasts, and appears from time to time in Germany.</P><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Iseca}}<br />
{{author <br />
|AuthorID=26102<br />
|AuthorFullName= Knockaert, Carolien<br />
|AuthorName=Carolienk}}</div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Possible_consequences_of_eutrophication&diff=63555
Possible consequences of eutrophication
2014-06-24T06:59:12Z
<p>Carolienk: /* Increased biomass of macroalgae */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify"><br />
Enhanced plant production and improved fish yields are sometimes described as positive impacts of [[Eutrophication|eutrophication]], especially in countries where fish and other aquatic organisms are a significant source of food. However detrimental ecological impacts can in turn have other negative consequences and impacts which are described below. Essentially the entire aquatic [[ecosystem]] changes with eutrophication. The diagram below gives an overview on the eutrophication process and its causes and consequences. </P><br />
[[Image:eutrocon.png|705|center]]<br />
<br />
==Ecological impacts==<br />
==== Increased biomass of phytoplankton resulting in algal blooms ====<br />
[[Image:Plentiful_plankton.jpg|175px|thumb|right|<small>Envisat satellite image of an algal bloom captured with MERIS (Photo Credit: ESA, 2009)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">[[Phytoplankton]] or microalgae are [[photosynthesizing]] microscopic organisms. They contain chlorophyll and require sunlight in order to live and grow. Most phytoplankton are buoyant and float in the upper part of the ocean where sunlight penetrates the water. In a balanced ecosystem they provide food for a wide range of organisms such as whales, shrimp, snails and jellyfish.<br />
Among the more important groups are the diatoms, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and coccolithophores. <br />
Phytoplankton species require inorganic [[Nutrient|nutrients]] such as nitrates, phosphates, and sulfur which they convert into proteins, fats and carbohydrates. When '''too many''' of these '''nutrients''' (by natural or [[Anthropogenic|anthropogenic]] cause) are available in the water phytoplankton may grow and multiply very fast forming [[Algal_bloom | algal blooms]]. Algal blooms may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments. Only one or a small number of phytoplankton species are involved and some blooms discolor (green, yellow-brown or red) the water due to their high density of pigmented cells. Blooms in the ocean may cover a large area and are easily visible in '''satellite images'''.</P><br />
==== Toxic or inedible phytoplankton species (harmful algal blooms)====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">'''[[Harmful_algal_bloom | Harmful algal blooms (HAB)]]''' are bloom events involving '''toxic or harmful phytoplankton'''. These cause harm through the production of toxins or by their accumulated biomass, which can effect co-occurring organisms and alter food web dynamics. Impacts include:</P><br />
*Human illness,<br />
*Mortality of fish, birds and mammals following consumption or indirect exposure to HAB toxins,<br />
*Substantially economic losses to coastal communities and commercial fisheries.<br />
<br />
==== Increased blooms of gelatinous zooplankton====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">[[Phytoplankton]] are the food source for numerous other organisms, especially the zooplankton. [[Zooplankton]] are heterotrophic plankton. They are primarily transported by ambient water currents but many have locomotion. Through their consumption and processing of phytoplankton and other food sources they play a role in aquatic food webs as a resource for higher trophic levels including fish. Zooplankton can be divided in two important groups: crustacean (copepods and krill) and '''gelatinous zooplankton'''. Gelatinous zooplankton have relatively fragile, plastic gelatinous bodies that contain at least 95% water and which lack rigid skeletal parts. The most well-known are the jellyfish. Eutrophication is believed to cause an '''increase''' in the relative importance of '''gelatinous''' versus crustacean '''zooplankton'''. On many areas of the world where the natural species diversity has been affected by pollution, over-fishing and climate change gelatinous zooplankton organisms may be becoming the dominant species.</P><br />
<br />
==== Decreases in water transparency (increased turbidity)====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The growth of phytoplankton can cause increased [[Turbidity|turbidity]] or decreased penetration of light into the lower depths of the water column. In lakes and rivers this can inhibit growth of submerged aquatic plants and affect species which are dependent on them (fish, shellfish).</P><br />
<br />
==== Dissolved oxygen depletion or hypoxia resulting in increased incidences of fish kills and / or dead benthic animals====<br />
[[Image:FishKill.jpg|160px|thumb|right|<small>A menhaden fish kill due severe hypoxia (Photo credit: Chris Deacutis, IAN Image library )</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Oxygen is required for all life forms on the planet. Oxygen is produced by plants during ([[photosynthesis]]). At night animals and plants, as well as aerobic micro-organisms and decomposing dead organisms respire and so consume oxygen which results in a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels. Large fluctuations in dissolved oxygen levels may be the result of an algal blooms. While the algae population is growing at a fast rate, dissolved oxygen levels decrease. When these algae die, they are decomposed by bacteria which consume oxygen in this process so that the water can become temporarily hypoxic. Oxygen depletion, or [[Hypoxia|hypoxia]], is a common effect of eutrophication in water. The '''direct effects''' of hypoxia include '''fish kills''', especially the death of fish that need high levels of dissolved oxygen. Changes in fish communities may have an impact on the whole aquatic ecosystem and may deplete fish stocks. In extreme cases hypoxic conditions promote the growth of bacteria that produce toxins deadly to birds and animals. Zones where this occurs are called [[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|dead zones]].</P><br />
<br />
==== Species biodiversity decreases and the dominant biota changes====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Eutrophication leads to changes in the availability of light and certain nutrients to an ecosystem. This causes shifts in the species composition so that only the more tolerant species survive and new competitive species invade and out-compete original inhabitants. Examples are macroalgae and their massive biomass which inhibits the growth of other aquatic plants and algal blooms that consists of one type of phytoplankton species because other species are expelled.</P><br />
<br />
==== Increased biomass of macroalgae====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Algal blooms may also consist of '''marine seaweeds''' or '''macroalgae'''. These blooms are recognizable by large blades of algae that may wash up into the shoreline. The seaweed is harmless when it is alive, but when decomposed by anaerobic bacteria toxic gases (such as the colorless hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S)) can be released.</P><br />
<br />
==Human health impacts==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Harmful algal bloom species have the capacity to produce '''toxins''' dangerous to humans. Algal [[Toxic|toxins]] are observed in marine ecosystems where they can accumulate in shellfish and more generally in seafood reaching dangerous levels for human as well as animal health. Examples include paralytic, neurotoxic and diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning. Several algal species able of producing toxins harmful to human or marine life have been identified in European coastal waters. The table gives an overview of some species that are regularly observed and represent a risk for seafood consumers.</P><br />
{|border="1" align=center cellspacing="0" cellpadding = "8" width="825px"<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Disease'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Symptoms'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Species'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Carriers''' <br />
|-<br />
| '''A'''mnesic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (ASP)<br />
| Mental confusion and memory loss, disorientation and sometimes coma<br />
| Diatoms of the genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=149045 ''Nitzschia'']<br />
| Shellfish (mussels)<br />
|- <br />
| '''N'''eurotoxic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (NSP)<br />
| Muscular paralysis, state of shock and sometimes death<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 ''Gymnodinium'']<br />
| Oysters, clams and crustaceans<br />
|-<br />
| '''V'''enerupin '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (VSP)<br />
| Gastrointestinal, nervous and hemorrhagic, hepatic symptoms and in extreme causes delirium and hepatic coma<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 ''Prorocentrum'']<br />
| Oysters and clams<br />
|-<br />
| '''D'''iarrhoeic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (DSP)<br />
| Gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhoea, vomiting and abdominal pain)<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109462 ''Dinophysis''] and [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 ''Prorocentrum'']<br />
| Filtering shellfish (oysters, mussels and clams)<br />
|-<br />
| '''P'''aralytic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (PSP)<br />
| Muscular paralysis, difficulty in breathing, shock and in extreme causes death by respiratory arrest<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470 ''Alexandrium''] and [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 ''Gymnodinium'']<br />
| Oysters, mussels, crustacean and fish<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Other marine mammals can be vectors for toxins, as in the case of ciguatera, where it is typically predator fish whose flesh is contaminated with the toxins originally produced by dinoflagellates and then poison humans. Symptoms include gastrointestinal and neurological effects.</P><br />
<br />
==Socio-economic impacts==<br />
Nearly all of the above described impacts have a direct or indirect socio-economic impact.<br />
==== Impact on recreation and tourism ====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The enrichment of nutrients to an ecosystem can result in a massive growth of macroalgae. The existence of such dense algal growth areas can inhibit or prevent access to waterways. This decreases the fitness for '''use of the water for water sports''' (swimming, boating and fishing).</P><br />
==== Aesthetic impacts====<br />
[[Image:Beach_closed.jpg|200px|thumb|right|<small>As a result of toxic algal blooms beaches can be closed (Photo credit: Elizabeth Halliday, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)</small>]]<br />
Algal blooms are unsightly and can have unpleasant smells for example:<br />
* The appearance of a '''white yellowish foam''' on the beach in spring on the shores along the North Sea. The foam is formed by the wind that sweeps up the decaying remains of ''Phaeocystis'' algal colonies.<br />
* When macroalgae or seaweed are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria hydrogen sulfide is (H<sub>2</sub>S) released. This gas is characterized by a very unpleasant characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs.<br />
<br />
==== Economical impacts====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">In some specific cases local authorities must rely on eutrophic waters for production of drinking water. Infected waters increases the '''costs of water treatment''' in order to avoid taste, odor and toxin problems in the water. Due to the toxins produced by harmful algal blooms commercial fish and shellfish may become '''unsuitable for consumption''' resulting in potential economical and financial problems for the fishing industries. In extreme cases beaches are closed due to the presence of toxic algal blooms.</P><br />
<br />
== References==<br />
#Eutrophication and health. European Commission (2002). Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: Luxembourg. ISBN 92-894-4413-4.28 pp.<br />
#The National Eutrophication monitoring Programme Implementation Manual (Murray et al., 2002).<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Nitzschia Hassall, 1845. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=149045 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Gymnodinium Stein, 1878. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Prorocentrum Ehrenberg, 1834. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#WoRMS (2013). Dinophysis Ehrenberg, 1839. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109462 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D.; Moestrup, Ø. (2013). Alexandrium Halim, 1960. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470 on 2013-04-22.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Iseca}}<br />
{{author <br />
|AuthorID=26102<br />
|AuthorFullName= Knockaert, Carolien<br />
|AuthorName=Carolienk}}</div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Possible_consequences_of_eutrophication&diff=63554
Possible consequences of eutrophication
2014-06-24T06:58:41Z
<p>Carolienk: /* Toxic or inedible phytoplankton species (harmful algal blooms) */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify"><br />
Enhanced plant production and improved fish yields are sometimes described as positive impacts of [[Eutrophication|eutrophication]], especially in countries where fish and other aquatic organisms are a significant source of food. However detrimental ecological impacts can in turn have other negative consequences and impacts which are described below. Essentially the entire aquatic [[ecosystem]] changes with eutrophication. The diagram below gives an overview on the eutrophication process and its causes and consequences. </P><br />
[[Image:eutrocon.png|705|center]]<br />
<br />
==Ecological impacts==<br />
==== Increased biomass of phytoplankton resulting in algal blooms ====<br />
[[Image:Plentiful_plankton.jpg|175px|thumb|right|<small>Envisat satellite image of an algal bloom captured with MERIS (Photo Credit: ESA, 2009)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">[[Phytoplankton]] or microalgae are [[photosynthesizing]] microscopic organisms. They contain chlorophyll and require sunlight in order to live and grow. Most phytoplankton are buoyant and float in the upper part of the ocean where sunlight penetrates the water. In a balanced ecosystem they provide food for a wide range of organisms such as whales, shrimp, snails and jellyfish.<br />
Among the more important groups are the diatoms, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and coccolithophores. <br />
Phytoplankton species require inorganic [[Nutrient|nutrients]] such as nitrates, phosphates, and sulfur which they convert into proteins, fats and carbohydrates. When '''too many''' of these '''nutrients''' (by natural or [[Anthropogenic|anthropogenic]] cause) are available in the water phytoplankton may grow and multiply very fast forming [[Algal_bloom | algal blooms]]. Algal blooms may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments. Only one or a small number of phytoplankton species are involved and some blooms discolor (green, yellow-brown or red) the water due to their high density of pigmented cells. Blooms in the ocean may cover a large area and are easily visible in '''satellite images'''.</P><br />
==== Toxic or inedible phytoplankton species (harmful algal blooms)====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">'''[[Harmful_algal_bloom | Harmful algal blooms (HAB)]]''' are bloom events involving '''toxic or harmful phytoplankton'''. These cause harm through the production of toxins or by their accumulated biomass, which can effect co-occurring organisms and alter food web dynamics. Impacts include:</P><br />
*Human illness,<br />
*Mortality of fish, birds and mammals following consumption or indirect exposure to HAB toxins,<br />
*Substantially economic losses to coastal communities and commercial fisheries.<br />
<br />
==== Increased blooms of gelatinous zooplankton====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">[[Phytoplankton]] are the food source for numerous other organisms, especially the zooplankton. [[Zooplankton]] are heterotrophic plankton. They are primarily transported by ambient water currents but many have locomotion. Through their consumption and processing of phytoplankton and other food sources they play a role in aquatic food webs as a resource for higher trophic levels including fish. Zooplankton can be divided in two important groups: crustacean (copepods and krill) and '''gelatinous zooplankton'''. Gelatinous zooplankton have relatively fragile, plastic gelatinous bodies that contain at least 95% water and which lack rigid skeletal parts. The most well-known are the jellyfish. Eutrophication is believed to cause an '''increase''' in the relative importance of '''gelatinous''' versus crustacean '''zooplankton'''. On many areas of the world where the natural species diversity has been affected by pollution, over-fishing and climate change gelatinous zooplankton organisms may be becoming the dominant species.</P><br />
<br />
==== Decreases in water transparency (increased turbidity)====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The growth of phytoplankton can cause increased [[Turbidity|turbidity]] or decreased penetration of light into the lower depths of the water column. In lakes and rivers this can inhibit growth of submerged aquatic plants and affect species which are dependent on them (fish, shellfish).</P><br />
<br />
==== Dissolved oxygen depletion or hypoxia resulting in increased incidences of fish kills and / or dead benthic animals====<br />
[[Image:FishKill.jpg|160px|thumb|right|<small>A menhaden fish kill due severe hypoxia (Photo credit: Chris Deacutis, IAN Image library )</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Oxygen is required for all life forms on the planet. Oxygen is produced by plants during ([[photosynthesis]]). At night animals and plants, as well as aerobic micro-organisms and decomposing dead organisms respire and so consume oxygen which results in a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels. Large fluctuations in dissolved oxygen levels may be the result of an algal blooms. While the algae population is growing at a fast rate, dissolved oxygen levels decrease. When these algae die, they are decomposed by bacteria which consume oxygen in this process so that the water can become temporarily hypoxic. Oxygen depletion, or [[Hypoxia|hypoxia]], is a common effect of eutrophication in water. The '''direct effects''' of hypoxia include '''fish kills''', especially the death of fish that need high levels of dissolved oxygen. Changes in fish communities may have an impact on the whole aquatic ecosystem and may deplete fish stocks. In extreme cases hypoxic conditions promote the growth of bacteria that produce toxins deadly to birds and animals. Zones where this occurs are called [[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|dead zones]].</P><br />
<br />
==== Species biodiversity decreases and the dominant biota changes====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Eutrophication leads to changes in the availability of light and certain nutrients to an ecosystem. This causes shifts in the species composition so that only the more tolerant species survive and new competitive species invade and out-compete original inhabitants. Examples are macroalgae and their massive biomass which inhibits the growth of other aquatic plants and algal blooms that consists of one type of phytoplankton species because other species are expelled.</P><br />
<br />
==== Increased biomass of macroalgae====<br />
[[Image:Macroalgae.jpg|100px|thumb|right|<small>Macroalgae bloom (Photo credit: Caroline Wicks, IAN Image library )</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Algal blooms may also consist of '''marine seaweeds''' or '''macroalgae'''. These blooms are recognizable by large blades of algae that may wash up into the shoreline. The seaweed is harmless when it is alive, but when decomposed by anaerobic bacteria toxic gases (such as the colorless hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S)) can be released.</P><br />
<br />
==Human health impacts==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Harmful algal bloom species have the capacity to produce '''toxins''' dangerous to humans. Algal [[Toxic|toxins]] are observed in marine ecosystems where they can accumulate in shellfish and more generally in seafood reaching dangerous levels for human as well as animal health. Examples include paralytic, neurotoxic and diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning. Several algal species able of producing toxins harmful to human or marine life have been identified in European coastal waters. The table gives an overview of some species that are regularly observed and represent a risk for seafood consumers.</P><br />
{|border="1" align=center cellspacing="0" cellpadding = "8" width="825px"<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Disease'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Symptoms'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Species'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Carriers''' <br />
|-<br />
| '''A'''mnesic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (ASP)<br />
| Mental confusion and memory loss, disorientation and sometimes coma<br />
| Diatoms of the genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=149045 ''Nitzschia'']<br />
| Shellfish (mussels)<br />
|- <br />
| '''N'''eurotoxic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (NSP)<br />
| Muscular paralysis, state of shock and sometimes death<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 ''Gymnodinium'']<br />
| Oysters, clams and crustaceans<br />
|-<br />
| '''V'''enerupin '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (VSP)<br />
| Gastrointestinal, nervous and hemorrhagic, hepatic symptoms and in extreme causes delirium and hepatic coma<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 ''Prorocentrum'']<br />
| Oysters and clams<br />
|-<br />
| '''D'''iarrhoeic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (DSP)<br />
| Gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhoea, vomiting and abdominal pain)<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109462 ''Dinophysis''] and [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 ''Prorocentrum'']<br />
| Filtering shellfish (oysters, mussels and clams)<br />
|-<br />
| '''P'''aralytic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (PSP)<br />
| Muscular paralysis, difficulty in breathing, shock and in extreme causes death by respiratory arrest<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470 ''Alexandrium''] and [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 ''Gymnodinium'']<br />
| Oysters, mussels, crustacean and fish<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Other marine mammals can be vectors for toxins, as in the case of ciguatera, where it is typically predator fish whose flesh is contaminated with the toxins originally produced by dinoflagellates and then poison humans. Symptoms include gastrointestinal and neurological effects.</P><br />
<br />
==Socio-economic impacts==<br />
Nearly all of the above described impacts have a direct or indirect socio-economic impact.<br />
==== Impact on recreation and tourism ====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The enrichment of nutrients to an ecosystem can result in a massive growth of macroalgae. The existence of such dense algal growth areas can inhibit or prevent access to waterways. This decreases the fitness for '''use of the water for water sports''' (swimming, boating and fishing).</P><br />
==== Aesthetic impacts====<br />
[[Image:Beach_closed.jpg|200px|thumb|right|<small>As a result of toxic algal blooms beaches can be closed (Photo credit: Elizabeth Halliday, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)</small>]]<br />
Algal blooms are unsightly and can have unpleasant smells for example:<br />
* The appearance of a '''white yellowish foam''' on the beach in spring on the shores along the North Sea. The foam is formed by the wind that sweeps up the decaying remains of ''Phaeocystis'' algal colonies.<br />
* When macroalgae or seaweed are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria hydrogen sulfide is (H<sub>2</sub>S) released. This gas is characterized by a very unpleasant characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs.<br />
<br />
==== Economical impacts====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">In some specific cases local authorities must rely on eutrophic waters for production of drinking water. Infected waters increases the '''costs of water treatment''' in order to avoid taste, odor and toxin problems in the water. Due to the toxins produced by harmful algal blooms commercial fish and shellfish may become '''unsuitable for consumption''' resulting in potential economical and financial problems for the fishing industries. In extreme cases beaches are closed due to the presence of toxic algal blooms.</P><br />
<br />
== References==<br />
#Eutrophication and health. European Commission (2002). Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: Luxembourg. ISBN 92-894-4413-4.28 pp.<br />
#The National Eutrophication monitoring Programme Implementation Manual (Murray et al., 2002).<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Nitzschia Hassall, 1845. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=149045 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Gymnodinium Stein, 1878. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Prorocentrum Ehrenberg, 1834. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#WoRMS (2013). Dinophysis Ehrenberg, 1839. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109462 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D.; Moestrup, Ø. (2013). Alexandrium Halim, 1960. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470 on 2013-04-22.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Iseca}}<br />
{{author <br />
|AuthorID=26102<br />
|AuthorFullName= Knockaert, Carolien<br />
|AuthorName=Carolienk}}</div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Possible_consequences_of_eutrophication&diff=63553
Possible consequences of eutrophication
2014-06-24T06:50:00Z
<p>Carolienk: /* Aesthetic impacts */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify"><br />
Enhanced plant production and improved fish yields are sometimes described as positive impacts of [[Eutrophication|eutrophication]], especially in countries where fish and other aquatic organisms are a significant source of food. However detrimental ecological impacts can in turn have other negative consequences and impacts which are described below. Essentially the entire aquatic [[ecosystem]] changes with eutrophication. The diagram below gives an overview on the eutrophication process and its causes and consequences. </P><br />
[[Image:eutrocon.png|705|center]]<br />
<br />
==Ecological impacts==<br />
==== Increased biomass of phytoplankton resulting in algal blooms ====<br />
[[Image:Plentiful_plankton.jpg|175px|thumb|right|<small>Envisat satellite image of an algal bloom captured with MERIS (Photo Credit: ESA, 2009)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">[[Phytoplankton]] or microalgae are [[photosynthesizing]] microscopic organisms. They contain chlorophyll and require sunlight in order to live and grow. Most phytoplankton are buoyant and float in the upper part of the ocean where sunlight penetrates the water. In a balanced ecosystem they provide food for a wide range of organisms such as whales, shrimp, snails and jellyfish.<br />
Among the more important groups are the diatoms, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and coccolithophores. <br />
Phytoplankton species require inorganic [[Nutrient|nutrients]] such as nitrates, phosphates, and sulfur which they convert into proteins, fats and carbohydrates. When '''too many''' of these '''nutrients''' (by natural or [[Anthropogenic|anthropogenic]] cause) are available in the water phytoplankton may grow and multiply very fast forming [[Algal_bloom | algal blooms]]. Algal blooms may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments. Only one or a small number of phytoplankton species are involved and some blooms discolor (green, yellow-brown or red) the water due to their high density of pigmented cells. Blooms in the ocean may cover a large area and are easily visible in '''satellite images'''.</P><br />
==== Toxic or inedible phytoplankton species (harmful algal blooms)====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">'''[[Harmful_algal_bloom | Harmful algal blooms (HAB)]]''' are bloom events involving '''toxic or harmful phytoplankton'''. These cause harm through the production of toxins or by their accumulated biomass, which can effect co-occurring organisms and alter food web dynamics. Impacts include:</P><br />
*Human illness,<br />
*Mortality of fish, birds and mammals following consumption or indirect exposure to HAB toxins,<br />
*Substantially economic losses to coastal communities and commercial fisheries.<br />
[[Image:Jellyfish1.jpg|165px|thumb|right|<small>Jellyfish (Photo credit: Rob Stoeltje)</small>]]<br />
==== Increased blooms of gelatinous zooplankton====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">[[Phytoplankton]] are the food source for numerous other organisms, especially the zooplankton. [[Zooplankton]] are heterotrophic plankton. They are primarily transported by ambient water currents but many have locomotion. Through their consumption and processing of phytoplankton and other food sources they play a role in aquatic food webs as a resource for higher trophic levels including fish. Zooplankton can be divided in two important groups: crustacean (copepods and krill) and '''gelatinous zooplankton'''. Gelatinous zooplankton have relatively fragile, plastic gelatinous bodies that contain at least 95% water and which lack rigid skeletal parts. The most well-known are the jellyfish. Eutrophication is believed to cause an '''increase''' in the relative importance of '''gelatinous''' versus crustacean '''zooplankton'''. On many areas of the world where the natural species diversity has been affected by pollution, over-fishing and climate change gelatinous zooplankton organisms may be becoming the dominant species.</P><br />
<br />
==== Decreases in water transparency (increased turbidity)====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The growth of phytoplankton can cause increased [[Turbidity|turbidity]] or decreased penetration of light into the lower depths of the water column. In lakes and rivers this can inhibit growth of submerged aquatic plants and affect species which are dependent on them (fish, shellfish).</P><br />
<br />
==== Dissolved oxygen depletion or hypoxia resulting in increased incidences of fish kills and / or dead benthic animals====<br />
[[Image:FishKill.jpg|160px|thumb|right|<small>A menhaden fish kill due severe hypoxia (Photo credit: Chris Deacutis, IAN Image library )</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Oxygen is required for all life forms on the planet. Oxygen is produced by plants during ([[photosynthesis]]). At night animals and plants, as well as aerobic micro-organisms and decomposing dead organisms respire and so consume oxygen which results in a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels. Large fluctuations in dissolved oxygen levels may be the result of an algal blooms. While the algae population is growing at a fast rate, dissolved oxygen levels decrease. When these algae die, they are decomposed by bacteria which consume oxygen in this process so that the water can become temporarily hypoxic. Oxygen depletion, or [[Hypoxia|hypoxia]], is a common effect of eutrophication in water. The '''direct effects''' of hypoxia include '''fish kills''', especially the death of fish that need high levels of dissolved oxygen. Changes in fish communities may have an impact on the whole aquatic ecosystem and may deplete fish stocks. In extreme cases hypoxic conditions promote the growth of bacteria that produce toxins deadly to birds and animals. Zones where this occurs are called [[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|dead zones]].</P><br />
<br />
==== Species biodiversity decreases and the dominant biota changes====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Eutrophication leads to changes in the availability of light and certain nutrients to an ecosystem. This causes shifts in the species composition so that only the more tolerant species survive and new competitive species invade and out-compete original inhabitants. Examples are macroalgae and their massive biomass which inhibits the growth of other aquatic plants and algal blooms that consists of one type of phytoplankton species because other species are expelled.</P><br />
<br />
==== Increased biomass of macroalgae====<br />
[[Image:Macroalgae.jpg|100px|thumb|right|<small>Macroalgae bloom (Photo credit: Caroline Wicks, IAN Image library )</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Algal blooms may also consist of '''marine seaweeds''' or '''macroalgae'''. These blooms are recognizable by large blades of algae that may wash up into the shoreline. The seaweed is harmless when it is alive, but when decomposed by anaerobic bacteria toxic gases (such as the colorless hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S)) can be released.</P><br />
<br />
==Human health impacts==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Harmful algal bloom species have the capacity to produce '''toxins''' dangerous to humans. Algal [[Toxic|toxins]] are observed in marine ecosystems where they can accumulate in shellfish and more generally in seafood reaching dangerous levels for human as well as animal health. Examples include paralytic, neurotoxic and diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning. Several algal species able of producing toxins harmful to human or marine life have been identified in European coastal waters. The table gives an overview of some species that are regularly observed and represent a risk for seafood consumers.</P><br />
{|border="1" align=center cellspacing="0" cellpadding = "8" width="825px"<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Disease'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Symptoms'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Species'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Carriers''' <br />
|-<br />
| '''A'''mnesic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (ASP)<br />
| Mental confusion and memory loss, disorientation and sometimes coma<br />
| Diatoms of the genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=149045 ''Nitzschia'']<br />
| Shellfish (mussels)<br />
|- <br />
| '''N'''eurotoxic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (NSP)<br />
| Muscular paralysis, state of shock and sometimes death<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 ''Gymnodinium'']<br />
| Oysters, clams and crustaceans<br />
|-<br />
| '''V'''enerupin '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (VSP)<br />
| Gastrointestinal, nervous and hemorrhagic, hepatic symptoms and in extreme causes delirium and hepatic coma<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 ''Prorocentrum'']<br />
| Oysters and clams<br />
|-<br />
| '''D'''iarrhoeic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (DSP)<br />
| Gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhoea, vomiting and abdominal pain)<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109462 ''Dinophysis''] and [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 ''Prorocentrum'']<br />
| Filtering shellfish (oysters, mussels and clams)<br />
|-<br />
| '''P'''aralytic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (PSP)<br />
| Muscular paralysis, difficulty in breathing, shock and in extreme causes death by respiratory arrest<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470 ''Alexandrium''] and [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 ''Gymnodinium'']<br />
| Oysters, mussels, crustacean and fish<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Other marine mammals can be vectors for toxins, as in the case of ciguatera, where it is typically predator fish whose flesh is contaminated with the toxins originally produced by dinoflagellates and then poison humans. Symptoms include gastrointestinal and neurological effects.</P><br />
<br />
==Socio-economic impacts==<br />
Nearly all of the above described impacts have a direct or indirect socio-economic impact.<br />
==== Impact on recreation and tourism ====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The enrichment of nutrients to an ecosystem can result in a massive growth of macroalgae. The existence of such dense algal growth areas can inhibit or prevent access to waterways. This decreases the fitness for '''use of the water for water sports''' (swimming, boating and fishing).</P><br />
==== Aesthetic impacts====<br />
[[Image:Beach_closed.jpg|200px|thumb|right|<small>As a result of toxic algal blooms beaches can be closed (Photo credit: Elizabeth Halliday, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)</small>]]<br />
Algal blooms are unsightly and can have unpleasant smells for example:<br />
