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2024-03-29T15:43:02Z
User contributions
MediaWiki 1.31.7
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Marinebiotechdisclaimer&diff=71721
Template:Marinebiotechdisclaimer
2016-08-03T14:13:34Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: /* Disclaimer */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Disclaimer==<br />
This country profile is based on available online information sources and contributions from various country experts and stakeholders. It does not claim to be complete or final, but should be considered as a dynamic and living information resource that will be elaborated, updated and improved as more information becomes available, including further inputs from experts and stakeholders.<br />
The information on this page is based on information initially compiled by the CSA MarineBiotech Project (2011-2013) and updated by the Marine Biotechnology ERA-NET (2013-2017).</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology&diff=71720
Marine Biotechnology
2016-08-03T14:11:09Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Image<br />
|position = right<br />
|margin = 0px 5px 5px 1em<br />
|width = 400<br />
|wikiimage = MBT_2014_Diagram.png<br />
|captionposition = center<br />
|fontsize = 85<br />
|caption = Examples of products and services developed by technological applications using marine bioresources (diagram adapted from the European Marine Board Position Paper). <ref name="positionpaper15">Marine Biotechnology: A New Vision and Strategy for Europe, Marine Board-ESF Position Paper 15, 2010.</ref><br />
}}<br />
The OECD defines biotechnology as ‘The application of science and technology to living organisms, as well as parts, products and models thereof, to alter living or non-living materials for the production of knowledge, goods and services’.<ref name="faoillustration">Source: Background Paper, OECD Global Forum on Biotechnology, Vancouver, 30-31 May 2012.</ref> <br />
<br />
This definition covers all modern biotechnology but also many more production related and traditional borderline activities used in agriculture, food and beverage production (e.g. cheese and beer). Nowadays, biotechnology is more often considered in terms of cutting-edge molecular or genomic biological applications where molecular or genetic material is manipulated to generate desirable products or other benefits. <br />
<br />
What we consider as biotechnology, therefore, largely depends on what techniques we include and this is linked, in turn, to what we wish to address. Marine Biotechnology encompasses those efforts that involve marine bioresources, either as the source or the target of biotechnology applications. In many cases this means that the living organisms which are used to develop products or services are derived from marine sources. At the same time, if terrestrial organisms are used to develop a biosensor which is used in the marine environment to assess the ecosystem health then it also falls within the sphere of Marine Biotechnology.<br />
<br />
<p><br />
<br style = "clear:both"/><br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology&diff=71719
Marine Biotechnology
2016-08-03T14:08:34Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Image<br />
|position = right<br />
|margin = 0px 5px 5px 1em<br />
|width = 400<br />
|wikiimage = MBT_2014_Diagram.png<br />
|captionposition = center<br />
|fontsize = 85<br />
|caption = Examples of products and services developed by technological applications using marine bioresources (diagram adapted from the European Marine Board Position Paper <ref name="positionpaper15">Marine Biotechnology: A New Vision and Strategy for Europe, Marine Board-ESF Position Paper 15, 2010.</ref><br />
}}<br />
The OECD defines biotechnology as ‘The application of science and technology to living organisms, as well as parts, products and models thereof, to alter living or non-living materials for the production of knowledge, goods and services’.<ref name="faoillustration">Source: Background Paper, OECD Global Forum on Biotechnology, Vancouver, 30-31 May 2012.</ref> <br />
<br />
This definition covers all modern biotechnology but also many more production related and traditional borderline activities used in agriculture, food and beverage production (e.g. cheese and beer). Nowadays, biotechnology is more often considered in terms of cutting-edge molecular or genomic biological applications where molecular or genetic material is manipulated to generate desirable products or other benefits. <br />
<br />
What we consider as biotechnology, therefore, largely depends on what techniques we include and this is linked, in turn, to what we wish to address. Marine Biotechnology encompasses those efforts that involve marine bioresources, either as the source or the target of biotechnology applications. In many cases this means that the living organisms which are used to develop products or services are derived from marine sources. At the same time, if terrestrial organisms are used to develop a biosensor which is used in the marine environment to assess the ecosystem health then it also falls within the sphere of Marine Biotechnology.<br />
<br />
<p><br />
<br style = "clear:both"/><br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Marine_Biotechnology/Purpose&diff=71718
Portal:Marine Biotechnology/Purpose
2016-08-03T13:41:48Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:MarineBiotech.jpg|caption|left|120px|</div>]]<br />
This portal is developed in the FP7 Coordination and Support Action on Marine Biotechnology, CSA MARINEBIOTECH (October 2011-March 2013) and updated by the Marine Biotechnology ERA-NET (December 2013 - November 2017).<br />
<br><br />
<br />
This portal is available for<br />
<br />
* a '''broad public''', to show the growing importance of the application of biological marine knowledge and cutting-edge techniques to develop products and other benefits for humans; <br />
* '''researchers''', to show outlined priorities for Marine Biotechnology contributions to key societal challenges and examples of case studies showing progress in these fields;<br />
* the '''industry''' with interests in marine biotechnology and its outputs, to provide the context in which marine biotechnology innovation might take place;<br />
* '''policy makers''', to provide a discussion and clarification of national strategy documents on marine biotechnology;<br />
* '''national funding agencies''' in Europe, to provide important information and insight in scoping and preparing for a future ERA-NET in marine biotechnology;<br />
* other '''technology platforms and coordination activities''' dedicated to marine biotechnology, to highlight opportunities for interlinkage and collaboration.</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Marine_Biotechnology/Purpose&diff=71717
Portal:Marine Biotechnology/Purpose
2016-08-03T13:41:20Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:MarineBiotech.jpg|caption|left|140px|</div>]]<br />
This portal is developed in the FP7 Coordination and Support Action on Marine Biotechnology, CSA MARINEBIOTECH (October 2011-March 2013) and updated by the Marine Biotechnology ERA-NET (December 2013 - November 2017).<br />
<br><br />
<br />
This portal is available for<br />
<br />
* a '''broad public''', to show the growing importance of the application of biological marine knowledge and cutting-edge techniques to develop products and other benefits for humans; <br />
* '''researchers''', to show outlined priorities for Marine Biotechnology contributions to key societal challenges and examples of case studies showing progress in these fields;<br />
* the '''industry''' with interests in marine biotechnology and its outputs, to provide the context in which marine biotechnology innovation might take place;<br />
* '''policy makers''', to provide a discussion and clarification of national strategy documents on marine biotechnology;<br />
* '''national funding agencies''' in Europe, to provide important information and insight in scoping and preparing for a future ERA-NET in marine biotechnology;<br />
* other '''technology platforms and coordination activities''' dedicated to marine biotechnology, to highlight opportunities for interlinkage and collaboration.</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Marine_Biotechnology/Purpose&diff=71716
Portal:Marine Biotechnology/Purpose
2016-08-03T13:39:47Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:MarineBiotech.jpg|caption|left|120px|</div>]]<br />
This portal is developed in the FP7 Coordination and Support Action on Marine Biotechnology, CSA MARINEBIOTECH (October 2011-March 2013) and updated by the Marine Biotechnology ERA-NET (December 2013 - November 2017).<br />
<br><br />
<br />
This portal is available for<br />
<br />
* a '''broad public''', to show the growing importance of the application of biological marine knowledge and cutting-edge techniques to develop products and other benefits for humans; <br />
* '''researchers''', to show outlined priorities for Marine Biotechnology contributions to key societal challenges and examples of case studies showing progress in these fields;<br />
* the '''industry''' with interests in marine biotechnology and its outputs, to provide the context in which marine biotechnology innovation might take place;<br />
* '''policy makers''', to provide a discussion and clarification of national strategy documents on marine biotechnology;<br />
* '''national funding agencies''' in Europe, to provide important information and insight in scoping and preparing for a future ERA-NET in marine biotechnology;<br />
* other '''technology platforms and coordination activities''' dedicated to marine biotechnology, to highlight opportunities for interlinkage and collaboration.</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Marine_Biotechnology/Purpose&diff=71715
Portal:Marine Biotechnology/Purpose
2016-08-03T13:38:58Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:MarineBiotech.jpg|caption|left|120px|</div>]]<br />
This portal is developed in the FP7 Coordination and Support Action on Marine Biotechnology, CSA MARINEBIOTECH (October 2011-March 2013) and updated by the Marine Biotechnology ERA-NET *(December 2013 - November 2017).<br />
<br><br />
<br />
This portal is available for<br />
<br />
* a '''broad public''', to show the growing importance of the application of biological marine knowledge and cutting-edge techniques to develop products and other benefits for humans; <br />
* '''researchers''', to show outlined priorities for Marine Biotechnology contributions to key societal challenges and examples of case studies showing progress in these fields;<br />
* the '''industry''' with interests in marine biotechnology and its outputs, to provide the context in which marine biotechnology innovation might take place;<br />
* '''policy makers''', to provide a discussion and clarification of national strategy documents on marine biotechnology;<br />
* '''national funding agencies''' in Europe, to provide important information and insight in scoping and preparing for a future ERA-NET in marine biotechnology;<br />
* other '''technology platforms and coordination activities''' dedicated to marine biotechnology, to highlight opportunities for interlinkage and collaboration.</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Portal:Marine_Biotechnology/Purpose&diff=71714
Portal:Marine Biotechnology/Purpose
2016-08-03T13:38:16Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:MarineBiotech.jpg|caption|left|120px|</div>]]<br />
This portal is developed in the FP7 Coordination and Support Action on Marine Biotechnology, CSA MARINEBIOTECH (October 2011-March 2013) and updated by the Marine Biotechnology ERA-NET (December 2013 - November 2017).<br />
<br><br />
<br />
This portal is available for<br />
<br />
* a '''broad public''', to show the growing importance of the application of biological marine knowledge and cutting-edge techniques to develop products and other benefits for humans; <br />
* '''researchers''', to show outlined priorities for Marine Biotechnology contributions to key societal challenges and examples of case studies showing progress in these fields;<br />
* the '''industry''' with interests in marine biotechnology and its outputs, to provide the context in which marine biotechnology innovation might take place;<br />
* '''policy makers''', to provide a discussion and clarification of national strategy documents on marine biotechnology;<br />
* '''national funding agencies''' in Europe, to provide important information and insight in scoping and preparing for a future ERA-NET in marine biotechnology;<br />
* other '''technology platforms and coordination activities''' dedicated to marine biotechnology, to highlight opportunities for interlinkage and collaboration.</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Hawaii&diff=71698
Marine Biotechnology in Hawaii
2016-08-03T08:53:48Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:hawaii.gif||right|325px]]<br />
<br />
{{template:Marinebiotech updated<br />
|month_updated=August<br />
|year_updated=2016<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Context for Marine Biotechnology in Hawaii ==<br />
<br />
It is expected that the global '''marine biotechnology'''<ref name="marbb">http://www.marinebiotech.eu/wiki/Marine_Biotechnology</ref> market reached approximately US$ 4.8 by 2020, driven by the rising focus on environmental sustainability that led to increasing investments in the sector of marine biotechnology research.<ref name="biotres">http://fr.slideshare.net/GlobalIndustryAnalystsInc/marine-biotechnology-a-global-strategic-business-report-45597078</ref> The United States dominates the global market for marine biotechnology worldwide as it is home to highly developed, specialized marine research centers.<ref name="mrsss">http://www.cosmeticsdesign.com/Market-Trends/U.S.-leads-the-way-for-marine-biotechnology</ref> The sector in Asia and the Pacific is also growing fast, emerging as a major regional market for marine biotechnologies. Hawaii, located at the crossroad between the United States and the Asia-Pacific region, is an ideal location for marine biotechnology research and development thanks to its abundant warm sunlight, pure deep ocean water and high biodiversity resources.<ref name="biodresourc">http://www.nutrex-hawaii.com/about</ref> <br />
<br />
== Public Programs in the United States involving Hawaii ==<br />
<br />
In the U.S. Government, several levels of action within the executive power are involved on marine biotechnology research and application opportunities. <br />
<br />
*Within the presidential cabinet, the '''Department of Energy'''<ref name="ener">http://energy.gov/<br />
</ref> (DOE) is supporting marine biotechnology and especially the production of bioenergy from algae, through the '''ARPA-E'''<ref name="energg">http://energy.gov/science-innovation/innovation/arpa-e</ref> agency (Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy). Through its '''Oceans Margin Program'''<ref name="agenc">http://po.msrc.sunysb.edu/omp/<br />
</ref> (OMP)<ref name="enery">https://books.google.com/books?id=P7s-DQa7kjgC&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=Department+of+energy+marine+biotechnology&source=bl&ots=0oZNuw14yp&sig=sLVMAsNp3_eBwJpZ8g406Zo6s1c&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjupamBo_jKAhVJHJQKHWVnBxAQ6AEIMTAC#v=onepage&q=Department%20of%20energy%20marine%20biotechnology&f=false</ref> in the Office of Health and Environmental Research, DOE also supports marine biotechnology research at National laboratories and academic institutions<ref name="acadinst">http://po.msrc.sunysb.edu/omp/</ref> but with a focus on the North Atlantic Ocean. In January 2008, DOE and the governor of the state of Hawaii signed a memorandum of understanding launching the '''Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative'''<ref name="hawaiclean">http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/</ref> (HCEI) to transform the energy sector in Hawaii by achieving 70% clean energy by 2030. This includes ocean energy technology and biofuels, but the latter are currently still mainly based on land biomass, such as bio-diesel or ethanol.<ref name="hawaiclean">http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/</ref> For that purpose in 2012 the '''Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority'''<ref name="neloha">http://nelha.hawaii.gov/</ref> received a $3 million federal grant funding from the Department of Commerce’s Economic Development Administration to help expand its alternative energy and biotechnology incubator<ref name="incubat">http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/natural-energy-laboratory-of-hawaii-authority-gets-3m-federal-grant/</ref> complex.<br />
*Other departments support research on marine biotechnology for different goals, such as the Department of Defense, the Department of Commerce, the Department of Agriculture, and the Agency for International Development (USAID) which supports marine biotech projects such as reproductive studies of milkfish in Hawaii.<br />
*In addition, within the '''Executive Office of the President'''<ref name="whitehouse">https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/</ref> and under the '''Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy and the Environment'''<ref name="secreta">http://www.state.gov/e/</ref>, the offices that deal with affairs related to marine biotechnology are the '''Office of Science and Technology Policy'''<ref name="affa">http://www.state.gov/e/stas/index.htm</ref> and the '''Bureau of Oceans and International Environment and Scientific Affairs'''<ref name="booaie">http://www.state.gov/e/oes/</ref>. <br />
<br />
Two federal agencies of the U.S. are particularly interested in marine biotechnology: the '''National Science Foundation''' (NSF) and the '''National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration'''<ref name="noaa">http://www.noaa.gov/</ref> (NOAA). It is also an area of interest to the '''Environmental Protection Agency'''<ref name="epa">https://www3.epa.gov/</ref> (EPA), the '''Food and Drugs Administration'''<ref name="fdaa">http://www.fda.gov/</ref> (FDA) or the '''Economic Development Agency'''<ref name="eda">https://www.eda.gov/</ref> (EDA).<br />
<br />
*The National Science Foundation<ref name="nsf">http://www.nsf.gov/</ref> (NSF) is an independent agency created by Congress in 1950, with an annual budget of about $7.5 billion (FY 2016). It funds c. 24% of all publicly-funded academic basic research in all scientific fields except for medical science and is known to provide funding for highly innovative research.<ref name="innovative">http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2014/nsf14043/nsf14043.pdf</ref> The NSF is a contributor to EC-US Task Force meetings on marine biotechnology topics. It funds several projects and infrastructures:<br />
::*The '''Directorate for Biological Sciences'''<ref name="abou">https://www.nsf.gov/bio/about.jsp/</ref> (BIO) which provides about 64 percent of federal funding for non-medical basic research at academic institutions in the life sciences to advance understanding of the principles and mechanisms governing life. It managed the significant Microbiology Observatories (MO) and Microbial Interactions and Processes (MIP) programs<ref name="nsffund">https://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=6166 </ref>, which included significant elements of marine biotechnology. The '''IOS program'''<ref name="nsffundd">http://www.nsf.gov/div/index.jsp?div=ios</ref> (about Integrated Organismal Systems) and '''NEON'''<ref name="neon">http://www.neonscience.org/</ref> (National Ecological Observatory Network<ref name="nssfffund">http://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=13440</ref>) are examples of the current biotechnology-related programs of BIO.<br />
::*The '''Directorate for Engineering'''<ref name="engg">http://www.nsf.gov/dir/index.jsp?org=ENG</ref> (ENG) which manages the Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering program, aiming at enabling technology for advanced manufacturing and/or applications in support of the biopharmaceutical, biotechnology, and bioenergy industries, or with applications in health or the environment.<br />
::*'''MarBEC'''<ref name="marbec">http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2000/nsf00137/nsf00137c.htm</ref> is a partnership between the University of Hawaii at Manoa and the University of California at Berkeley. Its collaborators include leading laboratories, research centers, and universities in the U.S. and the Asia-Pacific region. MarBEC integrates research advances in the chemistry of marine natural products, cultivation of microalgae, and processing of bioproducts to successfully create systems capable of successful commercial production of marine bioproducts.<ref name="marbec">http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2000/nsf00137/nsf00137c.htm</ref><br />
<br />
*The national oceanic and atmospheric administration (NOAA), which coordinates most of the applied marine biotechnology research in USA<ref name="noaaa">http://www.noaa.gov/</ref> also has programs relevant to marine biotechnologies such as the '''National Sea Grant'''<ref name="nsgg">http://seagrant.noaa.gov/</ref> that supports research focused on coastal ecosystems and sustainable practices for aquaculture and fisheries, currently as part of the 2014-2017 Strategic Plan.<ref name="strategpl">http://seagrant.noaa.gov/Portals/0/Documents/global_docs/strategic_plan/Sea%20Grant%202014-2017%20Strategic%20Plan-3.pdf</ref> It mentions the objective of developing innovative technologies for all sectors of the seafood industry, including fishing, aquaculture, seafood processing to ensure a safe and sustainable supply of seafood products, but does not mention marine or any other biotechnology specifically. NOAA also manages the '''National Undersea Research Program'''<ref name="nurp">http://www.nurp.noaa.gov/</ref> (NURP). NOAA NURP and its partner the National Institute of '''Undersea Science and Technology'''<ref name="niust">http://www.nurp.noaa.gov/NIUST.htm</ref> (NIUST) is committed to assessing the marine biotechnological potential of US coral reef organisms.<ref name="cro">http://www.nurp.noaa.gov/Biotech.htm</ref><ref name="second">http://www.nurp.noaa.gov/NIUST.htm</ref> The Ocean Biotechnology Center and Repository (OBCR) has surveyed and sampled the marine resources of many states, including Hawaii.<ref name="cro">http://www.nurp.noaa.gov/Biotech.htm</ref> The '''Aquaculture Interchange Program''' (AIP)<ref name="aip">http://www.oceanicinstitute.org/research/aip/index.html</ref>, funded through a grant from NOAA, is a conduit for information exchange on aquaculture between the U.S. and Asia, Australia, and Europe. AIP conducts workshops in Honolulu where international experts gather to summarize and exchange current information critical to the growth of U.S. aquaculture.<ref name="aip">http://www.oceanicinstitute.org/research/aip/index.html</ref><br />
<br />
== Marine Biotechnology in the State of Hawaii == <br />
The '''Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority'''<ref name="nelha">http://nelha.hawaii.gov/</ref> (NELHA) is an agency attached to the state of Hawaii’s Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism founded in 1974. With the development of biofuels as one of its priorities<ref name="priorit">http://nelha.hawaii.gov/energy-portfolio/</ref>, NELHA administers the '''Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology Park'''<ref name="nelha">http://nelha.hawaii.gov/</ref> (HOST Park) devoted mainly to growing a green economy and clean energy resources. A central focus of the park is ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), although aquaculture and biofuel from algae are other important fields of work. HOST Park describes itself as one of the best places in the world to grow microalgae and consequently home to leaders in the field of microalgae production and biofuels R&D. It has various marine biotechnology developers as clients, such as Cyanotech, Mera Pharmaceuticals, Shrimp Improvement Systems, Moana, Cellana. Cellana has invested at least $10M in infrastructure destined for biofuel production and processing technology at their 6 acre state of the art demonstration plant. In 2012, NELHA received a '''$3 million federal grant'''<ref name="fedgr">http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/natural-energy-laboratory-of-hawaii-authority-gets-3m-federal-grant/</ref> from the Department of Commerce’s Economic Development Administration to help expand its alternative energy and biotechnology incubator complex.<br />
<br />
the '''Hawaii Strategic Development Corporation'''<ref name="hawa">http://hsdc.hawaii.gov/</ref> is an economic development agency of the State created to assist in developping new high tech business ventures. It has launched the HI Growth Initiative, a State equity investment program designed to catalyze the development of an innovation ecosystem in Hawaii funded by the State Legislature and the U.S. Department of the Treasury.<ref name="treasu">http://hsdc.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/2015-HSDC-Annual-Report.pdf </ref> Through the HI Growth Initiative, HSDC’s objective is to build upon successful efforts that have helped to launch a new type of paradise in Hawaii: a Startup Paradise. The Governor proposed $30 million in new funding for the HI Growth Initiative which currently provides $20 million of investment capital that will focus on the critical building blocks of an innovation ecosystem: '''entrepreneur development<ref name="entredev">http://hsdc.hawaii.gov/hi-growth-initiative/entrepreneur-development/</ref>, research commercialization'''<ref name="commercializ">http://hsdc.hawaii.gov/hi-growth-initiative/commercializing-research/</ref> and the mobilization of '''startup investment capital'''.<ref name="capitt">http://hsdc.hawaii.gov/hi-growth-initiative/startup-investment-capital/</ref> In the Hawaii Business Roundtable’s “'''Innovation Assets Report'''<ref name="reportt">http://hsdc.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/HBR-Innovation-Assets-Report.pdf</ref>” of 2014-15, biotechnology is recognized as one of the “core” sector of innovative technology companies with an important potential for economic growth and an average of 4.6% annual jobs growth (2002-2012)<ref name="reportt">http://hsdc.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/HBR-Innovation-Assets-Report.pdf</ref> The 2015 Kauffman Index for Startup Activity ranked Hawaii 12th in the nation for startup growth.<ref name="kauffm">http://www.kauffman.org/microsites/kauffman-index/rankings/state </ref><br />
<br />
'''The Hawaii Pacific University Oceanic Institute'''<ref name="hpuoi">http://www.oceanicinstitute.org/index2.html</ref> (OI) is a not-for-profit research and development organization dedicated to marine aquaculture, biotechnology, and coastal resource management.<br />
Its mission is to develop and transfer economically responsible technologies that increase aquatic food production while promoting the sustainable use of ocean resources.<ref name="hpuoi">http://www.oceanicinstitute.org/index2.html</ref> Its expertise include shrimp aquaculture with e.g. breeding of Specific Pathogen Free, genetically improved shrimp in the Nucleus Breeding Center (NBC), production of 'Kona' postlarvae and development of putative transgenic shrimps, improving shrimps’ resistance against diseases. Most of this research is funded by programs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Aquatic Feeds and Nutrition Department develops and applies innovative feed and nutrition technologies for the aquaculture and associated industries. It investigate for example micronutrients and bioactive compounds in regionally based co-products on growth, survival and body composition of aquatic animals. The '''OI Finfish Research Group'''<ref name="oifin">http://www.oceanicinstitute.org/research/finfish/index.html</ref> is working to develop core technologies in broodstock, live feeds, and hatchery-based production methods for marine species mainly associated with the warm tropical and subtropical waters of Hawaii and the Pacific Islands. The Oceanic Institute serves as the '''U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program'''<ref name="usmfp">http://www.oceanicinstitute.org/research/shrimp/shrimp-consortium.html</ref> (USMSFP) coordination and administrative center. It is an integrated multi-state research consortium that develops and transfers technologies, products, and services necessary for domestic shrimp farming industry to become competitive in the world market. OI also conducts selective breeding research at its Makapuu and Kona sites.<ref name="usmfp">http://www.oceanicinstitute.org/research/shrimp/shrimp-consortium.html</ref><br />
<br />
The '''Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture'''<ref name="ctsa">http://www.ctsa.org/</ref> (CTSA), one of five regional aquaculture centers, was created to spark the development of commercial aquaculture of tropical and subtropical species. It is co-administered by the University of Hawaii (UH) and Oceanic Institute (OI). the CTSA "region" currently encompasses tropical and subtropical species wherever they are cultured within the United States and the U.S. Affiliated Pacific Islands (American Samoa, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Hawaii, Republic of Belau and the Republic of the Marshall Islands). Research projects span the American Insular Pacific, focusing on developing an aquaculture industry using commercially viable tropical and subtropical species. The U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service (USDA/CSREES) provides CTSA's operating grant.<ref name="opgrant">http://www.oceanicinstitute.org/research/ctsa.html</ref> <br />
<br />
The '''Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology'''<ref name="hawbio">https://www.hawaii.edu/himb/</ref> is a world-renowned marine research institute of the School of Ocean & Earth Science & Technology at the '''University of Hawaii at Manoa'''.<ref name="univhawa">http://manoa.hawaii.edu/</ref> Situated on Moku o Lo'e (Coconut Island) in Kane‘ohe Bay, HIMB offers facilities for research covering many disciplines of tropical marine science such as coral ecology, biogeochemistry, and evolutionary genetics as well as marine diseases, neuroendocrinology, microbial organisms, and sensory systems of marine mammals and elasmobranchs. <br />
<br />
The '''University of Hawaii at Manoa'''<ref name="univhawa">http://manoa.hawaii.edu/</ref> offers a “'''Molecular Biosciences and Biotechnology'''<ref name="ctahr">http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/site/MBB.aspx</ref>” Program, maintaining relations with private companies. It cooperates for instance with '''Cellana'''<ref name="cellana">http://cellana.com/</ref> for algae-related research projects. It is also oriented on terrestrial biotechnologies through its “Biotechnology and Agricultural Education Program”.<br />
<br />
The '''Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education'''<ref name="cmore">http://cmore.soest.hawaii.edu/</ref> (C.MORE) is a NSF-sponsored Science and Technology Center designed to “linking genomes to biomes”: to facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of the diverse assemblages of microorganisms in the sea, ranging from the genetic basis of marine microbial biogeochemistry including the metabolic regulation and environmental controls of gene expression, to the processes that underpin the fluxes of carbon, related bioelements and energy in the marine environment. It brings together experts on these subjects and facilitates the creation and dissemination of new knowledge on the role of marine microbes in global habitability.<ref name="habitab">http://cmore.soest.hawaii.edu/information.htm</ref><br />
<br />
Overall, more than thirty aquatic plant and animal species are being raised in Hawaii for research or commercial production. Some of these include freshwater prawns, marine shrimp, seaweeds, tilapia, catfish, carp, oysters, clams, rainbow trout, salmon, abalone, mahimahi, koi, moi (Pacific threadfin), snails, frogs and microalgae.<ref name="snfral">http://www.ctsa.org/index.php/region/hawaii</ref><br />
<br />
== Private funding ==<br />
'''Cyanotech Corporation'''<ref name="cyyano">http://www.cyanotech.com/</ref> is considered one of the world’s leaders in large scale microalgae production and commercialization. Located on the Kona coast, its mission is to sustainably utilize the benefits of microalgae to improve health and extend lives. The company produces BioAstin® Natural Astaxanthin and Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica.<ref name="cyyano">http://www.cyanotech.com/</ref> It is part of the Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology Park. Cyanotech is the parent company of the wholly owned subsidiary Nutrex Hawaii, which is specialized in the development of Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica and BioAstin Hawaiian Astaxanthin.<ref name="nutrex">http://www.nutrex-hawaii.com/</ref><br />
<br />
'''Mera Pharmaceuticals, Inc.'''<ref name="meraph">https://www.merapharma.com/</ref> is a marine biotechnology company located on the big island of Hawaii. It is specialized in photobioreactor technology and owns extensive intellectual property dedicated to the culture of microalgae for biofuel or nutriceutical production.<ref name="incc">Mera Pharmaceuticals, Inc</ref> Mera has also manufactured natural astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae for over 12 years. It is famous for its sea salt production. A program supported in part by a grant awarded by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) to a consortium formed by Physical Sciences Inc., the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute and Mera Pharmaceuticals was aimed at studying the suitability of utilizing microalgae for carbon sequestration to find technologies that will lower the cost of CO2 capture and sequestration.<ref name="seque">http://www.ask-force.org/web/Golden-Rice/Olaizola-Commercial-Development-Microalgal-2003.pdf</ref> It is unclear if the program is currently ongoing.<br />
<br />
'''Cellana Inc.'''<ref name="cellana">http://cellana.com/</ref> is a developer of algae-based bioproducts from marine microalgae, also located in the HOST park. Cellana photosynthetically produces the ReNew™ line of Omega-3 EPA and DHA oils, animal feed, and biofuel feedstocks. Cellana’s patented ALDUO™ system, a series of photobioreactors coupled with open ponds, is aimed at enabling low-cost, continuous production of diverse strains of microalgae.<ref name="cellana">http://cellana.com/</ref><br />
<br />
'''Shrimp Improvement Systems'''<ref name="sisis">http://www.shrimpimprovement.com/about.php</ref> (SIS) is since 1998 an important provider of shrimp broodstock. SIS produces genetically improved and Specific Pathogen Free P vannamei shrimp broodstock and has initiated the breeding of P monodon and P stylirostris. From the HOST Park, SIS supplies broodstock to external shrimp farming operations throughout Asia and the Americas. It is dedicated to improving the performance of aquaculture stocks worldwide and notably intensive shrimp aquaculture projects in North America, thanks to its ability to provide shrimp postlarvae year-round.<ref name="sisis">http://www.shrimpimprovement.com/about.php</ref><br />
<br />