* The appearance of a '''white yellowish foam''' on the beach in spring on the shores along the North Sea. The foam is formed by the wind that sweeps up the decaying remains of ''Phaeocystis'' algal colonies.<br />
* When macroalgae or seaweed are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria hydrogen sulfide is (H<sub>2</sub>S) released. This gas is characterized by a very unpleasant characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs.<br />
<br />
==== Economical impacts====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">In some specific cases local authorities must rely on eutrophic waters for production of drinking water. Infected waters increases the '''costs of water treatment''' in order to avoid taste, odor and toxin problems in the water. Due to the toxins produced by harmful algal blooms commercial fish and shellfish may become '''unsuitable for consumption''' resulting in potential economical and financial problems for the fishing industries. In extreme cases beaches are closed due to the presence of toxic algal blooms.</P><br />
<br />
== References==<br />
#Eutrophication and health. European Commission (2002). Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: Luxembourg. ISBN 92-894-4413-4.28 pp.<br />
#The National Eutrophication monitoring Programme Implementation Manual (Murray et al., 2002).<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Nitzschia Hassall, 1845. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=149045 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Gymnodinium Stein, 1878. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Prorocentrum Ehrenberg, 1834. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#WoRMS (2013). Dinophysis Ehrenberg, 1839. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109462 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D.; Moestrup, Ø. (2013). Alexandrium Halim, 1960. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470 on 2013-04-22.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Iseca}}<br />
{{author <br />
|AuthorID=26102<br />
|AuthorFullName= Knockaert, Carolien<br />
|AuthorName=Carolienk}}</div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Remote_sensing&diff=62932
Remote sensing
2014-03-21T11:21:08Z
<p>Carolienk: /* Eutrophication, ocean colour and algal blooms */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
[[Image:Swarm_over_Italy.jpg|thumb|right|200px|<small>Use of satellites as remote sensing platforms (Photo credit: ESA-AOES Medialab)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">There is an increasing demand for accurate, timely information on environmental and natural resources, including spatial relationships and temporal changes and trends, local to global. In the broadest sense, '''remote sensing''' is the measurement or acquisition of information of an object or phenomenon, by a recording device that is not in physical or intimate contact with the object. In practice, remote sensing is the utilization at a '''distance''' (as from aircraft, spacecraft, satellite, or ship) of any device for gathering information about the environment.</P><br />
Advantages of this technology are:<br />
*Observation of a large geographical area<br />
*Long-term and fast collection of data<br />
*Lower collecting costs<br />
*"Inaccessible" regions become accessible (e.g. Antarctica)<br />
*Object is not being destroyed<br />
Disadvantages are:<br />
*Lower spatial resolution (depending on the type of sensor)<br />
*Need for the installation of complex systems (which have a long testing phase)<br />
*Captured data need to be calibrated via in-situ data<br />
*Noise caused by another source than the desired one<br />
*Atmospheric effects degrade the quality of the images and need to be corrected<br />
<br style="clear:both;"/><br />
<br />
==Brief history==<br />
<br />
{|border="1" align=center cellspacing="0" cellpadding = "8" width="800px" <br />
|-<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" text-align="center"|'''<1960'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" text-align="center"| '''Aerial photography'''<br />
|-<br />
| 1826<br />
| Invention of photography by Joseph Nicéphore Niépce<br />
|- <br />
| 1850s<br />
| Photography with cameras from hot-air balloons<br />
|-<br />
| 1903<br />
| Invention of pigeon photography (used during World War I and the Civil War)<br />
|-<br />
| 1909<br />
| Photography from air planes<br />
|-<br />
| World War I<br />
| Military surveillance: airplanes with cameras<br />
|-<br />
| style="background-color:#398C9D" text-align= "center"|'''From 1960'''<br />
| style="background-color:#398C9D" text-align= "center"|'''Shift in the use of platforms for remote sensing: air planes are replaced by satellites'''<br />
|-<br />
| 1960s<br />
| Space programs and race between the United States (US) and the Soviet-Union (USSR)<br />
|-<br />
| 04 October 1957<br />
| Sputnik I (USSR): first artificial satellite to go into orbit<br />
|-<br />
| 31 January 1958<br />
| Explorer I (US) is launched<br />
|-<br />
| 1960<br />
| TIROS-1: first meteorological satellite <br />
First use of term 'Remote sensing'<br />
|-<br />
| 1972<br />
| Landsat-1: launch of the first earth resource satellite<br />
|-<br />
| 1990s<br />
| Launch of earth resource satellites by national space agencies and commercial companies<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<br style="clear:both;"/><br />
<br />
==General principles of remote sensing==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Remote [[sensors]] are devices that measure and record specific types of energy. In remote sensing this energy is electromagnetic radiation which is reflected or emitted by all natural and synthetic objects on Earth. The '''electromagnetic spectrum''' is the continuous range of electromagnetic radiation. The spectrum can be divided in the following regions: gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, microwaves and radio waves. Remote sensing involves measurement of energy in many parts in the EM spectrum and takes place in spectral bands. A spectral band is defined as a discrete interval of the EM spectrum. Satellite sensors for example have been designed to measure responses within particular spectral bands to enable the discrimination of the major Earth surface materials. Scientist choose a particular spectral band for data collection depending on what they wish to examine. The data captured and recorded by the sensors must be analyzed by interpretive and measurement techniques in order to provide useful information about their subjects. The technique varies from simple traditional methods of visual interpretation to complicated methods using computer processing. The output is usually an image.</P><br />
[[Image:EM.png|thumb|center|800px|<small>The electromagnetic spectrum (Photo credit: Johannes Ahlmann)</small>]]<br />
<br />
== Types of sensors==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Remote sensing systems can be divided into 2 categories: '''active''' or '''passive''' sensors. In active sensors (e.g. radar) energy is transmitted from the sensor so they provide their own energy source for illumination. The sensor emits radiation which is directed toward the object or surface to be investigated. The radiation reflected from that target is detected and measured by the sensor. Passive systems (e.g. photographic camera) measure energy that is naturally available or depend on an external energy source (for example the sunlight).</P><br />
<br />
== Atmospheric effects==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify"><br />
When the Earth is observed remote sensors are looking through the atmosphere. The atmospheric constituents (particles and gases) can affect the incoming light and radiation by causing wavelength dependent '''absorption''' and '''scattering'''. '''Scattering''' occurs when particles or large gas molecules present in the atmosphere interact with and cause the electromagnetic radiation to be redirected from its original path. '''Absorption''' causes molecules in the atmosphere to absorb energy at various wavelengths. Ozone, carbon dioxide and water vapor are the most important to absorb radiation.<br />
These atmospheric effects degrade the quality of the images. Some of them can be corrected before the images are subjected to further analysis and interpretation.</P><br />
<br />
== Remote sensing applications==<br />
* Agriculture<br />
* Environmental monitoring and risks<br />
* Geology<br />
* Oceanography<br />
* Climatology<br />
* Ecology<br />
* Meteorology<br />
* Topography and cartography<br />
* Oil and mineral exploitations<br />
* Military<br />
== Eutrophication, ocean colour and algal blooms==<br />
[[Image:Envisatsummerbloom.png|300px|thumb|right|<small>Earth-observing satellite Envisat MERIS image of a phytoplankton bloom in the South Atlantic Ocean: different types and quantities of phytoplankton exhibit different colours, such as the blues and greens in this image(Photo Credit: ESA) </small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The main reason to measure ocean colour is to study [[phytoplankton]], the microscopic algae which are at the base of the oceanic food web. Remote sensing plays an important role in the detection, monitoring and prediction of [[Algal_bloom|algal blooms]] in the marine environment as these algae are considered a potential threat when they form so called [[Harmful_algal_bloom|harmful algal blooms]] and so appropriate measures can be taken. In situ measurements are useful when more information is required on the type of algae present but when there is a sudden shift in time and location these methods become too expensive. <br />
Satellite sensors detect the reflected light by the sea surface in different wavelengths. The "colour" of the ocean is determined by the impact of light with the water and any colored particles or dissolved chemicals in the water. Colour is the light reflected by the water and the substances present in it. When light hits a water molecule or a coloured substrate in it, the different colours (wavelengths) can be absorbed or scattered in differing intensities. The colour we see results from the colours that are reflected. The substances in seawater which most affect the water colour are: phytoplankton, inorganic particles, dissolved organic chemicals, and the water molecules themselves. Phytoplankton contains green-coloured chlorophyll-a (necessary to produce organic carbon using light and carbon dioxide during [[Photosynthesizing|photosynthesis]]) which absorbs red and blue light and reflects green light. The ocean colour is also an indicator of the health of oceans. The chlorophyll concentrations can be derived from satellite data by calculating the ratio blue / green of the ocean. When blue is more absorbed, green is more reflected which indicates a higher concentration of phytoplankton in the water and vice versa. Remote sensing can thus provide a wide visual picture and allows us to create more insight into the eutrophication processes.</P><br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Examples of modern colour satellites sensors are [[SeaWiFS]] (Sea-viewing Wide Field of view Sensor), [[MODIS]] (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) and [[MERIS]] (Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer). Once a bloom begins, an ocean colour sensor can make an initial identification of its chlorophyll pigment, and therefore its species and toxicity. An overview of satellites and sensors used in Earth Observation is found [http://eoedu.belspo.be/en/satellites/index.htm here].</P><br />
<br />
==See also==<br />
* [[Optical remote sensing]]<br />
*[[Real-time algae monitoring]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify"><br />
#Natural resources Canada: Canada Centre for Remote Sensing Tutorial: Fundamentals of Remote Sensing [http://www.nrcan.gc.ca/sites/www.nrcan.gc.ca.earth-sciences/files/pdf/resource/tutor/fundam/pdf/fundamentals_e.pdf (PDF)]<br />
#http://www.esa.int/SPECIALS/Eduspace_EN/SEMF9R3Z2OF_0.html<br />
#http://eoedu.belspo.be/en/applications/index.htm<br />
#http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Features/RemoteSensing/<br />
#http://eoedu.belspo.be/en/applications/index.htm<br />
#http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_photography<br />
#http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/jplhistory/early/firstsatellites.php<br />
#http://www.geog.ucsb.edu/~jeff/115a/remotesensinghistory.html<br />
</P><br />
{{Iseca}}<br />
{{author <br />
|AuthorID=26102<br />
|AuthorFullName= Knockaert, Carolien<br />
|AuthorName=Carolienk}}</div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Possible_consequences_of_eutrophication&diff=62359
Possible consequences of eutrophication
2014-02-19T15:12:54Z
<p>Carolienk: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify"><br />
Enhanced plant production and improved fish yields are sometimes described as positive impacts of [[Eutrophication|eutrophication]], especially in countries where fish and other aquatic organisms are a significant source of food. However detrimental ecological impacts can in turn have other negative consequences and impacts which are described below. Essentially the entire aquatic [[ecosystem]] changes with eutrophication. The diagram below gives an overview on the eutrophication process and its causes and consequences. </P><br />
[[Image:eutrocon.png|705|center]]<br />
<br />
==Ecological impacts==<br />
==== Increased biomass of phytoplankton resulting in algal blooms ====<br />
[[Image:Plentiful_plankton.jpg|175px|thumb|right|<small>Envisat satellite image of an algal bloom captured with MERIS (Photo Credit: ESA, 2009)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">[[Phytoplankton]] or microalgae are [[photosynthesizing]] microscopic organisms. They contain chlorophyll and require sunlight in order to live and grow. Most phytoplankton are buoyant and float in the upper part of the ocean where sunlight penetrates the water. In a balanced ecosystem they provide food for a wide range of organisms such as whales, shrimp, snails and jellyfish.<br />
Among the more important groups are the diatoms, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and coccolithophores. <br />
Phytoplankton species require inorganic [[Nutrient|nutrients]] such as nitrates, phosphates, and sulfur which they convert into proteins, fats and carbohydrates. When '''too many''' of these '''nutrients''' (by natural or [[Anthropogenic|anthropogenic]] cause) are available in the water phytoplankton may grow and multiply very fast forming [[Algal_bloom | algal blooms]]. Algal blooms may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments. Only one or a small number of phytoplankton species are involved and some blooms discolor (green, yellow-brown or red) the water due to their high density of pigmented cells. Blooms in the ocean may cover a large area and are easily visible in '''satellite images'''.</P><br />
==== Toxic or inedible phytoplankton species (harmful algal blooms)====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">'''[[Harmful_algal_bloom | Harmful algal blooms (HAB)]]''' are bloom events involving '''toxic or harmful phytoplankton'''. These cause harm through the production of toxins or by their accumulated biomass, which can effect co-occurring organisms and alter food web dynamics. Impacts include:</P><br />
*Human illness,<br />
*Mortality of fish, birds and mammals following consumption or indirect exposure to HAB toxins,<br />
*Substantially economic losses to coastal communities and commercial fisheries.<br />
[[Image:Jellyfish1.jpg|165px|thumb|right|<small>Jellyfish (Photo credit: Rob Stoeltje)</small>]]<br />
==== Increased blooms of gelatinous zooplankton====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">[[Phytoplankton]] are the food source for numerous other organisms, especially the zooplankton. [[Zooplankton]] are heterotrophic plankton. They are primarily transported by ambient water currents but many have locomotion. Through their consumption and processing of phytoplankton and other food sources they play a role in aquatic food webs as a resource for higher trophic levels including fish. Zooplankton can be divided in two important groups: crustacean (copepods and krill) and '''gelatinous zooplankton'''. Gelatinous zooplankton have relatively fragile, plastic gelatinous bodies that contain at least 95% water and which lack rigid skeletal parts. The most well-known are the jellyfish. Eutrophication is believed to cause an '''increase''' in the relative importance of '''gelatinous''' versus crustacean '''zooplankton'''. On many areas of the world where the natural species diversity has been affected by pollution, over-fishing and climate change gelatinous zooplankton organisms may be becoming the dominant species.</P><br />
<br />
==== Decreases in water transparency (increased turbidity)====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The growth of phytoplankton can cause increased [[Turbidity|turbidity]] or decreased penetration of light into the lower depths of the water column. In lakes and rivers this can inhibit growth of submerged aquatic plants and affect species which are dependent on them (fish, shellfish).</P><br />
<br />
==== Dissolved oxygen depletion or hypoxia resulting in increased incidences of fish kills and / or dead benthic animals====<br />
[[Image:FishKill.jpg|160px|thumb|right|<small>A menhaden fish kill due severe hypoxia (Photo credit: Chris Deacutis, IAN Image library )</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Oxygen is required for all life forms on the planet. Oxygen is produced by plants during ([[photosynthesis]]). At night animals and plants, as well as aerobic micro-organisms and decomposing dead organisms respire and so consume oxygen which results in a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels. Large fluctuations in dissolved oxygen levels may be the result of an algal blooms. While the algae population is growing at a fast rate, dissolved oxygen levels decrease. When these algae die, they are decomposed by bacteria which consume oxygen in this process so that the water can become temporarily hypoxic. Oxygen depletion, or [[Hypoxia|hypoxia]], is a common effect of eutrophication in water. The '''direct effects''' of hypoxia include '''fish kills''', especially the death of fish that need high levels of dissolved oxygen. Changes in fish communities may have an impact on the whole aquatic ecosystem and may deplete fish stocks. In extreme cases hypoxic conditions promote the growth of bacteria that produce toxins deadly to birds and animals. Zones where this occurs are called [[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|dead zones]].</P><br />
<br />
==== Species biodiversity decreases and the dominant biota changes====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Eutrophication leads to changes in the availability of light and certain nutrients to an ecosystem. This causes shifts in the species composition so that only the more tolerant species survive and new competitive species invade and out-compete original inhabitants. Examples are macroalgae and their massive biomass which inhibits the growth of other aquatic plants and algal blooms that consists of one type of phytoplankton species because other species are expelled.</P><br />
<br />
==== Increased biomass of macroalgae====<br />
[[Image:Macroalgae.jpg|100px|thumb|right|<small>Macroalgae bloom (Photo credit: Caroline Wicks, IAN Image library )</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Algal blooms may also consist of '''marine seaweeds''' or '''macroalgae'''. These blooms are recognizable by large blades of algae that may wash up into the shoreline. The seaweed is harmless when it is alive, but when decomposed by anaerobic bacteria toxic gases (such as the colorless hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S)) can be released.</P><br />
<br />
==Human health impacts==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Harmful algal bloom species have the capacity to produce '''toxins''' dangerous to humans. Algal [[Toxic|toxins]] are observed in marine ecosystems where they can accumulate in shellfish and more generally in seafood reaching dangerous levels for human as well as animal health. Examples include paralytic, neurotoxic and diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning. Several algal species able of producing toxins harmful to human or marine life have been identified in European coastal waters. The table gives an overview of some species that are regularly observed and represent a risk for seafood consumers.</P><br />
{|border="1" align=center cellspacing="0" cellpadding = "8" width="825px"<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Disease'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Symptoms'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Species'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Carriers''' <br />
|-<br />
| '''A'''mnesic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (ASP)<br />
| Mental confusion and memory loss, disorientation and sometimes coma<br />
| Diatoms of the genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=149045 ''Nitzschia'']<br />
| Shellfish (mussels)<br />
|- <br />
| '''N'''eurotoxic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (NSP)<br />
| Muscular paralysis, state of shock and sometimes death<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 ''Gymnodinium'']<br />
| Oysters, clams and crustaceans<br />
|-<br />
| '''V'''enerupin '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (VSP)<br />
| Gastrointestinal, nervous and hemorrhagic, hepatic symptoms and in extreme causes delirium and hepatic coma<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 ''Prorocentrum'']<br />
| Oysters and clams<br />
|-<br />
| '''D'''iarrhoeic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (DSP)<br />
| Gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhoea, vomiting and abdominal pain)<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109462 ''Dinophysis''] and [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 ''Prorocentrum'']<br />
| Filtering shellfish (oysters, mussels and clams)<br />
|-<br />
| '''P'''aralytic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (PSP)<br />
| Muscular paralysis, difficulty in breathing, shock and in extreme causes death by respiratory arrest<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470 ''Alexandrium''] and [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 ''Gymnodinium'']<br />
| Oysters, mussels, crustacean and fish<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Other marine mammals can be vectors for toxins, as in the case of ciguatera, where it is typically predator fish whose flesh is contaminated with the toxins originally produced by dinoflagellates and then poison humans. Symptoms include gastrointestinal and neurological effects.</P><br />
<br />
==Socio-economic impacts==<br />
Nearly all of the above described impacts have a direct or indirect socio-economic impact.<br />
==== Impact on recreation and tourism ====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The enrichment of nutrients to an ecosystem can result in a massive growth of macroalgae. The existence of such dense algal growth areas can inhibit or prevent access to waterways. This decreases the fitness for '''use of the water for water sports''' (swimming, boating and fishing).</P><br />
==== Aesthetic impacts====<br />
[[Image:Beach_closed.jpg|200px|thumb|right|<small>Beaches can be closed if high levels of bacteria are found in the water (Photo credit: Elizabeth Halliday, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)</small>]]<br />
Algal blooms are unsightly and can have unpleasant smells for example:<br />
* The appearance of a '''white yellowish foam''' on the beach in spring on the shores along the North Sea. The foam is formed by the wind that sweeps up the decaying remains of ''Phaeocystis'' algal colonies.<br />
* When macroalgae or seaweed are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria hydrogen sulfide is (H<sub>2</sub>S) released. This gas is characterized by a very unpleasant characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs.<br />
<br />
==== Economical impacts====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">In some specific cases local authorities must rely on eutrophic waters for production of drinking water. Infected waters increases the '''costs of water treatment''' in order to avoid taste, odor and toxin problems in the water. Due to the toxins produced by harmful algal blooms commercial fish and shellfish may become '''unsuitable for consumption''' resulting in potential economical and financial problems for the fishing industries. In extreme cases beaches are closed due to the presence of toxic algal blooms.</P><br />
<br />
== References==<br />
#Eutrophication and health. European Commission (2002). Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: Luxembourg. ISBN 92-894-4413-4.28 pp.<br />
#The National Eutrophication monitoring Programme Implementation Manual (Murray et al., 2002).<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Nitzschia Hassall, 1845. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=149045 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Gymnodinium Stein, 1878. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Prorocentrum Ehrenberg, 1834. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#WoRMS (2013). Dinophysis Ehrenberg, 1839. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109462 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D.; Moestrup, Ø. (2013). Alexandrium Halim, 1960. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470 on 2013-04-22.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Iseca}}<br />
{{author <br />
|AuthorID=26102<br />
|AuthorFullName= Knockaert, Carolien<br />
|AuthorName=Carolienk}}</div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Possible_consequences_of_eutrophication&diff=62358
Possible consequences of eutrophication
2014-02-19T15:12:44Z
<p>Carolienk: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify"><br />
Enhanced plant production and improved fish yields are sometimes described as positive impacts of [[Eutrophication|eutrophication]], especially in countries where fish and other aquatic organisms are a significant source of food. However detrimental ecological impacts can in turn have other negative consequences and impacts which are described below. Essentially the entire aquatic [[ecosystem]] changes with eutrophication. The diagram below gives an overview on the eutrophication process and its causes and consequences. </P><br />
[[Image:eutrocon.png|725|center]]<br />
<br />
==Ecological impacts==<br />
==== Increased biomass of phytoplankton resulting in algal blooms ====<br />
[[Image:Plentiful_plankton.jpg|175px|thumb|right|<small>Envisat satellite image of an algal bloom captured with MERIS (Photo Credit: ESA, 2009)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">[[Phytoplankton]] or microalgae are [[photosynthesizing]] microscopic organisms. They contain chlorophyll and require sunlight in order to live and grow. Most phytoplankton are buoyant and float in the upper part of the ocean where sunlight penetrates the water. In a balanced ecosystem they provide food for a wide range of organisms such as whales, shrimp, snails and jellyfish.<br />
Among the more important groups are the diatoms, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and coccolithophores. <br />
Phytoplankton species require inorganic [[Nutrient|nutrients]] such as nitrates, phosphates, and sulfur which they convert into proteins, fats and carbohydrates. When '''too many''' of these '''nutrients''' (by natural or [[Anthropogenic|anthropogenic]] cause) are available in the water phytoplankton may grow and multiply very fast forming [[Algal_bloom | algal blooms]]. Algal blooms may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments. Only one or a small number of phytoplankton species are involved and some blooms discolor (green, yellow-brown or red) the water due to their high density of pigmented cells. Blooms in the ocean may cover a large area and are easily visible in '''satellite images'''.</P><br />
==== Toxic or inedible phytoplankton species (harmful algal blooms)====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">'''[[Harmful_algal_bloom | Harmful algal blooms (HAB)]]''' are bloom events involving '''toxic or harmful phytoplankton'''. These cause harm through the production of toxins or by their accumulated biomass, which can effect co-occurring organisms and alter food web dynamics. Impacts include:</P><br />
*Human illness,<br />
*Mortality of fish, birds and mammals following consumption or indirect exposure to HAB toxins,<br />
*Substantially economic losses to coastal communities and commercial fisheries.<br />
[[Image:Jellyfish1.jpg|165px|thumb|right|<small>Jellyfish (Photo credit: Rob Stoeltje)</small>]]<br />
==== Increased blooms of gelatinous zooplankton====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">[[Phytoplankton]] are the food source for numerous other organisms, especially the zooplankton. [[Zooplankton]] are heterotrophic plankton. They are primarily transported by ambient water currents but many have locomotion. Through their consumption and processing of phytoplankton and other food sources they play a role in aquatic food webs as a resource for higher trophic levels including fish. Zooplankton can be divided in two important groups: crustacean (copepods and krill) and '''gelatinous zooplankton'''. Gelatinous zooplankton have relatively fragile, plastic gelatinous bodies that contain at least 95% water and which lack rigid skeletal parts. The most well-known are the jellyfish. Eutrophication is believed to cause an '''increase''' in the relative importance of '''gelatinous''' versus crustacean '''zooplankton'''. On many areas of the world where the natural species diversity has been affected by pollution, over-fishing and climate change gelatinous zooplankton organisms may be becoming the dominant species.</P><br />
<br />
==== Decreases in water transparency (increased turbidity)====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The growth of phytoplankton can cause increased [[Turbidity|turbidity]] or decreased penetration of light into the lower depths of the water column. In lakes and rivers this can inhibit growth of submerged aquatic plants and affect species which are dependent on them (fish, shellfish).</P><br />
<br />
==== Dissolved oxygen depletion or hypoxia resulting in increased incidences of fish kills and / or dead benthic animals====<br />
[[Image:FishKill.jpg|160px|thumb|right|<small>A menhaden fish kill due severe hypoxia (Photo credit: Chris Deacutis, IAN Image library )</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Oxygen is required for all life forms on the planet. Oxygen is produced by plants during ([[photosynthesis]]). At night animals and plants, as well as aerobic micro-organisms and decomposing dead organisms respire and so consume oxygen which results in a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels. Large fluctuations in dissolved oxygen levels may be the result of an algal blooms. While the algae population is growing at a fast rate, dissolved oxygen levels decrease. When these algae die, they are decomposed by bacteria which consume oxygen in this process so that the water can become temporarily hypoxic. Oxygen depletion, or [[Hypoxia|hypoxia]], is a common effect of eutrophication in water. The '''direct effects''' of hypoxia include '''fish kills''', especially the death of fish that need high levels of dissolved oxygen. Changes in fish communities may have an impact on the whole aquatic ecosystem and may deplete fish stocks. In extreme cases hypoxic conditions promote the growth of bacteria that produce toxins deadly to birds and animals. Zones where this occurs are called [[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|dead zones]].</P><br />
<br />
==== Species biodiversity decreases and the dominant biota changes====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Eutrophication leads to changes in the availability of light and certain nutrients to an ecosystem. This causes shifts in the species composition so that only the more tolerant species survive and new competitive species invade and out-compete original inhabitants. Examples are macroalgae and their massive biomass which inhibits the growth of other aquatic plants and algal blooms that consists of one type of phytoplankton species because other species are expelled.</P><br />
<br />
==== Increased biomass of macroalgae====<br />
[[Image:Macroalgae.jpg|100px|thumb|right|<small>Macroalgae bloom (Photo credit: Caroline Wicks, IAN Image library )</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Algal blooms may also consist of '''marine seaweeds''' or '''macroalgae'''. These blooms are recognizable by large blades of algae that may wash up into the shoreline. The seaweed is harmless when it is alive, but when decomposed by anaerobic bacteria toxic gases (such as the colorless hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S)) can be released.</P><br />
<br />
==Human health impacts==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Harmful algal bloom species have the capacity to produce '''toxins''' dangerous to humans. Algal [[Toxic|toxins]] are observed in marine ecosystems where they can accumulate in shellfish and more generally in seafood reaching dangerous levels for human as well as animal health. Examples include paralytic, neurotoxic and diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning. Several algal species able of producing toxins harmful to human or marine life have been identified in European coastal waters. The table gives an overview of some species that are regularly observed and represent a risk for seafood consumers.</P><br />
{|border="1" align=center cellspacing="0" cellpadding = "8" width="825px"<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Disease'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Symptoms'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Species'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Carriers''' <br />
|-<br />
| '''A'''mnesic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (ASP)<br />
| Mental confusion and memory loss, disorientation and sometimes coma<br />
| Diatoms of the genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=149045 ''Nitzschia'']<br />
| Shellfish (mussels)<br />
|- <br />
| '''N'''eurotoxic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (NSP)<br />
| Muscular paralysis, state of shock and sometimes death<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 ''Gymnodinium'']<br />
| Oysters, clams and crustaceans<br />
|-<br />
| '''V'''enerupin '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (VSP)<br />
| Gastrointestinal, nervous and hemorrhagic, hepatic symptoms and in extreme causes delirium and hepatic coma<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 ''Prorocentrum'']<br />
| Oysters and clams<br />
|-<br />
| '''D'''iarrhoeic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (DSP)<br />
| Gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhoea, vomiting and abdominal pain)<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109462 ''Dinophysis''] and [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 ''Prorocentrum'']<br />
| Filtering shellfish (oysters, mussels and clams)<br />
|-<br />
| '''P'''aralytic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (PSP)<br />
| Muscular paralysis, difficulty in breathing, shock and in extreme causes death by respiratory arrest<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470 ''Alexandrium''] and [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 ''Gymnodinium'']<br />
| Oysters, mussels, crustacean and fish<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Other marine mammals can be vectors for toxins, as in the case of ciguatera, where it is typically predator fish whose flesh is contaminated with the toxins originally produced by dinoflagellates and then poison humans. Symptoms include gastrointestinal and neurological effects.</P><br />
<br />
==Socio-economic impacts==<br />
Nearly all of the above described impacts have a direct or indirect socio-economic impact.<br />
==== Impact on recreation and tourism ====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The enrichment of nutrients to an ecosystem can result in a massive growth of macroalgae. The existence of such dense algal growth areas can inhibit or prevent access to waterways. This decreases the fitness for '''use of the water for water sports''' (swimming, boating and fishing).</P><br />
==== Aesthetic impacts====<br />
[[Image:Beach_closed.jpg|200px|thumb|right|<small>Beaches can be closed if high levels of bacteria are found in the water (Photo credit: Elizabeth Halliday, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)</small>]]<br />
Algal blooms are unsightly and can have unpleasant smells for example:<br />
* The appearance of a '''white yellowish foam''' on the beach in spring on the shores along the North Sea. The foam is formed by the wind that sweeps up the decaying remains of ''Phaeocystis'' algal colonies.<br />
* When macroalgae or seaweed are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria hydrogen sulfide is (H<sub>2</sub>S) released. This gas is characterized by a very unpleasant characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs.<br />
<br />
==== Economical impacts====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">In some specific cases local authorities must rely on eutrophic waters for production of drinking water. Infected waters increases the '''costs of water treatment''' in order to avoid taste, odor and toxin problems in the water. Due to the toxins produced by harmful algal blooms commercial fish and shellfish may become '''unsuitable for consumption''' resulting in potential economical and financial problems for the fishing industries. In extreme cases beaches are closed due to the presence of toxic algal blooms.</P><br />
<br />
== References==<br />
#Eutrophication and health. European Commission (2002). Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: Luxembourg. ISBN 92-894-4413-4.28 pp.<br />
#The National Eutrophication monitoring Programme Implementation Manual (Murray et al., 2002).<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Nitzschia Hassall, 1845. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=149045 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Gymnodinium Stein, 1878. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Prorocentrum Ehrenberg, 1834. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#WoRMS (2013). Dinophysis Ehrenberg, 1839. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109462 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D.; Moestrup, Ø. (2013). Alexandrium Halim, 1960. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470 on 2013-04-22.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Iseca}}<br />
{{author <br />
|AuthorID=26102<br />
|AuthorFullName= Knockaert, Carolien<br />
|AuthorName=Carolienk}}</div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Possible_consequences_of_eutrophication&diff=62357
Possible consequences of eutrophication
2014-02-19T15:12:31Z
<p>Carolienk: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify"><br />
Enhanced plant production and improved fish yields are sometimes described as positive impacts of [[Eutrophication|eutrophication]], especially in countries where fish and other aquatic organisms are a significant source of food. However detrimental ecological impacts can in turn have other negative consequences and impacts which are described below. Essentially the entire aquatic [[ecosystem]] changes with eutrophication. The diagram below gives an overview on the eutrophication process and its causes and consequences. </P><br />
[[Image:eutrocon.png|705|center]]<br />
<br />
==Ecological impacts==<br />
==== Increased biomass of phytoplankton resulting in algal blooms ====<br />
[[Image:Plentiful_plankton.jpg|175px|thumb|right|<small>Envisat satellite image of an algal bloom captured with MERIS (Photo Credit: ESA, 2009)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">[[Phytoplankton]] or microalgae are [[photosynthesizing]] microscopic organisms. They contain chlorophyll and require sunlight in order to live and grow. Most phytoplankton are buoyant and float in the upper part of the ocean where sunlight penetrates the water. In a balanced ecosystem they provide food for a wide range of organisms such as whales, shrimp, snails and jellyfish.<br />
Among the more important groups are the diatoms, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and coccolithophores. <br />
Phytoplankton species require inorganic [[Nutrient|nutrients]] such as nitrates, phosphates, and sulfur which they convert into proteins, fats and carbohydrates. When '''too many''' of these '''nutrients''' (by natural or [[Anthropogenic|anthropogenic]] cause) are available in the water phytoplankton may grow and multiply very fast forming [[Algal_bloom | algal blooms]]. Algal blooms may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments. Only one or a small number of phytoplankton species are involved and some blooms discolor (green, yellow-brown or red) the water due to their high density of pigmented cells. Blooms in the ocean may cover a large area and are easily visible in '''satellite images'''.</P><br />
==== Toxic or inedible phytoplankton species (harmful algal blooms)====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">'''[[Harmful_algal_bloom | Harmful algal blooms (HAB)]]''' are bloom events involving '''toxic or harmful phytoplankton'''. These cause harm through the production of toxins or by their accumulated biomass, which can effect co-occurring organisms and alter food web dynamics. Impacts include:</P><br />
*Human illness,<br />
*Mortality of fish, birds and mammals following consumption or indirect exposure to HAB toxins,<br />
*Substantially economic losses to coastal communities and commercial fisheries.<br />
[[Image:Jellyfish1.jpg|165px|thumb|right|<small>Jellyfish (Photo credit: Rob Stoeltje)</small>]]<br />
==== Increased blooms of gelatinous zooplankton====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">[[Phytoplankton]] are the food source for numerous other organisms, especially the zooplankton. [[Zooplankton]] are heterotrophic plankton. They are primarily transported by ambient water currents but many have locomotion. Through their consumption and processing of phytoplankton and other food sources they play a role in aquatic food webs as a resource for higher trophic levels including fish. Zooplankton can be divided in two important groups: crustacean (copepods and krill) and '''gelatinous zooplankton'''. Gelatinous zooplankton have relatively fragile, plastic gelatinous bodies that contain at least 95% water and which lack rigid skeletal parts. The most well-known are the jellyfish. Eutrophication is believed to cause an '''increase''' in the relative importance of '''gelatinous''' versus crustacean '''zooplankton'''. On many areas of the world where the natural species diversity has been affected by pollution, over-fishing and climate change gelatinous zooplankton organisms may be becoming the dominant species.</P><br />
<br />
==== Decreases in water transparency (increased turbidity)====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The growth of phytoplankton can cause increased [[Turbidity|turbidity]] or decreased penetration of light into the lower depths of the water column. In lakes and rivers this can inhibit growth of submerged aquatic plants and affect species which are dependent on them (fish, shellfish).</P><br />
<br />
==== Dissolved oxygen depletion or hypoxia resulting in increased incidences of fish kills and / or dead benthic animals====<br />
[[Image:FishKill.jpg|160px|thumb|right|<small>A menhaden fish kill due severe hypoxia (Photo credit: Chris Deacutis, IAN Image library )</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Oxygen is required for all life forms on the planet. Oxygen is produced by plants during ([[photosynthesis]]). At night animals and plants, as well as aerobic micro-organisms and decomposing dead organisms respire and so consume oxygen which results in a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels. Large fluctuations in dissolved oxygen levels may be the result of an algal blooms. While the algae population is growing at a fast rate, dissolved oxygen levels decrease. When these algae die, they are decomposed by bacteria which consume oxygen in this process so that the water can become temporarily hypoxic. Oxygen depletion, or [[Hypoxia|hypoxia]], is a common effect of eutrophication in water. The '''direct effects''' of hypoxia include '''fish kills''', especially the death of fish that need high levels of dissolved oxygen. Changes in fish communities may have an impact on the whole aquatic ecosystem and may deplete fish stocks. In extreme cases hypoxic conditions promote the growth of bacteria that produce toxins deadly to birds and animals. Zones where this occurs are called [[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|dead zones]].</P><br />
<br />
==== Species biodiversity decreases and the dominant biota changes====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Eutrophication leads to changes in the availability of light and certain nutrients to an ecosystem. This causes shifts in the species composition so that only the more tolerant species survive and new competitive species invade and out-compete original inhabitants. Examples are macroalgae and their massive biomass which inhibits the growth of other aquatic plants and algal blooms that consists of one type of phytoplankton species because other species are expelled.</P><br />
<br />
==== Increased biomass of macroalgae====<br />
[[Image:Macroalgae.jpg|100px|thumb|right|<small>Macroalgae bloom (Photo credit: Caroline Wicks, IAN Image library )</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Algal blooms may also consist of '''marine seaweeds''' or '''macroalgae'''. These blooms are recognizable by large blades of algae that may wash up into the shoreline. The seaweed is harmless when it is alive, but when decomposed by anaerobic bacteria toxic gases (such as the colorless hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S)) can be released.</P><br />
<br />
==Human health impacts==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Harmful algal bloom species have the capacity to produce '''toxins''' dangerous to humans. Algal [[Toxic|toxins]] are observed in marine ecosystems where they can accumulate in shellfish and more generally in seafood reaching dangerous levels for human as well as animal health. Examples include paralytic, neurotoxic and diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning. Several algal species able of producing toxins harmful to human or marine life have been identified in European coastal waters. The table gives an overview of some species that are regularly observed and represent a risk for seafood consumers.</P><br />
{|border="1" align=center cellspacing="0" cellpadding = "8" width="825px"<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Disease'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Symptoms'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Species'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Carriers''' <br />
|-<br />
| '''A'''mnesic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (ASP)<br />
| Mental confusion and memory loss, disorientation and sometimes coma<br />
| Diatoms of the genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=149045 ''Nitzschia'']<br />
| Shellfish (mussels)<br />
|- <br />
| '''N'''eurotoxic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (NSP)<br />
| Muscular paralysis, state of shock and sometimes death<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 ''Gymnodinium'']<br />
| Oysters, clams and crustaceans<br />
|-<br />
| '''V'''enerupin '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (VSP)<br />
| Gastrointestinal, nervous and hemorrhagic, hepatic symptoms and in extreme causes delirium and hepatic coma<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 ''Prorocentrum'']<br />
| Oysters and clams<br />
|-<br />
| '''D'''iarrhoeic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (DSP)<br />
| Gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhoea, vomiting and abdominal pain)<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109462 ''Dinophysis''] and [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 ''Prorocentrum'']<br />
| Filtering shellfish (oysters, mussels and clams)<br />
|-<br />
| '''P'''aralytic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (PSP)<br />
| Muscular paralysis, difficulty in breathing, shock and in extreme causes death by respiratory arrest<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470 ''Alexandrium''] and [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 ''Gymnodinium'']<br />
| Oysters, mussels, crustacean and fish<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Other marine mammals can be vectors for toxins, as in the case of ciguatera, where it is typically predator fish whose flesh is contaminated with the toxins originally produced by dinoflagellates and then poison humans. Symptoms include gastrointestinal and neurological effects.</P><br />
<br />
==Socio-economic impacts==<br />
Nearly all of the above described impacts have a direct or indirect socio-economic impact.<br />
==== Impact on recreation and tourism ====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The enrichment of nutrients to an ecosystem can result in a massive growth of macroalgae. The existence of such dense algal growth areas can inhibit or prevent access to waterways. This decreases the fitness for '''use of the water for water sports''' (swimming, boating and fishing).</P><br />
==== Aesthetic impacts====<br />
[[Image:Beach_closed.jpg|200px|thumb|right|<small>Beaches can be closed if high levels of bacteria are found in the water (Photo credit: Elizabeth Halliday, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)</small>]]<br />
Algal blooms are unsightly and can have unpleasant smells for example:<br />
* The appearance of a '''white yellowish foam''' on the beach in spring on the shores along the North Sea. The foam is formed by the wind that sweeps up the decaying remains of ''Phaeocystis'' algal colonies.<br />
* When macroalgae or seaweed are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria hydrogen sulfide is (H<sub>2</sub>S) released. This gas is characterized by a very unpleasant characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs.<br />
<br />
==== Economical impacts====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">In some specific cases local authorities must rely on eutrophic waters for production of drinking water. Infected waters increases the '''costs of water treatment''' in order to avoid taste, odor and toxin problems in the water. Due to the toxins produced by harmful algal blooms commercial fish and shellfish may become '''unsuitable for consumption''' resulting in potential economical and financial problems for the fishing industries. In extreme cases beaches are closed due to the presence of toxic algal blooms.</P><br />
<br />
== References==<br />
#Eutrophication and health. European Commission (2002). Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: Luxembourg. ISBN 92-894-4413-4.28 pp.<br />
#The National Eutrophication monitoring Programme Implementation Manual (Murray et al., 2002).<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Nitzschia Hassall, 1845. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=149045 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Gymnodinium Stein, 1878. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Prorocentrum Ehrenberg, 1834. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#WoRMS (2013). Dinophysis Ehrenberg, 1839. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109462 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D.; Moestrup, Ø. (2013). Alexandrium Halim, 1960. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470 on 2013-04-22.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Iseca}}<br />
{{author <br />
|AuthorID=26102<br />
|AuthorFullName= Knockaert, Carolien<br />
|AuthorName=Carolienk}}</div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Possible_consequences_of_eutrophication&diff=62356
Possible consequences of eutrophication
2014-02-19T15:12:10Z
<p>Carolienk: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify"><br />
Enhanced plant production and improved fish yields are sometimes described as positive impacts of [[Eutrophication|eutrophication]], especially in countries where fish and other aquatic organisms are a significant source of food. However detrimental ecological impacts can in turn have other negative consequences and impacts which are described below. Essentially the entire aquatic [[ecosystem]] changes with eutrophication. The diagram below gives an overview on the eutrophication process and its causes and consequences. </P><br />
[[Image:eutrocon.png|715|center]]<br />
<br />
==Ecological impacts==<br />
==== Increased biomass of phytoplankton resulting in algal blooms ====<br />
[[Image:Plentiful_plankton.jpg|175px|thumb|right|<small>Envisat satellite image of an algal bloom captured with MERIS (Photo Credit: ESA, 2009)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">[[Phytoplankton]] or microalgae are [[photosynthesizing]] microscopic organisms. They contain chlorophyll and require sunlight in order to live and grow. Most phytoplankton are buoyant and float in the upper part of the ocean where sunlight penetrates the water. In a balanced ecosystem they provide food for a wide range of organisms such as whales, shrimp, snails and jellyfish.<br />
Among the more important groups are the diatoms, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and coccolithophores. <br />
Phytoplankton species require inorganic [[Nutrient|nutrients]] such as nitrates, phosphates, and sulfur which they convert into proteins, fats and carbohydrates. When '''too many''' of these '''nutrients''' (by natural or [[Anthropogenic|anthropogenic]] cause) are available in the water phytoplankton may grow and multiply very fast forming [[Algal_bloom | algal blooms]]. Algal blooms may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments. Only one or a small number of phytoplankton species are involved and some blooms discolor (green, yellow-brown or red) the water due to their high density of pigmented cells. Blooms in the ocean may cover a large area and are easily visible in '''satellite images'''.</P><br />
==== Toxic or inedible phytoplankton species (harmful algal blooms)====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">'''[[Harmful_algal_bloom | Harmful algal blooms (HAB)]]''' are bloom events involving '''toxic or harmful phytoplankton'''. These cause harm through the production of toxins or by their accumulated biomass, which can effect co-occurring organisms and alter food web dynamics. Impacts include:</P><br />
*Human illness,<br />
*Mortality of fish, birds and mammals following consumption or indirect exposure to HAB toxins,<br />
*Substantially economic losses to coastal communities and commercial fisheries.<br />
[[Image:Jellyfish1.jpg|165px|thumb|right|<small>Jellyfish (Photo credit: Rob Stoeltje)</small>]]<br />
==== Increased blooms of gelatinous zooplankton====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">[[Phytoplankton]] are the food source for numerous other organisms, especially the zooplankton. [[Zooplankton]] are heterotrophic plankton. They are primarily transported by ambient water currents but many have locomotion. Through their consumption and processing of phytoplankton and other food sources they play a role in aquatic food webs as a resource for higher trophic levels including fish. Zooplankton can be divided in two important groups: crustacean (copepods and krill) and '''gelatinous zooplankton'''. Gelatinous zooplankton have relatively fragile, plastic gelatinous bodies that contain at least 95% water and which lack rigid skeletal parts. The most well-known are the jellyfish. Eutrophication is believed to cause an '''increase''' in the relative importance of '''gelatinous''' versus crustacean '''zooplankton'''. On many areas of the world where the natural species diversity has been affected by pollution, over-fishing and climate change gelatinous zooplankton organisms may be becoming the dominant species.</P><br />
<br />
==== Decreases in water transparency (increased turbidity)====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The growth of phytoplankton can cause increased [[Turbidity|turbidity]] or decreased penetration of light into the lower depths of the water column. In lakes and rivers this can inhibit growth of submerged aquatic plants and affect species which are dependent on them (fish, shellfish).</P><br />
<br />
==== Dissolved oxygen depletion or hypoxia resulting in increased incidences of fish kills and / or dead benthic animals====<br />
[[Image:FishKill.jpg|160px|thumb|right|<small>A menhaden fish kill due severe hypoxia (Photo credit: Chris Deacutis, IAN Image library )</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Oxygen is required for all life forms on the planet. Oxygen is produced by plants during ([[photosynthesis]]). At night animals and plants, as well as aerobic micro-organisms and decomposing dead organisms respire and so consume oxygen which results in a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels. Large fluctuations in dissolved oxygen levels may be the result of an algal blooms. While the algae population is growing at a fast rate, dissolved oxygen levels decrease. When these algae die, they are decomposed by bacteria which consume oxygen in this process so that the water can become temporarily hypoxic. Oxygen depletion, or [[Hypoxia|hypoxia]], is a common effect of eutrophication in water. The '''direct effects''' of hypoxia include '''fish kills''', especially the death of fish that need high levels of dissolved oxygen. Changes in fish communities may have an impact on the whole aquatic ecosystem and may deplete fish stocks. In extreme cases hypoxic conditions promote the growth of bacteria that produce toxins deadly to birds and animals. Zones where this occurs are called [[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|dead zones]].</P><br />
<br />
==== Species biodiversity decreases and the dominant biota changes====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Eutrophication leads to changes in the availability of light and certain nutrients to an ecosystem. This causes shifts in the species composition so that only the more tolerant species survive and new competitive species invade and out-compete original inhabitants. Examples are macroalgae and their massive biomass which inhibits the growth of other aquatic plants and algal blooms that consists of one type of phytoplankton species because other species are expelled.</P><br />
<br />
==== Increased biomass of macroalgae====<br />
[[Image:Macroalgae.jpg|100px|thumb|right|<small>Macroalgae bloom (Photo credit: Caroline Wicks, IAN Image library )</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Algal blooms may also consist of '''marine seaweeds''' or '''macroalgae'''. These blooms are recognizable by large blades of algae that may wash up into the shoreline. The seaweed is harmless when it is alive, but when decomposed by anaerobic bacteria toxic gases (such as the colorless hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S)) can be released.</P><br />
<br />
==Human health impacts==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Harmful algal bloom species have the capacity to produce '''toxins''' dangerous to humans. Algal [[Toxic|toxins]] are observed in marine ecosystems where they can accumulate in shellfish and more generally in seafood reaching dangerous levels for human as well as animal health. Examples include paralytic, neurotoxic and diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning. Several algal species able of producing toxins harmful to human or marine life have been identified in European coastal waters. The table gives an overview of some species that are regularly observed and represent a risk for seafood consumers.</P><br />
{|border="1" align=center cellspacing="0" cellpadding = "8" width="825px"<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Disease'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Symptoms'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Species'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Carriers''' <br />
|-<br />
| '''A'''mnesic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (ASP)<br />
| Mental confusion and memory loss, disorientation and sometimes coma<br />
| Diatoms of the genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=149045 ''Nitzschia'']<br />
| Shellfish (mussels)<br />
|- <br />
| '''N'''eurotoxic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (NSP)<br />
| Muscular paralysis, state of shock and sometimes death<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 ''Gymnodinium'']<br />
| Oysters, clams and crustaceans<br />
|-<br />
| '''V'''enerupin '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (VSP)<br />
| Gastrointestinal, nervous and hemorrhagic, hepatic symptoms and in extreme causes delirium and hepatic coma<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 ''Prorocentrum'']<br />
| Oysters and clams<br />
|-<br />
| '''D'''iarrhoeic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (DSP)<br />
| Gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhoea, vomiting and abdominal pain)<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109462 ''Dinophysis''] and [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 ''Prorocentrum'']<br />
| Filtering shellfish (oysters, mussels and clams)<br />
|-<br />
| '''P'''aralytic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (PSP)<br />
| Muscular paralysis, difficulty in breathing, shock and in extreme causes death by respiratory arrest<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470 ''Alexandrium''] and [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 ''Gymnodinium'']<br />
| Oysters, mussels, crustacean and fish<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Other marine mammals can be vectors for toxins, as in the case of ciguatera, where it is typically predator fish whose flesh is contaminated with the toxins originally produced by dinoflagellates and then poison humans. Symptoms include gastrointestinal and neurological effects.</P><br />
<br />
==Socio-economic impacts==<br />
Nearly all of the above described impacts have a direct or indirect socio-economic impact.<br />
==== Impact on recreation and tourism ====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The enrichment of nutrients to an ecosystem can result in a massive growth of macroalgae. The existence of such dense algal growth areas can inhibit or prevent access to waterways. This decreases the fitness for '''use of the water for water sports''' (swimming, boating and fishing).</P><br />
==== Aesthetic impacts====<br />
[[Image:Beach_closed.jpg|200px|thumb|right|<small>Beaches can be closed if high levels of bacteria are found in the water (Photo credit: Elizabeth Halliday, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)</small>]]<br />
Algal blooms are unsightly and can have unpleasant smells for example:<br />
* The appearance of a '''white yellowish foam''' on the beach in spring on the shores along the North Sea. The foam is formed by the wind that sweeps up the decaying remains of ''Phaeocystis'' algal colonies.<br />
* When macroalgae or seaweed are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria hydrogen sulfide is (H<sub>2</sub>S) released. This gas is characterized by a very unpleasant characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs.<br />
<br />
==== Economical impacts====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">In some specific cases local authorities must rely on eutrophic waters for production of drinking water. Infected waters increases the '''costs of water treatment''' in order to avoid taste, odor and toxin problems in the water. Due to the toxins produced by harmful algal blooms commercial fish and shellfish may become '''unsuitable for consumption''' resulting in potential economical and financial problems for the fishing industries. In extreme cases beaches are closed due to the presence of toxic algal blooms.</P><br />
<br />
== References==<br />
#Eutrophication and health. European Commission (2002). Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: Luxembourg. ISBN 92-894-4413-4.28 pp.<br />
#The National Eutrophication monitoring Programme Implementation Manual (Murray et al., 2002).<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Nitzschia Hassall, 1845. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=149045 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Gymnodinium Stein, 1878. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Prorocentrum Ehrenberg, 1834. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#WoRMS (2013). Dinophysis Ehrenberg, 1839. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109462 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D.; Moestrup, Ø. (2013). Alexandrium Halim, 1960. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470 on 2013-04-22.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Iseca}}<br />
{{author <br />
|AuthorID=26102<br />
|AuthorFullName= Knockaert, Carolien<br />
|AuthorName=Carolienk}}</div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Possible_consequences_of_eutrophication&diff=62355
Possible consequences of eutrophication
2014-02-19T15:11:22Z
<p>Carolienk: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify"><br />
Enhanced plant production and improved fish yields are sometimes described as positive impacts of [[Eutrophication|eutrophication]], especially in countries where fish and other aquatic organisms are a significant source of food. However detrimental ecological impacts can in turn have other negative consequences and impacts which are described below. Essentially the entire aquatic [[ecosystem]] changes with eutrophication. The diagram below gives an overview on the eutrophication process and its causes and consequences. </P><br />
[[Image:eutrocon.png|705|center]]<br />
<br />
==Ecological impacts==<br />
==== Increased biomass of phytoplankton resulting in algal blooms ====<br />
[[Image:Plentiful_plankton.jpg|175px|thumb|right|<small>Envisat satellite image of an algal bloom captured with MERIS (Photo Credit: ESA, 2009)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">[[Phytoplankton]] or microalgae are [[photosynthesizing]] microscopic organisms. They contain chlorophyll and require sunlight in order to live and grow. Most phytoplankton are buoyant and float in the upper part of the ocean where sunlight penetrates the water. In a balanced ecosystem they provide food for a wide range of organisms such as whales, shrimp, snails and jellyfish.<br />
Among the more important groups are the diatoms, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and coccolithophores. <br />
Phytoplankton species require inorganic [[Nutrient|nutrients]] such as nitrates, phosphates, and sulfur which they convert into proteins, fats and carbohydrates. When '''too many''' of these '''nutrients''' (by natural or [[Anthropogenic|anthropogenic]] cause) are available in the water phytoplankton may grow and multiply very fast forming [[Algal_bloom | algal blooms]]. Algal blooms may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments. Only one or a small number of phytoplankton species are involved and some blooms discolor (green, yellow-brown or red) the water due to their high density of pigmented cells. Blooms in the ocean may cover a large area and are easily visible in '''satellite images'''.</P><br />
==== Toxic or inedible phytoplankton species (harmful algal blooms)====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">'''[[Harmful_algal_bloom | Harmful algal blooms (HAB)]]''' are bloom events involving '''toxic or harmful phytoplankton'''. These cause harm through the production of toxins or by their accumulated biomass, which can effect co-occurring organisms and alter food web dynamics. Impacts include:</P><br />
*Human illness,<br />
*Mortality of fish, birds and mammals following consumption or indirect exposure to HAB toxins,<br />
*Substantially economic losses to coastal communities and commercial fisheries.<br />
[[Image:Jellyfish1.jpg|165px|thumb|right|<small>Jellyfish (Photo credit: Rob Stoeltje)</small>]]<br />
==== Increased blooms of gelatinous zooplankton====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">[[Phytoplankton]] are the food source for numerous other organisms, especially the zooplankton. [[Zooplankton]] are heterotrophic plankton. They are primarily transported by ambient water currents but many have locomotion. Through their consumption and processing of phytoplankton and other food sources they play a role in aquatic food webs as a resource for higher trophic levels including fish. Zooplankton can be divided in two important groups: crustacean (copepods and krill) and '''gelatinous zooplankton'''. Gelatinous zooplankton have relatively fragile, plastic gelatinous bodies that contain at least 95% water and which lack rigid skeletal parts. The most well-known are the jellyfish. Eutrophication is believed to cause an '''increase''' in the relative importance of '''gelatinous''' versus crustacean '''zooplankton'''. On many areas of the world where the natural species diversity has been affected by pollution, over-fishing and climate change gelatinous zooplankton organisms may be becoming the dominant species.</P><br />
<br />
==== Decreases in water transparency (increased turbidity)====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The growth of phytoplankton can cause increased [[Turbidity|turbidity]] or decreased penetration of light into the lower depths of the water column. In lakes and rivers this can inhibit growth of submerged aquatic plants and affect species which are dependent on them (fish, shellfish).</P><br />
<br />
==== Dissolved oxygen depletion or hypoxia resulting in increased incidences of fish kills and / or dead benthic animals====<br />
[[Image:FishKill.jpg|160px|thumb|right|<small>A menhaden fish kill due severe hypoxia (Photo credit: Chris Deacutis, IAN Image library )</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Oxygen is required for all life forms on the planet. Oxygen is produced by plants during ([[photosynthesis]]). At night animals and plants, as well as aerobic micro-organisms and decomposing dead organisms respire and so consume oxygen which results in a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels. Large fluctuations in dissolved oxygen levels may be the result of an algal blooms. While the algae population is growing at a fast rate, dissolved oxygen levels decrease. When these algae die, they are decomposed by bacteria which consume oxygen in this process so that the water can become temporarily hypoxic. Oxygen depletion, or [[Hypoxia|hypoxia]], is a common effect of eutrophication in water. The '''direct effects''' of hypoxia include '''fish kills''', especially the death of fish that need high levels of dissolved oxygen. Changes in fish communities may have an impact on the whole aquatic ecosystem and may deplete fish stocks. In extreme cases hypoxic conditions promote the growth of bacteria that produce toxins deadly to birds and animals. Zones where this occurs are called [[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|dead zones]].</P><br />
<br />
==== Species biodiversity decreases and the dominant biota changes====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Eutrophication leads to changes in the availability of light and certain nutrients to an ecosystem. This causes shifts in the species composition so that only the more tolerant species survive and new competitive species invade and out-compete original inhabitants. Examples are macroalgae and their massive biomass which inhibits the growth of other aquatic plants and algal blooms that consists of one type of phytoplankton species because other species are expelled.</P><br />
<br />
==== Increased biomass of macroalgae====<br />
[[Image:Macroalgae.jpg|100px|thumb|right|<small>Macroalgae bloom (Photo credit: Caroline Wicks, IAN Image library )</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Algal blooms may also consist of '''marine seaweeds''' or '''macroalgae'''. These blooms are recognizable by large blades of algae that may wash up into the shoreline. The seaweed is harmless when it is alive, but when decomposed by anaerobic bacteria toxic gases (such as the colorless hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S)) can be released.</P><br />
<br />
==Human health impacts==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Harmful algal bloom species have the capacity to produce '''toxins''' dangerous to humans. Algal [[Toxic|toxins]] are observed in marine ecosystems where they can accumulate in shellfish and more generally in seafood reaching dangerous levels for human as well as animal health. Examples include paralytic, neurotoxic and diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning. Several algal species able of producing toxins harmful to human or marine life have been identified in European coastal waters. The table gives an overview of some species that are regularly observed and represent a risk for seafood consumers.</P><br />
{|border="1" align=center cellspacing="0" cellpadding = "8" width="825px"<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Disease'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Symptoms'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Species'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Carriers''' <br />
|-<br />
| '''A'''mnesic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (ASP)<br />
| Mental confusion and memory loss, disorientation and sometimes coma<br />
| Diatoms of the genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=149045 ''Nitzschia'']<br />
| Shellfish (mussels)<br />
|- <br />
| '''N'''eurotoxic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (NSP)<br />
| Muscular paralysis, state of shock and sometimes death<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 ''Gymnodinium'']<br />
| Oysters, clams and crustaceans<br />
|-<br />
| '''V'''enerupin '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (VSP)<br />
| Gastrointestinal, nervous and hemorrhagic, hepatic symptoms and in extreme causes delirium and hepatic coma<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 ''Prorocentrum'']<br />
| Oysters and clams<br />
|-<br />
| '''D'''iarrhoeic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (DSP)<br />
| Gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhoea, vomiting and abdominal pain)<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109462 ''Dinophysis''] and [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 ''Prorocentrum'']<br />
| Filtering shellfish (oysters, mussels and clams)<br />
|-<br />
| '''P'''aralytic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (PSP)<br />