'''Forever Oceans Corporation'''<ref name="forevoc">http://www.foreveroceans.com/</ref> was launched as a spin-off of the Lockheed Martin Aquaculture Line of Business in 2014 on the HOST Park in Hawaii. It combines technology with advanced biology and a training program (The Virginia Tech - Virginia Seafood Agricultural Research and Extension Center, '''VSAREC''')<ref name="forevoc">http://www.foreveroceans.com/</ref><ref name=arecvae">http://www.arec.vaes.vt.edu/virginia-seafood/</ref>, In 2012 Forever Oceans developed with Kampachi Farms a drifting sea farm that was granted a TIME Magazine Top 25 Inventions of the Year Award.<ref name=yearawa">http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/news/press-releases/2013/january/0109-isgs-MobileFish.html</ref> Its approach aims at providing sophisticated and environmentally responsible aquafarm.<br />
<br />
'''Kampachi Farms'''<ref name="kampachi">http://www.kampachifarm.com/</ref> is a mariculture company focused on expanding the sustainable production of fish through innovative research and science application. It focuses on the culture of Kampachi fish with innovative methods even if it has interest in other fish such as Nenue of Giant Grouper.<ref name=giantgrou">http://www.kampachifarm.com/fish-of-the-future/</ref> Kampachi also supports the development of off-shore technologies such as deep open-ocean mariculture as shown by the drifting sea farm project.<br />
<br />
'''Blue Ocean Mariculture'''<ref name="blom">http://www.bofish.com/</ref> is another important mariculture company based in Hawaii, dedicated to the sustainable, responsible production of marine finfish in Hawaii, particularly Seriola spp. It is working closely with '''InnovaSea Systems,Inc.'''<ref name="innovasea">http://www.innovasea.com/about-us/</ref> to develop technology and techniques for sustainable open ocean mariculture. InnovaSea is dedicated to supporting open-ocean aquaculture businesses by producing innovative, environmentally-focused sustainable technologies and service solutions for the industry. The company is developing a fully integrated open-ocean farming platform. <br />
<br />
== Trends ==<br />
The Obama administration was committed to investing in innovative technologies such as biotechnology and alternative energy sources<ref name="alternatti">http://www.ncbiotech.org/business-commercialization/regional-development/piedmont-triad/piedmont-triad-resources/transcript</ref><ref name="alternati">http://www.agri-pulse.com/President-Obama-provides-clear-endorsement-of-agricultural-biotechnology-04152014.asp</ref>, as shown by the $3 million EDA investment<ref name="investmm">http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/natural-energy-laboratory-of-hawaii-authority-gets-3m-federal-grant/</ref> in the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority. Although 2016 is the last year of Barack Obama’s term, it is likely that the efforts will be maintained in view of the global challenges for biodiversity, food security, energy supply and medicine in Hawaii and in the U.S, added to the United States’ desire for competitiveness in innovation and science technology.<br />
<br />
Marine biotechnology is significant in Hawaii, where the potential for bioprospection is favorable and much work is done on micro-algae and aquaculture. Nevertheless there are some strains and not all aspects of marine biotechnologies are equally favored; by nature, biotechnology research and development requires the importation of microorganisms for laboratory studies and in Hawaii, regulations on microorganisms are strict, importation requires state Department of Agriculture approval, which can sometimes take up to a year.<ref name="yeaar">http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/stories/2005/08/15/story3.html</ref><br />
<br />
Moreover, civil society also has an active opinion on the development of some aspects of biotechnology in the region. There have been attempts in recent years to ban GMO and terrestrial biotech companies from the big island of Hawaii in 2013<ref name="bigisl">http://ecowatch.com/2013/11/21/hawaii-bans-gmo-biotech-companies/</ref><ref name="biggisl">https://www.rt.com/usa/hawaii-island-gmo-biotech-ban-053/</ref>, and the county of Maui in 2014. Both were blocked<ref name="blocked">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/14/maui-gmo-ban-blocked_n_6162162.html</ref> or overturned<ref name="overturned">http://www.capitalpress.com/Nation_World/Nation/20141202/hawaii-gmo-ban-overturned & http://www.civilbeat.com/2014/11/judge-invalidates-partial-ban-on-gmo-in-hawaii-county/</ref> by federal judges, but there is a tendency from civil society to be suspicious about genetically modified organisms, which could spread to the sector of marine biotechnologies (as for example in 2005, the suit against Mera Pharmaceuticals’ genetically modified algae<ref name="aallggaaee">http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/stories/2005/08/01/daily29.html</ref>) and possibly threaten the sector’s activity. <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Hawaii&diff=71697
Marine Biotechnology in Hawaii
2016-08-03T08:51:59Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:hawaii.gif||right|325px]]<br />
<br />
{{template:Marinebiotech updated<br />
|month_updated=August<br />
|year_updated=2016<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Context for Marine Biotechnology in Hawaii ==<br />
<br />
It is expected that the global '''marine biotechnology'''<ref name="marbb">http://www.marinebiotech.eu/wiki/Marine_Biotechnology</ref> market reached approximately US$ 4.8 by 2020, driven by the rising focus on environmental sustainability that led to increasing investments in the sector of marine biotechnology research.<ref name="biotres">http://fr.slideshare.net/GlobalIndustryAnalystsInc/marine-biotechnology-a-global-strategic-business-report-45597078</ref> The United States dominates the global market for marine biotechnology worldwide as it is home to highly developed, specialized marine research centers.<ref name="mrsss">http://www.cosmeticsdesign.com/Market-Trends/U.S.-leads-the-way-for-marine-biotechnology</ref> The sector in Asia and the Pacific is also growing fast, emerging as a major regional market for marine biotechnologies. Hawaii, located at the crossroad between the United States and the Asia-Pacific region, is an ideal location for marine biotechnology research and development thanks to its abundant warm sunlight, pure deep ocean water and high biodiversity resources.<ref name="biodresourc">http://www.nutrex-hawaii.com/about</ref> <br />
<br />
== Public Programs in the United States involving Hawaii ==<br />
<br />
In the U.S. Government, several levels of action within the executive power are involved on marine biotechnology research and application opportunities. <br />
<br />
*Within the presidential cabinet, the '''Department of Energy'''<ref name="ener">http://energy.gov/<br />
</ref> (DOE) is supporting marine biotechnology and especially the production of bioenergy from algae, through the '''ARPA-E'''<ref name="energg">http://energy.gov/science-innovation/innovation/arpa-e</ref> agency (Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy). Through its '''Oceans Margin Program'''<ref name="agenc">http://po.msrc.sunysb.edu/omp/<br />
</ref> (OMP)<ref name="enery">https://books.google.com/books?id=P7s-DQa7kjgC&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=Department+of+energy+marine+biotechnology&source=bl&ots=0oZNuw14yp&sig=sLVMAsNp3_eBwJpZ8g406Zo6s1c&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjupamBo_jKAhVJHJQKHWVnBxAQ6AEIMTAC#v=onepage&q=Department%20of%20energy%20marine%20biotechnology&f=false</ref> in the Office of Health and Environmental Research, DOE also supports marine biotechnology research at National laboratories and academic institutions<ref name="acadinst">http://po.msrc.sunysb.edu/omp/</ref> but with a focus on the North Atlantic Ocean. In January 2008, DOE and the governor of the state of Hawaii signed a memorandum of understanding launching the '''Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative'''<ref name="hawaiclean">http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/</ref> (HCEI) to transform the energy sector in Hawaii by achieving 70% clean energy by 2030. This includes ocean energy technology and biofuels, but the latter are currently still mainly based on land biomass, such as bio-diesel or ethanol.<ref name="hawaiclean">http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/</ref> For that purpose in 2012 the '''Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority'''<ref name="neloha">http://nelha.hawaii.gov/</ref> received a $3 million federal grant funding from the Department of Commerce’s Economic Development Administration to help expand its alternative energy and biotechnology incubator<ref name="incubat">http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/natural-energy-laboratory-of-hawaii-authority-gets-3m-federal-grant/</ref> complex.<br />
*Other departments support research on marine biotechnology for different goals, such as the Department of Defense, the Department of Commerce, the Department of Agriculture, and the Agency for International Development (USAID) which supports marine biotech projects such as reproductive studies of milkfish in Hawaii.<br />
*In addition, within the '''Executive Office of the President'''<ref name="whitehouse">https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/</ref> and under the '''Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy and the Environment'''<ref name="secreta">http://www.state.gov/e/</ref>, the offices that deal with affairs related to marine biotechnology are the '''Office of Science and Technology Policy'''<ref name="affa">http://www.state.gov/e/stas/index.htm</ref> and the '''Bureau of Oceans and International Environment and Scientific Affairs'''<ref name="booaie">http://www.state.gov/e/oes/</ref>. <br />
<br />
Two federal agencies of the U.S. are particularly interested in marine biotechnology: the '''National Science Foundation''' (NSF) and the '''National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration'''<ref name="noaa">http://www.noaa.gov/</ref> (NOAA). It is also an area of interest to the '''Environmental Protection Agency'''<ref name="epa">https://www3.epa.gov/</ref> (EPA), the '''Food and Drugs Administration'''<ref name="fdaa">http://www.fda.gov/</ref> (FDA) or the '''Economic Development Agency'''<ref name="eda">https://www.eda.gov/</ref> (EDA).<br />
<br />
*The National Science Foundation<ref name="nsf">http://www.nsf.gov/</ref> (NSF) is an independent agency created by Congress in 1950, with an annual budget of about $7.5 billion (FY 2016). It funds c. 24% of all publicly-funded academic basic research in all scientific fields except for medical science and is known to provide funding for highly innovative research.<ref name="innovative">http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2014/nsf14043/nsf14043.pdf</ref> The NSF is a contributor to EC-US Task Force meetings on marine biotechnology topics. It funds several projects and infrastructures:<br />
::*The '''Directorate for Biological Sciences'''<ref name="abou">https://www.nsf.gov/bio/about.jsp/</ref> (BIO) which provides about 64 percent of federal funding for non-medical basic research at academic institutions in the life sciences to advance understanding of the principles and mechanisms governing life. It managed the significant Microbiology Observatories (MO) and Microbial Interactions and Processes (MIP) programs<ref name="nsffund">https://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=6166 </ref>, which included significant elements of marine biotechnology. The '''IOS program'''<ref name="nsffundd">http://www.nsf.gov/div/index.jsp?div=ios</ref> (about Integrated Organismal Systems) and '''NEON'''<ref name="neon">http://www.neonscience.org/</ref> (National Ecological Observatory Network<ref name="nssfffund">http://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=13440</ref>) are examples of the current biotechnology-related programs of BIO.<br />
::*The '''Directorate for Engineering'''<ref name="engg">http://www.nsf.gov/dir/index.jsp?org=ENG</ref> (ENG) which manages the Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering program, aiming at enabling technology for advanced manufacturing and/or applications in support of the biopharmaceutical, biotechnology, and bioenergy industries, or with applications in health or the environment.<br />
::*'''MarBEC'''<ref name="marbec">http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2000/nsf00137/nsf00137c.htm</ref> is a partnership between the University of Hawaii at Manoa and the University of California at Berkeley. Its collaborators include leading laboratories, research centers, and universities in the U.S. and the Asia-Pacific region. MarBEC integrates research advances in the chemistry of marine natural products, cultivation of microalgae, and processing of bioproducts to successfully create systems capable of successful commercial production of marine bioproducts.<ref name="marbec">http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2000/nsf00137/nsf00137c.htm</ref><br />
<br />
*The national oceanic and atmospheric administration (NOAA), which coordinates most of the applied marine biotechnology research in USA<ref name="noaaa">http://www.noaa.gov/</ref> also has programs relevant to marine biotechnologies such as the '''National Sea Grant'''<ref name="nsgg">http://seagrant.noaa.gov/</ref> that supports research focused on coastal ecosystems and sustainable practices for aquaculture and fisheries, currently as part of the 2014-2017 Strategic Plan.<ref name="strategpl">http://seagrant.noaa.gov/Portals/0/Documents/global_docs/strategic_plan/Sea%20Grant%202014-2017%20Strategic%20Plan-3.pdf</ref> It mentions the objective of developing innovative technologies for all sectors of the seafood industry, including fishing, aquaculture, seafood processing to ensure a safe and sustainable supply of seafood products, but does not mention marine or any other biotechnology specifically. NOAA also manages the '''National Undersea Research Program'''<ref name="nurp">http://www.nurp.noaa.gov/</ref> (NURP). NOAA NURP and its partner the National Institute of '''Undersea Science and Technology'''<ref name="niust">http://www.nurp.noaa.gov/NIUST.htm</ref> (NIUST) is committed to assessing the marine biotechnological potential of US coral reef organisms.<ref name="cro">http://www.nurp.noaa.gov/Biotech.htm</ref><ref name="second">http://www.nurp.noaa.gov/NIUST.htm</ref> The Ocean Biotechnology Center and Repository (OBCR) has surveyed and sampled the marine resources of many states, including Hawaii.<ref name="cro">http://www.nurp.noaa.gov/Biotech.htm</ref> The '''Aquaculture Interchange Program''' (AIP)<ref name="aip">http://www.oceanicinstitute.org/research/aip/index.html</ref>, funded through a grant from NOAA, is a conduit for information exchange on aquaculture between the U.S. and Asia, Australia, and Europe. AIP conducts workshops in Honolulu where international experts gather to summarize and exchange current information critical to the growth of U.S. aquaculture.<ref name="aip">http://www.oceanicinstitute.org/research/aip/index.html</ref><br />
<br />
== Marine Biotechnology in the State of Hawaii == <br />
The '''Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority'''<ref name="nelha">http://nelha.hawaii.gov/</ref> (NELHA) is an agency attached to the state of Hawaii’s Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism founded in 1974. With the development of biofuels as one of its priorities<ref name="priorit">http://nelha.hawaii.gov/energy-portfolio/</ref>, NELHA administers the '''Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology Park'''<ref name="nelha">http://nelha.hawaii.gov/</ref> (HOST Park) devoted mainly to growing a green economy and clean energy resources. A central focus of the park is ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), although aquaculture and biofuel from algae are other important fields of work. HOST Park describes itself as one of the best places in the world to grow microalgae and consequently home to leaders in the field of microalgae production and biofuels R&D. It has various marine biotechnology developers as clients, such as Cyanotech, Mera Pharmaceuticals, Shrimp Improvement Systems, Moana, Cellana. Cellana has invested at least $10M in infrastructure destined for biofuel production and processing technology at their 6 acre state of the art demonstration plant. In 2012, NELHA received a '''$3 million federal grant'''<ref name="fedgr">http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/natural-energy-laboratory-of-hawaii-authority-gets-3m-federal-grant/</ref> from the Department of Commerce’s Economic Development Administration to help expand its alternative energy and biotechnology incubator complex.<br />
<br />
the '''Hawaii Strategic Development Corporation'''<ref name="hawa">http://hsdc.hawaii.gov/</ref> is an economic development agency of the State created to assist in developping new high tech business ventures. It has launched the HI Growth Initiative, a State equity investment program designed to catalyze the development of an innovation ecosystem in Hawaii funded by the State Legislature and the U.S. Department of the Treasury.<ref name="treasu">http://hsdc.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/2015-HSDC-Annual-Report.pdf </ref> Through the HI Growth Initiative, HSDC’s objective is to build upon successful efforts that have helped to launch a new type of paradise in Hawaii: a Startup Paradise. The Governor proposed $30 million in new funding for the HI Growth Initiative which currently provides $20 million of investment capital that will focus on the critical building blocks of an innovation ecosystem: '''entrepreneur development<ref name="entredev">http://hsdc.hawaii.gov/hi-growth-initiative/entrepreneur-development/</ref>, research commercialization'''<ref name="commercializ">http://hsdc.hawaii.gov/hi-growth-initiative/commercializing-research/</ref> and the mobilization of '''startup investment capital'''.<ref name="capitt">http://hsdc.hawaii.gov/hi-growth-initiative/startup-investment-capital/</ref> In the Hawaii Business Roundtable’s “'''Innovation Assets Report'''<ref name="reportt">http://hsdc.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/HBR-Innovation-Assets-Report.pdf</ref>” of 2014-15, biotechnology is recognized as one of the “core” sector of innovative technology companies with an important potential for economic growth and an average of 4.6% annual jobs growth (2002-2012)<ref name="reportt">http://hsdc.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/HBR-Innovation-Assets-Report.pdf</ref> The 2015 Kauffman Index for Startup Activity ranked Hawaii 12th in the nation for startup growth.<ref name="kauffm">http://www.kauffman.org/microsites/kauffman-index/rankings/state </ref><br />
<br />
'''The Hawaii Pacific University Oceanic Institute'''<ref name="hpuoi">http://www.oceanicinstitute.org/index2.html</ref> (OI) is a not-for-profit research and development organization dedicated to marine aquaculture, biotechnology, and coastal resource management.<br />
Its mission is to develop and transfer economically responsible technologies that increase aquatic food production while promoting the sustainable use of ocean resources.<ref name="hpuoi">http://www.oceanicinstitute.org/index2.html</ref> Its expertise include shrimp aquaculture with e.g. breeding of Specific Pathogen Free, genetically improved shrimp in the Nucleus Breeding Center (NBC), production of 'Kona' postlarvae and development of putative transgenic shrimps, improving shrimps’ resistance against diseases. Most of this research is funded by programs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Aquatic Feeds and Nutrition Department develops and applies innovative feed and nutrition technologies for the aquaculture and associated industries. It investigate for example micronutrients and bioactive compounds in regionally based co-products on growth, survival and body composition of aquatic animals. The '''OI Finfish Research Group'''<ref name="oifin">http://www.oceanicinstitute.org/research/finfish/index.html</ref> is working to develop core technologies in broodstock, live feeds, and hatchery-based production methods for marine species mainly associated with the warm tropical and subtropical waters of Hawaii and the Pacific Islands. The Oceanic Institute serves as the '''U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program'''<ref name="usmfp">http://www.oceanicinstitute.org/research/shrimp/shrimp-consortium.html</ref> (USMSFP) coordination and administrative center. It is an integrated multi-state research consortium that develops and transfers technologies, products, and services necessary for domestic shrimp farming industry to become competitive in the world market. OI also conducts selective breeding research at its Makapuu and Kona sites.<ref name="usmfp">http://www.oceanicinstitute.org/research/shrimp/shrimp-consortium.html</ref><br />
<br />
The '''Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture'''<ref name="ctsa">http://www.ctsa.org/</ref> (CTSA), one of five regional aquaculture centers, was created to spark the development of commercial aquaculture of tropical and subtropical species. It is co-administered by the University of Hawaii (UH) and Oceanic Institute (OI). the CTSA "region" currently encompasses tropical and subtropical species wherever they are cultured within the United States and the U.S. Affiliated Pacific Islands (American Samoa, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Hawaii, Republic of Belau and the Republic of the Marshall Islands). Research projects span the American Insular Pacific, focusing on developing an aquaculture industry using commercially viable tropical and subtropical species. The U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service (USDA/CSREES) provides CTSA's operating grant.<ref name="opgrant">http://www.oceanicinstitute.org/research/ctsa.html</ref> <br />
<br />
The ''Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology'''<ref name="hawbio">https://www.hawaii.edu/himb/</ref> is a world-renowned marine research institute of the School of Ocean & Earth Science & Technology at the '''University of Hawaii at Manoa'''.<ref name="univhawa">http://manoa.hawaii.edu/</ref> Situated on Moku o Lo'e (Coconut Island) in Kane‘ohe Bay, HIMB offers facilities for research covering many disciplines of tropical marine science such as coral ecology, biogeochemistry, and evolutionary genetics as well as marine diseases, neuroendocrinology, microbial organisms, and sensory systems of marine mammals and elasmobranchs. <br />
<br />
The '''University of Hawaii at Manoa'''<ref name="univhawa">http://manoa.hawaii.edu/</ref> offers a “'''Molecular Biosciences and Biotechnology'''<ref name="ctahr">http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/site/MBB.aspx</ref>” Program, maintaining relations with private companies. It cooperates for instance with '''Cellana'''<ref name="cellana">http://cellana.com/</ref> for algae-related research projects. It is also oriented on terrestrial biotechnologies through its “Biotechnology and Agricultural Education Program”.<br />
<br />
The '''Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education'''<ref name="cmore">http://cmore.soest.hawaii.edu/</ref> (C.MORE) is a NSF-sponsored Science and Technology Center designed to “linking genomes to biomes”: to facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of the diverse assemblages of microorganisms in the sea, ranging from the genetic basis of marine microbial biogeochemistry including the metabolic regulation and environmental controls of gene expression, to the processes that underpin the fluxes of carbon, related bioelements and energy in the marine environment. It brings together experts on these subjects and facilitates the creation and dissemination of new knowledge on the role of marine microbes in global habitability.<ref name="habitab">http://cmore.soest.hawaii.edu/information.htm</ref><br />
<br />
Overall, more than thirty aquatic plant and animal species are being raised in Hawaii for research or commercial production. Some of these include freshwater prawns, marine shrimp, seaweeds, tilapia, catfish, carp, oysters, clams, rainbow trout, salmon, abalone, mahimahi, koi, moi (Pacific threadfin), snails, frogs and microalgae.<ref name="snfral">http://www.ctsa.org/index.php/region/hawaii</ref><br />
<br />
== Private funding ==<br />
'''Cyanotech Corporation'''<ref name="cyyano">http://www.cyanotech.com/</ref> is considered one of the world’s leaders in large scale microalgae production and commercialization. Located on the Kona coast, its mission is to sustainably utilize the benefits of microalgae to improve health and extend lives. The company produces BioAstin® Natural Astaxanthin and Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica.<ref name="cyyano">http://www.cyanotech.com/</ref> It is part of the Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology Park. Cyanotech is the parent company of the wholly owned subsidiary Nutrex Hawaii, which is specialized in the development of Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica and BioAstin Hawaiian Astaxanthin.<ref name="nutrex">http://www.nutrex-hawaii.com/</ref><br />
<br />
'''Mera Pharmaceuticals, Inc.'''<ref name="meraph">https://www.merapharma.com/</ref> is a marine biotechnology company located on the big island of Hawaii. It is specialized in photobioreactor technology and owns extensive intellectual property dedicated to the culture of microalgae for biofuel or nutriceutical production.<ref name="incc">Mera Pharmaceuticals, Inc</ref> Mera has also manufactured natural astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae for over 12 years. It is famous for its sea salt production. A program supported in part by a grant awarded by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) to a consortium formed by Physical Sciences Inc., the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute and Mera Pharmaceuticals was aimed at studying the suitability of utilizing microalgae for carbon sequestration to find technologies that will lower the cost of CO2 capture and sequestration.<ref name="seque">http://www.ask-force.org/web/Golden-Rice/Olaizola-Commercial-Development-Microalgal-2003.pdf</ref> It is unclear if the program is currently ongoing.<br />
<br />
'''Cellana Inc.'''<ref name="cellana">http://cellana.com/</ref> is a developer of algae-based bioproducts from marine microalgae, also located in the HOST park. Cellana photosynthetically produces the ReNew™ line of Omega-3 EPA and DHA oils, animal feed, and biofuel feedstocks. Cellana’s patented ALDUO™ system, a series of photobioreactors coupled with open ponds, is aimed at enabling low-cost, continuous production of diverse strains of microalgae.<ref name="cellana">http://cellana.com/</ref><br />
<br />
'''Shrimp Improvement Systems'''<ref name="sisis">http://www.shrimpimprovement.com/about.php</ref> (SIS) is since 1998 an important provider of shrimp broodstock. SIS produces genetically improved and Specific Pathogen Free P vannamei shrimp broodstock and has initiated the breeding of P monodon and P stylirostris. From the HOST Park, SIS supplies broodstock to external shrimp farming operations throughout Asia and the Americas. It is dedicated to improving the performance of aquaculture stocks worldwide and notably intensive shrimp aquaculture projects in North America, thanks to its ability to provide shrimp postlarvae year-round.<ref name="sisis">http://www.shrimpimprovement.com/about.php</ref><br />
<br />
'''Forever Oceans Corporation'''<ref name="forevoc">http://www.foreveroceans.com/</ref> was launched as a spin-off of the Lockheed Martin Aquaculture Line of Business in 2014 on the HOST Park in Hawaii. It combines technology with advanced biology and a training program (The Virginia Tech - Virginia Seafood Agricultural Research and Extension Center, '''VSAREC''')<ref name="forevoc">http://www.foreveroceans.com/</ref><ref name=arecvae">http://www.arec.vaes.vt.edu/virginia-seafood/</ref>, In 2012 Forever Oceans developed with Kampachi Farms a drifting sea farm that was granted a TIME Magazine Top 25 Inventions of the Year Award.<ref name=yearawa">http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/news/press-releases/2013/january/0109-isgs-MobileFish.html</ref> Its approach aims at providing sophisticated and environmentally responsible aquafarm.<br />
<br />
'''Kampachi Farms'''<ref name="kampachi">http://www.kampachifarm.com/</ref> is a mariculture company focused on expanding the sustainable production of fish through innovative research and science application. It focuses on the culture of Kampachi fish with innovative methods even if it has interest in other fish such as Nenue of Giant Grouper.<ref name=giantgrou">http://www.kampachifarm.com/fish-of-the-future/</ref> Kampachi also supports the development of off-shore technologies such as deep open-ocean mariculture as shown by the drifting sea farm project.<br />
<br />
'''Blue Ocean Mariculture'''<ref name="blom">http://www.bofish.com/</ref> is another important mariculture company based in Hawaii, dedicated to the sustainable, responsible production of marine finfish in Hawaii, particularly Seriola spp. It is working closely with '''InnovaSea Systems,Inc.'''<ref name="innovasea">http://www.innovasea.com/about-us/</ref> to develop technology and techniques for sustainable open ocean mariculture. InnovaSea is dedicated to supporting open-ocean aquaculture businesses by producing innovative, environmentally-focused sustainable technologies and service solutions for the industry. The company is developing a fully integrated open-ocean farming platform. <br />
<br />
== Trends ==<br />
The Obama administration was committed to investing in innovative technologies such as biotechnology and alternative energy sources<ref name="alternatti">http://www.ncbiotech.org/business-commercialization/regional-development/piedmont-triad/piedmont-triad-resources/transcript</ref><ref name="alternati">http://www.agri-pulse.com/President-Obama-provides-clear-endorsement-of-agricultural-biotechnology-04152014.asp</ref>, as shown by the $3 million EDA investment<ref name="investmm">http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/natural-energy-laboratory-of-hawaii-authority-gets-3m-federal-grant/</ref> in the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority. Although 2016 is the last year of Barack Obama’s term, it is likely that the efforts will be maintained in view of the global challenges for biodiversity, food security, energy supply and medicine in Hawaii and in the U.S, added to the United States’ desire for competitiveness in innovation and science technology.<br />
<br />
Marine biotechnology is significant in Hawaii, where the potential for bioprospection is favorable and much work is done on micro-algae and aquaculture. Nevertheless there are some strains and not all aspects of marine biotechnologies are equally favored; by nature, biotechnology research and development requires the importation of microorganisms for laboratory studies and in Hawaii, regulations on microorganisms are strict, importation requires state Department of Agriculture approval, which can sometimes take up to a year.<ref name="yeaar">http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/stories/2005/08/15/story3.html</ref><br />
<br />
Moreover, civil society also has an active opinion on the development of some aspects of biotechnology in the region. There have been attempts in recent years to ban GMO and terrestrial biotech companies from the big island of Hawaii in 2013<ref name="bigisl">http://ecowatch.com/2013/11/21/hawaii-bans-gmo-biotech-companies/</ref><ref name="biggisl">https://www.rt.com/usa/hawaii-island-gmo-biotech-ban-053/</ref>, and the county of Maui in 2014. Both were blocked<ref name="blocked">http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/14/maui-gmo-ban-blocked_n_6162162.html</ref> or overturned<ref name="overturned">http://www.capitalpress.com/Nation_World/Nation/20141202/hawaii-gmo-ban-overturned & http://www.civilbeat.com/2014/11/judge-invalidates-partial-ban-on-gmo-in-hawaii-county/</ref> by federal judges, but there is a tendency from civil society to be suspicious about genetically modified organisms, which could spread to the sector of marine biotechnologies (as for example in 2005, the suit against Mera Pharmaceuticals’ genetically modified algae<ref name="aallggaaee">http://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/stories/2005/08/01/daily29.html</ref>) and possibly threaten the sector’s activity. <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Hawaii&diff=71686
Marine Biotechnology in Hawaii
2016-08-03T08:03:08Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:hawaii.gif||right|325px]]<br />
<br />
{{template:Marinebiotech updated<br />
|month_updated=August<br />
|year_updated=2016<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Context for Marine Biotechnology in Hawaii ==<br />
<br />
It is expected that the global '''marine biotechnology'''<ref name="marbb">http://www.marinebiotech.eu/wiki/Marine_Biotechnology</ref> market reached approximately US$ 4.8 by 2020, driven by the rising focus on environmental sustainability that led to increasing investments in the sector of marine biotechnology research.<ref name="biotres">http://fr.slideshare.net/GlobalIndustryAnalystsInc/marine-biotechnology-a-global-strategic-business-report-45597078</ref> The United States dominates the global market for marine biotechnology worldwide as it is home to highly developed, specialized marine research centers.<ref name="mrsss">http://www.cosmeticsdesign.com/Market-Trends/U.S.-leads-the-way-for-marine-biotechnology</ref> The sector in Asia and the Pacific is also growing fast, emerging as a major regional market for marine biotechnologies. Hawaii, located at the crossroad between the United States and the Asia-Pacific region, is an ideal location for marine biotechnology research and development thanks to its abundant warm sunlight, pure deep ocean water and high biodiversity resources.<ref name="biodresourc">http://www.nutrex-hawaii.com/about</ref> <br />
<br />
== Public Programs in the United States involving Hawaii ==<br />
<br />
In the U.S. Government, several levels of action within the executive power are involved on marine biotechnology research and application opportunities. <br />
<br />
*Within the presidential cabinet, the '''Department of Energy'''<ref name="ener">http://energy.gov/<br />
</ref> (DOE) is supporting marine biotechnology and especially the production of bioenergy from algae, through the '''ARPA-E'''<ref name="energg">http://energy.gov/science-innovation/innovation/arpa-e</ref> agency (Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy). Through its '''Oceans Margin Program'''<ref name="agenc">http://po.msrc.sunysb.edu/omp/<br />