| Muscular paralysis, difficulty in breathing, shock and in extreme causes death by respiratory arrest<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470 ''Alexandrium''] and [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 ''Gymnodinium'']<br />
| Oysters, mussels, crustacean and fish<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Other marine mammals can be vectors for toxins, as in the case of ciguatera, where it is typically predator fish whose flesh is contaminated with the toxins originally produced by dinoflagellates and then poison humans. Symptoms include gastrointestinal and neurological effects.</P><br />
<br />
==Socio-economic impacts==<br />
Nearly all of the above described impacts have a direct or indirect socio-economic impact.<br />
==== Impact on recreation and tourism ====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The enrichment of nutrients to an ecosystem can result in a massive growth of macroalgae. The existence of such dense algal growth areas can inhibit or prevent access to waterways. This decreases the fitness for '''use of the water for water sports''' (swimming, boating and fishing).</P><br />
==== Aesthetic impacts====<br />
[[Image:Beach_closed.jpg|200px|thumb|right|<small>Beaches can be closed if high levels of bacteria are found in the water (Photo credit: Elizabeth Halliday, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)</small>]]<br />
Algal blooms are unsightly and can have unpleasant smells for example:<br />
* The appearance of a '''white yellowish foam''' on the beach in spring on the shores along the North Sea. The foam is formed by the wind that sweeps up the decaying remains of ''Phaeocystis'' algal colonies.<br />
* When macroalgae or seaweed are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria hydrogen sulfide is (H<sub>2</sub>S) released. This gas is characterized by a very unpleasant characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs.<br />
<br />
==== Economical impacts====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">In some specific cases local authorities must rely on eutrophic waters for production of drinking water. Infected waters increases the '''costs of water treatment''' in order to avoid taste, odor and toxin problems in the water. Due to the toxins produced by harmful algal blooms commercial fish and shellfish may become '''unsuitable for consumption''' resulting in potential economical and financial problems for the fishing industries. In extreme cases beaches are closed due to the presence of toxic algal blooms.</P><br />
<br />
== References==<br />
#Eutrophication and health. European Commission (2002). Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: Luxembourg. ISBN 92-894-4413-4.28 pp.<br />
#The National Eutrophication monitoring Programme Implementation Manual (Murray et al., 2002).<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Nitzschia Hassall, 1845. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=149045 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Gymnodinium Stein, 1878. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Prorocentrum Ehrenberg, 1834. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#WoRMS (2013). Dinophysis Ehrenberg, 1839. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109462 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D.; Moestrup, Ø. (2013). Alexandrium Halim, 1960. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470 on 2013-04-22.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Iseca}}<br />
{{author <br />
|AuthorID=26102<br />
|AuthorFullName= Knockaert, Carolien<br />
|AuthorName=Carolienk}}</div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication&diff=62354
Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication
2014-02-18T10:15:20Z
<p>Carolienk: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">European legislations regarding eutrophication</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
<br />
*[[European policy on eutrophication: introduction |European policy on eutrophication: introduction]]<br />
*[[Barcelona Convention]]<br />
*[[Black Sea Convention]]<br />
*[[European Marine Strategy Framework Directive]]<br />
*[[HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) and Helsinki Convention|HELCOM]]<br />
*[[Nitrates Directive]]<br />
*[[OSPAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) and OSPAR Commission|OSPAR]]<br />
*[[OSPAR and eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive]]<br />
*[[Water Framework Directive]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication causes and consequences</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [[What causes eutrophication?]] <br />
* [[Possible consequences of eutrophication|Possible consequences of eutrophication]]<br />
* [[Case studies eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|Ecological impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Human_health_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Humans_at_the_top_of_the_food_web.29|Human health impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Economic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Shellfish_flavour.29|Economic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Recreational_and_aesthetic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Foam_on_the_beach.29|Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Monitoring</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*Eutrophication parameters and indicators<br />
**[[OSPAR eutrophication assessment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_I:_Nutrient_enrichment|Category I: Nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_II:_Direct_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category II: Direct effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_III:_Indirect_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category III: Indirect effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_IV:_Other_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category IV: Other possible effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
*[[In situ monitoring of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Oceanographic_instruments|Instruments]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Sensors|Sensors]]<br />
*[[Remote_sensing|Remote Sensing]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Modelling</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[ Modelling marine and coastal eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">The ISECA project</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Information System on the Eutrophication of our Coastal Areas]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication in the news</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/mysterious-jellyfish-makes-a-comeback Mysterious Jellyfish Makes a Comeback ''(Oceanus Magazine, Originally published online February 13, 2014)''] <br />
*[http://www.foxnews.com/health/2014/02/07/safe-levels-neurotoxin-found-in-seafood-may-cause-kidney-damage/ 'Safe' levels of neurotoxin found in seafood may cause kidney damage ''(FoxNews.com, 07 February 2014)'']<br />
*[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/04/pictures/130423-extreme-algae-bloom-fertilizer-lake-erie-science/ Pictures: Extreme Algae Blooms Expanding Worldwide ''(National Geographic Daily News, 23 April 2013)'']<br />
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-19716141 Foam swept in as gales hit Scotland ''(BBC News, 25 September 2012)'']<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jul/27/brittany-beaches-toxic-algae-boars Brittany beaches hit by toxic algae ''(The Guardian, 27 July 2011)'']<br />
*[http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2009/06/08/2592139.htm Jellyfish threaten to 'dominate' oceans ''(ABC Science, 08 June 2009)'']<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Dictionary</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Agglomeration]]<br />
*[[Algae]]<br />
*[[Anthropogenic]]<br />
*[[Aquaculture]]<br />
*[[Algal_bloom|Algal bloom]]<br />
*[[Biomass]]<br />
*[[Ecosystem]]<br />
*[[Eutrophic]]<br />
*[[Eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Fertilizer]]<br />
*[[Harmful_algal_blooms|Harmful algal blooms]]<br />
*[[Heterotrophic]]<br />
*[[Hypoxia]]<br />
*[[In situ]]<br />
*[[Non-indigenous species]]<br />
*[[Nutrient]]<br />
*[[MERIS]]<br />
*[[MODIS]] <br />
*[[Photosynthesis]]<br />
*[[Phytoplankton]]<br />
*[[Pollution]]<br />
*[[Population equivalent]]<br />
*[[Primary_production|Primary production]]<br />
*[[Redfield_ratio|Redfield ratio]]<br />
*[[Salinity]]<br />
*[[SeaWiFS]]<br />
*[[Secchi depth]]<br />
*[[Secchi disk]]<br />
*[[Sensors]]<br />
*[[Sun_glitter|Sun glitter]]<br />
*[[Turbidity]]<br />
*[[Zooplankton]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br></div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication&diff=62353
Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication
2014-02-18T10:14:58Z
<p>Carolienk: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">European legislations regarding eutrophication</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
<br />
*[[European policy on eutrophication: introduction |European policy on eutrophication: introduction]]<br />
*[[Barcelona Convention]]<br />
*[[Black Sea Convention]]<br />
*[[European Marine Strategy Framework Directive]]<br />
*[[HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) and Helsinki Convention|HELCOM]]<br />
*[[Nitrates Directive]]<br />
*[[OSPAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) and OSPAR Commission|OSPAR]]<br />
*[[OSPAR and eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive]]<br />
*[[Water Framework Directive]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication causes and consequences</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [[What causes eutrophication?]] <br />
* [[Possible consequences of eutrophication|Possible consequences of eutrophication]]<br />
* [[Case studies eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|Ecological impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Human_health_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Humans_at_the_top_of_the_food_web.29|Human health impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Economic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Shellfish_flavour.29|Economic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Recreational_and_aesthetic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Foam_on_the_beach.29|Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Monitoring</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*Eutrophication parameters and indicators<br />
**[[OSPAR eutrophication assessment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_I:_Nutrient_enrichment|Category I: Nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_II:_Direct_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category II: Direct effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_III:_Indirect_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category III: Indirect effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_IV:_Other_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category IV: Other possible effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
*[[In situ monitoring of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Oceanographic_instruments|Instruments]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Sensors|Sensors]]<br />
*[[Remote_sensing|Remote Sensing]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Modelling</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[ Modelling marine and coastal eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">The ISECA project</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Information System on the Eutrophication of our Coastal Areas]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication in the news</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/mysterious-jellyfish-makes-a-comeback Mysterious Jellyfish Makes a Comeback ''(Oceanus Magazine, Originally published online February 13, 2014)''] <br />
*[http://www.foxnews.com/health/2014/02/07/safe-levels-neurotoxin-found-in-seafood-may-cause-kidney-damage/ 'Safe' levels of neurotoxin found in seafood may cause kidney damage ''(FoxNews.com, 07 February 2014)'']<br />
*<br />
[http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2013/04/pictures/130423-extreme-algae-bloom-fertilizer-lake-erie-science/ Pictures: Extreme Algae Blooms Expanding Worldwide ''(National Geographic Daily News, 23 April 2013)'']<br />
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-19716141 Foam swept in as gales hit Scotland ''(BBC News, 25 September 2012)'']<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jul/27/brittany-beaches-toxic-algae-boars Brittany beaches hit by toxic algae ''(The Guardian, 27 July 2011)'']<br />
*[http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2009/06/08/2592139.htm Jellyfish threaten to 'dominate' oceans ''(ABC Science, 08 June 2009)'']<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Dictionary</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Agglomeration]]<br />
*[[Algae]]<br />
*[[Anthropogenic]]<br />
*[[Aquaculture]]<br />
*[[Algal_bloom|Algal bloom]]<br />
*[[Biomass]]<br />
*[[Ecosystem]]<br />
*[[Eutrophic]]<br />
*[[Eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Fertilizer]]<br />
*[[Harmful_algal_blooms|Harmful algal blooms]]<br />
*[[Heterotrophic]]<br />
*[[Hypoxia]]<br />
*[[In situ]]<br />
*[[Non-indigenous species]]<br />
*[[Nutrient]]<br />
*[[MERIS]]<br />
*[[MODIS]] <br />
*[[Photosynthesis]]<br />
*[[Phytoplankton]]<br />
*[[Pollution]]<br />
*[[Population equivalent]]<br />
*[[Primary_production|Primary production]]<br />
*[[Redfield_ratio|Redfield ratio]]<br />
*[[Salinity]]<br />
*[[SeaWiFS]]<br />
*[[Secchi depth]]<br />
*[[Secchi disk]]<br />
*[[Sensors]]<br />
*[[Sun_glitter|Sun glitter]]<br />
*[[Turbidity]]<br />
*[[Zooplankton]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br></div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication&diff=62352
Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication
2014-02-18T09:49:07Z
<p>Carolienk: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">European legislations regarding eutrophication</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
<br />
*[[European policy on eutrophication: introduction |European policy on eutrophication: introduction]]<br />
*[[Barcelona Convention]]<br />
*[[Black Sea Convention]]<br />
*[[European Marine Strategy Framework Directive]]<br />
*[[HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) and Helsinki Convention|HELCOM]]<br />
*[[Nitrates Directive]]<br />
*[[OSPAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) and OSPAR Commission|OSPAR]]<br />
*[[OSPAR and eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive]]<br />
*[[Water Framework Directive]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication causes and consequences</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [[What causes eutrophication?]] <br />
* [[Possible consequences of eutrophication|Possible consequences of eutrophication]]<br />
* [[Case studies eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|Ecological impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Human_health_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Humans_at_the_top_of_the_food_web.29|Human health impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Economic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Shellfish_flavour.29|Economic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Recreational_and_aesthetic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Foam_on_the_beach.29|Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Monitoring</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*Eutrophication parameters and indicators<br />
**[[OSPAR eutrophication assessment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_I:_Nutrient_enrichment|Category I: Nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_II:_Direct_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category II: Direct effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_III:_Indirect_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category III: Indirect effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_IV:_Other_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category IV: Other possible effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
*[[In situ monitoring of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Oceanographic_instruments|Instruments]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Sensors|Sensors]]<br />
*[[Remote_sensing|Remote Sensing]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Modelling</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[ Modelling marine and coastal eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">The ISECA project</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Information System on the Eutrophication of our Coastal Areas]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication in the news</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/mysterious-jellyfish-makes-a-comeback Mysterious Jellyfish Makes a Comeback ''(Oceanus Magazine, Originally published online February 13, 2014)''] <br />
*[http://www.foxnews.com/health/2014/02/07/safe-levels-neurotoxin-found-in-seafood-may-cause-kidney-damage/ 'Safe' levels of neurotoxin found in seafood may cause kidney damage ''(FoxNews.com, 07 February 2014)'']<br />
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-19716141 Foam swept in as gales hit Scotland ''(BBC News, 25 September 2012)'']<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jul/27/brittany-beaches-toxic-algae-boars Brittany beaches hit by toxic algae ''(The Guardian, 27 July 2011)'']<br />
*[http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2009/06/08/2592139.htm Jellyfish threaten to 'dominate' oceans ''(ABC Science, 08 June 2009)'']<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Dictionary</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Agglomeration]]<br />
*[[Algae]]<br />
*[[Anthropogenic]]<br />
*[[Aquaculture]]<br />
*[[Algal_bloom|Algal bloom]]<br />
*[[Biomass]]<br />
*[[Ecosystem]]<br />
*[[Eutrophic]]<br />
*[[Eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Fertilizer]]<br />
*[[Harmful_algal_blooms|Harmful algal blooms]]<br />
*[[Heterotrophic]]<br />
*[[Hypoxia]]<br />
*[[In situ]]<br />
*[[Non-indigenous species]]<br />
*[[Nutrient]]<br />
*[[MERIS]]<br />
*[[MODIS]] <br />
*[[Photosynthesis]]<br />
*[[Phytoplankton]]<br />
*[[Pollution]]<br />
*[[Population equivalent]]<br />
*[[Primary_production|Primary production]]<br />
*[[Redfield_ratio|Redfield ratio]]<br />
*[[Salinity]]<br />
*[[SeaWiFS]]<br />
*[[Secchi depth]]<br />
*[[Secchi disk]]<br />
*[[Sensors]]<br />
*[[Sun_glitter|Sun glitter]]<br />
*[[Turbidity]]<br />
*[[Zooplankton]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br></div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication&diff=62351
Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication
2014-02-18T09:48:39Z
<p>Carolienk: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">European legislations regarding eutrophication</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
<br />
*[[European policy on eutrophication: introduction |European policy on eutrophication: introduction]]<br />
*[[Barcelona Convention]]<br />
*[[Black Sea Convention]]<br />
*[[European Marine Strategy Framework Directive]]<br />
*[[HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) and Helsinki Convention|HELCOM]]<br />
*[[Nitrates Directive]]<br />
*[[OSPAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) and OSPAR Commission|OSPAR]]<br />
*[[OSPAR and eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive]]<br />
*[[Water Framework Directive]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication causes and consequences</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [[What causes eutrophication?]] <br />
* [[Possible consequences of eutrophication|Possible consequences of eutrophication]]<br />
* [[Case studies eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|Ecological impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Human_health_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Humans_at_the_top_of_the_food_web.29|Human health impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Economic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Shellfish_flavour.29|Economic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Recreational_and_aesthetic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Foam_on_the_beach.29|Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Monitoring</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*Eutrophication parameters and indicators<br />
**[[OSPAR eutrophication assessment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_I:_Nutrient_enrichment|Category I: Nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_II:_Direct_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category II: Direct effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_III:_Indirect_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category III: Indirect effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_IV:_Other_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category IV: Other possible effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
*[[In situ monitoring of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Oceanographic_instruments|Instruments]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Sensors|Sensors]]<br />
*[[Remote_sensing|Remote Sensing]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Modelling</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[ Modelling marine and coastal eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">The ISECA project</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Information System on the Eutrophication of our Coastal Areas]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication in the media</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/mysterious-jellyfish-makes-a-comeback Mysterious Jellyfish Makes a Comeback ''(Oceanus Magazine, Originally published online February 13, 2014)''] <br />
*[http://www.foxnews.com/health/2014/02/07/safe-levels-neurotoxin-found-in-seafood-may-cause-kidney-damage/ 'Safe' levels of neurotoxin found in seafood may cause kidney damage ''(FoxNews.com, 07 February 2014)'']<br />
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-19716141 Foam swept in as gales hit Scotland ''(BBC News, 25 September 2012)'']<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jul/27/brittany-beaches-toxic-algae-boars Brittany beaches hit by toxic algae ''(The Guardian, 27 July 2011)'']<br />
*[http://www.abc.net.au/science/articles/2009/06/08/2592139.htm Jellyfish threaten to 'dominate' oceans ''(ABC Science, 08 June 2009)'']<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Dictionary</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Agglomeration]]<br />
*[[Algae]]<br />
*[[Anthropogenic]]<br />
*[[Aquaculture]]<br />
*[[Algal_bloom|Algal bloom]]<br />
*[[Biomass]]<br />
*[[Ecosystem]]<br />
*[[Eutrophic]]<br />
*[[Eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Fertilizer]]<br />
*[[Harmful_algal_blooms|Harmful algal blooms]]<br />
*[[Heterotrophic]]<br />
*[[Hypoxia]]<br />
*[[In situ]]<br />
*[[Non-indigenous species]]<br />
*[[Nutrient]]<br />
*[[MERIS]]<br />
*[[MODIS]] <br />
*[[Photosynthesis]]<br />
*[[Phytoplankton]]<br />
*[[Pollution]]<br />
*[[Population equivalent]]<br />
*[[Primary_production|Primary production]]<br />
*[[Redfield_ratio|Redfield ratio]]<br />
*[[Salinity]]<br />
*[[SeaWiFS]]<br />
*[[Secchi depth]]<br />
*[[Secchi disk]]<br />
*[[Sensors]]<br />
*[[Sun_glitter|Sun glitter]]<br />
*[[Turbidity]]<br />
*[[Zooplankton]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br></div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication&diff=62350
Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication
2014-02-18T09:41:34Z
<p>Carolienk: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">European legislations regarding eutrophication</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
<br />
*[[European policy on eutrophication: introduction |European policy on eutrophication: introduction]]<br />
*[[Barcelona Convention]]<br />
*[[Black Sea Convention]]<br />
*[[European Marine Strategy Framework Directive]]<br />
*[[HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) and Helsinki Convention|HELCOM]]<br />
*[[Nitrates Directive]]<br />
*[[OSPAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) and OSPAR Commission|OSPAR]]<br />
*[[OSPAR and eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive]]<br />
*[[Water Framework Directive]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication causes and consequences</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [[What causes eutrophication?]] <br />
* [[Possible consequences of eutrophication|Possible consequences of eutrophication]]<br />
* [[Case studies eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|Ecological impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Human_health_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Humans_at_the_top_of_the_food_web.29|Human health impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Economic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Shellfish_flavour.29|Economic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Recreational_and_aesthetic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Foam_on_the_beach.29|Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Monitoring</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*Eutrophication parameters and indicators<br />
**[[OSPAR eutrophication assessment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_I:_Nutrient_enrichment|Category I: Nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_II:_Direct_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category II: Direct effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_III:_Indirect_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category III: Indirect effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_IV:_Other_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category IV: Other possible effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
*[[In situ monitoring of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Oceanographic_instruments|Instruments]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Sensors|Sensors]]<br />
*[[Remote_sensing|Remote Sensing]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Modelling</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[ Modelling marine and coastal eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">The ISECA project</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Information System on the Eutrophication of our Coastal Areas]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication in the media</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/mysterious-jellyfish-makes-a-comeback Mysterious Jellyfish Makes a Comeback ''(Oceanus Magazine, Originally published online February 13, 2014)''] <br />
*[http://www.foxnews.com/health/2014/02/07/safe-levels-neurotoxin-found-in-seafood-may-cause-kidney-damage/ 'Safe' levels of neurotoxin found in seafood may cause kidney damage ''(FoxNews.com, 07 February 2014)'']<br />
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-19716141 Foam swept in as gales hit Scotland ''(BBC News, 25 September 2012)'']<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jul/27/brittany-beaches-toxic-algae-boars Brittany beaches hit by toxic algae ''(The Guardian, 27 July 2011)'']<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Dictionary</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Agglomeration]]<br />
*[[Algae]]<br />
*[[Anthropogenic]]<br />
*[[Aquaculture]]<br />
*[[Algal_bloom|Algal bloom]]<br />
*[[Biomass]]<br />
*[[Ecosystem]]<br />
*[[Eutrophic]]<br />
*[[Eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Fertilizer]]<br />
*[[Harmful_algal_blooms|Harmful algal blooms]]<br />
*[[Heterotrophic]]<br />
*[[Hypoxia]]<br />
*[[In situ]]<br />
*[[Non-indigenous species]]<br />
*[[Nutrient]]<br />
*[[MERIS]]<br />
*[[MODIS]] <br />
*[[Photosynthesis]]<br />
*[[Phytoplankton]]<br />
*[[Pollution]]<br />
*[[Population equivalent]]<br />
*[[Primary_production|Primary production]]<br />
*[[Redfield_ratio|Redfield ratio]]<br />
*[[Salinity]]<br />
*[[SeaWiFS]]<br />
*[[Secchi depth]]<br />
*[[Secchi disk]]<br />
*[[Sensors]]<br />
*[[Sun_glitter|Sun glitter]]<br />
*[[Turbidity]]<br />
*[[Zooplankton]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br></div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication&diff=62349
Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication
2014-02-18T09:39:01Z
<p>Carolienk: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">European legislations regarding eutrophication</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
<br />
*[[European policy on eutrophication: introduction |European policy on eutrophication: introduction]]<br />
*[[Barcelona Convention]]<br />
*[[Black Sea Convention]]<br />
*[[European Marine Strategy Framework Directive]]<br />
*[[HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) and Helsinki Convention|HELCOM]]<br />
*[[Nitrates Directive]]<br />
*[[OSPAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) and OSPAR Commission|OSPAR]]<br />
*[[OSPAR and eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive]]<br />
*[[Water Framework Directive]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication causes and consequences</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [[What causes eutrophication?]] <br />
* [[Possible consequences of eutrophication|Possible consequences of eutrophication]]<br />
* [[Case studies eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|Ecological impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Human_health_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Humans_at_the_top_of_the_food_web.29|Human health impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Economic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Shellfish_flavour.29|Economic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Recreational_and_aesthetic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Foam_on_the_beach.29|Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Monitoring</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*Eutrophication parameters and indicators<br />
**[[OSPAR eutrophication assessment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_I:_Nutrient_enrichment|Category I: Nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_II:_Direct_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category II: Direct effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_III:_Indirect_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category III: Indirect effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_IV:_Other_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category IV: Other possible effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
*[[In situ monitoring of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Oceanographic_instruments|Instruments]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Sensors|Sensors]]<br />
*[[Remote_sensing|Remote Sensing]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Modelling</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[ Modelling marine and coastal eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">The ISECA project</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Information System on the Eutrophication of our Coastal Areas]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication in the media</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/mysterious-jellyfish-makes-a-comeback Mysterious Jellyfish Makes a Comeback ''(Oceanus Magazine, Originally published online February 13, 2014)''] <br />
*[http://www.foxnews.com/health/2014/02/07/safe-levels-neurotoxin-found-in-seafood-may-cause-kidney-damage/ 'Safe' levels of neurotoxin found in seafood may cause kidney damage ''(FoxNews.com, 07 February 2014)'']<br />
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-19716141 Foam swept in as gales hit Scotland ''(BBC News, 25 September 2012)'']<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jul/27/brittany-beaches-toxic-algae-boars Brittany beaches hit by toxic algae ''(The Guardian, 27 July 2011)'']<br />
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-10740097 Satellite spies vast algal bloom in Baltic Sea ''(BBC News, 23 July 2010)'']<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Dictionary</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Agglomeration]]<br />
*[[Algae]]<br />
*[[Anthropogenic]]<br />
*[[Aquaculture]]<br />
*[[Algal_bloom|Algal bloom]]<br />
*[[Biomass]]<br />
*[[Ecosystem]]<br />
*[[Eutrophic]]<br />
*[[Eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Fertilizer]]<br />
*[[Harmful_algal_blooms|Harmful algal blooms]]<br />
*[[Heterotrophic]]<br />
*[[Hypoxia]]<br />
*[[In situ]]<br />
*[[Non-indigenous species]]<br />
*[[Nutrient]]<br />
*[[MERIS]]<br />
*[[MODIS]] <br />
*[[Photosynthesis]]<br />
*[[Phytoplankton]]<br />
*[[Pollution]]<br />
*[[Population equivalent]]<br />
*[[Primary_production|Primary production]]<br />
*[[Redfield_ratio|Redfield ratio]]<br />
*[[Salinity]]<br />
*[[SeaWiFS]]<br />
*[[Secchi depth]]<br />
*[[Secchi disk]]<br />
*[[Sensors]]<br />
*[[Sun_glitter|Sun glitter]]<br />
*[[Turbidity]]<br />
*[[Zooplankton]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br></div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication&diff=62348
Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication
2014-02-18T09:13:47Z
<p>Carolienk: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">European legislations regarding eutrophication</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
<br />
*[[European policy on eutrophication: introduction |European policy on eutrophication: introduction]]<br />
*[[Barcelona Convention]]<br />
*[[Black Sea Convention]]<br />
*[[European Marine Strategy Framework Directive]]<br />
*[[HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) and Helsinki Convention|HELCOM]]<br />
*[[Nitrates Directive]]<br />
*[[OSPAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) and OSPAR Commission|OSPAR]]<br />
*[[OSPAR and eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive]]<br />
*[[Water Framework Directive]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication causes and consequences</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [[What causes eutrophication?]] <br />
* [[Possible consequences of eutrophication|Possible consequences of eutrophication]]<br />
* [[Case studies eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|Ecological impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Human_health_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Humans_at_the_top_of_the_food_web.29|Human health impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Economic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Shellfish_flavour.29|Economic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Recreational_and_aesthetic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Foam_on_the_beach.29|Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Monitoring</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*Eutrophication parameters and indicators<br />
**[[OSPAR eutrophication assessment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_I:_Nutrient_enrichment|Category I: Nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_II:_Direct_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category II: Direct effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_III:_Indirect_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category III: Indirect effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_IV:_Other_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category IV: Other possible effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
*[[In situ monitoring of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Oceanographic_instruments|Instruments]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Sensors|Sensors]]<br />
*[[Remote_sensing|Remote Sensing]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Modelling</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[ Modelling marine and coastal eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">The ISECA project</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Information System on the Eutrophication of our Coastal Areas]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication in the media</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/mysterious-jellyfish-makes-a-comeback Mysterious Jellyfish Makes a Comeback ''(Oceanus Magazine, Originally published online February 13, 2014)''] <br />
*[http://www.foxnews.com/health/2014/02/07/safe-levels-neurotoxin-found-in-seafood-may-cause-kidney-damage/ 'Safe' levels of neurotoxin found in seafood may cause kidney damage ''(FoxNews.com, 07 February 2014)'']<br />
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-19716141 Foam swept in as gales hit Scotland ''(BBC News, 25 September 2012)'']<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jul/27/brittany-beaches-toxic-algae-boars Brittany beaches hit by toxic algae ''(The Guardian, 27 July 2011)'']<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Dictionary</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Agglomeration]]<br />
*[[Algae]]<br />
*[[Anthropogenic]]<br />
*[[Aquaculture]]<br />
*[[Algal_bloom|Algal bloom]]<br />
*[[Biomass]]<br />
*[[Ecosystem]]<br />
*[[Eutrophic]]<br />
*[[Eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Fertilizer]]<br />
*[[Harmful_algal_blooms|Harmful algal blooms]]<br />
*[[Heterotrophic]]<br />
*[[Hypoxia]]<br />
*[[In situ]]<br />
*[[Non-indigenous species]]<br />
*[[Nutrient]]<br />
*[[MERIS]]<br />
*[[MODIS]] <br />
*[[Photosynthesis]]<br />
*[[Phytoplankton]]<br />
*[[Pollution]]<br />
*[[Population equivalent]]<br />
*[[Primary_production|Primary production]]<br />
*[[Redfield_ratio|Redfield ratio]]<br />
*[[Salinity]]<br />
*[[SeaWiFS]]<br />
*[[Secchi depth]]<br />
*[[Secchi disk]]<br />
*[[Sensors]]<br />
*[[Sun_glitter|Sun glitter]]<br />
*[[Turbidity]]<br />
*[[Zooplankton]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br></div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication&diff=62347
Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication
2014-02-18T09:09:46Z
<p>Carolienk: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">European legislations regarding eutrophication</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
<br />
*[[European policy on eutrophication: introduction |European policy on eutrophication: introduction]]<br />
*[[Barcelona Convention]]<br />
*[[Black Sea Convention]]<br />
*[[European Marine Strategy Framework Directive]]<br />
*[[HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) and Helsinki Convention|HELCOM]]<br />
*[[Nitrates Directive]]<br />
*[[OSPAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) and OSPAR Commission|OSPAR]]<br />
*[[OSPAR and eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive]]<br />
*[[Water Framework Directive]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication causes and consequences</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [[What causes eutrophication?]] <br />
* [[Possible consequences of eutrophication|Possible consequences of eutrophication]]<br />
* [[Case studies eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|Ecological impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Human_health_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Humans_at_the_top_of_the_food_web.29|Human health impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Economic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Shellfish_flavour.29|Economic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Recreational_and_aesthetic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Foam_on_the_beach.29|Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Monitoring</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*Eutrophication parameters and indicators<br />
**[[OSPAR eutrophication assessment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_I:_Nutrient_enrichment|Category I: Nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_II:_Direct_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category II: Direct effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_III:_Indirect_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category III: Indirect effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_IV:_Other_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category IV: Other possible effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
*[[In situ monitoring of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Oceanographic_instruments|Instruments]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Sensors|Sensors]]<br />
*[[Remote_sensing|Remote Sensing]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Modelling</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[ Modelling marine and coastal eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">The ISECA project</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Information System on the Eutrophication of our Coastal Areas]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication in the media</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [http://www.whoi.edu/oceanus/feature/mysterious-jellyfish-makes-a-comeback Mysterious Jellyfish Makes a Comeback ''(Oceanus Magazine, Originally published online February 13, 2014)''] <br />
*[http://www.foxnews.com/health/2014/02/07/safe-levels-neurotoxin-found-in-seafood-may-cause-kidney-damage/ 'Safe' levels of neurotoxin found in seafood may cause kidney damage ''(FoxNews.com, 07 February 2014)'']<br />
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-19716141 Foam swept in as gales hit Scotland ''(BBC News, 25 September 2012)'']<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jul/27/brittany-beaches-toxic-algae-boars Brittany beaches hit by toxic algae ''(The Guardian, 27 July 2011)'']<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/10/france-brittany-coast-seaweed-algae Lethal algae take over beaches in northern France ''(The Guardian, 10 August 2009)'']<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Dictionary</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Agglomeration]]<br />
*[[Algae]]<br />
*[[Anthropogenic]]<br />
*[[Aquaculture]]<br />
*[[Algal_bloom|Algal bloom]]<br />
*[[Biomass]]<br />
*[[Ecosystem]]<br />
*[[Eutrophic]]<br />
*[[Eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Fertilizer]]<br />
*[[Harmful_algal_blooms|Harmful algal blooms]]<br />
*[[Heterotrophic]]<br />
*[[Hypoxia]]<br />
*[[In situ]]<br />
*[[Non-indigenous species]]<br />
*[[Nutrient]]<br />
*[[MERIS]]<br />
*[[MODIS]] <br />
*[[Photosynthesis]]<br />
*[[Phytoplankton]]<br />
*[[Pollution]]<br />
*[[Population equivalent]]<br />
*[[Primary_production|Primary production]]<br />
*[[Redfield_ratio|Redfield ratio]]<br />
*[[Salinity]]<br />
*[[SeaWiFS]]<br />
*[[Secchi depth]]<br />
*[[Secchi disk]]<br />
*[[Sensors]]<br />
*[[Sun_glitter|Sun glitter]]<br />
*[[Turbidity]]<br />
*[[Zooplankton]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br></div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication&diff=62346
Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication
2014-02-18T08:30:36Z
<p>Carolienk: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">European legislations regarding eutrophication</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
<br />
*[[European policy on eutrophication: introduction |European policy on eutrophication: introduction]]<br />
*[[Barcelona Convention]]<br />
*[[Black Sea Convention]]<br />
*[[European Marine Strategy Framework Directive]]<br />
*[[HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) and Helsinki Convention|HELCOM]]<br />
*[[Nitrates Directive]]<br />
*[[OSPAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) and OSPAR Commission|OSPAR]]<br />
*[[OSPAR and eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive]]<br />
*[[Water Framework Directive]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication causes and consequences</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [[What causes eutrophication?]] <br />
* [[Possible consequences of eutrophication|Possible consequences of eutrophication]]<br />
* [[Case studies eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|Ecological impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Human_health_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Humans_at_the_top_of_the_food_web.29|Human health impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Economic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Shellfish_flavour.29|Economic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Recreational_and_aesthetic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Foam_on_the_beach.29|Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Monitoring</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*Eutrophication parameters and indicators<br />
**[[OSPAR eutrophication assessment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_I:_Nutrient_enrichment|Category I: Nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_II:_Direct_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category II: Direct effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_III:_Indirect_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category III: Indirect effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_IV:_Other_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category IV: Other possible effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
*[[In situ monitoring of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Oceanographic_instruments|Instruments]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Sensors|Sensors]]<br />
*[[Remote_sensing|Remote Sensing]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Modelling</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[ Modelling marine and coastal eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">The ISECA project</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Information System on the Eutrophication of our Coastal Areas]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication in the media</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[http://www.foxnews.com/health/2014/02/07/safe-levels-neurotoxin-found-in-seafood-may-cause-kidney-damage/ 'Safe' levels of neurotoxin found in seafood may cause kidney damage ''(FoxNews.com, Friday 07 February 2014)'']<br />
*[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-19716141 Foam swept in as gales hit Scotland ''(BBC News, Tuesday 25 September 2012)'']<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jul/27/brittany-beaches-toxic-algae-boars Brittany beaches hit by toxic algae ''(The Guardian, Wednesday 27 July 2011)'']<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/10/france-brittany-coast-seaweed-algae Lethal algae take over beaches in northern France ''(The Guardian, Monday 10 August 2009)'']<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Dictionary</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Agglomeration]]<br />
*[[Algae]]<br />
*[[Anthropogenic]]<br />
*[[Aquaculture]]<br />
*[[Algal_bloom|Algal bloom]]<br />
*[[Biomass]]<br />
*[[Ecosystem]]<br />
*[[Eutrophic]]<br />
*[[Eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Fertilizer]]<br />
*[[Harmful_algal_blooms|Harmful algal blooms]]<br />
*[[Heterotrophic]]<br />
*[[Hypoxia]]<br />
*[[In situ]]<br />
*[[Non-indigenous species]]<br />
*[[Nutrient]]<br />
*[[MERIS]]<br />
*[[MODIS]] <br />
*[[Photosynthesis]]<br />
*[[Phytoplankton]]<br />
*[[Pollution]]<br />
*[[Population equivalent]]<br />
*[[Primary_production|Primary production]]<br />
*[[Redfield_ratio|Redfield ratio]]<br />
*[[Salinity]]<br />
*[[SeaWiFS]]<br />
*[[Secchi depth]]<br />
*[[Secchi disk]]<br />
*[[Sensors]]<br />
*[[Sun_glitter|Sun glitter]]<br />
*[[Turbidity]]<br />
*[[Zooplankton]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br></div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication&diff=62345
Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication
2014-02-18T07:32:05Z
<p>Carolienk: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">European legislations regarding eutrophication</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
<br />
*[[European policy on eutrophication: introduction |European policy on eutrophication: introduction]]<br />
*[[Barcelona Convention]]<br />
*[[Black Sea Convention]]<br />
*[[European Marine Strategy Framework Directive]]<br />
*[[HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) and Helsinki Convention|HELCOM]]<br />
*[[Nitrates Directive]]<br />
*[[OSPAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) and OSPAR Commission|OSPAR]]<br />
*[[OSPAR and eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive]]<br />
*[[Water Framework Directive]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication causes and consequences</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [[What causes eutrophication?]] <br />
* [[Possible consequences of eutrophication|Possible consequences of eutrophication]]<br />
* [[Case studies eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|Ecological impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Human_health_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Humans_at_the_top_of_the_food_web.29|Human health impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Economic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Shellfish_flavour.29|Economic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Recreational_and_aesthetic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Foam_on_the_beach.29|Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Monitoring</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*Eutrophication parameters and indicators<br />
**[[OSPAR eutrophication assessment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_I:_Nutrient_enrichment|Category I: Nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_II:_Direct_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category II: Direct effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_III:_Indirect_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category III: Indirect effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_IV:_Other_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category IV: Other possible effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
*[[In situ monitoring of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Oceanographic_instruments|Instruments]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Sensors|Sensors]]<br />
*[[Remote_sensing|Remote Sensing]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Modelling</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[ Modelling marine and coastal eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">The ISECA project</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Information System on the Eutrophication of our Coastal Areas]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication in the media</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [http://www.foxnews.com/health/2014/02/07/safe-levels-neurotoxin-found-in-seafood-may-cause-kidney-damage/ 'Safe' levels of neurotoxin found in seafood may cause kidney damage ''(FoxNews.com,07 February 2014)'']<br />
* [http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jul/27/brittany-beaches-toxic-algae-boars Brittany beaches hit by toxic algae ''(The Guardian, Wednesday 27 July 2011)'']<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/10/france-brittany-coast-seaweed-algae Lethal algae take over beaches in northern France ''(The Guardian, Monday 10 August 2009)'']<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Dictionary</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Agglomeration]]<br />
*[[Algae]]<br />
*[[Anthropogenic]]<br />
*[[Aquaculture]]<br />
*[[Algal_bloom|Algal bloom]]<br />
*[[Biomass]]<br />
*[[Ecosystem]]<br />
*[[Eutrophic]]<br />
*[[Eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Fertilizer]]<br />
*[[Harmful_algal_blooms|Harmful algal blooms]]<br />
*[[Heterotrophic]]<br />
*[[Hypoxia]]<br />
*[[In situ]]<br />
*[[Non-indigenous species]]<br />
*[[Nutrient]]<br />
*[[MERIS]]<br />
*[[MODIS]] <br />
*[[Photosynthesis]]<br />
*[[Phytoplankton]]<br />
*[[Pollution]]<br />
*[[Population equivalent]]<br />
*[[Primary_production|Primary production]]<br />
*[[Redfield_ratio|Redfield ratio]]<br />
*[[Salinity]]<br />
*[[SeaWiFS]]<br />
*[[Secchi depth]]<br />
*[[Secchi disk]]<br />
*[[Sensors]]<br />
*[[Sun_glitter|Sun glitter]]<br />
*[[Turbidity]]<br />
*[[Zooplankton]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br></div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication&diff=62344
Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication
2014-02-18T07:31:16Z
<p>Carolienk: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">European legislations regarding eutrophication</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
<br />
*[[European policy on eutrophication: introduction |European policy on eutrophication: introduction]]<br />
*[[Barcelona Convention]]<br />
*[[Black Sea Convention]]<br />
*[[European Marine Strategy Framework Directive]]<br />
*[[HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) and Helsinki Convention|HELCOM]]<br />
*[[Nitrates Directive]]<br />
*[[OSPAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) and OSPAR Commission|OSPAR]]<br />
*[[OSPAR and eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive]]<br />
*[[Water Framework Directive]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication causes and consequences</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [[What causes eutrophication?]] <br />
* [[Possible consequences of eutrophication|Possible consequences of eutrophication]]<br />
* [[Case studies eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|Ecological impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Human_health_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Humans_at_the_top_of_the_food_web.29|Human health impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Economic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Shellfish_flavour.29|Economic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Recreational_and_aesthetic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Foam_on_the_beach.29|Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Monitoring</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*Eutrophication parameters and indicators<br />
**[[OSPAR eutrophication assessment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_I:_Nutrient_enrichment|Category I: Nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_II:_Direct_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category II: Direct effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_III:_Indirect_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category III: Indirect effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_IV:_Other_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category IV: Other possible effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
*[[In situ monitoring of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Oceanographic_instruments|Instruments]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Sensors|Sensors]]<br />
*[[Remote_sensing|Remote Sensing]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Modelling</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[ Modelling marine and coastal eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">The ISECA project</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Information System on the Eutrophication of our Coastal Areas]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication in the media</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jul/27/brittany-beaches-toxic-algae-boars Brittany beaches hit by toxic algae ''(The Guardian, Wednesday 27 July 2011)'']<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/10/france-brittany-coast-seaweed-algae Lethal algae take over beaches in northern France ''(The Guardian, Monday 10 August 2009)'']<br />
* [http://www.foxnews.com/health/2014/02/07/safe-levels-neurotoxin-found-in-seafood-may-cause-kidney-damage/ 'Safe' levels of neurotoxin found in seafood may cause kidney damage ''(FoxNews.com,07 February 2014)'']<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Dictionary</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Agglomeration]]<br />
*[[Algae]]<br />
*[[Anthropogenic]]<br />
*[[Aquaculture]]<br />
*[[Algal_bloom|Algal bloom]]<br />
*[[Biomass]]<br />
*[[Ecosystem]]<br />
*[[Eutrophic]]<br />
*[[Eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Fertilizer]]<br />
*[[Harmful_algal_blooms|Harmful algal blooms]]<br />
*[[Heterotrophic]]<br />
*[[Hypoxia]]<br />
*[[In situ]]<br />
*[[Non-indigenous species]]<br />
*[[Nutrient]]<br />
*[[MERIS]]<br />
*[[MODIS]] <br />
*[[Photosynthesis]]<br />
*[[Phytoplankton]]<br />
*[[Pollution]]<br />
*[[Population equivalent]]<br />
*[[Primary_production|Primary production]]<br />
*[[Redfield_ratio|Redfield ratio]]<br />
*[[Salinity]]<br />
*[[SeaWiFS]]<br />
*[[Secchi depth]]<br />
*[[Secchi disk]]<br />
*[[Sensors]]<br />
*[[Sun_glitter|Sun glitter]]<br />
*[[Turbidity]]<br />
*[[Zooplankton]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br></div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication&diff=62343
Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication
2014-02-18T07:30:19Z
<p>Carolienk: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">European legislations regarding eutrophication</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
<br />
*[[European policy on eutrophication: introduction |European policy on eutrophication: introduction]]<br />
*[[Barcelona Convention]]<br />
*[[Black Sea Convention]]<br />
*[[European Marine Strategy Framework Directive]]<br />
*[[HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) and Helsinki Convention|HELCOM]]<br />
*[[Nitrates Directive]]<br />
*[[OSPAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) and OSPAR Commission|OSPAR]]<br />
*[[OSPAR and eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive]]<br />
*[[Water Framework Directive]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication causes and consequences</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [[What causes eutrophication?]] <br />
* [[Possible consequences of eutrophication|Possible consequences of eutrophication]]<br />
* [[Case studies eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|Ecological impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Human_health_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Humans_at_the_top_of_the_food_web.29|Human health impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Economic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Shellfish_flavour.29|Economic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Recreational_and_aesthetic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Foam_on_the_beach.29|Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Monitoring</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*Eutrophication parameters and indicators<br />
**[[OSPAR eutrophication assessment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_I:_Nutrient_enrichment|Category I: Nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_II:_Direct_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category II: Direct effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_III:_Indirect_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category III: Indirect effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_IV:_Other_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category IV: Other possible effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
*[[In situ monitoring of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Oceanographic_instruments|Instruments]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Sensors|Sensors]]<br />
*[[Remote_sensing|Remote Sensing]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Modelling</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[ Modelling marine and coastal eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">The ISECA project</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Information System on the Eutrophication of our Coastal Areas]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication in the news</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jul/27/brittany-beaches-toxic-algae-boars Brittany beaches hit by toxic algae ''(The Guardian, Wednesday 27 July 2011)'']<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/10/france-brittany-coast-seaweed-algae Lethal algae take over beaches in northern France ''(The Guardian, Monday 10 August 2009)'']<br />
* [http://www.foxnews.com/health/2014/02/07/safe-levels-neurotoxin-found-in-seafood-may-cause-kidney-damage/ 'Safe' levels of neurotoxin found in seafood may cause kidney damage ''(FoxNews.com,07 February 2014)'']<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Dictionary</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Agglomeration]]<br />
*[[Algae]]<br />
*[[Anthropogenic]]<br />
*[[Aquaculture]]<br />
*[[Algal_bloom|Algal bloom]]<br />
*[[Biomass]]<br />
*[[Ecosystem]]<br />
*[[Eutrophic]]<br />
*[[Eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Fertilizer]]<br />
*[[Harmful_algal_blooms|Harmful algal blooms]]<br />
*[[Heterotrophic]]<br />
*[[Hypoxia]]<br />
*[[In situ]]<br />
*[[Non-indigenous species]]<br />
*[[Nutrient]]<br />
*[[MERIS]]<br />
*[[MODIS]] <br />
*[[Photosynthesis]]<br />
*[[Phytoplankton]]<br />
*[[Pollution]]<br />
*[[Population equivalent]]<br />
*[[Primary_production|Primary production]]<br />
*[[Redfield_ratio|Redfield ratio]]<br />
*[[Salinity]]<br />
*[[SeaWiFS]]<br />
*[[Secchi depth]]<br />
*[[Secchi disk]]<br />
*[[Sensors]]<br />
*[[Sun_glitter|Sun glitter]]<br />
*[[Turbidity]]<br />
*[[Zooplankton]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br></div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Possible_consequences_of_eutrophication&diff=62342
Possible consequences of eutrophication
2014-02-18T07:24:14Z
<p>Carolienk: /* Aesthetic impacts */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify"><br />
Enhanced plant production and improved fish yields are sometimes described as positive impacts of [[Eutrophication|eutrophication]], especially in countries where fish and other aquatic organisms are a significant source of food. However detrimental ecological impacts can in turn have other negative consequences and impacts which are described below. Essentially the entire aquatic [[ecosystem]] changes with eutrophication. The diagram below gives an overview on the eutrophication process and its causes and consequences. </P><br />
[[Image:eutrocon.png|700|center]]<br />
<br />
==Ecological impacts==<br />
==== Increased biomass of phytoplankton resulting in algal blooms ====<br />
[[Image:Plentiful_plankton.jpg|175px|thumb|right|<small>Envisat satellite image of an algal bloom captured with MERIS (Photo Credit: ESA, 2009)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">[[Phytoplankton]] or microalgae are [[photosynthesizing]] microscopic organisms. They contain chlorophyll and require sunlight in order to live and grow. Most phytoplankton are buoyant and float in the upper part of the ocean where sunlight penetrates the water. In a balanced ecosystem they provide food for a wide range of organisms such as whales, shrimp, snails and jellyfish.<br />
Among the more important groups are the diatoms, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and coccolithophores. <br />
Phytoplankton species require inorganic [[Nutrient|nutrients]] such as nitrates, phosphates, and sulfur which they convert into proteins, fats and carbohydrates. When '''too many''' of these '''nutrients''' (by natural or [[Anthropogenic|anthropogenic]] cause) are available in the water phytoplankton may grow and multiply very fast forming [[Algal_bloom | algal blooms]]. Algal blooms may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments. Only one or a small number of phytoplankton species are involved and some blooms discolor (green, yellow-brown or red) the water due to their high density of pigmented cells. Blooms in the ocean may cover a large area and are easily visible in '''satellite images'''.</P><br />
==== Toxic or inedible phytoplankton species (harmful algal blooms)====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">'''[[Harmful_algal_bloom | Harmful algal blooms (HAB)]]''' are bloom events involving '''toxic or harmful phytoplankton'''. These cause harm through the production of toxins or by their accumulated biomass, which can effect co-occurring organisms and alter food web dynamics. Impacts include:</P><br />
*Human illness,<br />
*Mortality of fish, birds and mammals following consumption or indirect exposure to HAB toxins,<br />
*Substantially economic losses to coastal communities and commercial fisheries.<br />
[[Image:Jellyfish1.jpg|165px|thumb|right|<small>Jellyfish (Photo credit: Rob Stoeltje)</small>]]<br />
==== Increased blooms of gelatinous zooplankton====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">[[Phytoplankton]] are the food source for numerous other organisms, especially the zooplankton. [[Zooplankton]] are heterotrophic plankton. They are primarily transported by ambient water currents but many have locomotion. Through their consumption and processing of phytoplankton and other food sources they play a role in aquatic food webs as a resource for higher trophic levels including fish. Zooplankton can be divided in two important groups: crustacean (copepods and krill) and '''gelatinous zooplankton'''. Gelatinous zooplankton have relatively fragile, plastic gelatinous bodies that contain at least 95% water and which lack rigid skeletal parts. The most well-known are the jellyfish. Eutrophication is believed to cause an '''increase''' in the relative importance of '''gelatinous''' versus crustacean '''zooplankton'''. On many areas of the world where the natural species diversity has been affected by pollution, over-fishing and climate change gelatinous zooplankton organisms may be becoming the dominant species.</P><br />
<br />
==== Decreases in water transparency (increased turbidity)====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The growth of phytoplankton can cause increased [[Turbidity|turbidity]] or decreased penetration of light into the lower depths of the water column. In lakes and rivers this can inhibit growth of submerged aquatic plants and affect species which are dependent on them (fish, shellfish).</P><br />
<br />
==== Dissolved oxygen depletion or hypoxia resulting in increased incidences of fish kills and / or dead benthic animals====<br />
[[Image:FishKill.jpg|160px|thumb|right|<small>A menhaden fish kill due severe hypoxia (Photo credit: Chris Deacutis, IAN Image library )</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Oxygen is required for all life forms on the planet. Oxygen is produced by plants during ([[photosynthesis]]). At night animals and plants, as well as aerobic micro-organisms and decomposing dead organisms respire and so consume oxygen which results in a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels. Large fluctuations in dissolved oxygen levels may be the result of an algal blooms. While the algae population is growing at a fast rate, dissolved oxygen levels decrease. When these algae die, they are decomposed by bacteria which consume oxygen in this process so that the water can become temporarily hypoxic. Oxygen depletion, or [[Hypoxia|hypoxia]], is a common effect of eutrophication in water. The '''direct effects''' of hypoxia include '''fish kills''', especially the death of fish that need high levels of dissolved oxygen. Changes in fish communities may have an impact on the whole aquatic ecosystem and may deplete fish stocks. In extreme cases hypoxic conditions promote the growth of bacteria that produce toxins deadly to birds and animals. Zones where this occurs are called [[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|dead zones]].</P><br />
<br />
==== Species biodiversity decreases and the dominant biota changes====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Eutrophication leads to changes in the availability of light and certain nutrients to an ecosystem. This causes shifts in the species composition so that only the more tolerant species survive and new competitive species invade and out-compete original inhabitants. Examples are macroalgae and their massive biomass which inhibits the growth of other aquatic plants and algal blooms that consists of one type of phytoplankton species because other species are expelled.</P><br />
<br />
==== Increased biomass of macroalgae====<br />
[[Image:Macroalgae.jpg|100px|thumb|right|<small>Macroalgae bloom (Photo credit: Caroline Wicks, IAN Image library )</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Algal blooms may also consist of '''marine seaweeds''' or '''macroalgae'''. These blooms are recognizable by large blades of algae that may wash up into the shoreline. The seaweed is harmless when it is alive, but when decomposed by anaerobic bacteria toxic gases (such as the colorless hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S)) can be released.</P><br />
<br />
==Human health impacts==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Harmful algal bloom species have the capacity to produce '''toxins''' dangerous to humans. Algal [[Toxic|toxins]] are observed in marine ecosystems where they can accumulate in shellfish and more generally in seafood reaching dangerous levels for human as well as animal health. Examples include paralytic, neurotoxic and diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning. Several algal species able of producing toxins harmful to human or marine life have been identified in European coastal waters. The table gives an overview of some species that are regularly observed and represent a risk for seafood consumers.</P><br />
{|border="1" align=center cellspacing="0" cellpadding = "8" width="825px"<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Disease'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Symptoms'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Species'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Carriers''' <br />
|-<br />
| '''A'''mnesic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (ASP)<br />
| Mental confusion and memory loss, disorientation and sometimes coma<br />
| Diatoms of the genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=149045 ''Nitzschia'']<br />
| Shellfish (mussels)<br />
|- <br />
| '''N'''eurotoxic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (NSP)<br />
| Muscular paralysis, state of shock and sometimes death<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 ''Gymnodinium'']<br />
| Oysters, clams and crustaceans<br />
|-<br />
| '''V'''enerupin '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (VSP)<br />
| Gastrointestinal, nervous and hemorrhagic, hepatic symptoms and in extreme causes delirium and hepatic coma<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 ''Prorocentrum'']<br />
| Oysters and clams<br />
|-<br />
| '''D'''iarrhoeic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (DSP)<br />
| Gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhoea, vomiting and abdominal pain)<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109462 ''Dinophysis''] and [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 ''Prorocentrum'']<br />
| Filtering shellfish (oysters, mussels and clams)<br />
|-<br />
| '''P'''aralytic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (PSP)<br />
| Muscular paralysis, difficulty in breathing, shock and in extreme causes death by respiratory arrest<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470 ''Alexandrium''] and [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 ''Gymnodinium'']<br />
| Oysters, mussels, crustacean and fish<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Other marine mammals can be vectors for toxins, as in the case of ciguatera, where it is typically predator fish whose flesh is contaminated with the toxins originally produced by dinoflagellates and then poison humans. Symptoms include gastrointestinal and neurological effects.</P><br />
<br />
==Socio-economic impacts==<br />
Nearly all of the above described impacts have a direct or indirect socio-economic impact.<br />
==== Impact on recreation and tourism ====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The enrichment of nutrients to an ecosystem can result in a massive growth of macroalgae. The existence of such dense algal growth areas can inhibit or prevent access to waterways. This decreases the fitness for '''use of the water for water sports''' (swimming, boating and fishing).</P><br />
==== Aesthetic impacts====<br />
[[Image:Beach_closed.jpg|200px|thumb|right|<small>Beaches can be closed if high levels of bacteria are found in the water (Photo credit: Elizabeth Halliday, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)</small>]]<br />
Algal blooms are unsightly and can have unpleasant smells for example:<br />
* The appearance of a '''white yellowish foam''' on the beach in spring on the shores along the North Sea. The foam is formed by the wind that sweeps up the decaying remains of ''Phaeocystis'' algal colonies.<br />
* When macroalgae or seaweed are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria hydrogen sulfide is (H<sub>2</sub>S) released. This gas is characterized by a very unpleasant characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs.<br />
<br />
==== Economical impacts====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">In some specific cases local authorities must rely on eutrophic waters for production of drinking water. Infected waters increases the '''costs of water treatment''' in order to avoid taste, odor and toxin problems in the water. Due to the toxins produced by harmful algal blooms commercial fish and shellfish may become '''unsuitable for consumption''' resulting in potential economical and financial problems for the fishing industries. In extreme cases beaches are closed due to the presence of toxic algal blooms.</P><br />
<br />
== References==<br />
#Eutrophication and health. European Commission (2002). Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: Luxembourg. ISBN 92-894-4413-4.28 pp.<br />
#The National Eutrophication monitoring Programme Implementation Manual (Murray et al., 2002).<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Nitzschia Hassall, 1845. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=149045 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Gymnodinium Stein, 1878. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Prorocentrum Ehrenberg, 1834. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#WoRMS (2013). Dinophysis Ehrenberg, 1839. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109462 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D.; Moestrup, Ø. (2013). Alexandrium Halim, 1960. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470 on 2013-04-22.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Iseca}}<br />