</ref> (OMP)<ref name="enery">https://books.google.com/books?id=P7s-DQa7kjgC&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=Department+of+energy+marine+biotechnology&source=bl&ots=0oZNuw14yp&sig=sLVMAsNp3_eBwJpZ8g406Zo6s1c&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjupamBo_jKAhVJHJQKHWVnBxAQ6AEIMTAC#v=onepage&q=Department%20of%20energy%20marine%20biotechnology&f=false</ref> in the Office of Health and Environmental Research, DOE also supports marine biotechnology research at National laboratories and academic institutions<ref name="acadinst">http://po.msrc.sunysb.edu/omp/</ref> but with a focus on the North Atlantic Ocean. In January 2008, DOE and the governor of the state of Hawaii signed a memorandum of understanding launching the '''Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative'''<ref name="hawaiclean">http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/</ref> (HCEI) to transform the energy sector in Hawaii by achieving 70% clean energy by 2030. This includes ocean energy technology and biofuels, but the latter are currently still mainly based on land biomass, such as bio-diesel or ethanol.<ref name="ethanol">http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/ </ref> For that purpose in 2012 the '''Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority'''<ref name="neloha">http://nelha.hawaii.gov/</ref> received a $3 million federal grant funding from the Department of Commerce’s Economic Development Administration to help expand its alternative energy and biotechnology incubator<ref name="incubat">http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/natural-energy-laboratory-of-hawaii-authority-gets-3m-federal-grant/</ref> complex.<br />
*Other departments support research on marine biotechnology for different goals, such as the Department of Defense, the Department of Commerce, the Department of Agriculture, and the Agency for International Development (USAID) which supports marine biotech projects such as reproductive studies of milkfish in Hawaii.<br />
*In addition, within the '''Executive Office of the President'''<ref name="whitehouse">https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/</ref> and under the '''Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy and the Environment'''<ref name="secreta">http://www.state.gov/e/</ref>, the offices that deal with affairs related to marine biotechnology are the '''Office of Science and Technology Policy'''<ref name="affa">http://www.state.gov/e/stas/index.htm</ref> and the '''Bureau of Oceans and International Environment and Scientific Affairs'''<ref name="booaie">http://www.state.gov/e/oes/</ref>. <br />
<br />
Two federal agencies of the U.S. are particularly interested in marine biotechnology: the '''National Science Foundation''' (NSF) and the '''National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration'''<ref name="noaa">http://www.noaa.gov/</ref> (NOAA). It is also an area of interest to the '''Environmental Protection Agency'''<ref name="epa">https://www3.epa.gov/</ref> (EPA), the '''Food and Drugs Administration'''<ref name="fdaa">http://www.fda.gov/</ref> (FDA) or the '''Economic Development Agency'''<ref name="eda">https://www.eda.gov/</ref> (EDA).<br />
<br />
*The National Science Foundation<ref name="nsf">http://www.nsf.gov/</ref> (NSF) is an independent agency created by Congress in 1950, with an annual budget of about $7.5 billion (FY 2016). It funds c. 24% of all publicly-funded academic basic research in all scientific fields except for medical science and is known to provide funding for highly innovative research.<ref name="innovative">http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2014/nsf14043/nsf14043.pdf</ref> The NSF is a contributor to EC-US Task Force meetings on marine biotechnology topics. It funds several projects and infrastructures:<br />
::*The '''Directorate for Biological Sciences'''<ref name="abou">https://www.nsf.gov/bio/about.jsp/</ref> (BIO) which provides about 64 percent of federal funding for non-medical basic research at academic institutions in the life sciences to advance understanding of the principles and mechanisms governing life. It managed the significant Microbiology Observatories (MO) and Microbial Interactions and Processes (MIP) programs<ref name="nsffund">https://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=6166 </ref>, which included significant elements of marine biotechnology. The '''IOS program'''<ref name="nsffundd">http://www.nsf.gov/div/index.jsp?div=ios</ref> (about Integrated Organismal Systems) and '''NEON'''<ref name="neon">http://www.neonscience.org/</ref> (National Ecological Observatory Network<ref name="nssfffund">http://www.nsf.gov/funding/pgm_summ.jsp?pims_id=13440</ref>) are examples of the current biotechnology-related programs of BIO.<br />
::*The '''Directorate for Engineering'''<ref name="engg">http://www.nsf.gov/dir/index.jsp?org=ENG</ref> (ENG) which manages the Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering program, aiming at enabling technology for advanced manufacturing and/or applications in support of the biopharmaceutical, biotechnology, and bioenergy industries, or with applications in health or the environment.<br />
::*'''MarBEC'''<ref name="marbec">http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2000/nsf00137/nsf00137c.htm</ref> is a partnership between the University of Hawaii at Manoa and the University of California at Berkeley. Its collaborators include leading laboratories, research centers, and universities in the U.S. and the Asia-Pacific region. MarBEC integrates research advances in the chemistry of marine natural products, cultivation of microalgae, and processing of bioproducts to successfully create systems capable of successful commercial production of marine bioproducts.<ref name="nnssffgov">http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2000/nsf00137/nsf00137c.htm</ref><br />
<br />
*The national oceanic and atmospheric administration (NOAA), which coordinates most of the applied marine biotechnology research in USA<ref name="noaaa">http://www.noaa.gov/</ref> also has programs relevant to marine biotechnologies such as the '''National Sea Grant'''<ref name="nsgg">http://seagrant.noaa.gov/</ref> that supports research focused on coastal ecosystems and sustainable practices for aquaculture and fisheries, currently as part of the 2014-2017 Strategic Plan.<ref name="strategpl">http://seagrant.noaa.gov/Portals/0/Documents/global_docs/strategic_plan/Sea%20Grant%202014-2017%20Strategic%20Plan-3.pdf</ref> It mentions the objective of developing innovative technologies for all sectors of the seafood industry, including fishing, aquaculture, seafood processing to ensure a safe and sustainable supply of seafood products, but does not mention marine or any other biotechnology specifically. NOAA also manages the '''National Undersea Research Program'''<ref name="nurp">http://www.nurp.noaa.gov/</ref> (NURP). NOAA NURP and its partner the National Institute of '''Undersea Science and Technology'''<ref name="niust">http://www.nurp.noaa.gov/NIUST.htm</ref> (NIUST) is committed to assessing the marine biotechnological potential of US coral reef organisms.<ref name="cro">http://www.nurp.noaa.gov/Biotech.htm</ref><ref name="second">http://www.nurp.noaa.gov/NIUST.htm</ref> The Ocean Biotechnology Center and Repository (OBCR) has surveyed and sampled the marine resources of many states, including Hawaii.<ref name="cro">http://www.nurp.noaa.gov/Biotech.htm</ref> The '''Aquaculture Interchange Program''' (AIP)<ref name="aip">http://www.oceanicinstitute.org/research/aip/index.html</ref>, funded through a grant from NOAA, is a conduit for information exchange on aquaculture between the U.S. and Asia, Australia, and Europe. AIP conducts workshops in Honolulu where international experts gather to summarize and exchange current information critical to the growth of U.S. aquaculture.<ref name="aquacultu">http://www.oceanicinstitute.org/research/aip/index.html</ref><br />
<br />
== Marine Biotechnology in the State of Hawaii == <br />
The '''Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority'''<ref name="nelha">http://nelha.hawaii.gov/</ref> (NELHA) is an agency attached to the state of Hawaii’s Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism founded in 1974. With the development of biofuels as one of its priorities<ref name="priorit">http://nelha.hawaii.gov/energy-portfolio/</ref>, NELHA administers the '''Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology Park'''<ref name="nelha">http://nelha.hawaii.gov/</ref> (HOST Park) devoted mainly to growing a green economy and clean energy resources. A central focus of the park is ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), although aquaculture and biofuel from algae are other important fields of work. HOST Park describes itself as one of the best places in the world to grow microalgae and consequently home to leaders in the field of microalgae production and biofuels R&D. It has various marine biotechnology developers as clients, such as Cyanotech, Mera Pharmaceuticals, Shrimp Improvement Systems, Moana, Cellana. Cellana has invested at least $10M in infrastructure destined for biofuel production and processing technology at their 6 acre state of the art demonstration plant. In 2012, NELHA received a '''$3 million federal grant'''<ref name="fedgr">http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/natural-energy-laboratory-of-hawaii-authority-gets-3m-federal-grant/</ref> from the Department of Commerce’s Economic Development Administration to help expand its alternative energy and biotechnology incubator complex.<br />
<br />
the '''Hawaii Strategic Development Corporation'''<ref name="hawa">http://hsdc.hawaii.gov/</ref> is an economic development agency of the State created to assist in developping new high tech business ventures. It has launched the HI Growth Initiative, a State equity investment program designed to catalyze the development of an innovation ecosystem in Hawaii funded by the State Legislature and the U.S. Department of the Treasury.<ref name="treasu">http://hsdc.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/2015-HSDC-Annual-Report.pdf </ref> Through the HI Growth Initiative, HSDC’s objective is to build upon successful efforts that have helped to launch a new type of paradise in Hawaii: a Startup Paradise. The Governor proposed $30 million in new funding for the HI Growth Initiative which currently provides $20 million of investment capital that will focus on the critical building blocks of an innovation ecosystem: '''entrepreneur development<ref name="entredev">http://hsdc.hawaii.gov/hi-growth-initiative/entrepreneur-development/</ref>, research commercialization'''<ref name="commercializ">http://hsdc.hawaii.gov/hi-growth-initiative/commercializing-research/</ref> and the mobilization of '''startup investment capital'''.<ref name="capitt">http://hsdc.hawaii.gov/hi-growth-initiative/startup-investment-capital/</ref> In the Hawaii Business Roundtable’s “'''Innovation Assets Report'''<ref name="reportt">http://hsdc.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/HBR-Innovation-Assets-Report.pdf</ref>” of 2014-15, biotechnology is recognized as one of the “core” sector of innovative technology companies with an important potential for economic growth and an average of 4.6% annual jobs growth (2002-2012)<ref name="reportt">http://hsdc.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/HBR-Innovation-Assets-Report.pdf</ref> The 2015 Kauffman Index for Startup Activity ranked Hawaii 12th in the nation for startup growth.<ref name="kauffm">http://www.kauffman.org/microsites/kauffman-index/rankings/state </ref><br />
<br />
'''The Hawaii Pacific University Oceanic Institute'''<ref name="hpuoi">http://www.oceanicinstitute.org/index2.html</ref> (OI) is a not-for-profit research and development organization dedicated to marine aquaculture, biotechnology, and coastal resource management.<br />
Its mission is to develop and transfer economically responsible technologies that increase aquatic food production while promoting the sustainable use of ocean resources.<ref name="hpuoi">http://www.oceanicinstitute.org/index2.html</ref> Its expertise include shrimp aquaculture with e.g. breeding of Specific Pathogen Free, genetically improved shrimp in the Nucleus Breeding Center (NBC), production of 'Kona' postlarvae and development of putative transgenic shrimps, improving shrimps’ resistance against diseases. Most of this research is funded by programs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Aquatic Feeds and Nutrition Department develops and applies innovative feed and nutrition technologies for the aquaculture and associated industries. It investigate for example micronutrients and bioactive compounds in regionally based co-products on growth, survival and body composition of aquatic animals. The '''OI Finfish Research Group'''<ref name="oifin">http://www.oceanicinstitute.org/research/finfish/index.html</ref> is working to develop core technologies in broodstock, live feeds, and hatchery-based production methods for marine species mainly associated with the warm tropical and subtropical waters of Hawaii and the Pacific Islands. The Oceanic Institute serves as the '''U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program'''<ref name="usmfp">http://www.oceanicinstitute.org/research/shrimp/shrimp-consortium.html</ref> (USMSFP) coordination and administrative center. It is an integrated multi-state research consortium that develops and transfers technologies, products, and services necessary for domestic shrimp farming industry to become competitive in the world market. OI also conducts selective breeding research at its Makapuu and Kona sites.<ref name="usmfp">http://www.oceanicinstitute.org/research/shrimp/shrimp-consortium.html</ref><br />
<br />
The '''Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture'''<ref name="ctsa">http://www.ctsa.org/</ref> (CTSA), one of five regional aquaculture centers, was created to spark the development of commercial aquaculture of tropical and subtropical species. It is co-administered by the University of Hawaii (UH) and Oceanic Institute (OI). the CTSA "region" currently encompasses tropical and subtropical species wherever they are cultured within the United States and the U.S. Affiliated Pacific Islands (American Samoa, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Hawaii, Republic of Belau and the Republic of the Marshall Islands). Research projects span the American Insular Pacific, focusing on developing an aquaculture industry using commercially viable tropical and subtropical species. The U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service (USDA/CSREES) provides CTSA's operating grant.<ref name="opgrant">http://www.oceanicinstitute.org/research/ctsa.html</ref> <br />
<br />
The ''Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology'''<ref name="hawbio">https://www.hawaii.edu/himb/</ref> is a world-renowned marine research institute of the School of Ocean & Earth Science & Technology at the '''University of Hawaii at Manoa'''.<ref name="univhawa">http://manoa.hawaii.edu/</ref> Situated on Moku o Lo'e (Coconut Island) in Kane‘ohe Bay, HIMB offers facilities for research covering many disciplines of tropical marine science such as coral ecology, biogeochemistry, and evolutionary genetics as well as marine diseases, neuroendocrinology, microbial organisms, and sensory systems of marine mammals and elasmobranchs. <br />
<br />
The '''University of Hawaii at Manoa'''<ref name="univhawa">http://manoa.hawaii.edu/</ref> offers a “'''Molecular Biosciences and Biotechnology'''<ref name="ctahr">http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/site/MBB.aspx</ref>” Program, maintaining relations with private companies. It cooperates for instance with '''Cellana'''<ref name="cellana">http://cellana.com/</ref> for algae-related research projects. It is also oriented on terrestrial biotechnologies through its “Biotechnology and Agricultural Education Program”.<br />
<br />
The '''Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education'''<ref name="cmore">http://cmore.soest.hawaii.edu/</ref> (C.MORE) is a NSF-sponsored Science and Technology Center designed to “linking genomes to biomes”: to facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of the diverse assemblages of microorganisms in the sea, ranging from the genetic basis of marine microbial biogeochemistry including the metabolic regulation and environmental controls of gene expression, to the processes that underpin the fluxes of carbon, related bioelements and energy in the marine environment. It brings together experts on these subjects and facilitates the creation and dissemination of new knowledge on the role of marine microbes in global habitability.<ref name="habitab">http://cmore.soest.hawaii.edu/information.htm</ref><br />
<br />
Overall, more than thirty aquatic plant and animal species are being raised in Hawaii for research or commercial production. Some of these include freshwater prawns, marine shrimp, seaweeds, tilapia, catfish, carp, oysters, clams, rainbow trout, salmon, abalone, mahimahi, koi, moi (Pacific threadfin), snails, frogs and microalgae.<ref name="snfral">http://www.ctsa.org/index.php/region/hawaii</ref><br />
<br />
== Private funding ==<br />
'''Cyanotech Corporation''' is considered one of the world’s leaders in large scale microalgae production and commercialization. Located on the Kona coast, its mission is to sustainably utilize the benefits of microalgae to improve health and extend lives. The company produces BioAstin® Natural Astaxanthin and Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica. It is part of the Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology Park. Cyanotech is the parent company of the wholly owned subsidiary Nutrex Hawaii, which is specialized in the development of Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica and BioAstin Hawaiian Astaxanthin.<br />
<br />
'''Mera Pharmaceuticals, Inc.''' is a marine biotechnology company located on the big island of Hawaii. It is specialized in photobioreactor technology and owns extensive intellectual property dedicated to the culture of microalgae for biofuel or nutriceutical production. Mera has also manufactured natural astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae for over 12 years. It is famous for its sea salt production. A program supported in part by a grant awarded by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) to a consortium formed by Physical Sciences Inc., the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute and Mera Pharmaceuticals was aimed at studying the suitability of utilizing microalgae for carbon sequestration to find technologies that will lower the cost of CO2 capture and sequestration. It is unclear if the program is currently ongoing.<br />
<br />
'''Cellana Inc.''' is a developer of algae-based bioproducts from marine microalgae, also located in the HOST park. Cellana photosynthetically produces the ReNew™ line of Omega-3 EPA and DHA oils, animal feed, and biofuel feedstocks. Cellana’s patented ALDUO™ system, a series of photobioreactors coupled with open ponds, is aimed at enabling low-cost, continuous production of diverse strains of microalgae.<br />
<br />
'''Shrimp Improvement Systems''' (SIS) is since 1998 an important provider of shrimp broodstock. SIS produces genetically improved and Specific Pathogen Free P vannamei shrimp broodstock and has initiated the breeding of P monodon and P stylirostris. From the HOST Park, SIS supplies broodstock to external shrimp farming operations throughout Asia and the Americas. It is dedicated to improving the performance of aquaculture stocks worldwide and notably intensive shrimp aquaculture projects in North America, thanks to its ability to provide shrimp postlarvae year-round. <br />
<br />
'''Forever Oceans Corporation''' was launched as a spin-off of the Lockheed Martin Aquaculture Line of Business in 2014 on the HOST Park in Hawaii. It combines technology with advanced biology and a training program (The Virginia Tech - Virginia Seafood Agricultural Research and Extension Center, '''VSAREC'''), In 2012 Forever Oceans developed with Kampachi Farms a drifting sea farm that was granted a TIME Magazine Top 25 Inventions of the Year Award . Its approach aims at providing sophisticated and environmentally responsible aquafarm.<br />
<br />
'''Kampachi Farms''' is a mariculture company focused on expanding the sustainable production of fish through innovative research and science application. It focuses on the culture of Kampachi fish with innovative methods even if it has interest in other fish such as Nenue of Giant Grouper. Kampachi also supports the development of off-shore technologies such as deep open-ocean mariculture as shown by the drifting sea farm project.<br />
<br />
'''Blue Ocean Mariculture''' is another important mariculture company based in Hawaii, dedicated to the sustainable, responsible production of marine finfish in Hawaii, particularly Seriola spp. It is working closely with '''InnovaSea Systems,Inc.''' to develop technology and techniques for sustainable open ocean mariculture. InnovaSea is dedicated to supporting open-ocean aquaculture businesses by producing innovative, environmentally-focused sustainable technologies and service solutions for the industry. The company is developing a fully integrated open-ocean farming platform. <br />
<br />
== Trends ==<br />
The Obama administration was committed to investing in innovative technologies such as biotechnology and alternative energy sources , as shown by the $3 million EDA investment in the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority. Although 2016 is the last year of Barack Obama’s term, it is likely that the efforts will be maintained in view of the global challenges for biodiversity, food security, energy supply and medicine in Hawaii and in the U.S, added to the United States’ desire for competitiveness in innovation and science technology.<br />
<br />
Marine biotechnology is significant in Hawaii, where the potential for bioprospection is favorable and much work is done on micro-algae and aquaculture. Nevertheless there are some strains and not all aspects of marine biotechnologies are equally favored; by nature, biotechnology research and development requires the importation of microorganisms for laboratory studies and in Hawaii, regulations on microorganisms are strict, importation requires state Department of Agriculture approval, which can sometimes take up to a year. <br />
<br />
Moreover, civil society also has an active opinion on the development of some aspects of biotechnology in the region. There have been attempts in recent years to ban GMO and terrestrial biotech companies from the big island of Hawaii in 2013, and the county of Maui in 2014. Both were blocked or overturned by federal judges, but there is a tendency from civil society to be suspicious about genetically modified organisms, which could spread to the sector of marine biotechnologies (as for example in 2005, the suit against Mera Pharmaceuticals’ genetically modified algae) and possibly threaten the sector’s activity. <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Hawaii&diff=71681
Marine Biotechnology in Hawaii
2016-08-02T14:56:52Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:hawaii.gif||right|325px]]<br />
<br />
{{template:Marinebiotech updated<br />
|month_updated=August<br />
|year_updated=2016<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Context for Marine Biotechnology in Hawaii ==<br />
<br />
It is expected that the global '''marine biotechnology'''<ref name="marbb">http://www.marinebiotech.eu/wiki/Marine_Biotechnology</ref> market reached approximately US$ 4.8 by 2020, driven by the rising focus on environmental sustainability that led to increasing investments in the sector of marine biotechnology research.<ref name="biotres">http://fr.slideshare.net/GlobalIndustryAnalystsInc/marine-biotechnology-a-global-strategic-business-report-45597078</ref> The United States dominates the global market for marine biotechnology worldwide as it is home to highly developed, specialized marine research centers.<ref name="mrsss">http://www.cosmeticsdesign.com/Market-Trends/U.S.-leads-the-way-for-marine-biotechnology</ref> The sector in Asia and the Pacific is also growing fast, emerging as a major regional market for marine biotechnologies. Hawaii, located at the crossroad between the United States and the Asia-Pacific region, is an ideal location for marine biotechnology research and development thanks to its abundant warm sunlight, pure deep ocean water and high biodiversity resources.<ref name="biodresourc">http://www.nutrex-hawaii.com/about</ref> <br />
<br />
== Public Programs in the United States involving Hawaii ==<br />
<br />
In the U.S. Government, several levels of action within the executive power are involved on marine biotechnology research and application opportunities. <br />
<br />
*Within the presidential cabinet, the '''Department of Energy'''<ref name="ener">http://energy.gov/<br />
</ref> (DOE) is supporting marine biotechnology and especially the production of bioenergy from algae, through the '''ARPA-E'''<ref name="energg">http://energy.gov/science-innovation/innovation/arpa-e</ref> agency (Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy). Through its '''Oceans Margin Program'''<ref name="agenc">http://po.msrc.sunysb.edu/omp/<br />
</ref> (OMP)<ref name="enery">https://books.google.com/books?id=P7s-DQa7kjgC&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=Department+of+energy+marine+biotechnology&source=bl&ots=0oZNuw14yp&sig=sLVMAsNp3_eBwJpZ8g406Zo6s1c&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjupamBo_jKAhVJHJQKHWVnBxAQ6AEIMTAC#v=onepage&q=Department%20of%20energy%20marine%20biotechnology&f=false</ref> in the Office of Health and Environmental Research, DOE also supports marine biotechnology research at National laboratories and academic institutions<ref name="acadinst">http://po.msrc.sunysb.edu/omp/</ref> but with a focus on the North Atlantic Ocean. In January 2008, DOE and the governor of the state of Hawaii signed a memorandum of understanding launching the '''Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative'''<ref name="hawaiclean">http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/</ref> (HCEI) to transform the energy sector in Hawaii by achieving 70% clean energy by 2030. This includes ocean energy technology and biofuels, but the latter are currently still mainly based on land biomass, such as bio-diesel or ethanol.<ref name="ethanol">http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/ </ref> For that purpose in 2012 the '''Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority'''<ref name="neloha">http://nelha.hawaii.gov/</ref> received a $3 million federal grant funding from the Department of Commerce’s Economic Development Administration to help expand its alternative energy and biotechnology incubator<ref name="incubat">http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/natural-energy-laboratory-of-hawaii-authority-gets-3m-federal-grant/</ref> complex.<br />
*Other departments support research on marine biotechnology for different goals, such as the Department of Defense, the Department of Commerce, the Department of Agriculture, and the Agency for International Development (USAID) which supports marine biotech projects such as reproductive studies of milkfish in Hawaii.<br />
*In addition, within the '''Executive Office of the President'''<ref name="whitehouse">https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/</ref> and under the '''Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy and the Environment'''<ref name="secreta">http://www.state.gov/e/</ref>, the offices that deal with affairs related to marine biotechnology are the '''Office of Science and Technology Policy'''<ref name="affa">http://www.state.gov/e/stas/index.htm</ref> and the '''Bureau of Oceans and International Environment and Scientific Affairs'''<ref name="booaie">http://www.state.gov/e/oes/</ref>. <br />
<br />
Two federal agencies of the U.S. are particularly interested in marine biotechnology: the '''National Science Foundation''' (NSF) and the '''National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration'''<ref name="noaa">http://www.noaa.gov/</ref> (NOAA). It is also an area of interest to the '''Environmental Protection Agency'''<ref name="epa">https://www3.epa.gov/</ref> (EPA), the '''Food and Drugs Administration'''<ref name="fdaa">http://www.fda.gov/</ref> (FDA) or the '''Economic Development Agency'''<ref name="eda">https://www.eda.gov/</ref> (EDA).<br />
<br />
*The National Science Foundation<ref name="nsf">http://www.nsf.gov/</ref> (NSF) is an independent agency created by Congress in 1950, with an annual budget of about $7.5 billion (FY 2016). It funds c. 24% of all publicly-funded academic basic research in all scientific fields except for medical science and is known to provide funding for highly innovative research.<ref name="innovative">http://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2014/nsf14043/nsf14043.pdf</ref> The NSF is a contributor to EC-US Task Force meetings on marine biotechnology topics. It funds several projects and infrastructures:<br />
::*The '''Directorate for Biological Sciences''' (BIO) which provides about 64 percent of federal funding for non-medical basic research at academic institutions in the life sciences to advance understanding of the principles and mechanisms governing life. It managed the significant Microbiology Observatories (MO) and Microbial Interactions and Processes (MIP) programs, which included significant elements of marine biotechnology. The '''IOS program''' (about Integrated Organismal Systems) and '''NEON''' (National Ecological Observatory Network) are examples of the current biotechnology-related programs of BIO.<br />
::*The '''Directorate for Engineering''' (ENG) which manages the Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering program, aiming at enabling technology for advanced manufacturing and/or applications in support of the biopharmaceutical, biotechnology, and bioenergy industries, or with applications in health or the environment.<br />
::*'''MarBEC''' is a partnership between the University of Hawaii at Manoa and the University of California at Berkeley. Its collaborators include leading laboratories, research centers, and universities in the U.S. and the Asia-Pacific region. MarBEC integrates research advances in the chemistry of marine natural products, cultivation of microalgae, and processing of bioproducts to successfully create systems capable of successful commercial production of marine bioproducts.<br />
<br />
*The national oceanic and atmospheric administration (NOAA), which coordinates most of the applied marine biotechnology research in USA also has programs relevant to marine biotechnologies such as the '''National Sea Grant''' that supports research focused on coastal ecosystems and sustainable practices for aquaculture and fisheries, currently as part of the 2014-2017 Strategic Plan. It mentions the objective of developing innovative technologies for all sectors of the seafood industry, including fishing, aquaculture, seafood processing to ensure a safe and sustainable supply of seafood products, but does not mention marine or any other biotechnology specifically. NOAA also manages the '''National Undersea Research Program''' (NURP). NOAA NURP and its partner the National Institute of '''Undersea Science and Technology''' (NIUST) is committed to assessing the marine biotechnological potential of US coral reef organisms. The Ocean Biotechnology Center and Repository (OBCR) has surveyed and sampled the marine resources of many states, including Hawaii. The '''Aquaculture Interchange Program''' (AIP), funded through a grant from NOAA, is a conduit for information exchange on aquaculture between the U.S. and Asia, Australia, and Europe. AIP conducts workshops in Honolulu where international experts gather to summarize and exchange current information critical to the growth of U.S. aquaculture.<br />
<br />
== Marine Biotechnology in the State of Hawaii == <br />
The '''Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority''' (NELHA) is an agency attached to the state of Hawaii’s Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism founded in 1974. With the development of biofuels as one of its priorities, NELHA administers the '''Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology Park''' (HOST Park) devoted mainly to growing a green economy and clean energy resources. A central focus of the park is ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), although aquaculture and biofuel from algae are other important fields of work. HOST Park describes itself as one of the best places in the world to grow microalgae and consequently home to leaders in the field of microalgae production and biofuels R&D. It has various marine biotechnology developers as clients, such as Cyanotech, Mera Pharmaceuticals, Shrimp Improvement Systems, Moana, Cellana. Cellana has invested at least $10M in infrastructure destined for biofuel production and processing technology at their 6 acre state of the art demonstration plant. In 2012, NELHA received a '''$3 million federal grant''' from the Department of Commerce’s Economic Development Administration to help expand its alternative energy and biotechnology incubator complex.<br />
<br />
the '''Hawaii Strategic Development Corporation''' is an economic development agency of the State created to assist in developping new high tech business ventures. It has launched the HI Growth Initiative, a State equity investment program designed to catalyze the development of an innovation ecosystem in Hawaii funded by the State Legislature and the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Through the HI Growth Initiative, HSDC’s objective is to build upon successful efforts that have helped to launch a new type of paradise in Hawaii: a Startup Paradise. The Governor proposed $30 million in new funding for the HI Growth Initiative which currently provides $20 million of investment capital that will focus on the critical building blocks of an innovation ecosystem: '''entrepreneur development, research commercialization''' and the mobilization of '''startup investment capital'''. In the Hawaii Business Roundtable’s “'''Innovation Assets Report'''” of 2014-15, biotechnology is recognized as one of the “core” sector of innovative technology companies with an important potential for economic growth and an average of 4.6% annual jobs growth (2002-2012) The 2015 Kauffman Index for Startup Activity ranked Hawaii 12th in the nation for startup growth.<br />
<br />
'''The Hawaii Pacific University Oceanic Institute''' (OI) is a not-for-profit research and development organization dedicated to marine aquaculture, biotechnology, and coastal resource management.<br />
Its mission is to develop and transfer economically responsible technologies that increase aquatic food production while promoting the sustainable use of ocean resources. Its expertise include shrimp aquaculture with e.g. breeding of Specific Pathogen Free, genetically improved shrimp in the Nucleus Breeding Center (NBC), production of 'Kona' postlarvae and development of putative transgenic shrimps, improving shrimps’ resistance against diseases. Most of this research is funded by programs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Aquatic Feeds and Nutrition Department develops and applies innovative feed and nutrition technologies for the aquaculture and associated industries. It investigate for example micronutrients and bioactive compounds in regionally based co-products on growth, survival and body composition of aquatic animals. The '''OI Finfish Research Group''' is working to develop core technologies in broodstock, live feeds, and hatchery-based production methods for marine species mainly associated with the warm tropical and subtropical waters of Hawaii and the Pacific Islands. The Oceanic Institute serves as the '''U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program''' (USMSFP) coordination and administrative center. It is an integrated multi-state research consortium that develops and transfers technologies, products, and services necessary for domestic shrimp farming industry to become competitive in the world market. OI also conducts selective breeding research at its Makapuu and Kona sites.<br />