{{author <br />
|AuthorID=26102<br />
|AuthorFullName= Knockaert, Carolien<br />
|AuthorName=Carolienk}}</div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Possible_consequences_of_eutrophication&diff=62341
Possible consequences of eutrophication
2014-02-18T07:24:02Z
<p>Carolienk: /* Aesthetic impacts */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify"><br />
Enhanced plant production and improved fish yields are sometimes described as positive impacts of [[Eutrophication|eutrophication]], especially in countries where fish and other aquatic organisms are a significant source of food. However detrimental ecological impacts can in turn have other negative consequences and impacts which are described below. Essentially the entire aquatic [[ecosystem]] changes with eutrophication. The diagram below gives an overview on the eutrophication process and its causes and consequences. </P><br />
[[Image:eutrocon.png|700|center]]<br />
<br />
==Ecological impacts==<br />
==== Increased biomass of phytoplankton resulting in algal blooms ====<br />
[[Image:Plentiful_plankton.jpg|175px|thumb|right|<small>Envisat satellite image of an algal bloom captured with MERIS (Photo Credit: ESA, 2009)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">[[Phytoplankton]] or microalgae are [[photosynthesizing]] microscopic organisms. They contain chlorophyll and require sunlight in order to live and grow. Most phytoplankton are buoyant and float in the upper part of the ocean where sunlight penetrates the water. In a balanced ecosystem they provide food for a wide range of organisms such as whales, shrimp, snails and jellyfish.<br />
Among the more important groups are the diatoms, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and coccolithophores. <br />
Phytoplankton species require inorganic [[Nutrient|nutrients]] such as nitrates, phosphates, and sulfur which they convert into proteins, fats and carbohydrates. When '''too many''' of these '''nutrients''' (by natural or [[Anthropogenic|anthropogenic]] cause) are available in the water phytoplankton may grow and multiply very fast forming [[Algal_bloom | algal blooms]]. Algal blooms may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments. Only one or a small number of phytoplankton species are involved and some blooms discolor (green, yellow-brown or red) the water due to their high density of pigmented cells. Blooms in the ocean may cover a large area and are easily visible in '''satellite images'''.</P><br />
==== Toxic or inedible phytoplankton species (harmful algal blooms)====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">'''[[Harmful_algal_bloom | Harmful algal blooms (HAB)]]''' are bloom events involving '''toxic or harmful phytoplankton'''. These cause harm through the production of toxins or by their accumulated biomass, which can effect co-occurring organisms and alter food web dynamics. Impacts include:</P><br />
*Human illness,<br />
*Mortality of fish, birds and mammals following consumption or indirect exposure to HAB toxins,<br />
*Substantially economic losses to coastal communities and commercial fisheries.<br />
[[Image:Jellyfish1.jpg|165px|thumb|right|<small>Jellyfish (Photo credit: Rob Stoeltje)</small>]]<br />
==== Increased blooms of gelatinous zooplankton====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">[[Phytoplankton]] are the food source for numerous other organisms, especially the zooplankton. [[Zooplankton]] are heterotrophic plankton. They are primarily transported by ambient water currents but many have locomotion. Through their consumption and processing of phytoplankton and other food sources they play a role in aquatic food webs as a resource for higher trophic levels including fish. Zooplankton can be divided in two important groups: crustacean (copepods and krill) and '''gelatinous zooplankton'''. Gelatinous zooplankton have relatively fragile, plastic gelatinous bodies that contain at least 95% water and which lack rigid skeletal parts. The most well-known are the jellyfish. Eutrophication is believed to cause an '''increase''' in the relative importance of '''gelatinous''' versus crustacean '''zooplankton'''. On many areas of the world where the natural species diversity has been affected by pollution, over-fishing and climate change gelatinous zooplankton organisms may be becoming the dominant species.</P><br />
<br />
==== Decreases in water transparency (increased turbidity)====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The growth of phytoplankton can cause increased [[Turbidity|turbidity]] or decreased penetration of light into the lower depths of the water column. In lakes and rivers this can inhibit growth of submerged aquatic plants and affect species which are dependent on them (fish, shellfish).</P><br />
<br />
==== Dissolved oxygen depletion or hypoxia resulting in increased incidences of fish kills and / or dead benthic animals====<br />
[[Image:FishKill.jpg|160px|thumb|right|<small>A menhaden fish kill due severe hypoxia (Photo credit: Chris Deacutis, IAN Image library )</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Oxygen is required for all life forms on the planet. Oxygen is produced by plants during ([[photosynthesis]]). At night animals and plants, as well as aerobic micro-organisms and decomposing dead organisms respire and so consume oxygen which results in a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels. Large fluctuations in dissolved oxygen levels may be the result of an algal blooms. While the algae population is growing at a fast rate, dissolved oxygen levels decrease. When these algae die, they are decomposed by bacteria which consume oxygen in this process so that the water can become temporarily hypoxic. Oxygen depletion, or [[Hypoxia|hypoxia]], is a common effect of eutrophication in water. The '''direct effects''' of hypoxia include '''fish kills''', especially the death of fish that need high levels of dissolved oxygen. Changes in fish communities may have an impact on the whole aquatic ecosystem and may deplete fish stocks. In extreme cases hypoxic conditions promote the growth of bacteria that produce toxins deadly to birds and animals. Zones where this occurs are called [[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|dead zones]].</P><br />
<br />
==== Species biodiversity decreases and the dominant biota changes====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Eutrophication leads to changes in the availability of light and certain nutrients to an ecosystem. This causes shifts in the species composition so that only the more tolerant species survive and new competitive species invade and out-compete original inhabitants. Examples are macroalgae and their massive biomass which inhibits the growth of other aquatic plants and algal blooms that consists of one type of phytoplankton species because other species are expelled.</P><br />
<br />
==== Increased biomass of macroalgae====<br />
[[Image:Macroalgae.jpg|100px|thumb|right|<small>Macroalgae bloom (Photo credit: Caroline Wicks, IAN Image library )</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Algal blooms may also consist of '''marine seaweeds''' or '''macroalgae'''. These blooms are recognizable by large blades of algae that may wash up into the shoreline. The seaweed is harmless when it is alive, but when decomposed by anaerobic bacteria toxic gases (such as the colorless hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S)) can be released.</P><br />
<br />
==Human health impacts==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Harmful algal bloom species have the capacity to produce '''toxins''' dangerous to humans. Algal [[Toxic|toxins]] are observed in marine ecosystems where they can accumulate in shellfish and more generally in seafood reaching dangerous levels for human as well as animal health. Examples include paralytic, neurotoxic and diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning. Several algal species able of producing toxins harmful to human or marine life have been identified in European coastal waters. The table gives an overview of some species that are regularly observed and represent a risk for seafood consumers.</P><br />
{|border="1" align=center cellspacing="0" cellpadding = "8" width="825px"<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Disease'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Symptoms'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Species'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Carriers''' <br />
|-<br />
| '''A'''mnesic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (ASP)<br />
| Mental confusion and memory loss, disorientation and sometimes coma<br />
| Diatoms of the genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=149045 ''Nitzschia'']<br />
| Shellfish (mussels)<br />
|- <br />
| '''N'''eurotoxic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (NSP)<br />
| Muscular paralysis, state of shock and sometimes death<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 ''Gymnodinium'']<br />
| Oysters, clams and crustaceans<br />
|-<br />
| '''V'''enerupin '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (VSP)<br />
| Gastrointestinal, nervous and hemorrhagic, hepatic symptoms and in extreme causes delirium and hepatic coma<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 ''Prorocentrum'']<br />
| Oysters and clams<br />
|-<br />
| '''D'''iarrhoeic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (DSP)<br />
| Gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhoea, vomiting and abdominal pain)<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109462 ''Dinophysis''] and [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 ''Prorocentrum'']<br />
| Filtering shellfish (oysters, mussels and clams)<br />
|-<br />
| '''P'''aralytic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (PSP)<br />
| Muscular paralysis, difficulty in breathing, shock and in extreme causes death by respiratory arrest<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470 ''Alexandrium''] and [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 ''Gymnodinium'']<br />
| Oysters, mussels, crustacean and fish<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Other marine mammals can be vectors for toxins, as in the case of ciguatera, where it is typically predator fish whose flesh is contaminated with the toxins originally produced by dinoflagellates and then poison humans. Symptoms include gastrointestinal and neurological effects.</P><br />
<br />
==Socio-economic impacts==<br />
Nearly all of the above described impacts have a direct or indirect socio-economic impact.<br />
==== Impact on recreation and tourism ====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The enrichment of nutrients to an ecosystem can result in a massive growth of macroalgae. The existence of such dense algal growth areas can inhibit or prevent access to waterways. This decreases the fitness for '''use of the water for water sports''' (swimming, boating and fishing).</P><br />
==== Aesthetic impacts====<br />
Algal blooms are unsightly and can have unpleasant smells for example:<br />
* The appearance of a '''white yellowish foam''' on the beach in spring on the shores along the North Sea. The foam is formed by the wind that sweeps up the decaying remains of ''Phaeocystis'' algal colonies.<br />
* When macroalgae or seaweed are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria hydrogen sulfide is (H<sub>2</sub>S) released. This gas is characterized by a very unpleasant characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs.<br />
<br />
==== Economical impacts====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">In some specific cases local authorities must rely on eutrophic waters for production of drinking water. Infected waters increases the '''costs of water treatment''' in order to avoid taste, odor and toxin problems in the water. Due to the toxins produced by harmful algal blooms commercial fish and shellfish may become '''unsuitable for consumption''' resulting in potential economical and financial problems for the fishing industries. In extreme cases beaches are closed due to the presence of toxic algal blooms.</P><br />
<br />
== References==<br />
#Eutrophication and health. European Commission (2002). Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: Luxembourg. ISBN 92-894-4413-4.28 pp.<br />
#The National Eutrophication monitoring Programme Implementation Manual (Murray et al., 2002).<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Nitzschia Hassall, 1845. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=149045 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Gymnodinium Stein, 1878. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Prorocentrum Ehrenberg, 1834. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#WoRMS (2013). Dinophysis Ehrenberg, 1839. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109462 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D.; Moestrup, Ø. (2013). Alexandrium Halim, 1960. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470 on 2013-04-22.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Iseca}}<br />
{{author <br />
|AuthorID=26102<br />
|AuthorFullName= Knockaert, Carolien<br />
|AuthorName=Carolienk}}</div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Possible_consequences_of_eutrophication&diff=62340
Possible consequences of eutrophication
2014-02-18T07:23:49Z
<p>Carolienk: /* Socio-economic impacts */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify"><br />
Enhanced plant production and improved fish yields are sometimes described as positive impacts of [[Eutrophication|eutrophication]], especially in countries where fish and other aquatic organisms are a significant source of food. However detrimental ecological impacts can in turn have other negative consequences and impacts which are described below. Essentially the entire aquatic [[ecosystem]] changes with eutrophication. The diagram below gives an overview on the eutrophication process and its causes and consequences. </P><br />
[[Image:eutrocon.png|700|center]]<br />
<br />
==Ecological impacts==<br />
==== Increased biomass of phytoplankton resulting in algal blooms ====<br />
[[Image:Plentiful_plankton.jpg|175px|thumb|right|<small>Envisat satellite image of an algal bloom captured with MERIS (Photo Credit: ESA, 2009)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">[[Phytoplankton]] or microalgae are [[photosynthesizing]] microscopic organisms. They contain chlorophyll and require sunlight in order to live and grow. Most phytoplankton are buoyant and float in the upper part of the ocean where sunlight penetrates the water. In a balanced ecosystem they provide food for a wide range of organisms such as whales, shrimp, snails and jellyfish.<br />
Among the more important groups are the diatoms, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and coccolithophores. <br />
Phytoplankton species require inorganic [[Nutrient|nutrients]] such as nitrates, phosphates, and sulfur which they convert into proteins, fats and carbohydrates. When '''too many''' of these '''nutrients''' (by natural or [[Anthropogenic|anthropogenic]] cause) are available in the water phytoplankton may grow and multiply very fast forming [[Algal_bloom | algal blooms]]. Algal blooms may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments. Only one or a small number of phytoplankton species are involved and some blooms discolor (green, yellow-brown or red) the water due to their high density of pigmented cells. Blooms in the ocean may cover a large area and are easily visible in '''satellite images'''.</P><br />
==== Toxic or inedible phytoplankton species (harmful algal blooms)====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">'''[[Harmful_algal_bloom | Harmful algal blooms (HAB)]]''' are bloom events involving '''toxic or harmful phytoplankton'''. These cause harm through the production of toxins or by their accumulated biomass, which can effect co-occurring organisms and alter food web dynamics. Impacts include:</P><br />
*Human illness,<br />
*Mortality of fish, birds and mammals following consumption or indirect exposure to HAB toxins,<br />
*Substantially economic losses to coastal communities and commercial fisheries.<br />
[[Image:Jellyfish1.jpg|165px|thumb|right|<small>Jellyfish (Photo credit: Rob Stoeltje)</small>]]<br />
==== Increased blooms of gelatinous zooplankton====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">[[Phytoplankton]] are the food source for numerous other organisms, especially the zooplankton. [[Zooplankton]] are heterotrophic plankton. They are primarily transported by ambient water currents but many have locomotion. Through their consumption and processing of phytoplankton and other food sources they play a role in aquatic food webs as a resource for higher trophic levels including fish. Zooplankton can be divided in two important groups: crustacean (copepods and krill) and '''gelatinous zooplankton'''. Gelatinous zooplankton have relatively fragile, plastic gelatinous bodies that contain at least 95% water and which lack rigid skeletal parts. The most well-known are the jellyfish. Eutrophication is believed to cause an '''increase''' in the relative importance of '''gelatinous''' versus crustacean '''zooplankton'''. On many areas of the world where the natural species diversity has been affected by pollution, over-fishing and climate change gelatinous zooplankton organisms may be becoming the dominant species.</P><br />
<br />
==== Decreases in water transparency (increased turbidity)====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The growth of phytoplankton can cause increased [[Turbidity|turbidity]] or decreased penetration of light into the lower depths of the water column. In lakes and rivers this can inhibit growth of submerged aquatic plants and affect species which are dependent on them (fish, shellfish).</P><br />
<br />
==== Dissolved oxygen depletion or hypoxia resulting in increased incidences of fish kills and / or dead benthic animals====<br />
[[Image:FishKill.jpg|160px|thumb|right|<small>A menhaden fish kill due severe hypoxia (Photo credit: Chris Deacutis, IAN Image library )</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Oxygen is required for all life forms on the planet. Oxygen is produced by plants during ([[photosynthesis]]). At night animals and plants, as well as aerobic micro-organisms and decomposing dead organisms respire and so consume oxygen which results in a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels. Large fluctuations in dissolved oxygen levels may be the result of an algal blooms. While the algae population is growing at a fast rate, dissolved oxygen levels decrease. When these algae die, they are decomposed by bacteria which consume oxygen in this process so that the water can become temporarily hypoxic. Oxygen depletion, or [[Hypoxia|hypoxia]], is a common effect of eutrophication in water. The '''direct effects''' of hypoxia include '''fish kills''', especially the death of fish that need high levels of dissolved oxygen. Changes in fish communities may have an impact on the whole aquatic ecosystem and may deplete fish stocks. In extreme cases hypoxic conditions promote the growth of bacteria that produce toxins deadly to birds and animals. Zones where this occurs are called [[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|dead zones]].</P><br />
<br />
==== Species biodiversity decreases and the dominant biota changes====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Eutrophication leads to changes in the availability of light and certain nutrients to an ecosystem. This causes shifts in the species composition so that only the more tolerant species survive and new competitive species invade and out-compete original inhabitants. Examples are macroalgae and their massive biomass which inhibits the growth of other aquatic plants and algal blooms that consists of one type of phytoplankton species because other species are expelled.</P><br />
<br />
==== Increased biomass of macroalgae====<br />
[[Image:Macroalgae.jpg|100px|thumb|right|<small>Macroalgae bloom (Photo credit: Caroline Wicks, IAN Image library )</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Algal blooms may also consist of '''marine seaweeds''' or '''macroalgae'''. These blooms are recognizable by large blades of algae that may wash up into the shoreline. The seaweed is harmless when it is alive, but when decomposed by anaerobic bacteria toxic gases (such as the colorless hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S)) can be released.</P><br />
<br />
==Human health impacts==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Harmful algal bloom species have the capacity to produce '''toxins''' dangerous to humans. Algal [[Toxic|toxins]] are observed in marine ecosystems where they can accumulate in shellfish and more generally in seafood reaching dangerous levels for human as well as animal health. Examples include paralytic, neurotoxic and diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning. Several algal species able of producing toxins harmful to human or marine life have been identified in European coastal waters. The table gives an overview of some species that are regularly observed and represent a risk for seafood consumers.</P><br />
{|border="1" align=center cellspacing="0" cellpadding = "8" width="825px"<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Disease'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Symptoms'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Species'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Carriers''' <br />
|-<br />
| '''A'''mnesic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (ASP)<br />
| Mental confusion and memory loss, disorientation and sometimes coma<br />
| Diatoms of the genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=149045 ''Nitzschia'']<br />
| Shellfish (mussels)<br />
|- <br />
| '''N'''eurotoxic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (NSP)<br />
| Muscular paralysis, state of shock and sometimes death<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 ''Gymnodinium'']<br />
| Oysters, clams and crustaceans<br />
|-<br />
| '''V'''enerupin '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (VSP)<br />
| Gastrointestinal, nervous and hemorrhagic, hepatic symptoms and in extreme causes delirium and hepatic coma<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 ''Prorocentrum'']<br />
| Oysters and clams<br />
|-<br />
| '''D'''iarrhoeic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (DSP)<br />
| Gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhoea, vomiting and abdominal pain)<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109462 ''Dinophysis''] and [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 ''Prorocentrum'']<br />
| Filtering shellfish (oysters, mussels and clams)<br />
|-<br />
| '''P'''aralytic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (PSP)<br />
| Muscular paralysis, difficulty in breathing, shock and in extreme causes death by respiratory arrest<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470 ''Alexandrium''] and [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 ''Gymnodinium'']<br />
| Oysters, mussels, crustacean and fish<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Other marine mammals can be vectors for toxins, as in the case of ciguatera, where it is typically predator fish whose flesh is contaminated with the toxins originally produced by dinoflagellates and then poison humans. Symptoms include gastrointestinal and neurological effects.</P><br />
<br />
==Socio-economic impacts==<br />
Nearly all of the above described impacts have a direct or indirect socio-economic impact.<br />
==== Impact on recreation and tourism ====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The enrichment of nutrients to an ecosystem can result in a massive growth of macroalgae. The existence of such dense algal growth areas can inhibit or prevent access to waterways. This decreases the fitness for '''use of the water for water sports''' (swimming, boating and fishing).</P><br />
==== Aesthetic impacts====<br />
Algal blooms are unsightly and can have unpleasant smells for example:<br />
* The appearance of a '''white yellowish foam''' on the beach in spring on the shores along the North Sea. The foam is formed by the wind that sweeps up the decaying remains of ''Phaeocystis'' algal colonies.<br />
* When macroalgae or seaweed are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria hydrogen sulfide is (H<sub>2</sub>S) released. This gas is characterized by a very unpleasant characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs.<br />
[[Image:Beach_closed.jpg|200px|thumb|right|<small>Beaches can be closed if high levels of bacteria are found in the water (Photo credit: Elizabeth Halliday, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)</small>]]<br />
==== Economical impacts====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">In some specific cases local authorities must rely on eutrophic waters for production of drinking water. Infected waters increases the '''costs of water treatment''' in order to avoid taste, odor and toxin problems in the water. Due to the toxins produced by harmful algal blooms commercial fish and shellfish may become '''unsuitable for consumption''' resulting in potential economical and financial problems for the fishing industries. In extreme cases beaches are closed due to the presence of toxic algal blooms.</P><br />
<br />
== References==<br />
#Eutrophication and health. European Commission (2002). Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: Luxembourg. ISBN 92-894-4413-4.28 pp.<br />
#The National Eutrophication monitoring Programme Implementation Manual (Murray et al., 2002).<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Nitzschia Hassall, 1845. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=149045 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Gymnodinium Stein, 1878. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Prorocentrum Ehrenberg, 1834. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#WoRMS (2013). Dinophysis Ehrenberg, 1839. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109462 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D.; Moestrup, Ø. (2013). Alexandrium Halim, 1960. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470 on 2013-04-22.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Iseca}}<br />
{{author <br />
|AuthorID=26102<br />
|AuthorFullName= Knockaert, Carolien<br />
|AuthorName=Carolienk}}</div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Possible_consequences_of_eutrophication&diff=62339
Possible consequences of eutrophication
2014-02-18T07:20:09Z
<p>Carolienk: /* Increased in blooms of gelatinous zooplankton */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify"><br />
Enhanced plant production and improved fish yields are sometimes described as positive impacts of [[Eutrophication|eutrophication]], especially in countries where fish and other aquatic organisms are a significant source of food. However detrimental ecological impacts can in turn have other negative consequences and impacts which are described below. Essentially the entire aquatic [[ecosystem]] changes with eutrophication. The diagram below gives an overview on the eutrophication process and its causes and consequences. </P><br />
[[Image:eutrocon.png|700|center]]<br />
<br />
==Ecological impacts==<br />
==== Increased biomass of phytoplankton resulting in algal blooms ====<br />
[[Image:Plentiful_plankton.jpg|175px|thumb|right|<small>Envisat satellite image of an algal bloom captured with MERIS (Photo Credit: ESA, 2009)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">[[Phytoplankton]] or microalgae are [[photosynthesizing]] microscopic organisms. They contain chlorophyll and require sunlight in order to live and grow. Most phytoplankton are buoyant and float in the upper part of the ocean where sunlight penetrates the water. In a balanced ecosystem they provide food for a wide range of organisms such as whales, shrimp, snails and jellyfish.<br />
Among the more important groups are the diatoms, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and coccolithophores. <br />
Phytoplankton species require inorganic [[Nutrient|nutrients]] such as nitrates, phosphates, and sulfur which they convert into proteins, fats and carbohydrates. When '''too many''' of these '''nutrients''' (by natural or [[Anthropogenic|anthropogenic]] cause) are available in the water phytoplankton may grow and multiply very fast forming [[Algal_bloom | algal blooms]]. Algal blooms may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments. Only one or a small number of phytoplankton species are involved and some blooms discolor (green, yellow-brown or red) the water due to their high density of pigmented cells. Blooms in the ocean may cover a large area and are easily visible in '''satellite images'''.</P><br />
==== Toxic or inedible phytoplankton species (harmful algal blooms)====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">'''[[Harmful_algal_bloom | Harmful algal blooms (HAB)]]''' are bloom events involving '''toxic or harmful phytoplankton'''. These cause harm through the production of toxins or by their accumulated biomass, which can effect co-occurring organisms and alter food web dynamics. Impacts include:</P><br />
*Human illness,<br />
*Mortality of fish, birds and mammals following consumption or indirect exposure to HAB toxins,<br />
*Substantially economic losses to coastal communities and commercial fisheries.<br />
[[Image:Jellyfish1.jpg|165px|thumb|right|<small>Jellyfish (Photo credit: Rob Stoeltje)</small>]]<br />
==== Increased blooms of gelatinous zooplankton====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">[[Phytoplankton]] are the food source for numerous other organisms, especially the zooplankton. [[Zooplankton]] are heterotrophic plankton. They are primarily transported by ambient water currents but many have locomotion. Through their consumption and processing of phytoplankton and other food sources they play a role in aquatic food webs as a resource for higher trophic levels including fish. Zooplankton can be divided in two important groups: crustacean (copepods and krill) and '''gelatinous zooplankton'''. Gelatinous zooplankton have relatively fragile, plastic gelatinous bodies that contain at least 95% water and which lack rigid skeletal parts. The most well-known are the jellyfish. Eutrophication is believed to cause an '''increase''' in the relative importance of '''gelatinous''' versus crustacean '''zooplankton'''. On many areas of the world where the natural species diversity has been affected by pollution, over-fishing and climate change gelatinous zooplankton organisms may be becoming the dominant species.</P><br />
<br />
==== Decreases in water transparency (increased turbidity)====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The growth of phytoplankton can cause increased [[Turbidity|turbidity]] or decreased penetration of light into the lower depths of the water column. In lakes and rivers this can inhibit growth of submerged aquatic plants and affect species which are dependent on them (fish, shellfish).</P><br />
<br />
==== Dissolved oxygen depletion or hypoxia resulting in increased incidences of fish kills and / or dead benthic animals====<br />
[[Image:FishKill.jpg|160px|thumb|right|<small>A menhaden fish kill due severe hypoxia (Photo credit: Chris Deacutis, IAN Image library )</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Oxygen is required for all life forms on the planet. Oxygen is produced by plants during ([[photosynthesis]]). At night animals and plants, as well as aerobic micro-organisms and decomposing dead organisms respire and so consume oxygen which results in a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels. Large fluctuations in dissolved oxygen levels may be the result of an algal blooms. While the algae population is growing at a fast rate, dissolved oxygen levels decrease. When these algae die, they are decomposed by bacteria which consume oxygen in this process so that the water can become temporarily hypoxic. Oxygen depletion, or [[Hypoxia|hypoxia]], is a common effect of eutrophication in water. The '''direct effects''' of hypoxia include '''fish kills''', especially the death of fish that need high levels of dissolved oxygen. Changes in fish communities may have an impact on the whole aquatic ecosystem and may deplete fish stocks. In extreme cases hypoxic conditions promote the growth of bacteria that produce toxins deadly to birds and animals. Zones where this occurs are called [[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|dead zones]].</P><br />
<br />
==== Species biodiversity decreases and the dominant biota changes====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Eutrophication leads to changes in the availability of light and certain nutrients to an ecosystem. This causes shifts in the species composition so that only the more tolerant species survive and new competitive species invade and out-compete original inhabitants. Examples are macroalgae and their massive biomass which inhibits the growth of other aquatic plants and algal blooms that consists of one type of phytoplankton species because other species are expelled.</P><br />
<br />
==== Increased biomass of macroalgae====<br />
[[Image:Macroalgae.jpg|100px|thumb|right|<small>Macroalgae bloom (Photo credit: Caroline Wicks, IAN Image library )</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Algal blooms may also consist of '''marine seaweeds''' or '''macroalgae'''. These blooms are recognizable by large blades of algae that may wash up into the shoreline. The seaweed is harmless when it is alive, but when decomposed by anaerobic bacteria toxic gases (such as the colorless hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S)) can be released.</P><br />
<br />
==Human health impacts==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Harmful algal bloom species have the capacity to produce '''toxins''' dangerous to humans. Algal [[Toxic|toxins]] are observed in marine ecosystems where they can accumulate in shellfish and more generally in seafood reaching dangerous levels for human as well as animal health. Examples include paralytic, neurotoxic and diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning. Several algal species able of producing toxins harmful to human or marine life have been identified in European coastal waters. The table gives an overview of some species that are regularly observed and represent a risk for seafood consumers.</P><br />
{|border="1" align=center cellspacing="0" cellpadding = "8" width="825px"<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Disease'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Symptoms'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Species'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Carriers''' <br />
|-<br />
| '''A'''mnesic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (ASP)<br />
| Mental confusion and memory loss, disorientation and sometimes coma<br />
| Diatoms of the genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=149045 ''Nitzschia'']<br />
| Shellfish (mussels)<br />
|- <br />
| '''N'''eurotoxic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (NSP)<br />
| Muscular paralysis, state of shock and sometimes death<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 ''Gymnodinium'']<br />
| Oysters, clams and crustaceans<br />
|-<br />
| '''V'''enerupin '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (VSP)<br />
| Gastrointestinal, nervous and hemorrhagic, hepatic symptoms and in extreme causes delirium and hepatic coma<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 ''Prorocentrum'']<br />
| Oysters and clams<br />
|-<br />
| '''D'''iarrhoeic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (DSP)<br />
| Gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhoea, vomiting and abdominal pain)<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109462 ''Dinophysis''] and [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 ''Prorocentrum'']<br />
| Filtering shellfish (oysters, mussels and clams)<br />
|-<br />
| '''P'''aralytic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (PSP)<br />
| Muscular paralysis, difficulty in breathing, shock and in extreme causes death by respiratory arrest<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470 ''Alexandrium''] and [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 ''Gymnodinium'']<br />
| Oysters, mussels, crustacean and fish<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Other marine mammals can be vectors for toxins, as in the case of ciguatera, where it is typically predator fish whose flesh is contaminated with the toxins originally produced by dinoflagellates and then poison humans. Symptoms include gastrointestinal and neurological effects.</P><br />
<br />
==Socio-economic impacts==<br />
Nearly all of the above described impacts have a direct or indirect socio-economic impact.<br />
==== Aesthetic impacts====<br />
Algal blooms are unsightly and can have unpleasant smells for example:<br />
* The appearance of a '''white yellowish foam''' on the beach in spring on the shores along the North Sea. The foam is formed by the wind that sweeps up the decaying remains of ''Phaeocystis'' algal colonies.<br />
* When macroalgae or seaweed are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria hydrogen sulfide is (H<sub>2</sub>S) released. This gas is characterized by a very unpleasant characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs.<br />
[[Image:Beach_closed.jpg|200px|thumb|right|<small>Beaches can be closed if high levels of bacteria are found in the water (Photo credit: Elizabeth Halliday, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)</small>]]<br />
<br />
==== Impact on recreation and tourism ====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The enrichment of nutrients to an ecosystem can result in a massive growth of macroalgae. The existence of such dense algal growth areas can inhibit or prevent access to waterways. This decreases the fitness for '''use of the water for water sports''' (swimming, boating and fishing).</P><br />
==== Economical impacts====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">In some specific cases local authorities must rely on eutrophic waters for production of drinking water. Infected waters increases the '''costs of water treatment''' in order to avoid taste, odor and toxin problems in the treated water. Due to the toxins produced by harmful algal blooms commercial fish and shellfish may become '''unsuitable for consumption''' (the water becomes unsuitable for drinking even after treatment) resulting in potential economical and financial problems for the fishing industries. In extreme cases beaches are closed due to the presence of toxic algal blooms.</P><br />
<br />
== References==<br />
#Eutrophication and health. European Commission (2002). Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: Luxembourg. ISBN 92-894-4413-4.28 pp.<br />
#The National Eutrophication monitoring Programme Implementation Manual (Murray et al., 2002).<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Nitzschia Hassall, 1845. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=149045 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Gymnodinium Stein, 1878. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Prorocentrum Ehrenberg, 1834. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#WoRMS (2013). Dinophysis Ehrenberg, 1839. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109462 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D.; Moestrup, Ø. (2013). Alexandrium Halim, 1960. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470 on 2013-04-22.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Iseca}}<br />
{{author <br />
|AuthorID=26102<br />
|AuthorFullName= Knockaert, Carolien<br />
|AuthorName=Carolienk}}</div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Possible_consequences_of_eutrophication&diff=62338
Possible consequences of eutrophication
2014-02-18T07:18:48Z
<p>Carolienk: /* Introduction */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify"><br />
Enhanced plant production and improved fish yields are sometimes described as positive impacts of [[Eutrophication|eutrophication]], especially in countries where fish and other aquatic organisms are a significant source of food. However detrimental ecological impacts can in turn have other negative consequences and impacts which are described below. Essentially the entire aquatic [[ecosystem]] changes with eutrophication. The diagram below gives an overview on the eutrophication process and its causes and consequences. </P><br />
[[Image:eutrocon.png|700|center]]<br />
<br />
==Ecological impacts==<br />
==== Increased biomass of phytoplankton resulting in algal blooms ====<br />
[[Image:Plentiful_plankton.jpg|175px|thumb|right|<small>Envisat satellite image of an algal bloom captured with MERIS (Photo Credit: ESA, 2009)</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">[[Phytoplankton]] or microalgae are [[photosynthesizing]] microscopic organisms. They contain chlorophyll and require sunlight in order to live and grow. Most phytoplankton are buoyant and float in the upper part of the ocean where sunlight penetrates the water. In a balanced ecosystem they provide food for a wide range of organisms such as whales, shrimp, snails and jellyfish.<br />
Among the more important groups are the diatoms, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and coccolithophores. <br />
Phytoplankton species require inorganic [[Nutrient|nutrients]] such as nitrates, phosphates, and sulfur which they convert into proteins, fats and carbohydrates. When '''too many''' of these '''nutrients''' (by natural or [[Anthropogenic|anthropogenic]] cause) are available in the water phytoplankton may grow and multiply very fast forming [[Algal_bloom | algal blooms]]. Algal blooms may occur in freshwater as well as marine environments. Only one or a small number of phytoplankton species are involved and some blooms discolor (green, yellow-brown or red) the water due to their high density of pigmented cells. Blooms in the ocean may cover a large area and are easily visible in '''satellite images'''.</P><br />
==== Toxic or inedible phytoplankton species (harmful algal blooms)====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">'''[[Harmful_algal_bloom | Harmful algal blooms (HAB)]]''' are bloom events involving '''toxic or harmful phytoplankton'''. These cause harm through the production of toxins or by their accumulated biomass, which can effect co-occurring organisms and alter food web dynamics. Impacts include:</P><br />
*Human illness,<br />
*Mortality of fish, birds and mammals following consumption or indirect exposure to HAB toxins,<br />
*Substantially economic losses to coastal communities and commercial fisheries.<br />
[[Image:Jellyfish1.jpg|165px|thumb|right|<small>Jellyfish (Photo credit: Rob Stoeltje)</small>]]<br />
==== Increased in blooms of gelatinous zooplankton====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">[[Phytoplankton]] are the food source for numerous other organisms, especially the zooplankton. [[Zooplankton]] are heterotrophic plankton. They are primarily transported by ambient water currents but many have locomotion. Through their consumption and processing of phytoplankton and other food sources they play a role in aquatic food webs as a resource for higher trophic levels including fish. Zooplankton can be divided in two important groups: crustacean (copepods and krill) and '''gelatinous zooplankton'''. Gelatinous zooplankton have relatively fragile, plastic gelatinous bodies that contain at least 95% water and which lack rigid skeletal parts. The most well-known are the jellyfish. Eutrophication is believed to cause an '''increase''' in the relative importance of '''gelatinous''' versus crustacean '''zooplankton'''. On many areas of the world where the natural species diversity has been affected by pollution, over-fishing and climate change gelatinous zooplankton organisms may be becoming the dominant species.</P><br />
<br />
==== Decreases in water transparency (increased turbidity)====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The growth of phytoplankton can cause increased [[Turbidity|turbidity]] or decreased penetration of light into the lower depths of the water column. In lakes and rivers this can inhibit growth of submerged aquatic plants and affect species which are dependent on them (fish, shellfish).</P><br />
<br />
==== Dissolved oxygen depletion or hypoxia resulting in increased incidences of fish kills and / or dead benthic animals====<br />
[[Image:FishKill.jpg|160px|thumb|right|<small>A menhaden fish kill due severe hypoxia (Photo credit: Chris Deacutis, IAN Image library )</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Oxygen is required for all life forms on the planet. Oxygen is produced by plants during ([[photosynthesis]]). At night animals and plants, as well as aerobic micro-organisms and decomposing dead organisms respire and so consume oxygen which results in a decrease in dissolved oxygen levels. Large fluctuations in dissolved oxygen levels may be the result of an algal blooms. While the algae population is growing at a fast rate, dissolved oxygen levels decrease. When these algae die, they are decomposed by bacteria which consume oxygen in this process so that the water can become temporarily hypoxic. Oxygen depletion, or [[Hypoxia|hypoxia]], is a common effect of eutrophication in water. The '''direct effects''' of hypoxia include '''fish kills''', especially the death of fish that need high levels of dissolved oxygen. Changes in fish communities may have an impact on the whole aquatic ecosystem and may deplete fish stocks. In extreme cases hypoxic conditions promote the growth of bacteria that produce toxins deadly to birds and animals. Zones where this occurs are called [[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|dead zones]].</P><br />
<br />
==== Species biodiversity decreases and the dominant biota changes====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Eutrophication leads to changes in the availability of light and certain nutrients to an ecosystem. This causes shifts in the species composition so that only the more tolerant species survive and new competitive species invade and out-compete original inhabitants. Examples are macroalgae and their massive biomass which inhibits the growth of other aquatic plants and algal blooms that consists of one type of phytoplankton species because other species are expelled.</P><br />
<br />
==== Increased biomass of macroalgae====<br />
[[Image:Macroalgae.jpg|100px|thumb|right|<small>Macroalgae bloom (Photo credit: Caroline Wicks, IAN Image library )</small>]]<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Algal blooms may also consist of '''marine seaweeds''' or '''macroalgae'''. These blooms are recognizable by large blades of algae that may wash up into the shoreline. The seaweed is harmless when it is alive, but when decomposed by anaerobic bacteria toxic gases (such as the colorless hydrogen sulfide (H<sub>2</sub>S)) can be released.</P><br />
<br />
==Human health impacts==<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Harmful algal bloom species have the capacity to produce '''toxins''' dangerous to humans. Algal [[Toxic|toxins]] are observed in marine ecosystems where they can accumulate in shellfish and more generally in seafood reaching dangerous levels for human as well as animal health. Examples include paralytic, neurotoxic and diarrhoeic shellfish poisoning. Several algal species able of producing toxins harmful to human or marine life have been identified in European coastal waters. The table gives an overview of some species that are regularly observed and represent a risk for seafood consumers.</P><br />
{|border="1" align=center cellspacing="0" cellpadding = "8" width="825px"<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Disease'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Symptoms'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Species'''<br />
!style="background-color:#398C9D" |'''Carriers''' <br />
|-<br />
| '''A'''mnesic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (ASP)<br />
| Mental confusion and memory loss, disorientation and sometimes coma<br />
| Diatoms of the genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=149045 ''Nitzschia'']<br />
| Shellfish (mussels)<br />
|- <br />
| '''N'''eurotoxic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (NSP)<br />
| Muscular paralysis, state of shock and sometimes death<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 ''Gymnodinium'']<br />
| Oysters, clams and crustaceans<br />
|-<br />
| '''V'''enerupin '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (VSP)<br />
| Gastrointestinal, nervous and hemorrhagic, hepatic symptoms and in extreme causes delirium and hepatic coma<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 ''Prorocentrum'']<br />
| Oysters and clams<br />
|-<br />
| '''D'''iarrhoeic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (DSP)<br />
| Gastrointestinal symptoms (diarrhoea, vomiting and abdominal pain)<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109462 ''Dinophysis''] and [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 ''Prorocentrum'']<br />
| Filtering shellfish (oysters, mussels and clams)<br />
|-<br />
| '''P'''aralytic '''s'''hellfish '''p'''oisoning (PSP)<br />
| Muscular paralysis, difficulty in breathing, shock and in extreme causes death by respiratory arrest<br />
| Genus [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470 ''Alexandrium''] and [http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 ''Gymnodinium'']<br />
| Oysters, mussels, crustacean and fish<br />
|-<br />
|}<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">Other marine mammals can be vectors for toxins, as in the case of ciguatera, where it is typically predator fish whose flesh is contaminated with the toxins originally produced by dinoflagellates and then poison humans. Symptoms include gastrointestinal and neurological effects.</P><br />
<br />
==Socio-economic impacts==<br />
Nearly all of the above described impacts have a direct or indirect socio-economic impact.<br />
==== Aesthetic impacts====<br />
Algal blooms are unsightly and can have unpleasant smells for example:<br />
* The appearance of a '''white yellowish foam''' on the beach in spring on the shores along the North Sea. The foam is formed by the wind that sweeps up the decaying remains of ''Phaeocystis'' algal colonies.<br />
* When macroalgae or seaweed are decomposed by anaerobic bacteria hydrogen sulfide is (H<sub>2</sub>S) released. This gas is characterized by a very unpleasant characteristic foul odor of rotten eggs.<br />
[[Image:Beach_closed.jpg|200px|thumb|right|<small>Beaches can be closed if high levels of bacteria are found in the water (Photo credit: Elizabeth Halliday, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)</small>]]<br />
<br />
==== Impact on recreation and tourism ====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">The enrichment of nutrients to an ecosystem can result in a massive growth of macroalgae. The existence of such dense algal growth areas can inhibit or prevent access to waterways. This decreases the fitness for '''use of the water for water sports''' (swimming, boating and fishing).</P><br />
==== Economical impacts====<br />
<P ALIGN="justify">In some specific cases local authorities must rely on eutrophic waters for production of drinking water. Infected waters increases the '''costs of water treatment''' in order to avoid taste, odor and toxin problems in the treated water. Due to the toxins produced by harmful algal blooms commercial fish and shellfish may become '''unsuitable for consumption''' (the water becomes unsuitable for drinking even after treatment) resulting in potential economical and financial problems for the fishing industries. In extreme cases beaches are closed due to the presence of toxic algal blooms.</P><br />
<br />
== References==<br />
#Eutrophication and health. European Commission (2002). Office for Official Publications of the European Communities: Luxembourg. ISBN 92-894-4413-4.28 pp.<br />
#The National Eutrophication monitoring Programme Implementation Manual (Murray et al., 2002).<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Nitzschia Hassall, 1845. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=149045 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Gymnodinium Stein, 1878. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109475 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D. (2013). Prorocentrum Ehrenberg, 1834. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109566 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#WoRMS (2013). Dinophysis Ehrenberg, 1839. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109462 on 2013-04-22.<br />
#Guiry, Michael D.; Moestrup, Ø. (2013). Alexandrium Halim, 1960. In: Guiry, M.D. & Guiry, G.M. (2013). AlgaeBase. World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=109470 on 2013-04-22.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Iseca}}<br />
{{author <br />
|AuthorID=26102<br />
|AuthorFullName= Knockaert, Carolien<br />
|AuthorName=Carolienk}}</div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication&diff=62337
Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication
2014-02-17T15:14:22Z
<p>Carolienk: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">European legislations regarding eutrophication</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
<br />
*[[European policy on eutrophication: introduction |European policy on eutrophication: introduction]]<br />
*[[Barcelona Convention]]<br />
*[[Black Sea Convention]]<br />
*[[European Marine Strategy Framework Directive]]<br />
*[[HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) and Helsinki Convention|HELCOM]]<br />
*[[Nitrates Directive]]<br />
*[[OSPAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) and OSPAR Commission|OSPAR]]<br />
*[[OSPAR and eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive]]<br />
*[[Water Framework Directive]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication causes and consequences</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [[What causes eutrophication?]] <br />
* [[Possible consequences of eutrophication|Possible consequences of eutrophication]]<br />
* [[Case studies eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|Ecological impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Human_health_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Humans_at_the_top_of_the_food_web.29|Human health impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Economic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Shellfish_flavour.29|Economic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Recreational_and_aesthetic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Foam_on_the_beach.29|Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Monitoring</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*Eutrophication parameters and indicators<br />
**[[OSPAR eutrophication assessment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_I:_Nutrient_enrichment|Category I: Nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_II:_Direct_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category II: Direct effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_III:_Indirect_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category III: Indirect effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_IV:_Other_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category IV: Other possible effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
*[[In situ monitoring of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Oceanographic_instruments|Instruments]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Sensors|Sensors]]<br />
*[[Remote_sensing|Remote Sensing]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Modelling</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[ Modelling marine and coastal eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">The ISECA project</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Information System on the Eutrophication of our Coastal Areas]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication facts in the media</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jul/27/brittany-beaches-toxic-algae-boars Brittany beaches hit by toxic algae ''(The Guardian, Wednesday 27 July 2011)'']<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/10/france-brittany-coast-seaweed-algae Lethal algae take over beaches in northern France ''(The Guardian, Monday 10 August 2009)'']<br />
* [http://www.foxnews.com/health/2014/02/07/safe-levels-neurotoxin-found-in-seafood-may-cause-kidney-damage/ 'Safe' levels of neurotoxin found in seafood may cause kidney damage ''(FoxNews.com,07 February 2014)'']<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Dictionary</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Agglomeration]]<br />
*[[Algae]]<br />
*[[Anthropogenic]]<br />
*[[Aquaculture]]<br />
*[[Algal_bloom|Algal bloom]]<br />
*[[Biomass]]<br />
*[[Ecosystem]]<br />
*[[Eutrophic]]<br />
*[[Eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Fertilizer]]<br />
*[[Harmful_algal_blooms|Harmful algal blooms]]<br />
*[[Heterotrophic]]<br />
*[[Hypoxia]]<br />
*[[In situ]]<br />
*[[Non-indigenous species]]<br />
*[[Nutrient]]<br />
*[[MERIS]]<br />
*[[MODIS]] <br />
*[[Photosynthesis]]<br />
*[[Phytoplankton]]<br />
*[[Pollution]]<br />
*[[Population equivalent]]<br />
*[[Primary_production|Primary production]]<br />
*[[Redfield_ratio|Redfield ratio]]<br />
*[[Salinity]]<br />
*[[SeaWiFS]]<br />
*[[Secchi depth]]<br />
*[[Secchi disk]]<br />
*[[Sensors]]<br />
*[[Sun_glitter|Sun glitter]]<br />
*[[Turbidity]]<br />
*[[Zooplankton]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br></div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication&diff=62336
Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication
2014-02-17T15:13:33Z
<p>Carolienk: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">European legislations regarding eutrophication</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
<br />
*[[European policy on eutrophication: introduction |European policy on eutrophication: introduction]]<br />
*[[Barcelona Convention]]<br />
*[[Black Sea Convention]]<br />
*[[European Marine Strategy Framework Directive]]<br />
*[[HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) and Helsinki Convention|HELCOM]]<br />
*[[Nitrates Directive]]<br />
*[[OSPAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) and OSPAR Commission|OSPAR]]<br />
*[[OSPAR and eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive]]<br />
*[[Water Framework Directive]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication causes and consequences</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [[What causes eutrophication?]] <br />
* [[Possible consequences of eutrophication|Possible consequences of eutrophication]]<br />
* [[Case studies eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|Ecological impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Human_health_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Humans_at_the_top_of_the_food_web.29|Human health impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Economic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Shellfish_flavour.29|Economic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Recreational_and_aesthetic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Foam_on_the_beach.29|Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Monitoring</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*Eutrophication parameters and indicators<br />
**[[OSPAR eutrophication assessment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_I:_Nutrient_enrichment|Category I: Nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_II:_Direct_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category II: Direct effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_III:_Indirect_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category III: Indirect effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_IV:_Other_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category IV: Other possible effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
*[[In situ monitoring of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Oceanographic_instruments|Instruments]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Sensors|Sensors]]<br />
*[[Remote_sensing|Remote Sensing]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Modelling</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[ Modelling marine and coastal eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">The ISECA project</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Information System on the Eutrophication of our Coastal Areas]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication facts in the media</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jul/27/brittany-beaches-toxic-algae-boars Brittany beaches hit by toxic algae ''(The Guardian, Wednesday 27 July 2011)'']<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/10/france-brittany-coast-seaweed-algae Lethal algae take over beaches in northern France ''(The Guardian, Monday 10 August 2009)'']<br />
* [http://www.foxnews.com/health/2014/02/07/safe-levels-neurotoxin-found-in-seafood-may-cause-kidney-damage/ 'Safe' levels of neurotoxin found in seafood may cause kidney damage ''(Fox News,07 February 2014)'']<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Dictionary</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Agglomeration]]<br />
*[[Algae]]<br />
*[[Anthropogenic]]<br />
*[[Aquaculture]]<br />
*[[Algal_bloom|Algal bloom]]<br />
*[[Biomass]]<br />
*[[Ecosystem]]<br />
*[[Eutrophic]]<br />
*[[Eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Fertilizer]]<br />
*[[Harmful_algal_blooms|Harmful algal blooms]]<br />
*[[Heterotrophic]]<br />
*[[Hypoxia]]<br />
*[[In situ]]<br />
*[[Non-indigenous species]]<br />
*[[Nutrient]]<br />
*[[MERIS]]<br />
*[[MODIS]] <br />
*[[Photosynthesis]]<br />
*[[Phytoplankton]]<br />
*[[Pollution]]<br />
*[[Population equivalent]]<br />
*[[Primary_production|Primary production]]<br />
*[[Redfield_ratio|Redfield ratio]]<br />
*[[Salinity]]<br />
*[[SeaWiFS]]<br />
*[[Secchi depth]]<br />
*[[Secchi disk]]<br />
*[[Sensors]]<br />
*[[Sun_glitter|Sun glitter]]<br />
*[[Turbidity]]<br />
*[[Zooplankton]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br></div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication&diff=62335
Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication
2014-02-17T15:08:42Z
<p>Carolienk: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">European legislations regarding eutrophication</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
<br />
*[[European policy on eutrophication: introduction |European policy on eutrophication: introduction]]<br />
*[[Barcelona Convention]]<br />
*[[Black Sea Convention]]<br />
*[[European Marine Strategy Framework Directive]]<br />
*[[HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) and Helsinki Convention|HELCOM]]<br />
*[[Nitrates Directive]]<br />
*[[OSPAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) and OSPAR Commission|OSPAR]]<br />
*[[OSPAR and eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive]]<br />
*[[Water Framework Directive]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication causes and consequences</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [[What causes eutrophication?]] <br />
* [[Possible consequences of eutrophication|Possible consequences of eutrophication]]<br />
* [[Case studies eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|Ecological impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Human_health_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Humans_at_the_top_of_the_food_web.29|Human health impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Economic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Shellfish_flavour.29|Economic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Recreational_and_aesthetic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Foam_on_the_beach.29|Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Monitoring</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*Eutrophication parameters and indicators<br />
**[[OSPAR eutrophication assessment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_I:_Nutrient_enrichment|Category I: Nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_II:_Direct_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category II: Direct effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_III:_Indirect_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category III: Indirect effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_IV:_Other_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category IV: Other possible effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
*[[In situ monitoring of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Oceanographic_instruments|Instruments]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Sensors|Sensors]]<br />
*[[Remote_sensing|Remote Sensing]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Modelling</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[ Modelling marine and coastal eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">The ISECA project</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Information System on the Eutrophication of our Coastal Areas]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication facts in the media</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jul/27/brittany-beaches-toxic-algae-boars Brittany beaches hit by toxic algae ''(The Guardian, Wednesday 27 July 2011)'']<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/10/france-brittany-coast-seaweed-algae Lethal algae take over beaches in northern France ''(The Guardian, Monday 10 August 2009)'']<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Dictionary</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Agglomeration]]<br />
*[[Algae]]<br />
*[[Anthropogenic]]<br />
*[[Aquaculture]]<br />
*[[Algal_bloom|Algal bloom]]<br />
*[[Biomass]]<br />
*[[Ecosystem]]<br />
*[[Eutrophic]]<br />
*[[Eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Fertilizer]]<br />
*[[Harmful_algal_blooms|Harmful algal blooms]]<br />
*[[Heterotrophic]]<br />
*[[Hypoxia]]<br />
*[[In situ]]<br />
*[[Non-indigenous species]]<br />
*[[Nutrient]]<br />
*[[MERIS]]<br />
*[[MODIS]] <br />
*[[Photosynthesis]]<br />
*[[Phytoplankton]]<br />
*[[Pollution]]<br />
*[[Population equivalent]]<br />
*[[Primary_production|Primary production]]<br />
*[[Redfield_ratio|Redfield ratio]]<br />
*[[Salinity]]<br />
*[[SeaWiFS]]<br />
*[[Secchi depth]]<br />
*[[Secchi disk]]<br />
*[[Sensors]]<br />
*[[Sun_glitter|Sun glitter]]<br />
*[[Turbidity]]<br />
*[[Zooplankton]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br></div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication&diff=62334
Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication
2014-02-17T14:51:21Z
<p>Carolienk: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">European legislations regarding eutrophication</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
<br />
*[[European policy on eutrophication: introduction |European policy on eutrophication: introduction]]<br />
*[[Barcelona Convention]]<br />
*[[Black Sea Convention]]<br />
*[[European Marine Strategy Framework Directive]]<br />
*[[HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) and Helsinki Convention|HELCOM]]<br />
*[[Nitrates Directive]]<br />
*[[OSPAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) and OSPAR Commission|OSPAR]]<br />
*[[OSPAR and eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive]]<br />
*[[Water Framework Directive]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication causes and consequences</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [[What causes eutrophication?]] <br />
* [[Possible consequences of eutrophication|Possible consequences of eutrophication]]<br />
* [[Case studies eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|Ecological impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Human_health_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Humans_at_the_top_of_the_food_web.29|Human health impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Economic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Shellfish_flavour.29|Economic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Recreational_and_aesthetic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Foam_on_the_beach.29|Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Monitoring</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*Eutrophication parameters and indicators<br />
**[[OSPAR eutrophication assessment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_I:_Nutrient_enrichment|Category I: Nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_II:_Direct_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category II: Direct effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_III:_Indirect_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category III: Indirect effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_IV:_Other_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category IV: Other possible effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
*[[In situ monitoring of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Oceanographic_instruments|Instruments]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Sensors|Sensors]]<br />
*[[Remote_sensing|Remote Sensing]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Modelling</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[ Modelling marine and coastal eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">The ISECA project</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Information System on the Eutrophication of our Coastal Areas]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication facts in the media</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/04/china-algal-bloom-yellow-sea-green China's largest algal bloom turns the Yellow Sea green ''(The Guardian, Thursday 04 July 2013)'']<br />
* [http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jul/27/brittany-beaches-toxic-algae-boars Brittany beaches hit by toxic algae ''(The Guardian, Wednesday 27 July 2011)'']<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/10/france-brittany-coast-seaweed-algae Lethal algae take over beaches in northern France ''(The Guardian, Monday 10 August 2009)'']<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Dictionary</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Agglomeration]]<br />
*[[Algae]]<br />
*[[Anthropogenic]]<br />
*[[Aquaculture]]<br />
*[[Algal_bloom|Algal bloom]]<br />
*[[Biomass]]<br />
*[[Ecosystem]]<br />
*[[Eutrophic]]<br />
*[[Eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Fertilizer]]<br />
*[[Harmful_algal_blooms|Harmful algal blooms]]<br />
*[[Heterotrophic]]<br />
*[[Hypoxia]]<br />
*[[In situ]]<br />
*[[Non-indigenous species]]<br />
*[[Nutrient]]<br />
*[[MERIS]]<br />
*[[MODIS]] <br />
*[[Photosynthesis]]<br />
*[[Phytoplankton]]<br />
*[[Pollution]]<br />
*[[Population equivalent]]<br />
*[[Primary_production|Primary production]]<br />
*[[Redfield_ratio|Redfield ratio]]<br />
*[[Salinity]]<br />
*[[SeaWiFS]]<br />
*[[Secchi depth]]<br />
*[[Secchi disk]]<br />
*[[Sensors]]<br />
*[[Sun_glitter|Sun glitter]]<br />
*[[Turbidity]]<br />
*[[Zooplankton]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br></div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication&diff=62333
Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication
2014-02-17T14:50:44Z
<p>Carolienk: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">European legislations regarding eutrophication</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
<br />
*[[European policy on eutrophication: introduction |European policy on eutrophication: introduction]]<br />
*[[Barcelona Convention]]<br />
*[[Black Sea Convention]]<br />
*[[European Marine Strategy Framework Directive]]<br />
*[[HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) and Helsinki Convention|HELCOM]]<br />
*[[Nitrates Directive]]<br />
*[[OSPAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) and OSPAR Commission|OSPAR]]<br />
*[[OSPAR and eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive]]<br />
*[[Water Framework Directive]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication causes and consequences</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [[What causes eutrophication?]] <br />
* [[Possible consequences of eutrophication|Possible consequences of eutrophication]]<br />
* [[Case studies eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|Ecological impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Human_health_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Humans_at_the_top_of_the_food_web.29|Human health impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Economic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Shellfish_flavour.29|Economic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Recreational_and_aesthetic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Foam_on_the_beach.29|Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Monitoring</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*Eutrophication parameters and indicators<br />
**[[OSPAR eutrophication assessment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_I:_Nutrient_enrichment|Category I: Nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_II:_Direct_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category II: Direct effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_III:_Indirect_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category III: Indirect effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_IV:_Other_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category IV: Other possible effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
*[[In situ monitoring of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Oceanographic_instruments|Instruments]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Sensors|Sensors]]<br />
*[[Remote_sensing|Remote Sensing]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Modelling</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[ Modelling marine and coastal eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">The ISECA project</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Information System on the Eutrophication of our Coastal Areas]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication facts in the news</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/04/china-algal-bloom-yellow-sea-green China's largest algal bloom turns the Yellow Sea green ''(The Guardian, Thursday 04 July 2013)'']<br />