<br />
The '''Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture''' (CTSA), one of five regional aquaculture centers, was created to spark the development of commercial aquaculture of tropical and subtropical species. It is co-administered by the University of Hawaii (UH) and Oceanic Institute (OI). the CTSA "region" currently encompasses tropical and subtropical species wherever they are cultured within the United States and the U.S. Affiliated Pacific Islands (American Samoa, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Hawaii, Republic of Belau and the Republic of the Marshall Islands). Research projects span the American Insular Pacific, focusing on developing an aquaculture industry using commercially viable tropical and subtropical species. The U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service (USDA/CSREES) provides CTSA's operating grant. <br />
<br />
The ''Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology''' is a world-renowned marine research institute of the School of Ocean & Earth Science & Technology at the '''University of Hawaii at Manoa'''. Situated on Moku o Lo'e (Coconut Island) in Kane‘ohe Bay, HIMB offers facilities for research covering many disciplines of tropical marine science such as coral ecology, biogeochemistry, and evolutionary genetics as well as marine diseases, neuroendocrinology, microbial organisms, and sensory systems of marine mammals and elasmobranchs. <br />
<br />
The '''University of Hawaii at Manoa''' offers a “'''Molecular Biosciences and Biotechnology'''” Program, maintaining relations with private companies. It cooperates for instance with '''Cellana''' for algae-related research projects. It is also oriented on terrestrial biotechnologies through its “Biotechnology and Agricultural Education Program”.<br />
<br />
The '''Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education''' (C.MORE) is a NSF-sponsored Science and Technology Center designed to “linking genomes to biomes”: to facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of the diverse assemblages of microorganisms in the sea, ranging from the genetic basis of marine microbial biogeochemistry including the metabolic regulation and environmental controls of gene expression, to the processes that underpin the fluxes of carbon, related bioelements and energy in the marine environment. It brings together experts on these subjects and facilitates the creation and dissemination of new knowledge on the role of marine microbes in global habitability.<br />
<br />
Overall, more than thirty aquatic plant and animal species are being raised in Hawaii for research or commercial production. Some of these include freshwater prawns, marine shrimp, seaweeds, tilapia, catfish, carp, oysters, clams, rainbow trout, salmon, abalone, mahimahi, koi, moi (Pacific threadfin), snails, frogs and microalgae.<br />
<br />
== Private funding ==<br />
'''Cyanotech Corporation''' is considered one of the world’s leaders in large scale microalgae production and commercialization. Located on the Kona coast, its mission is to sustainably utilize the benefits of microalgae to improve health and extend lives. The company produces BioAstin® Natural Astaxanthin and Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica. It is part of the Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology Park. Cyanotech is the parent company of the wholly owned subsidiary Nutrex Hawaii, which is specialized in the development of Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica and BioAstin Hawaiian Astaxanthin.<br />
<br />
'''Mera Pharmaceuticals, Inc.''' is a marine biotechnology company located on the big island of Hawaii. It is specialized in photobioreactor technology and owns extensive intellectual property dedicated to the culture of microalgae for biofuel or nutriceutical production. Mera has also manufactured natural astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae for over 12 years. It is famous for its sea salt production. A program supported in part by a grant awarded by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) to a consortium formed by Physical Sciences Inc., the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute and Mera Pharmaceuticals was aimed at studying the suitability of utilizing microalgae for carbon sequestration to find technologies that will lower the cost of CO2 capture and sequestration. It is unclear if the program is currently ongoing.<br />
<br />
'''Cellana Inc.''' is a developer of algae-based bioproducts from marine microalgae, also located in the HOST park. Cellana photosynthetically produces the ReNew™ line of Omega-3 EPA and DHA oils, animal feed, and biofuel feedstocks. Cellana’s patented ALDUO™ system, a series of photobioreactors coupled with open ponds, is aimed at enabling low-cost, continuous production of diverse strains of microalgae.<br />
<br />
'''Shrimp Improvement Systems''' (SIS) is since 1998 an important provider of shrimp broodstock. SIS produces genetically improved and Specific Pathogen Free P vannamei shrimp broodstock and has initiated the breeding of P monodon and P stylirostris. From the HOST Park, SIS supplies broodstock to external shrimp farming operations throughout Asia and the Americas. It is dedicated to improving the performance of aquaculture stocks worldwide and notably intensive shrimp aquaculture projects in North America, thanks to its ability to provide shrimp postlarvae year-round. <br />
<br />
'''Forever Oceans Corporation''' was launched as a spin-off of the Lockheed Martin Aquaculture Line of Business in 2014 on the HOST Park in Hawaii. It combines technology with advanced biology and a training program (The Virginia Tech - Virginia Seafood Agricultural Research and Extension Center, '''VSAREC'''), In 2012 Forever Oceans developed with Kampachi Farms a drifting sea farm that was granted a TIME Magazine Top 25 Inventions of the Year Award . Its approach aims at providing sophisticated and environmentally responsible aquafarm.<br />
<br />
'''Kampachi Farms''' is a mariculture company focused on expanding the sustainable production of fish through innovative research and science application. It focuses on the culture of Kampachi fish with innovative methods even if it has interest in other fish such as Nenue of Giant Grouper. Kampachi also supports the development of off-shore technologies such as deep open-ocean mariculture as shown by the drifting sea farm project.<br />
<br />
'''Blue Ocean Mariculture''' is another important mariculture company based in Hawaii, dedicated to the sustainable, responsible production of marine finfish in Hawaii, particularly Seriola spp. It is working closely with '''InnovaSea Systems,Inc.''' to develop technology and techniques for sustainable open ocean mariculture. InnovaSea is dedicated to supporting open-ocean aquaculture businesses by producing innovative, environmentally-focused sustainable technologies and service solutions for the industry. The company is developing a fully integrated open-ocean farming platform. <br />
<br />
== Trends ==<br />
The Obama administration was committed to investing in innovative technologies such as biotechnology and alternative energy sources , as shown by the $3 million EDA investment in the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority. Although 2016 is the last year of Barack Obama’s term, it is likely that the efforts will be maintained in view of the global challenges for biodiversity, food security, energy supply and medicine in Hawaii and in the U.S, added to the United States’ desire for competitiveness in innovation and science technology.<br />
<br />
Marine biotechnology is significant in Hawaii, where the potential for bioprospection is favorable and much work is done on micro-algae and aquaculture. Nevertheless there are some strains and not all aspects of marine biotechnologies are equally favored; by nature, biotechnology research and development requires the importation of microorganisms for laboratory studies and in Hawaii, regulations on microorganisms are strict, importation requires state Department of Agriculture approval, which can sometimes take up to a year. <br />
<br />
Moreover, civil society also has an active opinion on the development of some aspects of biotechnology in the region. There have been attempts in recent years to ban GMO and terrestrial biotech companies from the big island of Hawaii in 2013, and the county of Maui in 2014. Both were blocked or overturned by federal judges, but there is a tendency from civil society to be suspicious about genetically modified organisms, which could spread to the sector of marine biotechnologies (as for example in 2005, the suit against Mera Pharmaceuticals’ genetically modified algae) and possibly threaten the sector’s activity. <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Hawaii&diff=71678
Marine Biotechnology in Hawaii
2016-08-02T14:51:49Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:hawaii.gif||right|325px]]<br />
<br />
{{template:Marinebiotech updated<br />
|month_updated=August<br />
|year_updated=2016<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Context for Marine Biotechnology in Hawaii ==<br />
<br />
It is expected that the global '''marine biotechnology'''<ref name="marbb">http://www.marinebiotech.eu/wiki/Marine_Biotechnology</ref> market reached approximately US$ 4.8 by 2020, driven by the rising focus on environmental sustainability that led to increasing investments in the sector of marine biotechnology research.<ref name="biotres">http://fr.slideshare.net/GlobalIndustryAnalystsInc/marine-biotechnology-a-global-strategic-business-report-45597078</ref> The United States dominates the global market for marine biotechnology worldwide as it is home to highly developed, specialized marine research centers.<ref name="mrsss">http://www.cosmeticsdesign.com/Market-Trends/U.S.-leads-the-way-for-marine-biotechnology</ref> The sector in Asia and the Pacific is also growing fast, emerging as a major regional market for marine biotechnologies. Hawaii, located at the crossroad between the United States and the Asia-Pacific region, is an ideal location for marine biotechnology research and development thanks to its abundant warm sunlight, pure deep ocean water and high biodiversity resources.<ref name="biodresourc">http://www.nutrex-hawaii.com/about</ref> <br />
<br />
== Public Programs in the United States involving Hawaii ==<br />
<br />
In the U.S. Government, several levels of action within the executive power are involved on marine biotechnology research and application opportunities. <br />
<br />
*Within the presidential cabinet, the '''Department of Energy'''<ref name="ener">http://energy.gov/<br />
</ref> (DOE) is supporting marine biotechnology and especially the production of bioenergy from algae, through the '''ARPA-E'''<ref name="energg">http://energy.gov/science-innovation/innovation/arpa-e</ref> agency (Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy). Through its '''Oceans Margin Program'''<ref name="agenc">http://po.msrc.sunysb.edu/omp/<br />
</ref> (OMP)<ref name="enery">https://books.google.com/books?id=P7s-DQa7kjgC&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=Department+of+energy+marine+biotechnology&source=bl&ots=0oZNuw14yp&sig=sLVMAsNp3_eBwJpZ8g406Zo6s1c&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjupamBo_jKAhVJHJQKHWVnBxAQ6AEIMTAC#v=onepage&q=Department%20of%20energy%20marine%20biotechnology&f=false</ref> in the Office of Health and Environmental Research, DOE also supports marine biotechnology research at National laboratories and academic institutions<ref name="acadinst">http://po.msrc.sunysb.edu/omp/</ref> but with a focus on the North Atlantic Ocean. In January 2008, DOE and the governor of the state of Hawaii signed a memorandum of understanding launching the '''Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative'''<ref name="hawaiclean">http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/</ref> (HCEI) to transform the energy sector in Hawaii by achieving 70% clean energy by 2030. This includes ocean energy technology and biofuels, but the latter are currently still mainly based on land biomass, such as bio-diesel or ethanol.<ref name="ethanol">http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/ </ref> For that purpose in 2012 the '''Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority'''<ref name="neloha">http://nelha.hawaii.gov/</ref> received a $3 million federal grant funding from the Department of Commerce’s Economic Development Administration to help expand its alternative energy and biotechnology incubator<ref name="incubat">http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/natural-energy-laboratory-of-hawaii-authority-gets-3m-federal-grant/</ref> complex.<br />
*Other departments support research on marine biotechnology for different goals, such as the Department of Defense, the Department of Commerce, the Department of Agriculture, and the Agency for International Development (USAID) which supports marine biotech projects such as reproductive studies of milkfish in Hawaii.<br />
*In addition, within the '''Executive Office of the President'''<ref name="whitehouse">https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/</ref> and under the '''Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy and the Environment'''<ref name="secreta">http://www.state.gov/e/</ref>, the offices that deal with affairs related to marine biotechnology are the '''Office of Science and Technology Policy'''<ref name="affa">http://www.state.gov/e/stas/index.htm</ref> and the '''Bureau of Oceans and International Environment and Scientific Affairs'''<ref name="booaie">http://www.state.gov/e/oes/</ref>. <br />
<br />
Two federal agencies of the U.S. are particularly interested in marine biotechnology: the '''National Science Foundation''' (NSF) and the '''National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration'''<ref name="noaa">http://www.noaa.gov/</ref> (NOAA). It is also an area of interest to the '''Environmental Protection Agency'''<ref name="epa">https://www3.epa.gov/</ref> (EPA), the '''Food and Drugs Administration'''<ref name="fdaa">http://www.fda.gov/</ref> (FDA) or the '''Economic Development Agency'''<ref name="eda">https://www.eda.gov/</ref> (EDA).<br />
<br />
*The National Science Foundation<ref name="nsf">http://www.nsf.gov/</ref> (NSF) is an independent agency created by Congress in 1950, with an annual budget of about $7.5 billion (FY 2016). It funds c. 24% of all publicly-funded academic basic research in all scientific fields except for medical science and is known to provide funding for highly innovative research. The NSF is a contributor to EC-US Task Force meetings on marine biotechnology topics. It funds several projects and infrastructures:<br />
::*The '''Directorate for Biological Sciences''' (BIO) which provides about 64 percent of federal funding for non-medical basic research at academic institutions in the life sciences to advance understanding of the principles and mechanisms governing life. It managed the significant Microbiology Observatories (MO) and Microbial Interactions and Processes (MIP) programs, which included significant elements of marine biotechnology. The '''IOS program''' (about Integrated Organismal Systems) and '''NEON''' (National Ecological Observatory Network) are examples of the current biotechnology-related programs of BIO.<br />
::*The '''Directorate for Engineering''' (ENG) which manages the Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering program, aiming at enabling technology for advanced manufacturing and/or applications in support of the biopharmaceutical, biotechnology, and bioenergy industries, or with applications in health or the environment.<br />
::*'''MarBEC''' is a partnership between the University of Hawaii at Manoa and the University of California at Berkeley. Its collaborators include leading laboratories, research centers, and universities in the U.S. and the Asia-Pacific region. MarBEC integrates research advances in the chemistry of marine natural products, cultivation of microalgae, and processing of bioproducts to successfully create systems capable of successful commercial production of marine bioproducts.<br />
<br />
*The national oceanic and atmospheric administration (NOAA), which coordinates most of the applied marine biotechnology research in USA also has programs relevant to marine biotechnologies such as the '''National Sea Grant''' that supports research focused on coastal ecosystems and sustainable practices for aquaculture and fisheries, currently as part of the 2014-2017 Strategic Plan. It mentions the objective of developing innovative technologies for all sectors of the seafood industry, including fishing, aquaculture, seafood processing to ensure a safe and sustainable supply of seafood products, but does not mention marine or any other biotechnology specifically. NOAA also manages the '''National Undersea Research Program''' (NURP). NOAA NURP and its partner the National Institute of '''Undersea Science and Technology''' (NIUST) is committed to assessing the marine biotechnological potential of US coral reef organisms. The Ocean Biotechnology Center and Repository (OBCR) has surveyed and sampled the marine resources of many states, including Hawaii. The '''Aquaculture Interchange Program''' (AIP), funded through a grant from NOAA, is a conduit for information exchange on aquaculture between the U.S. and Asia, Australia, and Europe. AIP conducts workshops in Honolulu where international experts gather to summarize and exchange current information critical to the growth of U.S. aquaculture.<br />
<br />
== Marine Biotechnology in the State of Hawaii == <br />
The '''Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority''' (NELHA) is an agency attached to the state of Hawaii’s Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism founded in 1974. With the development of biofuels as one of its priorities, NELHA administers the '''Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology Park''' (HOST Park) devoted mainly to growing a green economy and clean energy resources. A central focus of the park is ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), although aquaculture and biofuel from algae are other important fields of work. HOST Park describes itself as one of the best places in the world to grow microalgae and consequently home to leaders in the field of microalgae production and biofuels R&D. It has various marine biotechnology developers as clients, such as Cyanotech, Mera Pharmaceuticals, Shrimp Improvement Systems, Moana, Cellana. Cellana has invested at least $10M in infrastructure destined for biofuel production and processing technology at their 6 acre state of the art demonstration plant. In 2012, NELHA received a '''$3 million federal grant''' from the Department of Commerce’s Economic Development Administration to help expand its alternative energy and biotechnology incubator complex.<br />
<br />
the '''Hawaii Strategic Development Corporation''' is an economic development agency of the State created to assist in developping new high tech business ventures. It has launched the HI Growth Initiative, a State equity investment program designed to catalyze the development of an innovation ecosystem in Hawaii funded by the State Legislature and the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Through the HI Growth Initiative, HSDC’s objective is to build upon successful efforts that have helped to launch a new type of paradise in Hawaii: a Startup Paradise. The Governor proposed $30 million in new funding for the HI Growth Initiative which currently provides $20 million of investment capital that will focus on the critical building blocks of an innovation ecosystem: '''entrepreneur development, research commercialization''' and the mobilization of '''startup investment capital'''. In the Hawaii Business Roundtable’s “'''Innovation Assets Report'''” of 2014-15, biotechnology is recognized as one of the “core” sector of innovative technology companies with an important potential for economic growth and an average of 4.6% annual jobs growth (2002-2012) The 2015 Kauffman Index for Startup Activity ranked Hawaii 12th in the nation for startup growth.<br />
<br />
'''The Hawaii Pacific University Oceanic Institute''' (OI) is a not-for-profit research and development organization dedicated to marine aquaculture, biotechnology, and coastal resource management.<br />
Its mission is to develop and transfer economically responsible technologies that increase aquatic food production while promoting the sustainable use of ocean resources. Its expertise include shrimp aquaculture with e.g. breeding of Specific Pathogen Free, genetically improved shrimp in the Nucleus Breeding Center (NBC), production of 'Kona' postlarvae and development of putative transgenic shrimps, improving shrimps’ resistance against diseases. Most of this research is funded by programs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Aquatic Feeds and Nutrition Department develops and applies innovative feed and nutrition technologies for the aquaculture and associated industries. It investigate for example micronutrients and bioactive compounds in regionally based co-products on growth, survival and body composition of aquatic animals. The '''OI Finfish Research Group''' is working to develop core technologies in broodstock, live feeds, and hatchery-based production methods for marine species mainly associated with the warm tropical and subtropical waters of Hawaii and the Pacific Islands. The Oceanic Institute serves as the '''U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program''' (USMSFP) coordination and administrative center. It is an integrated multi-state research consortium that develops and transfers technologies, products, and services necessary for domestic shrimp farming industry to become competitive in the world market. OI also conducts selective breeding research at its Makapuu and Kona sites.<br />
<br />
The '''Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture''' (CTSA), one of five regional aquaculture centers, was created to spark the development of commercial aquaculture of tropical and subtropical species. It is co-administered by the University of Hawaii (UH) and Oceanic Institute (OI). the CTSA "region" currently encompasses tropical and subtropical species wherever they are cultured within the United States and the U.S. Affiliated Pacific Islands (American Samoa, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Hawaii, Republic of Belau and the Republic of the Marshall Islands). Research projects span the American Insular Pacific, focusing on developing an aquaculture industry using commercially viable tropical and subtropical species. The U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service (USDA/CSREES) provides CTSA's operating grant. <br />
<br />
The ''Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology''' is a world-renowned marine research institute of the School of Ocean & Earth Science & Technology at the '''University of Hawaii at Manoa'''. Situated on Moku o Lo'e (Coconut Island) in Kane‘ohe Bay, HIMB offers facilities for research covering many disciplines of tropical marine science such as coral ecology, biogeochemistry, and evolutionary genetics as well as marine diseases, neuroendocrinology, microbial organisms, and sensory systems of marine mammals and elasmobranchs. <br />
<br />
The '''University of Hawaii at Manoa''' offers a “'''Molecular Biosciences and Biotechnology'''” Program, maintaining relations with private companies. It cooperates for instance with '''Cellana''' for algae-related research projects. It is also oriented on terrestrial biotechnologies through its “Biotechnology and Agricultural Education Program”.<br />
<br />
The '''Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education''' (C.MORE) is a NSF-sponsored Science and Technology Center designed to “linking genomes to biomes”: to facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of the diverse assemblages of microorganisms in the sea, ranging from the genetic basis of marine microbial biogeochemistry including the metabolic regulation and environmental controls of gene expression, to the processes that underpin the fluxes of carbon, related bioelements and energy in the marine environment. It brings together experts on these subjects and facilitates the creation and dissemination of new knowledge on the role of marine microbes in global habitability.<br />
<br />
Overall, more than thirty aquatic plant and animal species are being raised in Hawaii for research or commercial production. Some of these include freshwater prawns, marine shrimp, seaweeds, tilapia, catfish, carp, oysters, clams, rainbow trout, salmon, abalone, mahimahi, koi, moi (Pacific threadfin), snails, frogs and microalgae.<br />
<br />
== Private funding ==<br />
'''Cyanotech Corporation''' is considered one of the world’s leaders in large scale microalgae production and commercialization. Located on the Kona coast, its mission is to sustainably utilize the benefits of microalgae to improve health and extend lives. The company produces BioAstin® Natural Astaxanthin and Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica. It is part of the Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology Park. Cyanotech is the parent company of the wholly owned subsidiary Nutrex Hawaii, which is specialized in the development of Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica and BioAstin Hawaiian Astaxanthin.<br />
<br />
'''Mera Pharmaceuticals, Inc.''' is a marine biotechnology company located on the big island of Hawaii. It is specialized in photobioreactor technology and owns extensive intellectual property dedicated to the culture of microalgae for biofuel or nutriceutical production. Mera has also manufactured natural astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae for over 12 years. It is famous for its sea salt production. A program supported in part by a grant awarded by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) to a consortium formed by Physical Sciences Inc., the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute and Mera Pharmaceuticals was aimed at studying the suitability of utilizing microalgae for carbon sequestration to find technologies that will lower the cost of CO2 capture and sequestration. It is unclear if the program is currently ongoing.<br />
<br />
'''Cellana Inc.''' is a developer of algae-based bioproducts from marine microalgae, also located in the HOST park. Cellana photosynthetically produces the ReNew™ line of Omega-3 EPA and DHA oils, animal feed, and biofuel feedstocks. Cellana’s patented ALDUO™ system, a series of photobioreactors coupled with open ponds, is aimed at enabling low-cost, continuous production of diverse strains of microalgae.<br />
<br />
'''Shrimp Improvement Systems''' (SIS) is since 1998 an important provider of shrimp broodstock. SIS produces genetically improved and Specific Pathogen Free P vannamei shrimp broodstock and has initiated the breeding of P monodon and P stylirostris. From the HOST Park, SIS supplies broodstock to external shrimp farming operations throughout Asia and the Americas. It is dedicated to improving the performance of aquaculture stocks worldwide and notably intensive shrimp aquaculture projects in North America, thanks to its ability to provide shrimp postlarvae year-round. <br />
<br />
'''Forever Oceans Corporation''' was launched as a spin-off of the Lockheed Martin Aquaculture Line of Business in 2014 on the HOST Park in Hawaii. It combines technology with advanced biology and a training program (The Virginia Tech - Virginia Seafood Agricultural Research and Extension Center, '''VSAREC'''), In 2012 Forever Oceans developed with Kampachi Farms a drifting sea farm that was granted a TIME Magazine Top 25 Inventions of the Year Award . Its approach aims at providing sophisticated and environmentally responsible aquafarm.<br />
<br />
'''Kampachi Farms''' is a mariculture company focused on expanding the sustainable production of fish through innovative research and science application. It focuses on the culture of Kampachi fish with innovative methods even if it has interest in other fish such as Nenue of Giant Grouper. Kampachi also supports the development of off-shore technologies such as deep open-ocean mariculture as shown by the drifting sea farm project.<br />
<br />
'''Blue Ocean Mariculture''' is another important mariculture company based in Hawaii, dedicated to the sustainable, responsible production of marine finfish in Hawaii, particularly Seriola spp. It is working closely with '''InnovaSea Systems,Inc.''' to develop technology and techniques for sustainable open ocean mariculture. InnovaSea is dedicated to supporting open-ocean aquaculture businesses by producing innovative, environmentally-focused sustainable technologies and service solutions for the industry. The company is developing a fully integrated open-ocean farming platform. <br />
<br />
== Trends ==<br />
The Obama administration was committed to investing in innovative technologies such as biotechnology and alternative energy sources , as shown by the $3 million EDA investment in the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority. Although 2016 is the last year of Barack Obama’s term, it is likely that the efforts will be maintained in view of the global challenges for biodiversity, food security, energy supply and medicine in Hawaii and in the U.S, added to the United States’ desire for competitiveness in innovation and science technology.<br />
<br />
Marine biotechnology is significant in Hawaii, where the potential for bioprospection is favorable and much work is done on micro-algae and aquaculture. Nevertheless there are some strains and not all aspects of marine biotechnologies are equally favored; by nature, biotechnology research and development requires the importation of microorganisms for laboratory studies and in Hawaii, regulations on microorganisms are strict, importation requires state Department of Agriculture approval, which can sometimes take up to a year. <br />
<br />
Moreover, civil society also has an active opinion on the development of some aspects of biotechnology in the region. There have been attempts in recent years to ban GMO and terrestrial biotech companies from the big island of Hawaii in 2013, and the county of Maui in 2014. Both were blocked or overturned by federal judges, but there is a tendency from civil society to be suspicious about genetically modified organisms, which could spread to the sector of marine biotechnologies (as for example in 2005, the suit against Mera Pharmaceuticals’ genetically modified algae) and possibly threaten the sector’s activity. <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Hawaii&diff=71674
Marine Biotechnology in Hawaii
2016-08-02T14:45:45Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:hawaii.gif||right|325px]]<br />
<br />
{{template:Marinebiotech updated<br />
|month_updated=August<br />
|year_updated=2016<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Context for Marine Biotechnology in Hawaii ==<br />
<br />
It is expected that the global '''marine biotechnology'''<ref name="marbb">http://www.marinebiotech.eu/wiki/Marine_Biotechnology</ref> market reached approximately US$ 4.8 by 2020, driven by the rising focus on environmental sustainability that led to increasing investments in the sector of marine biotechnology research.<ref name="biotres">http://fr.slideshare.net/GlobalIndustryAnalystsInc/marine-biotechnology-a-global-strategic-business-report-45597078</ref> The United States dominates the global market for marine biotechnology worldwide as it is home to highly developed, specialized marine research centers.<ref name="mrsss">http://www.cosmeticsdesign.com/Market-Trends/U.S.-leads-the-way-for-marine-biotechnology</ref> The sector in Asia and the Pacific is also growing fast, emerging as a major regional market for marine biotechnologies. Hawaii, located at the crossroad between the United States and the Asia-Pacific region, is an ideal location for marine biotechnology research and development thanks to its abundant warm sunlight, pure deep ocean water and high biodiversity resources.<ref name="biodresourc">http://www.nutrex-hawaii.com/about</ref> <br />
<br />
== Public Programs in the United States involving Hawaii ==<br />
<br />
In the U.S. Government, several levels of action within the executive power are involved on marine biotechnology research and application opportunities. <br />
<br />
*Within the presidential cabinet, the '''Department of Energy'''<ref name="ener">http://energy.gov/<br />
</ref> (DOE) is supporting marine biotechnology and especially the production of bioenergy from algae, through the '''ARPA-E'''<ref name="energg">http://energy.gov/science-innovation/innovation/arpa-e</ref> agency (Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy). Through its '''Oceans Margin Program'''<ref name="agenc">http://po.msrc.sunysb.edu/omp/<br />
</ref> (OMP)<ref name="enery">https://books.google.com/books?id=P7s-DQa7kjgC&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=Department+of+energy+marine+biotechnology&source=bl&ots=0oZNuw14yp&sig=sLVMAsNp3_eBwJpZ8g406Zo6s1c&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjupamBo_jKAhVJHJQKHWVnBxAQ6AEIMTAC#v=onepage&q=Department%20of%20energy%20marine%20biotechnology&f=false</ref> in the Office of Health and Environmental Research, DOE also supports marine biotechnology research at National laboratories and academic institutions<ref name="acadinst">http://po.msrc.sunysb.edu/omp/</ref> but with a focus on the North Atlantic Ocean. In January 2008, DOE and the governor of the state of Hawaii signed a memorandum of understanding launching the '''Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative'''<ref name="hawaiclean">http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/</ref> (HCEI) to transform the energy sector in Hawaii by achieving 70% clean energy by 2030. This includes ocean energy technology and biofuels, but the latter are currently still mainly based on land biomass, such as bio-diesel or ethanol.<ref name="ethanol">http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/ </ref> For that purpose in 2012 the '''Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority'''<ref name="neloha">http://nelha.hawaii.gov/</ref> received a $3 million federal grant funding from the Department of Commerce’s Economic Development Administration to help expand its alternative energy and biotechnology incubator<ref name="incubat">http://www.hawaiicleanenergyinitiative.org/natural-energy-laboratory-of-hawaii-authority-gets-3m-federal-grant/</ref> complex.<br />
*Other departments support research on marine biotechnology for different goals, such as the Department of Defense, the Department of Commerce, the Department of Agriculture, and the Agency for International Development (USAID) which supports marine biotech projects such as reproductive studies of milkfish in Hawaii.<br />
*In addition, within the '''Executive Office of the President'''<ref name="whitehouse">https://www.whitehouse.gov/administration/eop/</ref> and under the '''Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy and the Environment'''<ref name="secreta">http://www.state.gov/e/</ref>, the offices that deal with affairs related to marine biotechnology are the '''Office of Science and Technology Policy'''<ref name="affa">http://www.state.gov/e/stas/index.htm</ref> and the '''Bureau of Oceans and International Environment and Scientific Affairs'''<ref name="booaie">http://www.state.gov/e/oes/</ref>. <br />
<br />
Two federal agencies of the U.S. are particularly interested in marine biotechnology: the '''National Science Foundation''' (NSF) and the '''National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration''' (NOAA). It is also an area of interest to the '''Environmental Protection Agency''' (EPA), the '''Food and Drugs Administration''' (FDA) or the '''Economic Development Agency''' (EDA).<br />
<br />
*The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent agency created by Congress in 1950, with an annual budget of about $7.5 billion (FY 2016). It funds c. 24% of all publicly-funded academic basic research in all scientific fields except for medical science and is known to provide funding for highly innovative research . The NSF is a contributor to EC-US Task Force meetings on marine biotechnology topics. It funds several projects and infrastructures:<br />
::*The '''Directorate for Biological Sciences''' (BIO) which provides about 64 percent of federal funding for non-medical basic research at academic institutions in the life sciences to advance understanding of the principles and mechanisms governing life. It managed the significant Microbiology Observatories (MO) and Microbial Interactions and Processes (MIP) programs, which included significant elements of marine biotechnology. The '''IOS program''' (about Integrated Organismal Systems) and '''NEON''' (National Ecological Observatory Network) are examples of the current biotechnology-related programs of BIO.<br />
::*The '''Directorate for Engineering''' (ENG) which manages the Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering program, aiming at enabling technology for advanced manufacturing and/or applications in support of the biopharmaceutical, biotechnology, and bioenergy industries, or with applications in health or the environment.<br />
::*'''MarBEC''' is a partnership between the University of Hawaii at Manoa and the University of California at Berkeley. Its collaborators include leading laboratories, research centers, and universities in the U.S. and the Asia-Pacific region. MarBEC integrates research advances in the chemistry of marine natural products, cultivation of microalgae, and processing of bioproducts to successfully create systems capable of successful commercial production of marine bioproducts.<br />
<br />
*The national oceanic and atmospheric administration (NOAA), which coordinates most of the applied marine biotechnology research in USA also has programs relevant to marine biotechnologies such as the '''National Sea Grant''' that supports research focused on coastal ecosystems and sustainable practices for aquaculture and fisheries, currently as part of the 2014-2017 Strategic Plan. It mentions the objective of developing innovative technologies for all sectors of the seafood industry, including fishing, aquaculture, seafood processing to ensure a safe and sustainable supply of seafood products, but does not mention marine or any other biotechnology specifically. NOAA also manages the '''National Undersea Research Program''' (NURP). NOAA NURP and its partner the National Institute of '''Undersea Science and Technology''' (NIUST) is committed to assessing the marine biotechnological potential of US coral reef organisms. The Ocean Biotechnology Center and Repository (OBCR) has surveyed and sampled the marine resources of many states, including Hawaii. The '''Aquaculture Interchange Program''' (AIP), funded through a grant from NOAA, is a conduit for information exchange on aquaculture between the U.S. and Asia, Australia, and Europe. AIP conducts workshops in Honolulu where international experts gather to summarize and exchange current information critical to the growth of U.S. aquaculture.<br />
<br />
== Marine Biotechnology in the State of Hawaii == <br />
The '''Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority''' (NELHA) is an agency attached to the state of Hawaii’s Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism founded in 1974. With the development of biofuels as one of its priorities, NELHA administers the '''Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology Park''' (HOST Park) devoted mainly to growing a green economy and clean energy resources. A central focus of the park is ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), although aquaculture and biofuel from algae are other important fields of work. HOST Park describes itself as one of the best places in the world to grow microalgae and consequently home to leaders in the field of microalgae production and biofuels R&D. It has various marine biotechnology developers as clients, such as Cyanotech, Mera Pharmaceuticals, Shrimp Improvement Systems, Moana, Cellana. Cellana has invested at least $10M in infrastructure destined for biofuel production and processing technology at their 6 acre state of the art demonstration plant. In 2012, NELHA received a '''$3 million federal grant''' from the Department of Commerce’s Economic Development Administration to help expand its alternative energy and biotechnology incubator complex.<br />
<br />
the '''Hawaii Strategic Development Corporation''' is an economic development agency of the State created to assist in developping new high tech business ventures. It has launched the HI Growth Initiative, a State equity investment program designed to catalyze the development of an innovation ecosystem in Hawaii funded by the State Legislature and the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Through the HI Growth Initiative, HSDC’s objective is to build upon successful efforts that have helped to launch a new type of paradise in Hawaii: a Startup Paradise. The Governor proposed $30 million in new funding for the HI Growth Initiative which currently provides $20 million of investment capital that will focus on the critical building blocks of an innovation ecosystem: '''entrepreneur development, research commercialization''' and the mobilization of '''startup investment capital'''. In the Hawaii Business Roundtable’s “'''Innovation Assets Report'''” of 2014-15, biotechnology is recognized as one of the “core” sector of innovative technology companies with an important potential for economic growth and an average of 4.6% annual jobs growth (2002-2012) The 2015 Kauffman Index for Startup Activity ranked Hawaii 12th in the nation for startup growth.<br />
<br />
'''The Hawaii Pacific University Oceanic Institute''' (OI) is a not-for-profit research and development organization dedicated to marine aquaculture, biotechnology, and coastal resource management.<br />
Its mission is to develop and transfer economically responsible technologies that increase aquatic food production while promoting the sustainable use of ocean resources. Its expertise include shrimp aquaculture with e.g. breeding of Specific Pathogen Free, genetically improved shrimp in the Nucleus Breeding Center (NBC), production of 'Kona' postlarvae and development of putative transgenic shrimps, improving shrimps’ resistance against diseases. Most of this research is funded by programs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Aquatic Feeds and Nutrition Department develops and applies innovative feed and nutrition technologies for the aquaculture and associated industries. It investigate for example micronutrients and bioactive compounds in regionally based co-products on growth, survival and body composition of aquatic animals. The '''OI Finfish Research Group''' is working to develop core technologies in broodstock, live feeds, and hatchery-based production methods for marine species mainly associated with the warm tropical and subtropical waters of Hawaii and the Pacific Islands. The Oceanic Institute serves as the '''U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program''' (USMSFP) coordination and administrative center. It is an integrated multi-state research consortium that develops and transfers technologies, products, and services necessary for domestic shrimp farming industry to become competitive in the world market. OI also conducts selective breeding research at its Makapuu and Kona sites.<br />
<br />
The '''Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture''' (CTSA), one of five regional aquaculture centers, was created to spark the development of commercial aquaculture of tropical and subtropical species. It is co-administered by the University of Hawaii (UH) and Oceanic Institute (OI). the CTSA "region" currently encompasses tropical and subtropical species wherever they are cultured within the United States and the U.S. Affiliated Pacific Islands (American Samoa, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Hawaii, Republic of Belau and the Republic of the Marshall Islands). Research projects span the American Insular Pacific, focusing on developing an aquaculture industry using commercially viable tropical and subtropical species. The U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service (USDA/CSREES) provides CTSA's operating grant. <br />
<br />
The ''Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology''' is a world-renowned marine research institute of the School of Ocean & Earth Science & Technology at the '''University of Hawaii at Manoa'''. Situated on Moku o Lo'e (Coconut Island) in Kane‘ohe Bay, HIMB offers facilities for research covering many disciplines of tropical marine science such as coral ecology, biogeochemistry, and evolutionary genetics as well as marine diseases, neuroendocrinology, microbial organisms, and sensory systems of marine mammals and elasmobranchs. <br />
<br />
The '''University of Hawaii at Manoa''' offers a “'''Molecular Biosciences and Biotechnology'''” Program, maintaining relations with private companies. It cooperates for instance with '''Cellana''' for algae-related research projects. It is also oriented on terrestrial biotechnologies through its “Biotechnology and Agricultural Education Program”.<br />
<br />
The '''Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education''' (C.MORE) is a NSF-sponsored Science and Technology Center designed to “linking genomes to biomes”: to facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of the diverse assemblages of microorganisms in the sea, ranging from the genetic basis of marine microbial biogeochemistry including the metabolic regulation and environmental controls of gene expression, to the processes that underpin the fluxes of carbon, related bioelements and energy in the marine environment. It brings together experts on these subjects and facilitates the creation and dissemination of new knowledge on the role of marine microbes in global habitability.<br />
<br />
Overall, more than thirty aquatic plant and animal species are being raised in Hawaii for research or commercial production. Some of these include freshwater prawns, marine shrimp, seaweeds, tilapia, catfish, carp, oysters, clams, rainbow trout, salmon, abalone, mahimahi, koi, moi (Pacific threadfin), snails, frogs and microalgae.<br />
<br />
== Private funding ==<br />
'''Cyanotech Corporation''' is considered one of the world’s leaders in large scale microalgae production and commercialization. Located on the Kona coast, its mission is to sustainably utilize the benefits of microalgae to improve health and extend lives. The company produces BioAstin® Natural Astaxanthin and Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica. It is part of the Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology Park. Cyanotech is the parent company of the wholly owned subsidiary Nutrex Hawaii, which is specialized in the development of Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica and BioAstin Hawaiian Astaxanthin.<br />
<br />
'''Mera Pharmaceuticals, Inc.''' is a marine biotechnology company located on the big island of Hawaii. It is specialized in photobioreactor technology and owns extensive intellectual property dedicated to the culture of microalgae for biofuel or nutriceutical production. Mera has also manufactured natural astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae for over 12 years. It is famous for its sea salt production. A program supported in part by a grant awarded by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) to a consortium formed by Physical Sciences Inc., the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute and Mera Pharmaceuticals was aimed at studying the suitability of utilizing microalgae for carbon sequestration to find technologies that will lower the cost of CO2 capture and sequestration. It is unclear if the program is currently ongoing.<br />
<br />
'''Cellana Inc.''' is a developer of algae-based bioproducts from marine microalgae, also located in the HOST park. Cellana photosynthetically produces the ReNew™ line of Omega-3 EPA and DHA oils, animal feed, and biofuel feedstocks. Cellana’s patented ALDUO™ system, a series of photobioreactors coupled with open ponds, is aimed at enabling low-cost, continuous production of diverse strains of microalgae.<br />
<br />
'''Shrimp Improvement Systems''' (SIS) is since 1998 an important provider of shrimp broodstock. SIS produces genetically improved and Specific Pathogen Free P vannamei shrimp broodstock and has initiated the breeding of P monodon and P stylirostris. From the HOST Park, SIS supplies broodstock to external shrimp farming operations throughout Asia and the Americas. It is dedicated to improving the performance of aquaculture stocks worldwide and notably intensive shrimp aquaculture projects in North America, thanks to its ability to provide shrimp postlarvae year-round. <br />
<br />
'''Forever Oceans Corporation''' was launched as a spin-off of the Lockheed Martin Aquaculture Line of Business in 2014 on the HOST Park in Hawaii. It combines technology with advanced biology and a training program (The Virginia Tech - Virginia Seafood Agricultural Research and Extension Center, '''VSAREC'''), In 2012 Forever Oceans developed with Kampachi Farms a drifting sea farm that was granted a TIME Magazine Top 25 Inventions of the Year Award . Its approach aims at providing sophisticated and environmentally responsible aquafarm.<br />
<br />
'''Kampachi Farms''' is a mariculture company focused on expanding the sustainable production of fish through innovative research and science application. It focuses on the culture of Kampachi fish with innovative methods even if it has interest in other fish such as Nenue of Giant Grouper. Kampachi also supports the development of off-shore technologies such as deep open-ocean mariculture as shown by the drifting sea farm project.<br />
<br />
'''Blue Ocean Mariculture''' is another important mariculture company based in Hawaii, dedicated to the sustainable, responsible production of marine finfish in Hawaii, particularly Seriola spp. It is working closely with '''InnovaSea Systems,Inc.''' to develop technology and techniques for sustainable open ocean mariculture. InnovaSea is dedicated to supporting open-ocean aquaculture businesses by producing innovative, environmentally-focused sustainable technologies and service solutions for the industry. The company is developing a fully integrated open-ocean farming platform. <br />
<br />
== Trends ==<br />
The Obama administration was committed to investing in innovative technologies such as biotechnology and alternative energy sources , as shown by the $3 million EDA investment in the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority. Although 2016 is the last year of Barack Obama’s term, it is likely that the efforts will be maintained in view of the global challenges for biodiversity, food security, energy supply and medicine in Hawaii and in the U.S, added to the United States’ desire for competitiveness in innovation and science technology.<br />
<br />
Marine biotechnology is significant in Hawaii, where the potential for bioprospection is favorable and much work is done on micro-algae and aquaculture. Nevertheless there are some strains and not all aspects of marine biotechnologies are equally favored; by nature, biotechnology research and development requires the importation of microorganisms for laboratory studies and in Hawaii, regulations on microorganisms are strict, importation requires state Department of Agriculture approval, which can sometimes take up to a year. <br />
<br />
Moreover, civil society also has an active opinion on the development of some aspects of biotechnology in the region. There have been attempts in recent years to ban GMO and terrestrial biotech companies from the big island of Hawaii in 2013, and the county of Maui in 2014. Both were blocked or overturned by federal judges, but there is a tendency from civil society to be suspicious about genetically modified organisms, which could spread to the sector of marine biotechnologies (as for example in 2005, the suit against Mera Pharmaceuticals’ genetically modified algae) and possibly threaten the sector’s activity. <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Hawaii&diff=71663
Marine Biotechnology in Hawaii
2016-08-02T14:23:52Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:hawaii.gif||right|325px]]<br />
<br />
{{template:Marinebiotech updated<br />
|month_updated=August<br />
|year_updated=2016<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Context for Marine Biotechnology in Hawaii ==<br />
<br />
It is expected that the global '''marine biotechnology'''<ref name="marbb">http://www.marinebiotech.eu/wiki/Marine_Biotechnology</ref> market reached approximately US$ 4.8 by 2020, driven by the rising focus on environmental sustainability that led to increasing investments in the sector of marine biotechnology research.<ref name="biotres">http://fr.slideshare.net/GlobalIndustryAnalystsInc/marine-biotechnology-a-global-strategic-business-report-45597078</ref> The United States dominates the global market for marine biotechnology worldwide as it is home to highly developed, specialized marine research centers.<ref name="mrsss">http://www.cosmeticsdesign.com/Market-Trends/U.S.-leads-the-way-for-marine-biotechnology</ref> The sector in Asia and the Pacific is also growing fast, emerging as a major regional market for marine biotechnologies. Hawaii, located at the crossroad between the United States and the Asia-Pacific region, is an ideal location for marine biotechnology research and development thanks to its abundant warm sunlight, pure deep ocean water and high biodiversity resources.<ref name="biodresourc">http://www.nutrex-hawaii.com/about</ref> <br />
<br />
== Public Programs in the United States involving Hawaii ==<br />
<br />
In the U.S. Government, several levels of action within the executive power are involved on marine biotechnology research and application opportunities. <br />
<br />
*Within the presidential cabinet, the '''Department of Energy'''<ref name="ener">http://energy.gov/<br />
</ref> (DOE) is supporting marine biotechnology and especially the production of bioenergy from algae, through the '''ARPA-E'''<ref name="ener">http://energy.gov/science-innovation/innovation/arpa-e</ref> agency (Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy). Through its '''Oceans Margin Program'''<ref name="agenc">http://po.msrc.sunysb.edu/omp/<br />
</ref> (OMP)<ref name="enery">https://books.google.com/books?id=P7s-DQa7kjgC&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=Department+of+energy+marine+biotechnology&source=bl&ots=0oZNuw14yp&sig=sLVMAsNp3_eBwJpZ8g406Zo6s1c&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjupamBo_jKAhVJHJQKHWVnBxAQ6AEIMTAC#v=onepage&q=Department%20of%20energy%20marine%20biotechnology&f=false</ref> in the Office of Health and Environmental Research, DOE also supports marine biotechnology research at National laboratories and academic institutions but with a focus on the North Atlantic Ocean. In January 2008, DOE and the governor of the state of Hawaii signed a memorandum of understanding launching the '''Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative''' (HCEI) to transform the energy sector in Hawaii by achieving 70% clean energy by 2030. This includes ocean energy technology and biofuels, but the latter are currently still mainly based on land biomass, such as bio-diesel or ethanol. For that purpose in 2012 the '''Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority''' received a $3 million federal grant funding from the Department of Commerce’s Economic Development Administration to help expand its alternative energy and biotechnology incubator complex.<br />
*Other departments support research on marine biotechnology for different goals, such as the Department of Defense, the Department of Commerce, the Department of Agriculture, and the Agency for International Development (USAID) which supports marine biotech projects such as reproductive studies of milkfish in Hawaii.<br />
*In addition, within the '''Executive Office of the President''' and under the '''Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy and the Environment''', the offices that deal with affairs related to marine biotechnology are the '''Office of Science and Technology Policy''' and the '''Bureau of Oceans and International Environment and Scientific Affairs'''. <br />
<br />
Two federal agencies of the U.S. are particularly interested in marine biotechnology: the '''National Science Foundation''' (NSF) and the '''National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration''' (NOAA). It is also an area of interest to the '''Environmental Protection Agency''' (EPA), the '''Food and Drugs Administration''' (FDA) or the '''Economic Development Agency''' (EDA).<br />
<br />
*The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent agency created by Congress in 1950, with an annual budget of about $7.5 billion (FY 2016). It funds c. 24% of all publicly-funded academic basic research in all scientific fields except for medical science and is known to provide funding for highly innovative research . The NSF is a contributor to EC-US Task Force meetings on marine biotechnology topics. It funds several projects and infrastructures:<br />
::*The '''Directorate for Biological Sciences''' (BIO) which provides about 64 percent of federal funding for non-medical basic research at academic institutions in the life sciences to advance understanding of the principles and mechanisms governing life. It managed the significant Microbiology Observatories (MO) and Microbial Interactions and Processes (MIP) programs, which included significant elements of marine biotechnology. The '''IOS program''' (about Integrated Organismal Systems) and '''NEON''' (National Ecological Observatory Network) are examples of the current biotechnology-related programs of BIO.<br />
::*The '''Directorate for Engineering''' (ENG) which manages the Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering program, aiming at enabling technology for advanced manufacturing and/or applications in support of the biopharmaceutical, biotechnology, and bioenergy industries, or with applications in health or the environment.<br />
::*'''MarBEC''' is a partnership between the University of Hawaii at Manoa and the University of California at Berkeley. Its collaborators include leading laboratories, research centers, and universities in the U.S. and the Asia-Pacific region. MarBEC integrates research advances in the chemistry of marine natural products, cultivation of microalgae, and processing of bioproducts to successfully create systems capable of successful commercial production of marine bioproducts.<br />
<br />
*The national oceanic and atmospheric administration (NOAA), which coordinates most of the applied marine biotechnology research in USA also has programs relevant to marine biotechnologies such as the '''National Sea Grant''' that supports research focused on coastal ecosystems and sustainable practices for aquaculture and fisheries, currently as part of the 2014-2017 Strategic Plan. It mentions the objective of developing innovative technologies for all sectors of the seafood industry, including fishing, aquaculture, seafood processing to ensure a safe and sustainable supply of seafood products, but does not mention marine or any other biotechnology specifically. NOAA also manages the '''National Undersea Research Program''' (NURP). NOAA NURP and its partner the National Institute of '''Undersea Science and Technology''' (NIUST) is committed to assessing the marine biotechnological potential of US coral reef organisms. The Ocean Biotechnology Center and Repository (OBCR) has surveyed and sampled the marine resources of many states, including Hawaii. The '''Aquaculture Interchange Program''' (AIP), funded through a grant from NOAA, is a conduit for information exchange on aquaculture between the U.S. and Asia, Australia, and Europe. AIP conducts workshops in Honolulu where international experts gather to summarize and exchange current information critical to the growth of U.S. aquaculture.<br />
<br />
== Marine Biotechnology in the State of Hawaii == <br />
The '''Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority''' (NELHA) is an agency attached to the state of Hawaii’s Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism founded in 1974. With the development of biofuels as one of its priorities, NELHA administers the '''Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology Park''' (HOST Park) devoted mainly to growing a green economy and clean energy resources. A central focus of the park is ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), although aquaculture and biofuel from algae are other important fields of work. HOST Park describes itself as one of the best places in the world to grow microalgae and consequently home to leaders in the field of microalgae production and biofuels R&D. It has various marine biotechnology developers as clients, such as Cyanotech, Mera Pharmaceuticals, Shrimp Improvement Systems, Moana, Cellana. Cellana has invested at least $10M in infrastructure destined for biofuel production and processing technology at their 6 acre state of the art demonstration plant. In 2012, NELHA received a '''$3 million federal grant''' from the Department of Commerce’s Economic Development Administration to help expand its alternative energy and biotechnology incubator complex.<br />
<br />
the '''Hawaii Strategic Development Corporation''' is an economic development agency of the State created to assist in developping new high tech business ventures. It has launched the HI Growth Initiative, a State equity investment program designed to catalyze the development of an innovation ecosystem in Hawaii funded by the State Legislature and the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Through the HI Growth Initiative, HSDC’s objective is to build upon successful efforts that have helped to launch a new type of paradise in Hawaii: a Startup Paradise. The Governor proposed $30 million in new funding for the HI Growth Initiative which currently provides $20 million of investment capital that will focus on the critical building blocks of an innovation ecosystem: '''entrepreneur development, research commercialization''' and the mobilization of '''startup investment capital'''. In the Hawaii Business Roundtable’s “'''Innovation Assets Report'''” of 2014-15, biotechnology is recognized as one of the “core” sector of innovative technology companies with an important potential for economic growth and an average of 4.6% annual jobs growth (2002-2012) The 2015 Kauffman Index for Startup Activity ranked Hawaii 12th in the nation for startup growth.<br />
<br />
'''The Hawaii Pacific University Oceanic Institute''' (OI) is a not-for-profit research and development organization dedicated to marine aquaculture, biotechnology, and coastal resource management.<br />
Its mission is to develop and transfer economically responsible technologies that increase aquatic food production while promoting the sustainable use of ocean resources. Its expertise include shrimp aquaculture with e.g. breeding of Specific Pathogen Free, genetically improved shrimp in the Nucleus Breeding Center (NBC), production of 'Kona' postlarvae and development of putative transgenic shrimps, improving shrimps’ resistance against diseases. Most of this research is funded by programs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Aquatic Feeds and Nutrition Department develops and applies innovative feed and nutrition technologies for the aquaculture and associated industries. It investigate for example micronutrients and bioactive compounds in regionally based co-products on growth, survival and body composition of aquatic animals. The '''OI Finfish Research Group''' is working to develop core technologies in broodstock, live feeds, and hatchery-based production methods for marine species mainly associated with the warm tropical and subtropical waters of Hawaii and the Pacific Islands. The Oceanic Institute serves as the '''U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program''' (USMSFP) coordination and administrative center. It is an integrated multi-state research consortium that develops and transfers technologies, products, and services necessary for domestic shrimp farming industry to become competitive in the world market. OI also conducts selective breeding research at its Makapuu and Kona sites.<br />
<br />
The '''Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture''' (CTSA), one of five regional aquaculture centers, was created to spark the development of commercial aquaculture of tropical and subtropical species. It is co-administered by the University of Hawaii (UH) and Oceanic Institute (OI). the CTSA "region" currently encompasses tropical and subtropical species wherever they are cultured within the United States and the U.S. Affiliated Pacific Islands (American Samoa, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Hawaii, Republic of Belau and the Republic of the Marshall Islands). Research projects span the American Insular Pacific, focusing on developing an aquaculture industry using commercially viable tropical and subtropical species. The U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service (USDA/CSREES) provides CTSA's operating grant. <br />
<br />
The ''Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology''' is a world-renowned marine research institute of the School of Ocean & Earth Science & Technology at the '''University of Hawaii at Manoa'''. Situated on Moku o Lo'e (Coconut Island) in Kane‘ohe Bay, HIMB offers facilities for research covering many disciplines of tropical marine science such as coral ecology, biogeochemistry, and evolutionary genetics as well as marine diseases, neuroendocrinology, microbial organisms, and sensory systems of marine mammals and elasmobranchs. <br />
<br />
The '''University of Hawaii at Manoa''' offers a “'''Molecular Biosciences and Biotechnology'''” Program, maintaining relations with private companies. It cooperates for instance with '''Cellana''' for algae-related research projects. It is also oriented on terrestrial biotechnologies through its “Biotechnology and Agricultural Education Program”.<br />
<br />
The '''Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education''' (C.MORE) is a NSF-sponsored Science and Technology Center designed to “linking genomes to biomes”: to facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of the diverse assemblages of microorganisms in the sea, ranging from the genetic basis of marine microbial biogeochemistry including the metabolic regulation and environmental controls of gene expression, to the processes that underpin the fluxes of carbon, related bioelements and energy in the marine environment. It brings together experts on these subjects and facilitates the creation and dissemination of new knowledge on the role of marine microbes in global habitability.<br />
<br />
Overall, more than thirty aquatic plant and animal species are being raised in Hawaii for research or commercial production. Some of these include freshwater prawns, marine shrimp, seaweeds, tilapia, catfish, carp, oysters, clams, rainbow trout, salmon, abalone, mahimahi, koi, moi (Pacific threadfin), snails, frogs and microalgae.<br />
<br />
== Private funding ==<br />
'''Cyanotech Corporation''' is considered one of the world’s leaders in large scale microalgae production and commercialization. Located on the Kona coast, its mission is to sustainably utilize the benefits of microalgae to improve health and extend lives. The company produces BioAstin® Natural Astaxanthin and Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica. It is part of the Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology Park. Cyanotech is the parent company of the wholly owned subsidiary Nutrex Hawaii, which is specialized in the development of Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica and BioAstin Hawaiian Astaxanthin.<br />
<br />
'''Mera Pharmaceuticals, Inc.''' is a marine biotechnology company located on the big island of Hawaii. It is specialized in photobioreactor technology and owns extensive intellectual property dedicated to the culture of microalgae for biofuel or nutriceutical production. Mera has also manufactured natural astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae for over 12 years. It is famous for its sea salt production. A program supported in part by a grant awarded by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) to a consortium formed by Physical Sciences Inc., the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute and Mera Pharmaceuticals was aimed at studying the suitability of utilizing microalgae for carbon sequestration to find technologies that will lower the cost of CO2 capture and sequestration. It is unclear if the program is currently ongoing.<br />
<br />
'''Cellana Inc.''' is a developer of algae-based bioproducts from marine microalgae, also located in the HOST park. Cellana photosynthetically produces the ReNew™ line of Omega-3 EPA and DHA oils, animal feed, and biofuel feedstocks. Cellana’s patented ALDUO™ system, a series of photobioreactors coupled with open ponds, is aimed at enabling low-cost, continuous production of diverse strains of microalgae.<br />
<br />
'''Shrimp Improvement Systems''' (SIS) is since 1998 an important provider of shrimp broodstock. SIS produces genetically improved and Specific Pathogen Free P vannamei shrimp broodstock and has initiated the breeding of P monodon and P stylirostris. From the HOST Park, SIS supplies broodstock to external shrimp farming operations throughout Asia and the Americas. It is dedicated to improving the performance of aquaculture stocks worldwide and notably intensive shrimp aquaculture projects in North America, thanks to its ability to provide shrimp postlarvae year-round. <br />
<br />
'''Forever Oceans Corporation''' was launched as a spin-off of the Lockheed Martin Aquaculture Line of Business in 2014 on the HOST Park in Hawaii. It combines technology with advanced biology and a training program (The Virginia Tech - Virginia Seafood Agricultural Research and Extension Center, '''VSAREC'''), In 2012 Forever Oceans developed with Kampachi Farms a drifting sea farm that was granted a TIME Magazine Top 25 Inventions of the Year Award . Its approach aims at providing sophisticated and environmentally responsible aquafarm.<br />