* [http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jul/27/brittany-beaches-toxic-algae-boars Brittany beaches hit by toxic algae ''(The Guardian, Wednesday 27 July 2011)'']<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/10/france-brittany-coast-seaweed-algae Lethal algae take over beaches in northern France ''(The Guardian, Monday 10 August 2009)'']<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Dictionary</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Agglomeration]]<br />
*[[Algae]]<br />
*[[Anthropogenic]]<br />
*[[Aquaculture]]<br />
*[[Algal_bloom|Algal bloom]]<br />
*[[Biomass]]<br />
*[[Ecosystem]]<br />
*[[Eutrophic]]<br />
*[[Eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Fertilizer]]<br />
*[[Harmful_algal_blooms|Harmful algal blooms]]<br />
*[[Heterotrophic]]<br />
*[[Hypoxia]]<br />
*[[In situ]]<br />
*[[Non-indigenous species]]<br />
*[[Nutrient]]<br />
*[[MERIS]]<br />
*[[MODIS]] <br />
*[[Photosynthesis]]<br />
*[[Phytoplankton]]<br />
*[[Pollution]]<br />
*[[Population equivalent]]<br />
*[[Primary_production|Primary production]]<br />
*[[Redfield_ratio|Redfield ratio]]<br />
*[[Salinity]]<br />
*[[SeaWiFS]]<br />
*[[Secchi depth]]<br />
*[[Secchi disk]]<br />
*[[Sensors]]<br />
*[[Sun_glitter|Sun glitter]]<br />
*[[Turbidity]]<br />
*[[Zooplankton]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br></div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication&diff=62332
Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication
2014-02-17T14:49:45Z
<p>Carolienk: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">European legislations regarding eutrophication</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
<br />
*[[European policy on eutrophication: introduction |European policy on eutrophication: introduction]]<br />
*[[Barcelona Convention]]<br />
*[[Black Sea Convention]]<br />
*[[European Marine Strategy Framework Directive]]<br />
*[[HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) and Helsinki Convention|HELCOM]]<br />
*[[Nitrates Directive]]<br />
*[[OSPAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) and OSPAR Commission|OSPAR]]<br />
*[[OSPAR and eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive]]<br />
*[[Water Framework Directive]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication causes and consequences</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [[What causes eutrophication?]] <br />
* [[Possible consequences of eutrophication|Possible consequences of eutrophication]]<br />
* [[Case studies eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|Ecological impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Human_health_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Humans_at_the_top_of_the_food_web.29|Human health impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Economic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Shellfish_flavour.29|Economic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Recreational_and_aesthetic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Foam_on_the_beach.29|Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Monitoring</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*Eutrophication parameters and indicators<br />
**[[OSPAR eutrophication assessment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_I:_Nutrient_enrichment|Category I: Nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_II:_Direct_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category II: Direct effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_III:_Indirect_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category III: Indirect effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_IV:_Other_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category IV: Other possible effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
*[[In situ monitoring of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Oceanographic_instruments|Instruments]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Sensors|Sensors]]<br />
*[[Remote_sensing|Remote Sensing]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Modelling</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[ Modelling marine and coastal eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">The ISECA project</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Information System on the Eutrophication of our Coastal Areas]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">News and media</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/04/china-algal-bloom-yellow-sea-green China's largest algal bloom turns the Yellow Sea green ''(The Guardian, Thursday 04 July 2013)'']<br />
* [http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jul/27/brittany-beaches-toxic-algae-boars Brittany beaches hit by toxic algae ''(The Guardian, Wednesday 27 July 2011)'']<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/10/france-brittany-coast-seaweed-algae Lethal algae take over beaches in northern France ''(The Guardian, Monday 10 August 2009)'']<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Dictionary</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Agglomeration]]<br />
*[[Algae]]<br />
*[[Anthropogenic]]<br />
*[[Aquaculture]]<br />
*[[Algal_bloom|Algal bloom]]<br />
*[[Biomass]]<br />
*[[Ecosystem]]<br />
*[[Eutrophic]]<br />
*[[Eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Fertilizer]]<br />
*[[Harmful_algal_blooms|Harmful algal blooms]]<br />
*[[Heterotrophic]]<br />
*[[Hypoxia]]<br />
*[[In situ]]<br />
*[[Non-indigenous species]]<br />
*[[Nutrient]]<br />
*[[MERIS]]<br />
*[[MODIS]] <br />
*[[Photosynthesis]]<br />
*[[Phytoplankton]]<br />
*[[Pollution]]<br />
*[[Population equivalent]]<br />
*[[Primary_production|Primary production]]<br />
*[[Redfield_ratio|Redfield ratio]]<br />
*[[Salinity]]<br />
*[[SeaWiFS]]<br />
*[[Secchi depth]]<br />
*[[Secchi disk]]<br />
*[[Sensors]]<br />
*[[Sun_glitter|Sun glitter]]<br />
*[[Turbidity]]<br />
*[[Zooplankton]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br></div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication&diff=62331
Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication
2014-02-17T14:48:37Z
<p>Carolienk: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">European legislations regarding eutrophication</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
<br />
*[[European policy on eutrophication: introduction |European policy on eutrophication: introduction]]<br />
*[[Barcelona Convention]]<br />
*[[Black Sea Convention]]<br />
*[[European Marine Strategy Framework Directive]]<br />
*[[HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) and Helsinki Convention|HELCOM]]<br />
*[[Nitrates Directive]]<br />
*[[OSPAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) and OSPAR Commission|OSPAR]]<br />
*[[OSPAR and eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive]]<br />
*[[Water Framework Directive]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication causes and consequences</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [[What causes eutrophication?]] <br />
* [[Possible consequences of eutrophication|Possible consequences of eutrophication]]<br />
* [[Case studies eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|Ecological impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Human_health_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Humans_at_the_top_of_the_food_web.29|Human health impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Economic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Shellfish_flavour.29|Economic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Recreational_and_aesthetic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Foam_on_the_beach.29|Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Monitoring</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*Eutrophication parameters and indicators<br />
**[[OSPAR eutrophication assessment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_I:_Nutrient_enrichment|Category I: Nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_II:_Direct_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category II: Direct effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_III:_Indirect_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category III: Indirect effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_IV:_Other_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category IV: Other possible effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
*[[In situ monitoring of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Oceanographic_instruments|Instruments]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Sensors|Sensors]]<br />
*[[Remote_sensing|Remote Sensing]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Modelling</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[ Modelling marine and coastal eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">The ISECA project</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Information System on the Eutrophication of our Coastal Areas]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication related topics in the news</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/04/china-algal-bloom-yellow-sea-green China's largest algal bloom turns the Yellow Sea green ''(The Guardian, Thursday 04 July 2013)'']<br />
* [http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jul/27/brittany-beaches-toxic-algae-boars Brittany beaches hit by toxic algae ''(The Guardian, Wednesday 27 July 2011)'']<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/10/france-brittany-coast-seaweed-algae Lethal algae take over beaches in northern France ''(The Guardian, Monday 10 August 2009)'']<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Dictionary</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Agglomeration]]<br />
*[[Algae]]<br />
*[[Anthropogenic]]<br />
*[[Aquaculture]]<br />
*[[Algal_bloom|Algal bloom]]<br />
*[[Biomass]]<br />
*[[Ecosystem]]<br />
*[[Eutrophic]]<br />
*[[Eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Fertilizer]]<br />
*[[Harmful_algal_blooms|Harmful algal blooms]]<br />
*[[Heterotrophic]]<br />
*[[Hypoxia]]<br />
*[[In situ]]<br />
*[[Non-indigenous species]]<br />
*[[Nutrient]]<br />
*[[MERIS]]<br />
*[[MODIS]] <br />
*[[Photosynthesis]]<br />
*[[Phytoplankton]]<br />
*[[Pollution]]<br />
*[[Population equivalent]]<br />
*[[Primary_production|Primary production]]<br />
*[[Redfield_ratio|Redfield ratio]]<br />
*[[Salinity]]<br />
*[[SeaWiFS]]<br />
*[[Secchi depth]]<br />
*[[Secchi disk]]<br />
*[[Sensors]]<br />
*[[Sun_glitter|Sun glitter]]<br />
*[[Turbidity]]<br />
*[[Zooplankton]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br></div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication&diff=62330
Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication
2014-02-17T14:47:21Z
<p>Carolienk: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">European legislations regarding eutrophication</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
<br />
*[[European policy on eutrophication: introduction |European policy on eutrophication: introduction]]<br />
*[[Barcelona Convention]]<br />
*[[Black Sea Convention]]<br />
*[[European Marine Strategy Framework Directive]]<br />
*[[HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) and Helsinki Convention|HELCOM]]<br />
*[[Nitrates Directive]]<br />
*[[OSPAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) and OSPAR Commission|OSPAR]]<br />
*[[OSPAR and eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive]]<br />
*[[Water Framework Directive]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication causes and consequences</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [[What causes eutrophication?]] <br />
* [[Possible consequences of eutrophication|Possible consequences of eutrophication]]<br />
* [[Case studies eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|Ecological impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Human_health_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Humans_at_the_top_of_the_food_web.29|Human health impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Economic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Shellfish_flavour.29|Economic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Recreational_and_aesthetic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Foam_on_the_beach.29|Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Monitoring</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*Eutrophication parameters and indicators<br />
**[[OSPAR eutrophication assessment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_I:_Nutrient_enrichment|Category I: Nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_II:_Direct_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category II: Direct effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_III:_Indirect_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category III: Indirect effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_IV:_Other_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category IV: Other possible effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
*[[In situ monitoring of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Oceanographic_instruments|Instruments]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Sensors|Sensors]]<br />
*[[Remote_sensing|Remote Sensing]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Modelling</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[ Modelling marine and coastal eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">The ISECA project</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Information System on the Eutrophication of our Coastal Areas]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Newsroom: Effects of eutrophication</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/04/china-algal-bloom-yellow-sea-green China's largest algal bloom turns the Yellow Sea green ''(The Guardian, Thursday 04 July 2013)'']<br />
* [http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jul/27/brittany-beaches-toxic-algae-boars Brittany beaches hit by toxic algae ''(The Guardian, Wednesday 27 July 2011)'']<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/10/france-brittany-coast-seaweed-algae Lethal algae take over beaches in northern France ''(The Guardian, Monday 10 August 2009)'']<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Dictionary</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Agglomeration]]<br />
*[[Algae]]<br />
*[[Anthropogenic]]<br />
*[[Aquaculture]]<br />
*[[Algal_bloom|Algal bloom]]<br />
*[[Biomass]]<br />
*[[Ecosystem]]<br />
*[[Eutrophic]]<br />
*[[Eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Fertilizer]]<br />
*[[Harmful_algal_blooms|Harmful algal blooms]]<br />
*[[Heterotrophic]]<br />
*[[Hypoxia]]<br />
*[[In situ]]<br />
*[[Non-indigenous species]]<br />
*[[Nutrient]]<br />
*[[MERIS]]<br />
*[[MODIS]] <br />
*[[Photosynthesis]]<br />
*[[Phytoplankton]]<br />
*[[Pollution]]<br />
*[[Population equivalent]]<br />
*[[Primary_production|Primary production]]<br />
*[[Redfield_ratio|Redfield ratio]]<br />
*[[Salinity]]<br />
*[[SeaWiFS]]<br />
*[[Secchi depth]]<br />
*[[Secchi disk]]<br />
*[[Sensors]]<br />
*[[Sun_glitter|Sun glitter]]<br />
*[[Turbidity]]<br />
*[[Zooplankton]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br></div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication&diff=62329
Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication
2014-02-17T14:45:08Z
<p>Carolienk: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">European legislations regarding eutrophication</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
<br />
*[[European policy on eutrophication: introduction |European policy on eutrophication: introduction]]<br />
*[[Barcelona Convention]]<br />
*[[Black Sea Convention]]<br />
*[[European Marine Strategy Framework Directive]]<br />
*[[HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) and Helsinki Convention|HELCOM]]<br />
*[[Nitrates Directive]]<br />
*[[OSPAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) and OSPAR Commission|OSPAR]]<br />
*[[OSPAR and eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive]]<br />
*[[Water Framework Directive]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication causes and consequences</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [[What causes eutrophication?]] <br />
* [[Possible consequences of eutrophication|Possible consequences of eutrophication]]<br />
* [[Case studies eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|Ecological impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Human_health_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Humans_at_the_top_of_the_food_web.29|Human health impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Economic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Shellfish_flavour.29|Economic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Recreational_and_aesthetic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Foam_on_the_beach.29|Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Monitoring</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*Eutrophication parameters and indicators<br />
**[[OSPAR eutrophication assessment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_I:_Nutrient_enrichment|Category I: Nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_II:_Direct_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category II: Direct effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_III:_Indirect_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category III: Indirect effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_IV:_Other_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category IV: Other possible effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
*[[In situ monitoring of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Oceanographic_instruments|Instruments]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Sensors|Sensors]]<br />
*[[Remote_sensing|Remote Sensing]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Modelling</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[ Modelling marine and coastal eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">The ISECA project</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Information System on the Eutrophication of our Coastal Areas]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">News: Effects of eutrophication</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/04/china-algal-bloom-yellow-sea-green China's largest algal bloom turns the Yellow Sea green ''(The Guardian, Thursday 04 July 2013)'']<br />
* [http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jul/27/brittany-beaches-toxic-algae-boars Brittany beaches hit by toxic algae ''(The Guardian, Wednesday 27 July 2011)'']<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/10/france-brittany-coast-seaweed-algae Lethal algae take over beaches in northern France ''(The Guardian, Monday 10 August 2009)'']<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Dictionary</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Agglomeration]]<br />
*[[Algae]]<br />
*[[Anthropogenic]]<br />
*[[Aquaculture]]<br />
*[[Algal_bloom|Algal bloom]]<br />
*[[Biomass]]<br />
*[[Ecosystem]]<br />
*[[Eutrophic]]<br />
*[[Eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Fertilizer]]<br />
*[[Harmful_algal_blooms|Harmful algal blooms]]<br />
*[[Heterotrophic]]<br />
*[[Hypoxia]]<br />
*[[In situ]]<br />
*[[Non-indigenous species]]<br />
*[[Nutrient]]<br />
*[[MERIS]]<br />
*[[MODIS]] <br />
*[[Photosynthesis]]<br />
*[[Phytoplankton]]<br />
*[[Pollution]]<br />
*[[Population equivalent]]<br />
*[[Primary_production|Primary production]]<br />
*[[Redfield_ratio|Redfield ratio]]<br />
*[[Salinity]]<br />
*[[SeaWiFS]]<br />
*[[Secchi depth]]<br />
*[[Secchi disk]]<br />
*[[Sensors]]<br />
*[[Sun_glitter|Sun glitter]]<br />
*[[Turbidity]]<br />
*[[Zooplankton]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br></div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication&diff=62328
Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication
2014-02-17T14:44:12Z
<p>Carolienk: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">European legislations regarding eutrophication</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
<br />
*[[European policy on eutrophication: introduction |European policy on eutrophication: introduction]]<br />
*[[Barcelona Convention]]<br />
*[[Black Sea Convention]]<br />
*[[European Marine Strategy Framework Directive]]<br />
*[[HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) and Helsinki Convention|HELCOM]]<br />
*[[Nitrates Directive]]<br />
*[[OSPAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) and OSPAR Commission|OSPAR]]<br />
*[[OSPAR and eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive]]<br />
*[[Water Framework Directive]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication causes and consequences</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [[What causes eutrophication?]] <br />
* [[Possible consequences of eutrophication|Possible consequences of eutrophication]]<br />
* [[Case studies eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|Ecological impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Human_health_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Humans_at_the_top_of_the_food_web.29|Human health impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Economic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Shellfish_flavour.29|Economic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Recreational_and_aesthetic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Foam_on_the_beach.29|Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Monitoring</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*Eutrophication parameters and indicators<br />
**[[OSPAR eutrophication assessment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_I:_Nutrient_enrichment|Category I: Nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_II:_Direct_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category II: Direct effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_III:_Indirect_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category III: Indirect effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_IV:_Other_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category IV: Other possible effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
*[[In situ monitoring of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Oceanographic_instruments|Instruments]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Sensors|Sensors]]<br />
*[[Remote_sensing|Remote Sensing]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Modelling</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[ Modelling marine and coastal eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">The ISECA project</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Information System on the Eutrophication of our Coastal Areas]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">In the media: Effects of eutrophication</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/jul/04/china-algal-bloom-yellow-sea-green China's largest algal bloom turns the Yellow Sea green ''(The Guardian, Thursday 04 July 2013)'']<br />
* [http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jul/27/brittany-beaches-toxic-algae-boars Brittany beaches hit by toxic algae ''(The Guardian, Wednesday 27 July 2011)'']<br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/10/france-brittany-coast-seaweed-algae Lethal algae take over beaches in northern France ''(The Guardian, Monday 10 August 2009)'']<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Dictionary</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Agglomeration]]<br />
*[[Algae]]<br />
*[[Anthropogenic]]<br />
*[[Aquaculture]]<br />
*[[Algal_bloom|Algal bloom]]<br />
*[[Biomass]]<br />
*[[Ecosystem]]<br />
*[[Eutrophic]]<br />
*[[Eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Fertilizer]]<br />
*[[Harmful_algal_blooms|Harmful algal blooms]]<br />
*[[Heterotrophic]]<br />
*[[Hypoxia]]<br />
*[[In situ]]<br />
*[[Non-indigenous species]]<br />
*[[Nutrient]]<br />
*[[MERIS]]<br />
*[[MODIS]] <br />
*[[Photosynthesis]]<br />
*[[Phytoplankton]]<br />
*[[Pollution]]<br />
*[[Population equivalent]]<br />
*[[Primary_production|Primary production]]<br />
*[[Redfield_ratio|Redfield ratio]]<br />
*[[Salinity]]<br />
*[[SeaWiFS]]<br />
*[[Secchi depth]]<br />
*[[Secchi disk]]<br />
*[[Sensors]]<br />
*[[Sun_glitter|Sun glitter]]<br />
*[[Turbidity]]<br />
*[[Zooplankton]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br></div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication&diff=62327
Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication
2014-02-17T14:19:30Z
<p>Carolienk: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">European legislations regarding eutrophication</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
<br />
*[[European policy on eutrophication: introduction |European policy on eutrophication: introduction]]<br />
*[[Barcelona Convention]]<br />
*[[Black Sea Convention]]<br />
*[[European Marine Strategy Framework Directive]]<br />
*[[HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) and Helsinki Convention|HELCOM]]<br />
*[[Nitrates Directive]]<br />
*[[OSPAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) and OSPAR Commission|OSPAR]]<br />
*[[OSPAR and eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive]]<br />
*[[Water Framework Directive]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication causes and consequences</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [[What causes eutrophication?]] <br />
* [[Possible consequences of eutrophication|Possible consequences of eutrophication]]<br />
* [[Case studies eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|Ecological impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Human_health_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Humans_at_the_top_of_the_food_web.29|Human health impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Economic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Shellfish_flavour.29|Economic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Recreational_and_aesthetic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Foam_on_the_beach.29|Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Monitoring</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*Eutrophication parameters and indicators<br />
**[[OSPAR eutrophication assessment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_I:_Nutrient_enrichment|Category I: Nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_II:_Direct_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category II: Direct effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_III:_Indirect_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category III: Indirect effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_IV:_Other_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category IV: Other possible effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
*[[In situ monitoring of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Oceanographic_instruments|Instruments]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Sensors|Sensors]]<br />
*[[Remote_sensing|Remote Sensing]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Modelling</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[ Modelling marine and coastal eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">The ISECA project</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Information System on the Eutrophication of our Coastal Areas]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication in the media</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/10/france-brittany-coast-seaweed-algae Lethal algae take over beaches in northern France ''(The Guardian, Monday 10 August 2009)'']<br />
* [http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2011/jul/27/brittany-beaches-toxic-algae-boars Brittany beaches hit by toxic algae ''(The Guardian, Wednesday 27 July 2011)'']<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Dictionary</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Agglomeration]]<br />
*[[Algae]]<br />
*[[Anthropogenic]]<br />
*[[Aquaculture]]<br />
*[[Algal_bloom|Algal bloom]]<br />
*[[Biomass]]<br />
*[[Ecosystem]]<br />
*[[Eutrophic]]<br />
*[[Eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Fertilizer]]<br />
*[[Harmful_algal_blooms|Harmful algal blooms]]<br />
*[[Heterotrophic]]<br />
*[[Hypoxia]]<br />
*[[In situ]]<br />
*[[Non-indigenous species]]<br />
*[[Nutrient]]<br />
*[[MERIS]]<br />
*[[MODIS]] <br />
*[[Photosynthesis]]<br />
*[[Phytoplankton]]<br />
*[[Pollution]]<br />
*[[Population equivalent]]<br />
*[[Primary_production|Primary production]]<br />
*[[Redfield_ratio|Redfield ratio]]<br />
*[[Salinity]]<br />
*[[SeaWiFS]]<br />
*[[Secchi depth]]<br />
*[[Secchi disk]]<br />
*[[Sensors]]<br />
*[[Sun_glitter|Sun glitter]]<br />
*[[Turbidity]]<br />
*[[Zooplankton]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br></div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication&diff=62326
Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication
2014-02-17T14:10:32Z
<p>Carolienk: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">European legislations regarding eutrophication</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
<br />
*[[European policy on eutrophication: introduction |European policy on eutrophication: introduction]]<br />
*[[Barcelona Convention]]<br />
*[[Black Sea Convention]]<br />
*[[European Marine Strategy Framework Directive]]<br />
*[[HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) and Helsinki Convention|HELCOM]]<br />
*[[Nitrates Directive]]<br />
*[[OSPAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) and OSPAR Commission|OSPAR]]<br />
*[[OSPAR and eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive]]<br />
*[[Water Framework Directive]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication causes and consequences</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [[What causes eutrophication?]] <br />
* [[Possible consequences of eutrophication|Possible consequences of eutrophication]]<br />
* [[Case studies eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|Ecological impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Human_health_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Humans_at_the_top_of_the_food_web.29|Human health impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Economic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Shellfish_flavour.29|Economic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Recreational_and_aesthetic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Foam_on_the_beach.29|Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Monitoring</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*Eutrophication parameters and indicators<br />
**[[OSPAR eutrophication assessment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_I:_Nutrient_enrichment|Category I: Nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_II:_Direct_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category II: Direct effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_III:_Indirect_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category III: Indirect effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_IV:_Other_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category IV: Other possible effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
*[[In situ monitoring of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Oceanographic_instruments|Instruments]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Sensors|Sensors]]<br />
*[[Remote_sensing|Remote Sensing]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Modelling</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[ Modelling marine and coastal eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">The ISECA project</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Information System on the Eutrophication of our Coastal Areas]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication in the media</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/10/france-brittany-coast-seaweed-algae Lethal algae take over beaches in northern France ''(The Guardian, Monday 10 August 2009)'']<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Dictionary</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Agglomeration]]<br />
*[[Algae]]<br />
*[[Anthropogenic]]<br />
*[[Aquaculture]]<br />
*[[Algal_bloom|Algal bloom]]<br />
*[[Biomass]]<br />
*[[Ecosystem]]<br />
*[[Eutrophic]]<br />
*[[Eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Fertilizer]]<br />
*[[Harmful_algal_blooms|Harmful algal blooms]]<br />
*[[Heterotrophic]]<br />
*[[Hypoxia]]<br />
*[[In situ]]<br />
*[[Non-indigenous species]]<br />
*[[Nutrient]]<br />
*[[MERIS]]<br />
*[[MODIS]] <br />
*[[Photosynthesis]]<br />
*[[Phytoplankton]]<br />
*[[Pollution]]<br />
*[[Population equivalent]]<br />
*[[Primary_production|Primary production]]<br />
*[[Redfield_ratio|Redfield ratio]]<br />
*[[Salinity]]<br />
*[[SeaWiFS]]<br />
*[[Secchi depth]]<br />
*[[Secchi disk]]<br />
*[[Sensors]]<br />
*[[Sun_glitter|Sun glitter]]<br />
*[[Turbidity]]<br />
*[[Zooplankton]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br></div>
Carolienk
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication&diff=62325
Portal:Eutrophication/Eutrophication
2014-02-17T14:10:09Z
<p>Carolienk: </p>
<hr />
<div><div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">European legislations regarding eutrophication</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
<br />
*[[European policy on eutrophication: introduction |European policy on eutrophication: introduction]]<br />
*[[Barcelona Convention]]<br />
*[[Black Sea Convention]]<br />
*[[European Marine Strategy Framework Directive]]<br />
*[[HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) and Helsinki Convention|HELCOM]]<br />
*[[Nitrates Directive]]<br />
*[[OSPAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) and OSPAR Commission|OSPAR]]<br />
*[[OSPAR and eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive]]<br />
*[[Water Framework Directive]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication causes and consequences</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
* [[What causes eutrophication?]] <br />
* [[Possible consequences of eutrophication|Possible consequences of eutrophication]]<br />
* [[Case studies eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Ecological_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Eutrophication_and_dead_zones.29|Ecological impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Human_health_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Humans_at_the_top_of_the_food_web.29|Human health impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Economic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Shellfish_flavour.29|Economic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[Case_studies_eutrophication#Recreational_and_aesthetic_impacts_of_eutrophication_.28Case_study:_Foam_on_the_beach.29|Recreational and aesthetic impacts of eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Monitoring</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*Eutrophication parameters and indicators<br />
**[[OSPAR eutrophication assessment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_I:_Nutrient_enrichment|Category I: Nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_II:_Direct_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category II: Direct effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_III:_Indirect_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category III: Indirect effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
***[[OSPAR_eutrophication_assessment#Category_IV:_Other_effects_of_nutrient_enrichment|Category IV: Other possible effects of nutrient enrichment]]<br />
*[[In situ monitoring of eutrophication]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Oceanographic_instruments|Instruments]]<br />
**[[In_situ_monitoring_of_eutrophication#Sensors|Sensors]]<br />
*[[Remote_sensing|Remote Sensing]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Modelling</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[ Modelling marine and coastal eutrophication]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">The ISECA project</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Information System on the Eutrophication of our Coastal Areas]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Eutrophication in the media</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/10/france-brittany-coast-seaweed-algae Lethal algae take over beaches in northern France (The Guardian, Monday 10 August 2009)]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br />
<div class="NavFrame"><br />
<div class="NavHead">Dictionary</div><br />
<div class="NavContent" style="display:none;"><br />
*[[Agglomeration]]<br />
*[[Algae]]<br />
*[[Anthropogenic]]<br />
*[[Aquaculture]]<br />
*[[Algal_bloom|Algal bloom]]<br />
*[[Biomass]]<br />
*[[Ecosystem]]<br />
*[[Eutrophic]]<br />
*[[Eutrophication]]<br />
*[[Fertilizer]]<br />
*[[Harmful_algal_blooms|Harmful algal blooms]]<br />
*[[Heterotrophic]]<br />
*[[Hypoxia]]<br />
*[[In situ]]<br />
*[[Non-indigenous species]]<br />
*[[Nutrient]]<br />
*[[MERIS]]<br />
*[[MODIS]] <br />
*[[Photosynthesis]]<br />
*[[Phytoplankton]]<br />
*[[Pollution]]<br />
*[[Population equivalent]]<br />
*[[Primary_production|Primary production]]<br />
*[[Redfield_ratio|Redfield ratio]]<br />
*[[Salinity]]<br />
*[[SeaWiFS]]<br />
*[[Secchi depth]]<br />
*[[Secchi disk]]<br />
*[[Sensors]]<br />
*[[Sun_glitter|Sun glitter]]<br />
*[[Turbidity]]<br />
*[[Zooplankton]]<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br></div>
Carolienk