<br />
'''Kampachi Farms''' is a mariculture company focused on expanding the sustainable production of fish through innovative research and science application. It focuses on the culture of Kampachi fish with innovative methods even if it has interest in other fish such as Nenue of Giant Grouper. Kampachi also supports the development of off-shore technologies such as deep open-ocean mariculture as shown by the drifting sea farm project.<br />
<br />
'''Blue Ocean Mariculture''' is another important mariculture company based in Hawaii, dedicated to the sustainable, responsible production of marine finfish in Hawaii, particularly Seriola spp. It is working closely with '''InnovaSea Systems,Inc.''' to develop technology and techniques for sustainable open ocean mariculture. InnovaSea is dedicated to supporting open-ocean aquaculture businesses by producing innovative, environmentally-focused sustainable technologies and service solutions for the industry. The company is developing a fully integrated open-ocean farming platform. <br />
<br />
== Trends ==<br />
The Obama administration was committed to investing in innovative technologies such as biotechnology and alternative energy sources , as shown by the $3 million EDA investment in the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority. Although 2016 is the last year of Barack Obama’s term, it is likely that the efforts will be maintained in view of the global challenges for biodiversity, food security, energy supply and medicine in Hawaii and in the U.S, added to the United States’ desire for competitiveness in innovation and science technology.<br />
<br />
Marine biotechnology is significant in Hawaii, where the potential for bioprospection is favorable and much work is done on micro-algae and aquaculture. Nevertheless there are some strains and not all aspects of marine biotechnologies are equally favored; by nature, biotechnology research and development requires the importation of microorganisms for laboratory studies and in Hawaii, regulations on microorganisms are strict, importation requires state Department of Agriculture approval, which can sometimes take up to a year. <br />
<br />
Moreover, civil society also has an active opinion on the development of some aspects of biotechnology in the region. There have been attempts in recent years to ban GMO and terrestrial biotech companies from the big island of Hawaii in 2013, and the county of Maui in 2014. Both were blocked or overturned by federal judges, but there is a tendency from civil society to be suspicious about genetically modified organisms, which could spread to the sector of marine biotechnologies (as for example in 2005, the suit against Mera Pharmaceuticals’ genetically modified algae) and possibly threaten the sector’s activity. <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Hawaii&diff=71661
Marine Biotechnology in Hawaii
2016-08-02T14:07:17Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[Image:hawaii.gif||right|325px]]<br />
<br />
{{template:Marinebiotech updated<br />
|month_updated=August<br />
|year_updated=2016<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Context for Marine Biotechnology in Hawaii ==<br />
<br />
It is expected that the global '''marine biotechnology'''<ref name="marbb">http://www.marinebiotech.eu/wiki/Marine_Biotechnology</ref> market reached approximately US$ 4.8 by 2020, driven by the rising focus on environmental sustainability that led to increasing investments in the sector of marine biotechnology research.<ref name="biotres">http://fr.slideshare.net/GlobalIndustryAnalystsInc/marine-biotechnology-a-global-strategic-business-report-45597078</ref> The United States dominates the global market for marine biotechnology worldwide as it is home to highly developed, specialized marine research centers.<ref name="mrsss">http://www.cosmeticsdesign.com/Market-Trends/U.S.-leads-the-way-for-marine-biotechnology</ref> The sector in Asia and the Pacific is also growing fast, emerging as a major regional market for marine biotechnologies. Hawaii, located at the crossroad between the United States and the Asia-Pacific region, is an ideal location for marine biotechnology research and development thanks to its abundant warm sunlight, pure deep ocean water and high biodiversity resources.<ref name="biodresourc">http://www.nutrex-hawaii.com/about</ref> <br />
<br />
== Public Programs in the United States involving Hawaii ==<br />
<br />
In the U.S. Government, several levels of action within the executive power are involved on marine biotechnology research and application opportunities. <br />
<br />
*Within the presidential cabinet, the '''Department of Energy''' (DOE) is supporting marine biotechnology and especially the production of bioenergy from algae, through the '''ARPA-E''' agency (Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy) . Through its '''Oceans Margin Program''' (OMP) in the Office of Health and Environmental Research, DOE also supports marine biotechnology research at National laboratories and academic institutions but with a focus on the North Atlantic Ocean. In January 2008, DOE and the governor of the state of Hawaii signed a memorandum of understanding launching the '''Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative''' (HCEI) to transform the energy sector in Hawaii by achieving 70% clean energy by 2030. This includes ocean energy technology and biofuels, but the latter are currently still mainly based on land biomass, such as bio-diesel or ethanol . For that purpose in 2012 the '''Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority''' received a $3 million federal grant funding from the Department of Commerce’s Economic Development Administration to help expand its alternative energy and biotechnology incubator complex.<br />
*Other departments support research on marine biotechnology for different goals, such as the Department of Defense, the Department of Commerce, the Department of Agriculture, and the Agency for International Development (USAID) which supports marine biotech projects such as reproductive studies of milkfish in Hawaii.<br />
*In addition, within the '''Executive Office of the President''' and under the '''Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy and the Environment''', the offices that deal with affairs related to marine biotechnology are the '''Office of Science and Technology Policy''' and the '''Bureau of Oceans and International Environment and Scientific Affairs'''. <br />
<br />
Two federal agencies of the U.S. are particularly interested in marine biotechnology: the '''National Science Foundation''' (NSF) and the '''National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration''' (NOAA). It is also an area of interest to the '''Environmental Protection Agency''' (EPA), the '''Food and Drugs Administration''' (FDA) or the '''Economic Development Agency''' (EDA).<br />
<br />
*The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent agency created by Congress in 1950, with an annual budget of about $7.5 billion (FY 2016) . It funds c. 24% of all publicly-funded academic basic research in all scientific fields except for medical science and is known to provide funding for highly innovative research . The NSF is a contributor to EC-US Task Force meetings on marine biotechnology topics. It funds several projects and infrastructures:<br />
::*The '''Directorate for Biological Sciences''' (BIO) which provides about 64 percent of federal funding for non-medical basic research at academic institutions in the life sciences to advance understanding of the principles and mechanisms governing life. It managed the significant Microbiology Observatories (MO) and Microbial Interactions and Processes (MIP) programs , which included significant elements of marine biotechnology. The '''IOS program''' (about Integrated Organismal Systems) and '''NEON''' (National Ecological Observatory Network) are examples of the current biotechnology-related programs of BIO.<br />
::*The '''Directorate for Engineering''' (ENG) which manages the Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering program, aiming at enabling technology for advanced manufacturing and/or applications in support of the biopharmaceutical, biotechnology, and bioenergy industries, or with applications in health or the environment.<br />
::*'''MarBEC''' is a partnership between the University of Hawai'i at Manoa and the University of California at Berkeley. Its collaborators include leading laboratories, research centers, and universities in the U.S. and the Asia-Pacific region. MarBEC integrates research advances in the chemistry of marine natural products, cultivation of microalgae, and processing of bioproducts to successfully create systems capable of successful commercial production of marine bioproducts .<br />
<br />
*The national oceanic and atmospheric administration (NOAA), which coordinates most of the applied marine biotechnology research in USA also has programs relevant to marine biotechnologies such as the '''National Sea Grant''' that supports research focused on coastal ecosystems and sustainable practices for aquaculture and fisheries, currently as part of the 2014-2017 Strategic Plan . It mentions the objective of developing innovative technologies for all sectors of the seafood industry, including fishing, aquaculture, seafood processing to ensure a safe and sustainable supply of seafood products, but does not mention marine or any other biotechnology specifically. NOAA also manages the '''National Undersea Research Program''' (NURP). NOAA NURP and its partner the National Institute of '''Undersea Science and Technology''' (NIUST) is committed to assessing the marine biotechnological potential of US coral reef organisms . The Ocean Biotechnology Center and Repository (OBCR) has surveyed and sampled the marine resources of many states, including Hawaii . The '''Aquaculture Interchange Program''' (AIP), funded through a grant from NOAA, is a conduit for information exchange on aquaculture between the U.S. and Asia, Australia, and Europe. AIP conducts workshops in Honolulu where international experts gather to summarize and exchange current information critical to the growth of U.S. aquaculture .<br />
<br />
== Marine Biotechnology in the State of Hawaii == <br />
The '''Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority''' (NELHA) is an agency attached to the state of Hawaii’s Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism founded in 1974. With the development of biofuels as one of its priorities , NELHA administers the '''Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology Park''' (HOST Park) devoted mainly to growing a green economy and clean energy resources. A central focus of the park is ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), although aquaculture and biofuel from algae are other important fields of work. HOST Park describes itself as one of the best places in the world to grow microalgae and consequently home to leaders in the field of microalgae production and biofuels R&D. It has various marine biotechnology developers as clients, such as Cyanotech, Mera Pharmaceuticals, Shrimp Improvement Systems, Moana, Cellana. Cellana has invested at least $10M in infrastructure destined for biofuel production and processing technology at their 6 acre state of the art demonstration plant. In 2012, NELHA received a '''$3 million federal grant''' from the Department of Commerce’s Economic Development Administration to help expand its alternative energy and biotechnology incubator complex.<br />
<br />
the '''Hawaii Strategic Development Corporation''' is an economic development agency of the State created to assist in developping new high tech business ventures. It has launched the HI Growth Initiative, a State equity investment program designed to catalyze the development of an innovation ecosystem in Hawaii funded by the State Legislature and the U.S. Department of the Treasury . Through the HI Growth Initiative, HSDC’s objective is to build upon successful efforts that have helped to launch a new type of paradise in Hawaii: a Startup Paradise. The Governor proposed $30 million in new funding for the HI Growth Initiative which currently provides $20 million of investment capital that will focus on the critical building blocks of an innovation ecosystem: '''entrepreneur development, research commercialization''' and the mobilization of '''startup investment capital''' . In the Hawaii Business Roundtable’s “'''Innovation Assets Report'''” of 2014-15, biotechnology is recognized as one of the “core” sector of innovative technology companies with an important potential for economic growth and an average of 4.6% annual jobs growth (2002-2012) The 2015 Kauffman Index for Startup Activity ranked Hawaii 12th in the nation for startup growth .<br />
<br />
'''The Hawaii Pacific University Oceanic Institute''' (OI) is a not-for-profit research and development organization dedicated to marine aquaculture, biotechnology, and coastal resource management.<br />
Its mission is to develop and transfer economically responsible technologies that increase aquatic food production while promoting the sustainable use of ocean resources . Its expertise include shrimp aquaculture with e.g. breeding of Specific Pathogen Free, genetically improved shrimp in the Nucleus Breeding Center (NBC), production of 'Kona' postlarvae and development of putative transgenic shrimps, improving shrimps’ resistance against diseases. Most of this research is funded by programs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Aquatic Feeds and Nutrition Department develops and applies innovative feed and nutrition technologies for the aquaculture and associated industries. It investigate for example micronutrients and bioactive compounds in regionally based co-products on growth, survival and body composition of aquatic animals. The '''OI Finfish Research Group''' is working to develop core technologies in broodstock, live feeds, and hatchery-based production methods for marine species mainly associated with the warm tropical and subtropical waters of Hawaii and the Pacific Islands. The Oceanic Institute serves as the '''U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program''' (USMSFP) coordination and administrative center. It is an integrated multi-state research consortium that develops and transfers technologies, products, and services necessary for domestic shrimp farming industry to become competitive in the world market. OI also conducts selective breeding research at its Makapuu and Kona sites .<br />
<br />
The '''Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture''' (CTSA), one of five regional aquaculture centers, was created to spark the development of commercial aquaculture of tropical and subtropical species. It is co-administered by the University of Hawaii (UH) and Oceanic Institute (OI). the CTSA "region" currently encompasses tropical and subtropical species wherever they are cultured within the United States and the U.S. Affiliated Pacific Islands (American Samoa, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Hawaii, Republic of Belau and the Republic of the Marshall Islands). Research projects span the American Insular Pacific, focusing on developing an aquaculture industry using commercially viable tropical and subtropical species. The U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service (USDA/CSREES) provides CTSA's operating grant . <br />
<br />
The ''Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology''' is a world-renowned marine research institute of the School of Ocean & Earth Science & Technology at the '''University of Hawaii at Manoa'''. Situated on Moku o Lo'e (Coconut Island) in Kane‘ohe Bay, HIMB offers facilities for research covering many disciplines of tropical marine science such as coral ecology, biogeochemistry, and evolutionary genetics as well as marine diseases, neuroendocrinology, microbial organisms, and sensory systems of marine mammals and elasmobranchs. <br />
<br />
The '''University of Hawaii at Manoa''' offers a “'''Molecular Biosciences and Biotechnology'''” Program, maintaining relations with private companies. It cooperates for instance with '''Cellana''' for algae-related research projects. It is also oriented on terrestrial biotechnologies through its “Biotechnology and Agricultural Education Program”.<br />
<br />
The '''Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education''' (C.MORE) is a NSF-sponsored Science and Technology Center designed to “linking genomes to biomes”: to facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of the diverse assemblages of microorganisms in the sea, ranging from the genetic basis of marine microbial biogeochemistry including the metabolic regulation and environmental controls of gene expression, to the processes that underpin the fluxes of carbon, related bioelements and energy in the marine environment. It brings together experts on these subjects and facilitates the creation and dissemination of new knowledge on the role of marine microbes in global habitability .<br />
<br />
Overall, more than thirty aquatic plant and animal species are being raised in Hawaii for research or commercial production. Some of these include freshwater prawns, marine shrimp, seaweeds, tilapia, catfish, carp, oysters, clams, rainbow trout, salmon, abalone, mahimahi, koi, moi (Pacific threadfin), snails, frogs and microalgae .<br />
<br />
== Private funding ==<br />
'''Cyanotech Corporation''' is considered one of the world’s leaders in large scale microalgae production and commercialization. Located on the Kona coast, its mission is to sustainably utilize the benefits of microalgae to improve health and extend lives. The company produces BioAstin® Natural Astaxanthin and Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica® . It is part of the Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology Park. Cyanotech is the parent company of the wholly owned subsidiary Nutrex Hawaii, which is specialized in the development of Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica® and BioAstin® Hawaiian Astaxanthin ® .<br />
<br />
'''Mera Pharmaceuticals, Inc.''' is a marine biotechnology company located on the big island of Hawaii. It is specialized in photobioreactor technology and owns extensive intellectual property dedicated to the culture of microalgae for biofuel or nutriceutical production . Mera has also manufactured natural astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae for over 12 years. It is famous for its sea salt production. A program supported in part by a grant awarded by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) to a consortium formed by Physical Sciences Inc., the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute and Mera Pharmaceuticals was aimed at studying the suitability of utilizing microalgae for carbon sequestration to find technologies that will lower the cost of CO2 capture and sequestration . It is unclear if the program is currently ongoing.<br />
<br />
'''Cellana Inc.''' is a developer of algae-based bioproducts from marine microalgae, also located in the HOST park. Cellana photosynthetically produces the ReNew™ line of Omega-3 EPA and DHA oils, animal feed, and biofuel feedstocks. Cellana’s patented ALDUO™ system, a series of photobioreactors coupled with open ponds, is aimed at enabling low-cost, continuous production of diverse strains of microalgae .<br />
<br />
'''Shrimp Improvement Systems''' (SIS) is since 1998 an important provider of shrimp broodstock. SIS produces genetically improved and Specific Pathogen Free P vannamei shrimp broodstock and has initiated the breeding of P monodon and P stylirostris. From the HOST Park, SIS supplies broodstock to external shrimp farming operations throughout Asia and the Americas. It is dedicated to improving the performance of aquaculture stocks worldwide and notably intensive shrimp aquaculture projects in North America, thanks to its ability to provide shrimp postlarvae year-round . <br />
<br />
'''Forever Oceans Corporation''' was launched as a spin-off of the Lockheed Martin Aquaculture Line of Business in 2014 on the HOST Park in Hawaii. It combines technology with advanced biology and a training program (The Virginia Tech - Virginia Seafood Agricultural Research and Extension Center, '''VSAREC''') , In 2012 Forever Oceans developed with Kampachi Farms a drifting sea farm that was granted a TIME Magazine Top 25 Inventions of the Year Award . Its approach aims at providing sophisticated and environmentally responsible aquafarm.<br />
<br />
'''Kampachi Farms''' is a mariculture company focused on expanding the sustainable production of fish through innovative research and science application. It focuses on the culture of Kampachi fish with innovative methods even if it has interest in other fish such as Nenue of Giant Grouper . Kampachi also supports the development of off-shore technologies such as deep open-ocean mariculture as shown by the drifting sea farm project.<br />
<br />
'''Blue Ocean Mariculture''' is another important mariculture company based in Hawaii, dedicated to the sustainable, responsible production of marine finfish in Hawaii, particularly Seriola spp. It is working closely with '''InnovaSea Systems,Inc.''' to develop technology and techniques for sustainable open ocean mariculture. InnovaSea is dedicated to supporting open-ocean aquaculture businesses by producing innovative, environmentally-focused sustainable technologies and service solutions for the industry. The company is developing a fully integrated open-ocean farming platform. <br />
<br />
== Trends ==<br />
The Obama administration was committed to investing in innovative technologies such as biotechnology and alternative energy sources , as shown by the $3 million EDA investment in the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority. Although 2016 is the last year of Barack Obama’s term, it is likely that the efforts will be maintained in view of the global challenges for biodiversity, food security, energy supply and medicine in Hawaii and in the U.S, added to the United States’ desire for competitiveness in innovation and science technology.<br />
<br />
Marine biotechnology is significant in Hawaii, where the potential for bioprospection is favorable and much work is done on micro-algae and aquaculture. Nevertheless there are some strains and not all aspects of marine biotechnologies are equally favored; by nature, biotechnology research and development requires the importation of microorganisms for laboratory studies and in Hawaii, regulations on microorganisms are strict, importation requires state Department of Agriculture approval, which can sometimes take up to a year . <br />
<br />
Moreover, civil society also has an active opinion on the development of some aspects of biotechnology in the region. There have been attempts in recent years to ban GMO and terrestrial biotech companies from the big island of Hawaii in 2013 , and the county of Maui in 2014. Both were blocked or overturned by federal judges, but there is a tendency from civil society to be suspicious about genetically modified organisms, which could spread to the sector of marine biotechnologies (as for example in 2005, the suit against Mera Pharmaceuticals’ genetically modified algae ) and possibly threaten the sector’s activity. <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Hawaii&diff=71658
Marine Biotechnology in Hawaii
2016-08-02T13:42:59Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: Created page with "325px {{template:Marinebiotech updated |month_updated=August |year_updated=2016 }} == Context for Marine Biotechnology in Hawaii == It is expect..."</p>
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<div>[[Image:hawaii.gif||right|325px]]<br />
<br />
{{template:Marinebiotech updated<br />
|month_updated=August<br />
|year_updated=2016<br />
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<br />
== Context for Marine Biotechnology in Hawaii ==<br />
<br />
It is expected that the global marine biotechnology market reached approximately US$ 4.8 by 2020, driven by the rising focus on environmental sustainability that led to increasing investments in the sector of marine biotechnology research . The United States dominates the global market for marine biotechnology worldwide as it is home to highly developed, specialized marine research centers . The sector in Asia and the Pacific is also growing fast, emerging as a major regional market for marine biotechnologies. Hawaii, located at the crossroad between the United States and the Asia-Pacific region, is an ideal location for marine biotechnology research and development thanks to its abundant warm sunlight, pure deep ocean water and high biodiversity resources. <br />
<br />
== Public Programs in the United States involving Hawaii ==<br />
<br />
In the U.S. Government, several levels of action within the executive power are involved on marine biotechnology research and application opportunities. <br />
<br />
*Within the presidential cabinet, the Department of Energy (DOE) is supporting marine biotechnology and especially the production of bioenergy from algae, through the ARPA-E agency (Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy) . Through its Oceans Margin Program (OMP) in the Office of Health and Environmental Research, DOE also supports marine biotechnology research at National laboratories and academic institutions but with a focus on the North Atlantic Ocean. In January 2008, DOE and the governor of the state of Hawaii signed a memorandum of understanding launching the Hawaii Clean Energy Initiative (HCEI) to transform the energy sector in Hawaii by achieving 70% clean energy by 2030. This includes ocean energy technology and biofuels, but the latter are currently still mainly based on land biomass, such as bio-diesel or ethanol . For that purpose in 2012 the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority received a $3 million federal grant funding from the Department of Commerce’s Economic Development Administration to help expand its alternative energy and biotechnology incubator complex.<br />
*Other departments support research on marine biotechnology for different goals, such as the Department of Defense, the Department of Commerce, the Department of Agriculture, and the Agency for International Development (USAID) which supports marine biotech projects such as reproductive studies of milkfish in Hawaii.<br />
*In addition, within the Executive Office of the President and under the Secretary for Economic Growth, Energy and the Environment, the offices that deal with affairs related to marine biotechnology are the Office of Science and Technology Policy and the Bureau of Oceans and International Environment and Scientific Affairs. <br />
<br />
Two federal agencies of the U.S. are particularly interested in marine biotechnology: the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). It is also an area of interest to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) or the Economic Development Agency (EDA).<br />
<br />
*The National Science Foundation (NSF) is an independent agency created by Congress in 1950, with an annual budget of about $7.5 billion (FY 2016) . It funds c. 24% of all publicly-funded academic basic research in all scientific fields except for medical science and is known to provide funding for highly innovative research . The NSF is a contributor to EC-US Task Force meetings on marine biotechnology topics. It funds several projects and infrastructures:<br />
::*The Directorate for Biological Sciences (BIO) which provides about 64 percent of federal funding for non-medical basic research at academic institutions in the life sciences to advance understanding of the principles and mechanisms governing life. It managed the significant Microbiology Observatories (MO) and Microbial Interactions and Processes (MIP) programs , which included significant elements of marine biotechnology. The IOS program (about Integrated Organismal Systems) and NEON (National Ecological Observatory Network) are examples of the current biotechnology-related programs of BIO.<br />
::*The Directorate for Engineering (ENG) which manages the Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering program, aiming at enabling technology for advanced manufacturing and/or applications in support of the biopharmaceutical, biotechnology, and bioenergy industries, or with applications in health or the environment.<br />
::*MarBEC is a partnership between the University of Hawai'i at Manoa and the University of California at Berkeley. Its collaborators include leading laboratories, research centers, and universities in the U.S. and the Asia-Pacific region. MarBEC integrates research advances in the chemistry of marine natural products, cultivation of microalgae, and processing of bioproducts to successfully create systems capable of successful commercial production of marine bioproducts .<br />
<br />
*The national oceanic and atmospheric administration (NOAA), which coordinates most of the applied marine biotechnology research in USA also has programs relevant to marine biotechnologies such as the National Sea Grant that supports research focused on coastal ecosystems and sustainable practices for aquaculture and fisheries, currently as part of the 2014-2017 Strategic Plan . It mentions the objective of developing innovative technologies for all sectors of the seafood industry, including fishing, aquaculture, seafood processing to ensure a safe and sustainable supply of seafood products, but does not mention marine or any other biotechnology specifically. NOAA also manages the National Undersea Research Program (NURP). NOAA NURP and its partner the National Institute of Undersea Science and Technology (NIUST) is committed to assessing the marine biotechnological potential of US coral reef organisms . The Ocean Biotechnology Center and Repository (OBCR) has surveyed and sampled the marine resources of many states, including Hawaii . The Aquaculture Interchange Program (AIP), funded through a grant from NOAA, is a conduit for information exchange on aquaculture between the U.S. and Asia, Australia, and Europe. AIP conducts workshops in Honolulu where international experts gather to summarize and exchange current information critical to the growth of U.S. aquaculture .<br />
<br />
== Marine Biotechnology in the State of Hawaii == <br />
The Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority (NELHA) is an agency attached to the state of Hawaii’s Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism founded in 1974. With the development of biofuels as one of its priorities , NELHA administers the Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology Park (HOST Park) devoted mainly to growing a green economy and clean energy resources. A central focus of the park is ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC), although aquaculture and biofuel from algae are other important fields of work. HOST Park describes itself as one of the best places in the world to grow microalgae and consequently home to leaders in the field of microalgae production and biofuels R&D. It has various marine biotechnology developers as clients, such as Cyanotech, Mera Pharmaceuticals, Shrimp Improvement Systems, Moana, Cellana. Cellana has invested at least $10M in infrastructure destined for biofuel production and processing technology at their 6 acre state of the art demonstration plant. In 2012, NELHA received a $3 million federal grant from the Department of Commerce’s Economic Development Administration to help expand its alternative energy and biotechnology incubator complex.<br />
<br />
the Hawaii Strategic Development Corporation is an economic development agency of the State created to assist in developping new high tech business ventures. It has launched the HI Growth Initiative, a State equity investment program designed to catalyze the development of an innovation ecosystem in Hawaii funded by the State Legislature and the U.S. Department of the Treasury . Through the HI Growth Initiative, HSDC’s objective is to build upon successful efforts that have helped to launch a new type of paradise in Hawaii: a Startup Paradise. The Governor proposed $30 million in new funding for the HI Growth Initiative which currently provides $20 million of investment capital that will focus on the critical building blocks of an innovation ecosystem: entrepreneur development, research commercialization and the mobilization of startup investment capital . In the Hawaii Business Roundtable’s “Innovation Assets Report” of 2014-15, biotechnology is recognized as one of the “core” sector of innovative technology companies with an important potential for economic growth and an average of 4.6% annual jobs growth (2002-2012) The 2015 Kauffman Index for Startup Activity ranked Hawaii 12th in the nation for startup growth .<br />
<br />
The Hawaii Pacific University Oceanic Institute (OI) is a not-for-profit research and development organization dedicated to marine aquaculture, biotechnology, and coastal resource management.<br />
Its mission is to develop and transfer economically responsible technologies that increase aquatic food production while promoting the sustainable use of ocean resources . Its expertise include shrimp aquaculture with e.g. breeding of Specific Pathogen Free, genetically improved shrimp in the Nucleus Breeding Center (NBC), production of 'Kona' postlarvae and development of putative transgenic shrimps, improving shrimps’ resistance against diseases. Most of this research is funded by programs of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. The Aquatic Feeds and Nutrition Department develops and applies innovative feed and nutrition technologies for the aquaculture and associated industries. It investigate for example micronutrients and bioactive compounds in regionally based co-products on growth, survival and body composition of aquatic animals. The OI Finfish Research Group is working to develop core technologies in broodstock, live feeds, and hatchery-based production methods for marine species mainly associated with the warm tropical and subtropical waters of Hawaii and the Pacific Islands. The Oceanic Institute serves as the U.S. Marine Shrimp Farming Program (USMSFP) coordination and administrative center. It is an integrated multi-state research consortium that develops and transfers technologies, products, and services necessary for domestic shrimp farming industry to become competitive in the world market. OI also conducts selective breeding research at its Makapuu and Kona sites .<br />
<br />
The Center for Tropical and Subtropical Aquaculture (CTSA), one of five regional aquaculture centers, was created to spark the development of commercial aquaculture of tropical and subtropical species. It is co-administered by the University of Hawaii (UH) and Oceanic Institute (OI). the CTSA "region" currently encompasses tropical and subtropical species wherever they are cultured within the United States and the U.S. Affiliated Pacific Islands (American Samoa, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Guam, Hawaii, Republic of Belau and the Republic of the Marshall Islands). Research projects span the American Insular Pacific, focusing on developing an aquaculture industry using commercially viable tropical and subtropical species. The U.S. Department of Agriculture Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service (USDA/CSREES) provides CTSA's operating grant . <br />
<br />
The Hawai‘i Institute of Marine Biology is a world-renowned marine research institute of the School of Ocean & Earth Science & Technology at the University of Hawai'i at Manoa. Situated on Moku o Lo'e (Coconut Island) in Kane‘ohe Bay, HIMB offers facilities for research covering many disciplines of tropical marine science such as coral ecology, biogeochemistry, and evolutionary genetics as well as marine diseases, neuroendocrinology, microbial organisms, and sensory systems of marine mammals and elasmobranchs. <br />
<br />
The University of Hawaii at Manoa offers a “Molecular Biosciences and Biotechnology” Program, maintaining relations with private companies. It cooperates for instance with Cellana for algae-related research projects. It is also oriented on terrestrial biotechnologies through its “Biotechnology and Agricultural Education Program”.<br />
<br />
The Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education (C.MORE) is a NSF-sponsored Science and Technology Center designed to “linking genomes to biomes”: to facilitate a more comprehensive understanding of the diverse assemblages of microorganisms in the sea, ranging from the genetic basis of marine microbial biogeochemistry including the metabolic regulation and environmental controls of gene expression, to the processes that underpin the fluxes of carbon, related bioelements and energy in the marine environment. It brings together experts on these subjects and facilitates the creation and dissemination of new knowledge on the role of marine microbes in global habitability .<br />
<br />
Overall, more than thirty aquatic plant and animal species are being raised in Hawaii for research or commercial production. Some of these include freshwater prawns, marine shrimp, seaweeds, tilapia, catfish, carp, oysters, clams, rainbow trout, salmon, abalone, mahimahi, koi, moi (Pacific threadfin), snails, frogs and microalgae .<br />
<br />
== Private funding ==<br />
Cyanotech Corporation is considered one of the world’s leaders in large scale microalgae production and commercialization. Located on the Kona coast, its mission is to sustainably utilize the benefits of microalgae to improve health and extend lives. The company produces BioAstin® Natural Astaxanthin and Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica® . It is part of the Hawaii Ocean Science and Technology Park. Cyanotech is the parent company of the wholly owned subsidiary Nutrex Hawaii, which is specialized in the development of Hawaiian Spirulina Pacifica® and BioAstin® Hawaiian Astaxanthin ® .<br />
<br />
Mera Pharmaceuticals, Inc. is a marine biotechnology company located on the big island of Hawaii. It is specialized in photobioreactor technology and owns extensive intellectual property dedicated to the culture of microalgae for biofuel or nutriceutical production . Mera has also manufactured natural astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis microalgae for over 12 years. It is famous for its sea salt production. A program supported in part by a grant awarded by the United States Department of Energy (DOE) to a consortium formed by Physical Sciences Inc., the Hawaii Natural Energy Institute and Mera Pharmaceuticals was aimed at studying the suitability of utilizing microalgae for carbon sequestration to find technologies that will lower the cost of CO2 capture and sequestration . It is unclear if the program is currently ongoing.<br />
<br />
Cellana Inc. is a developer of algae-based bioproducts from marine microalgae, also located in the HOST park. Cellana photosynthetically produces the ReNew™ line of Omega-3 EPA and DHA oils, animal feed, and biofuel feedstocks. Cellana’s patented ALDUO™ system, a series of photobioreactors coupled with open ponds, is aimed at enabling low-cost, continuous production of diverse strains of microalgae .<br />
<br />
Shrimp Improvement Systems (SIS) is since 1998 an important provider of shrimp broodstock. SIS produces genetically improved and Specific Pathogen Free P vannamei shrimp broodstock and has initiated the breeding of P monodon and P stylirostris. From the HOST Park, SIS supplies broodstock to external shrimp farming operations throughout Asia and the Americas. It is dedicated to improving the performance of aquaculture stocks worldwide and notably intensive shrimp aquaculture projects in North America, thanks to its ability to provide shrimp postlarvae year-round . <br />
<br />
Forever Oceans Corporation was launched as a spin-off of the Lockheed Martin Aquaculture Line of Business in 2014 on the HOST Park in Hawaii. It combines technology with advanced biology and a training program (The Virginia Tech - Virginia Seafood Agricultural Research and Extension Center, VSAREC) , In 2012 Forever Oceans developed with Kampachi Farms a drifting sea farm that was granted a TIME Magazine Top 25 Inventions of the Year Award . Its approach aims at providing sophisticated and environmentally responsible aquafarm.<br />
<br />
Kampachi Farms is a mariculture company focused on expanding the sustainable production of fish through innovative research and science application. It focuses on the culture of Kampachi fish with innovative methods even if it has interest in other fish such as Nenue of Giant Grouper . Kampachi also supports the development of off-shore technologies such as deep open-ocean mariculture as shown by the drifting sea farm project.<br />
<br />
Blue Ocean Mariculture is another important mariculture company based in Hawaii, dedicated to the sustainable, responsible production of marine finfish in Hawaii, particularly Seriola spp. It is working closely with InnovaSea Systems,Inc. to develop technology and techniques for sustainable open ocean mariculture. InnovaSea is dedicated to supporting open-ocean aquaculture businesses by producing innovative, environmentally-focused sustainable technologies and service solutions for the industry. The company is developing a fully integrated open-ocean farming platform. <br />
<br />
== Trends ==<br />
The Obama administration was committed to investing in innovative technologies such as biotechnology and alternative energy sources , as shown by the $3 million EDA investment in the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii Authority. Although 2016 is the last year of Barack Obama’s term, it is likely that the efforts will be maintained in view of the global challenges for biodiversity, food security, energy supply and medicine in Hawaii and in the U.S, added to the United States’ desire for competitiveness in innovation and science technology.<br />
<br />
Marine biotechnology is significant in Hawaii, where the potential for bioprospection is favorable and much work is done on micro-algae and aquaculture. Nevertheless there are some strains and not all aspects of marine biotechnologies are equally favored; by nature, biotechnology research and development requires the importation of microorganisms for laboratory studies and in Hawaii, regulations on microorganisms are strict, importation requires state Department of Agriculture approval, which can sometimes take up to a year . <br />
<br />
Moreover, civil society also has an active opinion on the development of some aspects of biotechnology in the region. There have been attempts in recent years to ban GMO and terrestrial biotech companies from the big island of Hawaii in 2013 , and the county of Maui in 2014. Both were blocked or overturned by federal judges, but there is a tendency from civil society to be suspicious about genetically modified organisms, which could spread to the sector of marine biotechnologies (as for example in 2005, the suit against Mera Pharmaceuticals’ genetically modified algae ) and possibly threaten the sector’s activity. <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=File:Hawaii.gif&diff=71655
File:Hawaii.gif
2016-08-02T13:31:56Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: © 2015 Ezilon.com Regional Maps
http://www.ezilon.com/maps/united-states/hawaii-physical-maps.html</p>
<hr />
<div>© 2015 Ezilon.com Regional Maps<br />
http://www.ezilon.com/maps/united-states/hawaii-physical-maps.html</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_biotechnology_landscape_beyond_Europe&diff=71654
Marine biotechnology landscape beyond Europe
2016-08-02T13:24:53Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>*[[Africa]] <br />
*[[Asia]]<br />
** [[Marine Biotechnology in China|China]]<br />
** [[Marine Biotechnology in India|India]]<br />
** [[Marine Biotechnology in Indian Ocean islands|Indian Ocean islands]]<br />
** [[Marine Biotechnology in Indonesia|Indonesia]]<br />
** [[Marine Biotechnology in Japan|Japan]]<br />
** [[Marine Biotechnology in Korea|Korea]]<br />
** [[Marine Biotechnology in Malaysia|Malaysia]]<br />
** [[Marine Biotechnology in other South-East Asia countries|Other South-East Asia countries]]<br />
** [[Marine Biotechnology in Taiwan|Taiwan]]<br />
** [[Marine Biotechnology in Vietnam|Vietnam]] <br />
*[[Australia Pacific]] <br />
** [[Marine Biotechnology in Australia|Australia]]<br />
** [[Marine Biotechnology in New Zealand|New Zealand]]<br />
*[[America]]<br />
** [[Marine Biotechnology in Argentina|Argentina]]<br />
** [[Marine Biotechnology in Brasil|Brasil]]<br />
** [[Marine Biotechnology in Canada|Canada]]<br />
** [[Marine Biotechnology in Chile|Chile]]<br />
** [[Marine Biotechnology in Costa Rica|Costa Rica]]<br />
** [[Marine Biotechnology in Mexico|Mexico]]<br />
** [[Marine Biotechnology in USA|USA]]<br />
** [[Marine Biotechnology in Hawaii|Hawaii]]<br />
*[[Marine Biotechnology international summaries|International summaries]]<br />
** [[Marine Biotechnology international summary|International summary]]<br />
** [[Marine Biotechnology international regional infrastructures summary|International regional infrastructures summary]]<br />
** [[Marine Biotechnology Australia-Pacific summary|Australia-Pacific summary]]<br />
** [[Marine Biotechnology Central and South America summary|Central and South America summary]]<br />
** [[Marine Biotechnology Middle East summary|Middle East summary]]<br />
** [[Marine Biotechnology North America summary|North America summary]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_New_Zealand&diff=71653
Marine Biotechnology in New Zealand
2016-08-02T13:15:54Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>Go back to: [[Portal:Marine Biotechnology|Home]] > [[Strategies, Policies and Programmes]] > [[Australia Pacific]]<br />
<br />
[[Image:New-Zealand-physical-map.gif||right|325px]]<br />
<br />
{{template:Marinebiotech updated<br />
|month_updated=August<br />
|year_updated=2016<br />
}}<br />
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== National strategy for biotechnology ==<br />
<br />
Biotechnology has been identified by New Zealand’s Government as integral to the country’s long term future economic growth . '''The latest New Zealand Biotechnology Strategy'''<ref name="wash">http://www.washingtonlifescience.com/econ_dev_reports/NewZealandBiotechStrategy.pdf</ref> was published in October 2002 by the former Ministry of Research, Science and Technology (MoRST, replaced since 2011 by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, '''MBIE'''<ref name="mbie">http://www.mbie.govt.nz/</ref>). As part of the Growth and Innovation framework of 2002, the Biotechnology Taskforce of MoRST published in 2003 a '''report'''<ref name="massey">http://www.massey.ac.nz/~ychisti/BioTechNZ.pdf </ref>, establishing a framework for action to develop the growth and competitiveness of biotechnology within the following 10 years. The country’s bio-economy was ranked eighth in the world in 2014<ref name="rank">http://www.nzbio.org.nz/resource-library/faq</ref>. The revenue generated by the biotechnology sector (essentially by intellectual property rights and patents for methodological and technological inventions) reached NZ$351M in 2008-2009. New Zealand has a strong interest in commercial benefit from biotechnologies and develops this sector’s international market notably thanks to '''New Zealand Trade & Enterprise''' (NZTE)<ref name="nzte">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/en/</ref>, the Government's international business development agency<ref name="bda">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/en/buy/our-sectors/biotechnology/</ref>. Moreover, the '''2010 New Zealand bioenergy strategy'''<ref name="biostep">http://bio-step.eu/fileadmin/BioSTEP/Bio_strategies/NZBioenergyStrategy2010.pdf</ref> recognizes algae as a basis for biodiesel production, although it indicates that woody biomass has by far the highest potential for biofuel production<ref name="biostep">http://bio-step.eu/fileadmin/BioSTEP/Bio_strategies/NZBioenergyStrategy2010.pdf</ref>. In 2015 the Crown Research Institute '''SCION'''<ref name="scion">http://www.scionresearch.com/</ref> developed the New Zealand Biofuels Roadmap to define optimum pathways for the production and use of liquid biofuels at a large scale in New Zealand but it still focuses on wood-based resources as well.<ref name="scionr">http://www.scionresearch.com/general/news-and-events/media-releases/2015-media-releases/new-zealand-biofuels-roadmap-takes-off </ref> Agricultural biotechnology does however maintain a dominant position, of 168 biotechnology companies surveyed in 2007, over 100 stated an involvement in agricultural biosciences<ref name="agric">http://www.massey.ac.nz/~ychisti/NZBio08.pdf</ref>. New Zealand is dedicated to promote biotechnology, notably through its people’s education on the matter with tools such as the '''Biotechnology Learning Hub'''.<ref name="biotechl">http://biotechlearn.org.nz/themes/new_zealand_views_on_biotech</ref> There are nevertheless some obstacles to the growth of biotechnology in New Zealand, the biggest ones being the country’s small size and distance from the markets of North America and Europe. New Zealand’s biotechnology sector faces a funding gap because of the lack of returns delivered by the industry.<ref name="scarletti">http://www.scarlatti.co.nz/articles/2-general/23-articles-nzbiotech</ref> <br />
<br />
== Programs ==<br />
<br />
Within the '''2014-2016 European Union – New Zealand Science and Technology Cooperation Roadmap'''<ref name="eceu">https://ec.europa.eu/research/iscp/pdf/policy/new_zealand-eu_priorities.pdf</ref>, the MBIE and the European Community elaborated a cooperation plan on the development of a bio-economy. It analyses the areas of common interests with priorities such as “Unlocking the potential of aquatic living resources within environmental and biological constraints” and sets up a plan of action including transfer of information and opportunities for joint action to tackle common challenges related to biotechnology, and notably '''marine biotechnology'''<ref name="marb">http://www.marinebiotech.eu/wiki/Marine_Biotechnology</ref> with '''Callaghan Innovation'''<ref name="callaghh">http://www.callaghaninnovation.govt.nz/</ref> as a strategic “one-stop” business R&D support agency.<ref name="eceuropa">https://ec.europa.eu/research/iscp/pdf/policy/new_zealand-eu_priorities.pdf</ref>The EU also funded the '''PharmaSea'''<ref name="pharm">http://www.pharma-sea.eu/</ref> project on marine bio-actives under the 7th Framework Programme involving The University of Waikato’s Environmental Research Institute.<br />
<br />
The '''Australia New Zealand Biotechnology Partnering Fund'''<ref name="mmbie">http://www.mbie.govt.nz/publications-research/publications/evaluation-of-government-programmes/Archive/anzpbf.pdf</ref> (ANZBPF) was established in 2003 in response to recommendations from the Growth and Innovation Framework (GIF) Biotechnology Taskforce and is administered by NZTE. It was designed to facilitate and accelerate trans-Tasman biotechnology industry collaboration. This fund supported trans-Tasman alliances that develop greater regional strength, sustained profitability, access to, and competitiveness in, international markets for New Zealand’s biotechnology products and services. For the period 2008-2009, NZ$4.5 million were made available for projects related to the development of biotechnology in the region.<ref name="scpb">http://www.scienceinpublic.com.au/media-releases/australia-new-zealand-biotechnology-partnership-fund-anzbpf-applications-open</ref> This fund was closed off in early 2011. It has been replaced with other initiatives in Asia, for example with Taiwan.<br />
<br />
== National strategy for marine biotechnology ==<br />
<br />
There is no specific national strategy for marine biotechnology in New Zealand. New Zealand, as well as Australia, focuses its marine biotechnology sector on aquaculture and marine bioactives. In 2012 the Government adopted the '''Aquaculture Strategy'''<ref name="seaff">http://www.seafoodnewzealand.org.nz/fileadmin/documents/Publications/Aquaculture_Strategy.pdf</ref> and '''Five-year Action Plan'''<ref name="fish">http://www.fish.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/20A0ED89-A20B-4975-9E63-6B302187840D/0/AQUAStrat5yrplan2012.pdf </ref>. The industry-led strategy and action plan establish the government’s pathway to enabling the aquaculture sector to grow. The New Zealand Aquaculture Strategy launched a commitment to support the maximization of opportunities for innovation, environmental sustainability, protection of Mãori objectives and an economic drive towards a market target of over NZ$ 1B per annum by 2025. The Five-Year Action Plan for the Aquaculture Industry provides for a cohesive and prioritized approach across government to the aquaculture sector, one of its core objectives is to increase value through R&D. Although neither document refers to biotechnology, funding rounds since adoption of the strategy have included aquaculture biotechnology. The aquaculture industry in New Zealand specializes in farming the green lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) and the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Other species that are farmed are king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and the New Zealand abalone (known locally as pāua, Haliotis iris).<ref name="biotchorg">http://biotechlearn.org.nz/nz_biotech/sectors/aquaculture</ref> '''Aquaculture New Zealand'''<ref name="aquacult">http://www.aquaculture.org.nz/</ref> is an organization representing the country’s aquaculture sector, which helps the coordination toward the goal implemented by the New Zealand Aquaculture strategy of becoming a Billion-dollar sector by 2025.<ref name="aquacul">http://www.aquaculture.org.nz/</ref> <br />
<br />
== Centres of marine biotechnology research ==<br />
<br />
In New Zealand, a number of organizations are involved in biotechnology research and development including universities, private companies and Crown Research Institutes (CRIs, which are corporatized Crown entities charged with conducting scientific research to benefit New Zealand). <br />
<br />
*The '''National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research'''<ref name="niwa">http://www.niwa.co.nz/about-niwa/ourcompany</ref>(NIWA) works in marine biodiversity, bio-oil from algae, and aquaculture, helping New Zealand's aquaculture industry achieve its target of $1 billion value by 2025. The Australia New Zealand Biotechnology Partnership Fund has supported one project on a small-scale, to facilitate links in the area of natural bio-actives, including marine-origin, managed by NIWA.<ref name="niwaconz">http://www.nzte.govt.nz/find-fundingassistance/australianew-zealand-biotechnology-partnership-fund/pages/australia-new-zealand_biotechnology-partnershipfund.aspx</ref> The Institute has the largest team of aquaculture specialists and dedicated facilities in New Zealand.<br />
<br />
*The '''Cawthron Institute'''<ref name="cawth">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/</ref> is New Zealand's largest independent science organization, it draws funding from many sources including the Cawthron Foundation (a registered charity established to support research developed and delivered by Cawthron) and the MBIE Contestable Research Fund.<ref name="mbiegovt">http://www.mbie.govt.nz/info-services/science-innovation/investment-funding/current-funding/science-investment-round/document-image-library/investment-plan.pdf</ref> It has an aquatic biotechnology department involved in algal technologies, aquaculture, environmental monitoring and seafood safety and it works with regional councils, government departments, major industries, private companies, and other research organizations throughout New Zealand and around the world. The Institute has significant experience with algal biology and a commercial algal production system for its shellfish hatchery, and is also involved in developing and commercially exploiting its discoveries.<ref name="caw">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/</ref><br />
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Some regions and cities of New Zealand are particularly involved in the development of marine biotechnology. <br />
<br />
*In Auckland, The '''Institute for Innovation in Biotechnology'''<ref name="auk">http://www.biotech.co.nz/</ref> (IIB) works in close association with the '''School of Biological Sciences'''<ref name="biolsc">http://www.sbs.auckland.ac.nz/en.html</ref> (SBS) at the University of Auckland, and focuses on industry partnerships to accelerate innovation and develop new models of bioscience enterprise training. The co-location of companies in the IIB has created New Zealand’s largest biotech cluster in the heart of the University of Auckland.<ref name="bt">http://www.biotech.co.nz/about-us/</ref><br />
*The '''Northland region'''<ref name="northr">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/media/2794850/regional-investment-northland.pdf/</ref> has developed a strategy to grow its aquaculture sector by 20 percent a year until 2030. Northland’s aquaculture sector is supported by the NIWA facility at Bream Bay Aquaculture Park. <br />
*Wellington is the headquarters for NIWA and Callaghan innovation.<ref name="wellingt">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/media/2739114/regional-investment-wellington.pdf</ref> In the '''Wellington region'''<ref name="welling">http://www.wellingtonnz.com/business/business-environment/industry-sectors/the-science-and-technical-sector/</ref>, the University of Victoria’s '''Centre for Biodiscovery'''<ref name="victoria">http://www.victoria.ac.nz/sbs/research-centres-institutes/centre-for-biodiscovery</ref> does research on marine compounds with potential pharmaceutical activity such as Peloruside A, a compound isolated from a marine sponge used in treatments against cancer.<ref name="canc">http://www.victoria.ac.nz/sbs/research-centres-institutes/centre-for-biodiscovery/drug,-discovery-and-design</ref> <br />
*The “'''Top of the South'''”<ref name="tots">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/media/2739124/regional-investment-ntm.pdf</ref>, especially the Nelson region, is where the majority of New Zealand’s aquaculture produce is grown. The region is the leading producer of farmed Greenshell mussels, King Salmon and Pacific Oysters. Nelson is home for example to the Cawthron institute and its aquaculture park.<ref name="reginv">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/media/2739124/regional-investment-ntm.pdf</ref><br />
*In the '''University of Canterbury'''<ref name="canterbury">http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/</ref>, the Marine Chemistry Group is exploring the marine flora and fauna of New Zealand in a systematic fashion. Research includes the detection, isolation and structure determination of new antiviral or anticancer agents from bioactive NZ marine organisms, the isolation and cultivation of bioactive marine fungi and the synthesis of polymer therapeutics for use as targeted anticancer and anti-HIV drugs.<ref name="cannt">http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/spark/Researcher.aspx?researcherid=83845</ref> <br />
*The '''University of Waikato'''<ref name="waikato">http://www.waikato.ac.nz/</ref>’s Environmental Research Institute is a partner in an ongoing EU-funded marine bio-actives project '''PharmaSea'''.<ref name="pharm">http://www.pharma-sea.eu/</ref> The project is funded by the European Union under its FP7 program and involves 24 partners from 13 countries aiming at finding novel antibiotics through research on marine microbes and new bioactive compounds. Current activities include agrochemical applications of marine bio-actives and biotechnology for aquaculture. <br />
<br />
== Public – Private partnerships on marine biotechnology ==<br />
<br />
'''NIWA'''<ref name="niwa">https://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/niwa.co.nz/files/import/attachments/terramarine.pdf</ref> has collaborated in the past with a New Zealand based sea food company Ngai Tahu Seafood, to explore the cosmetics market by isolating and identifying bio-actives from sea food by-products and by-catch species, and with MalCorp Bio-discoveries, the investment arm of the Malaghan Institute in Wellington, on anti-inflammatory compounds for pharmaceuticals, but it isn’t clear if these are current activities. A multidisciplinary team of marine and cell biologists and chemists was assembled for '''TerraMarine Pharmaceuticals'''<ref name="terramar">https://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/niwa.co.nz/files/import/attachments/terramarine.pdf</ref>, a joint venture partnership between NIWA, the '''Malaghan Institute'''<ref name="malaghan">http://www.malaghan.org.nz/</ref>, and Crop & Food Research (now '''Plant & Food Research'''<ref name="pfr">http://www.plantandfood.co.nz/</ref>), with the University of Auckland providing significant expertise in marine natural products chemistry. This ongoing partnership started in 2002 with the aim of discovering and developing new anti-inflammatory drugs from New Zealand’s biota, notably toward the development of a gout relief drug.<ref name="rdrug">https://www.niwa.co.nz/publications/wa/vol14-no3-september-2006/new-drugs-from-nature-the-terramarine-partnership</ref> As of 2006, TerraMarine had identified two promising anti-inflammatory compounds from marine organisms. The major project supporting this work has now been completed. NIWA holds an important representation of New Zealand’s marine biodiversity in its collections, including the internationally significant '''NIWA Invertebrate Collection'''(NIC).<ref name="nic">https://www.niwa.co.nz/our-services/online-services/nic</ref> <br />
<br />
Under NIWA’s coordination, one of the world’s largest facilities for manufacturing biofuel from algae using sewage is in operation in Christchurch, resulting from the cooperation between Invercargill engineering firm BL Rayners Ltd and Christchurch recycling company Solvent Rescue Ltd, under the name Solray Energy. They have developed '''a MK2 plant that turns sewage algae into crude oil'''.<ref name="crudoil">https://www.niwa.co.nz/freshwater-and-estuaries/research-projects/bio-oil-from-wastewater-algae</ref> After having undergone primary treatment, sewage that is generated in the city is conducted to a High Rate Algal Pond (HRAP), where the algae is propagated and the harvested algae is turned into biofuel via a Super Critical Water Reactor (SCWR).<ref name="scwr">http://www.oilgae.com/energy/nn/b/2009/01/mkii-southern-invention-turns-sewage.html</ref> NIWA also uses '''wastewater and algae to produce biogas'''<ref name="biog">https://www.niwa.co.nz/energy/research-projects/biogas-recovery-from-wastewater</ref>: a purpose-built covered anaerobic pond on a 400-sow pig farm in Taranaki was developed, designed to contain biogas so that it could be extracted through pipes for later use as a fuel. The next phase is to adapt biogas recovery for the dairy sector to explore opportunities and possibly to convert biogas into transport fuel. As part of the ‘Biogas Transport Fuel Cluster’, NIWA belongs to an industry group that is actively demonstrating, testing and evaluating the feasibility of biogas-to-fuel projects. <br />
<br />
Since 2003, NIWA has set up a program for the support of the aquaculture sector (salmon and abalone) and its diversification. In 2007, the institute established broodstock development programmes for three new high-value aquaculture species: kingfish, hāpuku, and pāua<ref name="paua">https://www.niwa.co.nz/aquaculture/research-projects/high-performance-aquaculture-broodstock</ref> which has resulted in the implementation of a commercial scale hatchery with 500.000 fry/ year for the yellowtail Kingfish – Seriola lalandi. They also master the larval stage of the Hapuku (Polyprion oxygeneios) and are starting the picking of growth stocks.<br />
<br />
In the micro algal field, a highly sophisticated, multi-vessel photo bioreactor (PBR) is developed by the scientists at '''Cawthron Institute'''<ref name="cawth">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/</ref>, which uses an innovative growth program with multivariant analysis and control to simulate as near-industrial conditions as possible and optimize algal performance to improve the production of algae products.<ref name="algaepr">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/biotechnology/news/2014/smart-technology-helps-scientists-enhance-high-value-algae/ </ref> Cawthron maintains a nationally significant culture collection of micro-algae that includes unique species – the Cawthron Institute Culture Collection of Microalgae (CICCM) and aquaculture species, which are being grown in the Cawthron aquaculture park and studied for commercial and research applications. The institute possesses technologies to cryopreserve and store algal strains of commercial value for clients who have identified strains that produce bioactive compounds of interest. Cawthron has developed commercial-scale systems to maximize micro-algal productivity for the production of high value nutraceuticals.<ref name="neutrac">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/biotechnology/services/microalgae-production-and-extraction-bioactives/</ref> On the long term, the aim is to develop algal production systems for use in large-scale biomass production. The institute also grows toxic microalgae in containment, which supports work in harmful algal bloom (HABs) research, and enables the microalgae to be sold as certified reference standards for toxin analysis. Cawthron is investigating the potential for algae as sources of ingredients for higher-value and functional foods, exploring the potential of the bioactives from algae when consumed and accumulated by shellfish.<ref name="thron">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/analytical-services/services/cawthron-natural-compound-services/</ref> One of Cawthron's key clients for PBR is nutraceutical company '''Supreme Biotechnology Ltd'''<ref name="pbr">http://www.supremebiotech.com/</ref> which grows and extracts the high-value algae compound astaxanthin on a commercial scale for the global market. The Cawthron Natural Compounds (CNC) team specializes in extracting complex organic compounds sourced from algae and other plants, it then provides the purified compounds to laboratories worldwide for use as Certified Reference Materials for food safety testing and research. The Cawthron Institute manages the national collection of micro-algae and cyanobacteria. This is supported by state-of-the-art cryopreservation technology and contains many unique species, including those from unique environments around New Zealand, the Pacific and Antarctica.<ref name="aqbiot">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/aquatic-biotechnologies/micro-algae-culture-collection.html</ref> <br />
<br />
It is also important to note that Cawthron runs one of the larger shellfish spat raising operations. Cawthron has developed various innovative technology systems for hatchery and nursery.<ref name="hatchnurs">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/aquaculture/services/shellfish-spat-production/</ref> Its Greenshell Mussel (GSM) breeding programme is now being realised by the industry consortium SPATnz, who have secured Government funding to develop New Zealand's first commercial scale shellfish hatchery.<ref name="shellfhat">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/aquaculture/news/2013/spatnz-create-future-based-cawthron-research/#sthash.RnMfJMyq.dpuf</ref><br />
<br />
'''NZBIO'''<ref name="nzbio">http://www.nzbio.org.nz/</ref> is the national peak body representing the bioscience-based industries of New Zealand. In 2008, a move towards the emerging international dialogue on referring to a bio-economy was adopted, with NZBIO now operating under the tagline “Creating a Sustainable Bio-economy in New Zealand”. NZBIO produced with Grow Wellington the “'''Making Biotechnology Work For New Zealand'''” guideline.<ref name="grwwel">http://www.growwellington.co.nz/document/1-3/GW-Bio-Tech_Low-Res.pdf</ref> <br />
<br />
'''Callaghan innovation'''<ref name="callaghh">http://www.callaghaninnovation.govt.nz/</ref> is a government agency entrusted with the task of supporting the whole industry/innovation sector in New Zealand. This includes hi-tech businesses, and notably biotechnology. Approximately $140 million a year in business funding and grants is channeled through Grants for R&D, in order to help accelerate innovation by firms in New Zealand. Callaghan’s expertise focuses among others on biology and biochemistry, and proteins and bioactive peptides.<ref name="proteins">http://www.callaghaninnovation.govt.nz/our-areas-expertise/biotechnologies </ref> Access to this particular funding is managed through '''Grow Wellington'''<ref name="well">http://www.growwellington.co.nz/document/1-3/GW-Bio-Tech_Low-Res.pdf/</ref>, the economic development agency working to accelerate economic growth in the Wellington region and make it more internationally competitive. <br />
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== Infrastructures ==<br />
<br />
'''NXT Fuels'''<ref name="nxt">http://nxtfuels.com/</ref>, formerly known as '''Aquaflow Bionomic Corporation'''<ref name="aquafl">http://biotechlearn.org.nz/nz_biotech/organisations/aquaflow</ref> is a leading algal technology companies, producing new biofuels and biochemicals from algae. Its patented process treats wastewater and creates "green crude oil" without genetic modification of the algae.<ref name="algalae">http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=10912456</ref> In 2008 Aquaflow collaborated with Air New Zealand and Boeing to develop biofuels from algae <ref name="biofuelss">http://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/to-go-green-in-jet-fuel-boeing-looks-at-algae/</ref> but Air New Zealand eventually used jatropha biofuel as Aquaflow was unable to supply any fuel.<ref name="unab">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_algal_fuel_producers</ref> In 2009 the company partnered up with '''Solray Energy'''<ref name="solare">http://www.solrayenergy.co.nz/</ref>, another New Zealand major biotechnology company, to combine Aquaflow's methods of harvesting algae grown from wastewater streams and Solray's process of turning that algae into fuel.<ref name="fuelalgae">http://www.greentechmedia.com/green-light/post/aquaflow-and-solray-two-new-zealand-algae-biofuel-companies-partner-up /</ref><br />
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'''Plant & Food Research'''<ref name="pfr">http://www.plantandfood.co.nz/</ref> is a New Zealand-based science company providing research and development that adds value to fruit, vegetable, crop and food products. It is a New Zealand government-owned Crown Research Institute. It has a Bioprocessing Laboratory and Pilot Plant that aim at developing real products from marine compound extraction and modification research, in order for partners to transfer these products for efficient production at industrial scale. The company has developed a number of biomaterials for industrial use, including collagen nanofibers extracted from hoki skin. A formulation containing natural antimicrobial agents has been developed for processing by electrospinning into nanofibers that can be used in the manufacture of air filters for home ventilation systems.<ref name="ventilat">http://www.plantandfood.co.nz/page/our-research/seafood-technologies/products-systems/biomaterials/ /</ref><br />
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The '''Malaghan Institute'''<ref name="malaghan">http://www.malaghan.org.nz/who-we-are/</ref> is New Zealand’s leading medical research institute focused on finding cures for cancer, asthma and allergy, multiple sclerosis and infectious disease. It is located at Victoria University of Wellington. Its research includes marine biotechnology, notably through the TerraMarine Pharmaceuticals partnership.<br />
<br />
'''New Zealand Pharmaceuticals Ltd'''<ref name="nzp">http://nzp.co.nz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=207</ref>, (NZP) is a biotechnology and manufacturing industry. Its work includes large scale extraction and purification of active ingredients from biomass (marine and terrestrial products) for pharmaceutical applications. NZP was founded by Professors John Blunt and Murray Munro from the University of Canterbury and funded by the US National Cancer Institute to scale up the extraction of Halichondrin B, the active ingredient found in the New Zealand marine sponge, Lissodendoryx spp. The pure Halichondrin B was then used by the NCI to establish the efficacy of the anti-cancer potency and recently commercialized by the Japanese pharmaceutical company, Eisai Co Ltd.<ref name="ltdd">http://nzp.co.nz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37:nzp-helps-the-us-nci-with-the-development-of-the-anticancer-drug-halaven&catid=13&Itemid=207</ref><br />
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== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
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== Disclaimer==<br />
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Nelle Meyers
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== National strategy for biotechnology ==<br />
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Biotechnology has been identified by New Zealand’s Government as integral to the country’s long term future economic growth . '''The latest New Zealand Biotechnology Strategy'''<ref name="wash">http://www.washingtonlifescience.com/econ_dev_reports/NewZealandBiotechStrategy.pdf</ref> was published in October 2002 by the former Ministry of Research, Science and Technology (MoRST, replaced since 2011 by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, '''MBIE'''<ref name="mbie">http://www.mbie.govt.nz/</ref>). As part of the Growth and Innovation framework of 2002, the Biotechnology Taskforce of MoRST published in 2003 a '''report'''<ref name="massey">http://www.massey.ac.nz/~ychisti/BioTechNZ.pdf </ref>, establishing a framework for action to develop the growth and competitiveness of biotechnology within the following 10 years. The country’s bio-economy was ranked eighth in the world in 2014<ref name="rank">http://www.nzbio.org.nz/resource-library/faq</ref>. The revenue generated by the biotechnology sector (essentially by intellectual property rights and patents for methodological and technological inventions) reached NZ$351M in 2008-2009. New Zealand has a strong interest in commercial benefit from biotechnologies and develops this sector’s international market notably thanks to '''New Zealand Trade & Enterprise''' (NZTE)<ref name="nzte">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/en/</ref>, the Government's international business development agency<ref name="bda">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/en/buy/our-sectors/biotechnology/</ref>. Moreover, the '''2010 New Zealand bioenergy strategy'''<ref name="biostep">http://bio-step.eu/fileadmin/BioSTEP/Bio_strategies/NZBioenergyStrategy2010.pdf</ref> recognizes algae as a basis for biodiesel production, although it indicates that woody biomass has by far the highest potential for biofuel production<ref name="biostep">http://bio-step.eu/fileadmin/BioSTEP/Bio_strategies/NZBioenergyStrategy2010.pdf</ref>. In 2015 the Crown Research Institute '''SCION'''<ref name="scion">http://www.scionresearch.com/</ref> developed the New Zealand Biofuels Roadmap to define optimum pathways for the production and use of liquid biofuels at a large scale in New Zealand but it still focuses on wood-based resources as well.<ref name="scionr">http://www.scionresearch.com/general/news-and-events/media-releases/2015-media-releases/new-zealand-biofuels-roadmap-takes-off </ref> Agricultural biotechnology does however maintain a dominant position, of 168 biotechnology companies surveyed in 2007, over 100 stated an involvement in agricultural biosciences<ref name="agric">http://www.massey.ac.nz/~ychisti/NZBio08.pdf</ref>. New Zealand is dedicated to promote biotechnology, notably through its people’s education on the matter with tools such as the '''Biotechnology Learning Hub'''.<ref name="biotechl">http://biotechlearn.org.nz/themes/new_zealand_views_on_biotech</ref> There are nevertheless some obstacles to the growth of biotechnology in New Zealand, the biggest ones being the country’s small size and distance from the markets of North America and Europe. New Zealand’s biotechnology sector faces a funding gap because of the lack of returns delivered by the industry.<ref name="scarletti">http://www.scarlatti.co.nz/articles/2-general/23-articles-nzbiotech</ref> <br />
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== Programs ==<br />
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Within the '''2014-2016 European Union – New Zealand Science and Technology Cooperation Roadmap'''<ref name="eceu">https://ec.europa.eu/research/iscp/pdf/policy/new_zealand-eu_priorities.pdf</ref>, the MBIE and the European Community elaborated a cooperation plan on the development of a bio-economy. It analyses the areas of common interests with priorities such as “Unlocking the potential of aquatic living resources within environmental and biological constraints” and sets up a plan of action including transfer of information and opportunities for joint action to tackle common challenges related to biotechnology, and notably '''marine biotechnology'''<ref name="marb">http://www.marinebiotech.eu/wiki/Marine_Biotechnology</ref> with '''Callaghan Innovation'''<ref name="callaghh">http://www.callaghaninnovation.govt.nz/</ref> as a strategic “one-stop” business R&D support agency.<ref name="eceuropa">https://ec.europa.eu/research/iscp/pdf/policy/new_zealand-eu_priorities.pdf</ref>The EU also funded the '''PharmaSea'''<ref name="pharm">http://www.pharma-sea.eu/</ref> project on marine bio-actives under the 7th Framework Programme involving The University of Waikato’s Environmental Research Institute.<br />
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The '''Australia New Zealand Biotechnology Partnering Fund'''<ref name="mmbie">http://www.mbie.govt.nz/publications-research/publications/evaluation-of-government-programmes/Archive/anzpbf.pdf</ref> (ANZBPF) was established in 2003 in response to recommendations from the Growth and Innovation Framework (GIF) Biotechnology Taskforce and is administered by NZTE. It was designed to facilitate and accelerate trans-Tasman biotechnology industry collaboration. This fund supported trans-Tasman alliances that develop greater regional strength, sustained profitability, access to, and competitiveness in, international markets for New Zealand’s biotechnology products and services. For the period 2008-2009, NZ$4.5 million were made available for projects related to the development of biotechnology in the region.<ref name="scpb">http://www.scienceinpublic.com.au/media-releases/australia-new-zealand-biotechnology-partnership-fund-anzbpf-applications-open</ref> This fund was closed off in early 2011. It has been replaced with other initiatives in Asia, for example with Taiwan.<br />
<br />
== National strategy for marine biotechnology ==<br />
<br />
There is no specific national strategy for marine biotechnology in New Zealand. New Zealand, as well as Australia, focuses its marine biotechnology sector on aquaculture and marine bioactives. In 2012 the Government adopted the '''Aquaculture Strategy'''<ref name="seaff">http://www.seafoodnewzealand.org.nz/fileadmin/documents/Publications/Aquaculture_Strategy.pdf</ref> and '''Five-year Action Plan'''<ref name="fish">http://www.fish.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/20A0ED89-A20B-4975-9E63-6B302187840D/0/AQUAStrat5yrplan2012.pdf </ref>. The industry-led strategy and action plan establish the government’s pathway to enabling the aquaculture sector to grow. The New Zealand Aquaculture Strategy launched a commitment to support the maximization of opportunities for innovation, environmental sustainability, protection of Mãori objectives and an economic drive towards a market target of over NZ$ 1B per annum by 2025. The Five-Year Action Plan for the Aquaculture Industry provides for a cohesive and prioritized approach across government to the aquaculture sector, one of its core objectives is to increase value through R&D. Although neither document refers to biotechnology, funding rounds since adoption of the strategy have included aquaculture biotechnology. The aquaculture industry in New Zealand specializes in farming the green lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) and the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Other species that are farmed are king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and the New Zealand abalone (known locally as pāua, Haliotis iris).<ref name="biotchorg">http://biotechlearn.org.nz/nz_biotech/sectors/aquaculture</ref> '''Aquaculture New Zealand'''<ref name="aquacult">http://www.aquaculture.org.nz/</ref> is an organization representing the country’s aquaculture sector, which helps the coordination toward the goal implemented by the New Zealand Aquaculture strategy of becoming a Billion-dollar sector by 2025.<ref name="aquacul">http://www.aquaculture.org.nz/</ref> <br />
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== Centres of marine biotechnology research ==<br />
<br />
In New Zealand, a number of organizations are involved in biotechnology research and development including universities, private companies and Crown Research Institutes (CRIs, which are corporatized Crown entities charged with conducting scientific research to benefit New Zealand). <br />
<br />
*The '''National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research'''<ref name="niwa">http://www.niwa.co.nz/about-niwa/ourcompany</ref>(NIWA) works in marine biodiversity, bio-oil from algae, and aquaculture, helping New Zealand's aquaculture industry achieve its target of $1 billion value by 2025. The Australia New Zealand Biotechnology Partnership Fund has supported one project on a small-scale, to facilitate links in the area of natural bio-actives, including marine-origin, managed by NIWA.<ref name="niwaconz">http://www.nzte.govt.nz/find-fundingassistance/australianew-zealand-biotechnology-partnership-fund/pages/australia-new-zealand_biotechnology-partnershipfund.aspx</ref> The Institute has the largest team of aquaculture specialists and dedicated facilities in New Zealand.<br />
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*The '''Cawthron Institute'''<ref name="cawth">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/</ref> is New Zealand's largest independent science organization, it draws funding from many sources including the Cawthron Foundation (a registered charity established to support research developed and delivered by Cawthron) and the MBIE Contestable Research Fund.<ref name="mbiegovt">http://www.mbie.govt.nz/info-services/science-innovation/investment-funding/current-funding/science-investment-round/document-image-library/investment-plan.pdf</ref> It has an aquatic biotechnology department involved in algal technologies, aquaculture, environmental monitoring and seafood safety and it works with regional councils, government departments, major industries, private companies, and other research organizations throughout New Zealand and around the world. The Institute has significant experience with algal biology and a commercial algal production system for its shellfish hatchery, and is also involved in developing and commercially exploiting its discoveries.<ref name="caw">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/</ref><br />
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Some regions and cities of New Zealand are particularly involved in the development of marine biotechnology. <br />
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*In Auckland, The '''Institute for Innovation in Biotechnology'''<ref name="auk">http://www.biotech.co.nz/</ref> (IIB) works in close association with the '''School of Biological Sciences'''<ref name="biolsc">http://www.sbs.auckland.ac.nz/en.html</ref> (SBS) at the University of Auckland, and focuses on industry partnerships to accelerate innovation and develop new models of bioscience enterprise training. The co-location of companies in the IIB has created New Zealand’s largest biotech cluster in the heart of the University of Auckland.<ref name="bt">http://www.biotech.co.nz/about-us/</ref><br />
*The '''Northland region'''<ref name="northr">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/media/2794850/regional-investment-northland.pdf/</ref> has developed a strategy to grow its aquaculture sector by 20 percent a year until 2030. Northland’s aquaculture sector is supported by the NIWA facility at Bream Bay Aquaculture Park. <br />
*Wellington is the headquarters for NIWA and Callaghan innovation.<ref name="wellingt">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/media/2739114/regional-investment-wellington.pdf</ref> In the '''Wellington region'''<ref name="welling">http://www.wellingtonnz.com/business/business-environment/industry-sectors/the-science-and-technical-sector/</ref>, the University of Victoria’s '''Centre for Biodiscovery'''<ref name="victoria">http://www.victoria.ac.nz/sbs/research-centres-institutes/centre-for-biodiscovery</ref> does research on marine compounds with potential pharmaceutical activity such as Peloruside A, a compound isolated from a marine sponge used in treatments against cancer.<ref name="canc">http://www.victoria.ac.nz/sbs/research-centres-institutes/centre-for-biodiscovery/drug,-discovery-and-design</ref> <br />
*The “'''Top of the South'''”<ref name="tots">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/media/2739124/regional-investment-ntm.pdf</ref>, especially the Nelson region, is where the majority of New Zealand’s aquaculture produce is grown. The region is the leading producer of farmed Greenshell mussels, King Salmon and Pacific Oysters. Nelson is home for example to the Cawthron institute and its aquaculture park.<ref name="reginv">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/media/2739124/regional-investment-ntm.pdf</ref><br />
*In the '''University of Canterbury'''<ref name="canterbury">http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/</ref>, the Marine Chemistry Group is exploring the marine flora and fauna of New Zealand in a systematic fashion. Research includes the detection, isolation and structure determination of new antiviral or anticancer agents from bioactive NZ marine organisms, the isolation and cultivation of bioactive marine fungi and the synthesis of polymer therapeutics for use as targeted anticancer and anti-HIV drugs.<ref name="cannt">http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/spark/Researcher.aspx?researcherid=83845</ref> <br />
*The '''University of Waikato'''<ref name="waikato">http://www.waikato.ac.nz/</ref>’s Environmental Research Institute is a partner in an ongoing EU-funded marine bio-actives project '''PharmaSea'''.<ref name="pharm">http://www.pharma-sea.eu/</ref> The project is funded by the European Union under its FP7 program and involves 24 partners from 13 countries aiming at finding novel antibiotics through research on marine microbes and new bioactive compounds. Current activities include agrochemical applications of marine bio-actives and biotechnology for aquaculture. <br />
<br />
== Public – Private partnerships on marine biotechnology ==<br />
<br />
'''NIWA'''<ref name="niwa">https://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/niwa.co.nz/files/import/attachments/terramarine.pdf</ref> has collaborated in the past with a New Zealand based sea food company Ngai Tahu Seafood, to explore the cosmetics market by isolating and identifying bio-actives from sea food by-products and by-catch species, and with MalCorp Bio-discoveries, the investment arm of the Malaghan Institute in Wellington, on anti-inflammatory compounds for pharmaceuticals, but it isn’t clear if these are current activities. A multidisciplinary team of marine and cell biologists and chemists was assembled for '''TerraMarine Pharmaceuticals'''<ref name="terramar">https://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/niwa.co.nz/files/import/attachments/terramarine.pdf</ref>, a joint venture partnership between NIWA, the '''Malaghan Institute'''<ref name="malaghan">http://www.malaghan.org.nz/</ref>, and Crop & Food Research (now '''Plant & Food Research'''<ref name="pfr">http://www.plantandfood.co.nz/</ref>), with the University of Auckland providing significant expertise in marine natural products chemistry. This ongoing partnership started in 2002 with the aim of discovering and developing new anti-inflammatory drugs from New Zealand’s biota, notably toward the development of a gout relief drug.<ref name="rdrug">https://www.niwa.co.nz/publications/wa/vol14-no3-september-2006/new-drugs-from-nature-the-terramarine-partnership</ref> As of 2006, TerraMarine had identified two promising anti-inflammatory compounds from marine organisms. The major project supporting this work has now been completed. NIWA holds an important representation of New Zealand’s marine biodiversity in its collections, including the internationally significant '''NIWA Invertebrate Collection'''(NIC).<ref name="nic">https://www.niwa.co.nz/our-services/online-services/nic</ref> <br />
<br />
Under NIWA’s coordination, one of the world’s largest facilities for manufacturing biofuel from algae using sewage is in operation in Christchurch, resulting from the cooperation between Invercargill engineering firm BL Rayners Ltd and Christchurch recycling company Solvent Rescue Ltd, under the name Solray Energy. They have developed '''a MK2 plant that turns sewage algae into crude oil'''.<ref name="crudoil">https://www.niwa.co.nz/freshwater-and-estuaries/research-projects/bio-oil-from-wastewater-algae</ref> After having undergone primary treatment, sewage that is generated in the city is conducted to a High Rate Algal Pond (HRAP), where the algae is propagated and the harvested algae is turned into biofuel via a Super Critical Water Reactor (SCWR).<ref name="scwr">http://www.oilgae.com/energy/nn/b/2009/01/mkii-southern-invention-turns-sewage.html</ref> NIWA also uses '''wastewater and algae to produce biogas'''<ref name="biog">https://www.niwa.co.nz/energy/research-projects/biogas-recovery-from-wastewater</ref>: a purpose-built covered anaerobic pond on a 400-sow pig farm in Taranaki was developed, designed to contain biogas so that it could be extracted through pipes for later use as a fuel. The next phase is to adapt biogas recovery for the dairy sector to explore opportunities and possibly to convert biogas into transport fuel. As part of the ‘Biogas Transport Fuel Cluster’, NIWA belongs to an industry group that is actively demonstrating, testing and evaluating the feasibility of biogas-to-fuel projects. <br />
<br />
Since 2003, NIWA has set up a program for the support of the aquaculture sector (salmon and abalone) and its diversification. In 2007, the institute established broodstock development programmes for three new high-value aquaculture species: kingfish, hāpuku, and pāua<ref name="paua">https://www.niwa.co.nz/aquaculture/research-projects/high-performance-aquaculture-broodstock</ref> which has resulted in the implementation of a commercial scale hatchery with 500.000 fry/ year for the yellowtail Kingfish – Seriola lalandi. They also master the larval stage of the Hapuku (Polyprion oxygeneios) and are starting the picking of growth stocks.<br />
<br />
In the micro algal field, a highly sophisticated, multi-vessel photo bioreactor (PBR) is developed by the scientists at '''Cawthron Institute'''<ref name="cawth">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/</ref>, which uses an innovative growth program with multivariant analysis and control to simulate as near-industrial conditions as possible and optimize algal performance to improve the production of algae products.<ref name="algaepr">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/biotechnology/news/2014/smart-technology-helps-scientists-enhance-high-value-algae/ </ref> Cawthron maintains a nationally significant culture collection of micro-algae that includes unique species – the Cawthron Institute Culture Collection of Microalgae (CICCM) and aquaculture species, which are being grown in the Cawthron aquaculture park and studied for commercial and research applications. The institute possesses technologies to cryopreserve and store algal strains of commercial value for clients who have identified strains that produce bioactive compounds of interest. Cawthron has developed commercial-scale systems to maximize micro-algal productivity for the production of high value nutraceuticals.<ref name="neutrac">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/biotechnology/services/microalgae-production-and-extraction-bioactives/</ref> On the long term, the aim is to develop algal production systems for use in large-scale biomass production. The institute also grows toxic microalgae in containment, which supports work in harmful algal bloom (HABs) research, and enables the microalgae to be sold as certified reference standards for toxin analysis. Cawthron is investigating the potential for algae as sources of ingredients for higher-value and functional foods, exploring the potential of the bioactives from algae when consumed and accumulated by shellfish.<ref name="thron">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/analytical-services/services/cawthron-natural-compound-services/</ref> One of Cawthron's key clients for PBR is nutraceutical company '''Supreme Biotechnology Ltd'''<ref name="pbr">http://www.supremebiotech.com/</ref> which grows and extracts the high-value algae compound astaxanthin on a commercial scale for the global market. The Cawthron Natural Compounds (CNC) team specializes in extracting complex organic compounds sourced from algae and other plants, it then provides the purified compounds to laboratories worldwide for use as Certified Reference Materials for food safety testing and research. The Cawthron Institute manages the national collection of micro-algae and cyanobacteria. This is supported by state-of-the-art cryopreservation technology and contains many unique species, including those from unique environments around New Zealand, the Pacific and Antarctica.<ref name="aqbiot">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/aquatic-biotechnologies/micro-algae-culture-collection.html</ref> <br />
<br />
It is also important to note that Cawthron runs one of the larger shellfish spat raising operations. Cawthron has developed various innovative technology systems for hatchery and nursery.<ref name="hatchnurs">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/aquaculture/services/shellfish-spat-production/</ref> Its Greenshell Mussel (GSM) breeding programme is now being realised by the industry consortium SPATnz, who have secured Government funding to develop New Zealand's first commercial scale shellfish hatchery.<ref name="shellfhat">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/aquaculture/news/2013/spatnz-create-future-based-cawthron-research/#sthash.RnMfJMyq.dpuf</ref><br />
<br />
'''NZBIO'''<ref name="nzbio">http://www.nzbio.org.nz/</ref> is the national peak body representing the bioscience-based industries of New Zealand. In 2008, a move towards the emerging international dialogue on referring to a bio-economy was adopted, with NZBIO now operating under the tagline “Creating a Sustainable Bio-economy in New Zealand”. NZBIO produced with Grow Wellington the “'''Making Biotechnology Work For New Zealand'''” guideline.<ref name="grwwel">http://www.growwellington.co.nz/document/1-3/GW-Bio-Tech_Low-Res.pdf</ref> <br />
<br />
'''Callaghan innovation'''<ref name="callaghh">http://www.callaghaninnovation.govt.nz/</ref> is a government agency entrusted with the task of supporting the whole industry/innovation sector in New Zealand. This includes hi-tech businesses, and notably biotechnology. Approximately $140 million a year in business funding and grants is channeled through Grants for R&D, in order to help accelerate innovation by firms in New Zealand. Callaghan’s expertise focuses among others on biology and biochemistry, and proteins and bioactive peptides.<ref name="proteins">http://www.callaghaninnovation.govt.nz/our-areas-expertise/biotechnologies </ref> Access to this particular funding is managed through '''Grow Wellington'''<ref name="well">http://www.growwellington.co.nz/document/1-3/GW-Bio-Tech_Low-Res.pdf/</ref>, the economic development agency working to accelerate economic growth in the Wellington region and make it more internationally competitive. <br />
<br />
== Infrastructures ==<br />
<br />
'''NXT Fuels'''<ref name="nxt">http://nxtfuels.com/</ref>, formerly known as '''Aquaflow Bionomic Corporation'''<ref name="aquafl">http://biotechlearn.org.nz/nz_biotech/organisations/aquaflow</ref> is a leading algal technology companies, producing new biofuels and biochemicals from algae. Its patented process treats wastewater and creates "green crude oil" without genetic modification of the algae.<ref name="algalae">http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=10912456</ref> In 2008 Aquaflow collaborated with Air New Zealand and Boeing to develop biofuels from algae <ref name="biofuelss">http://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/to-go-green-in-jet-fuel-boeing-looks-at-algae/</ref> but Air New Zealand eventually used jatropha biofuel as Aquaflow was unable to supply any fuel.<ref name="unab">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_algal_fuel_producers</ref> In 2009 the company partnered up with '''Solray Energy'''<ref name="solare">http://www.solrayenergy.co.nz/</ref>, another New Zealand major biotechnology company, to combine Aquaflow's methods of harvesting algae grown from wastewater streams and Solray's process of turning that algae into fuel.<ref name="fuelalgae">http://www.greentechmedia.com/green-light/post/aquaflow-and-solray-two-new-zealand-algae-biofuel-companies-partner-up /</ref><br />
<br />
'''Plant & Food Research'''<ref name="pfr">http://www.plantandfood.co.nz/</ref> is a New Zealand-based science company providing research and development that adds value to fruit, vegetable, crop and food products. It is a New Zealand government-owned Crown Research Institute. It has a Bioprocessing Laboratory and Pilot Plant that aim at developing real products from marine compound extraction and modification research, in order for partners to transfer these products for efficient production at industrial scale. The company has developed a number of biomaterials for industrial use, including collagen nanofibers extracted from hoki skin. A formulation containing natural antimicrobial agents has been developed for processing by electrospinning into nanofibers that can be used in the manufacture of air filters for home ventilation systems.<ref name="ventilat">http://www.plantandfood.co.nz/page/our-research/seafood-technologies/products-systems/biomaterials/ /</ref><br />
<br />
The '''Malaghan Institute'''<ref name="malaghan">http://www.malaghan.org.nz/who-we-are/</ref> is New Zealand’s leading medical research institute focused on finding cures for cancer, asthma and allergy, multiple sclerosis and infectious disease. It is located at Victoria University of Wellington. Its research includes marine biotechnology, notably through the TerraMarine Pharmaceuticals partnership.<br />
<br />
'''New Zealand Pharmaceuticals Ltd'''<ref name="nzp">http://nzp.co.nz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=207</ref>, (NZP) is a biotechnology and manufacturing industry. Its work includes large scale extraction and purification of active ingredients from biomass (marine and terrestrial products) for pharmaceutical applications. NZP was founded by Professors John Blunt and Murray Munro from the University of Canterbury and funded by the US National Cancer Institute to scale up the extraction of Halichondrin B, the active ingredient found in the New Zealand marine sponge, Lissodendoryx spp. The pure Halichondrin B was then used by the NCI to establish the efficacy of the anti-cancer potency and recently commercialized by the Japanese pharmaceutical company, Eisai Co Ltd.<ref name="ltdd">http://nzp.co.nz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37:nzp-helps-the-us-nci-with-the-development-of-the-anticancer-drug-halaven&catid=13&Itemid=207</ref><br />
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<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer==<br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer2}}</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_France&diff=71650
Marine Biotechnology in France
2016-08-02T12:59:03Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Marine Biotechnology<br />
|Image=Image:France map.gif<br />
}}<br />
{{template:Marinebiotech updated<br />
|month_updated=August<br />
|year_updated=2016<br />
}}<br />
== Overarching science strategies, plans and policies ==<br />
There are no specific Marine Biotechnology strategies, plans or policies in France at the national level. Overarching French Science & Technology Policy is described in the National Programmation Law for Research and in the National Research Strategy (SNRI)<br />
* '''National Programmation Law for Researc'''h<ref name="npl">http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000426953</ref><br />
* '''National Research Strategy (SNRI)'''<ref name="nrs">http://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/pid24538/strategie-nationale-recherche-innovation-i.html</ref> <br />
In 2009, the "National strategy for the sea and the oceans" Blue Book laid out France’s maritime policy. The Blue Book reaffirmed France's ambition to know in depth, protect and manage its vast maritime area; a source of economic and ecological wealth.<br />
* '''Blue book - National strategy for the sea and the oceans'''<ref name="blu">http://www.sgmer.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/2009-12-08_-_Blue_Book_-_A_national_strategy_for_the_sea_and_oceans.pdf</ref><br />
The marine research component of the overarching Science & Technology Policy is further elaborated in the strategoci policy document of the French marine science organisation Ifremer: <br />
* '''Exploring the sea to understand the earth''': contribution to a national research strategy for marine sciences for 2020<ref name="ifr">http://w3z.ifremer.fr/strategie/plan_strategique</ref><br />
<br />
== Research funding schemes and programmes ==<br />
<br />
In France, there is no specific call for marine and biotechnological research (apart from the SEAS-ERA call launched in March 2012). However, marine projects can be funded under non-thematic calls for competitive research proposals launched by the '''French Research Council (ANR)''' which operates thematic and blue skies programmes <ref name="agr">http://www.agence-nationale-recherche.fr/</ref>. About 10% of the ANR annual budget is dedicated to marine research. <br />
* The programming document '''Orientations for the ANR Programmation Cycle''' describes each year the main priorities that are going to be addressed through dedicated calls in line with the National Strategy for Research and Innovation (SNRI)<ref name="snr">http://www.agence-nationale-recherche.fr/programmes-de-recherche/les-orientations-2012/</ref>. <br />
<br />
The Work Programme comprises four interlinked components each with a specific budget and governance:<br />
* Major societal challenges<ref name="msc">http://www.agence-nationale-recherche.fr/en/funding-opportunities/major-societal-challenges/</ref><br />
<br />
* At the frontiers of research<ref name="for">http://www.agence-nationale-recherche.fr/en/funding-opportunities/at-the-frontiers-of-research/</ref><br />
<br />
* Building the European Research Area (ERA) and France's international attractiveness<ref name="era">http://www.agence-nationale-recherche.fr/en/funding-opportunities/building-the-european-research-area-and-france-s-international-attractiveness/</ref><br />
<br />
* Economic impact of research and competitiveness<ref name="eirc">http://www.agence-nationale-recherche.fr/en/funding-opportunities/economic-impact-of-research-and-competitiveness/</ref><br />
<br />
Other National Research Funding Programmes which may be relevant for marine biotechnology research include:<br />
* '''ADEME''' (the French Environment and Energy Management Agency) can launch calls that can be relevant for Marine sciences (climate change, micro-algal biomass for biofuels, …) <ref name="ade">http://www2.ademe.fr/servlet/getDoc?id=38480&m=3&cid=96</ref>. <br />
* '''LITEAU''' (National Programme Coastal Management) managed by Ministry for Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development, Territory Planning (MEEDDAT) <ref name="mee">http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/index.php3</ref><br />
: Since 1998, the LITEAU Programme aims at improving sea and coastal areas management by supporting science-based projects at the interface between land and sea, dealing with social-ecological systems through multidisciplinary approach and stakeholders’ participation (e.g. pollutions, marine protected areas, coastal ecological engineering).<ref name="ddg">http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/index.php3</ref><br />
* '''The LEFE Programme''' (The planetary Fluid Envelopes and the Environment) is managed by INSU and is dedicated to support research on the understanding of the physical, physic-chemical and biogeochemical processes that control the dynamics and the variability of the ocean, the atmosphere and their interfaces. It is composed of 5 main actions: atmospheric chemistry; biogeochemical cycles, environment and resources; operational oceanography; interactions between atmosphere, ice and ocean; numerical methods.<ref name="insu">http://www.insu.cnrs.fr/lefe</ref><ref name="ifreme">http://www.ifremer.fr/sismer/program/seasearch/htql/prj_edmerp.htql?CPRJ=LEFE</ref><br />
<br />
* '''The EC2CO''' Programme (Continental and Coastal Ecosphere) is coordinated by INSU. It supports interdisciplinary research on major environmental issues on the continental and coastal ecosphere through 4 actions: biogeochemistry, hydrology and ecosystem functioning; ecotoxicology and pollutants dynamics; environmental microbiology; dynamics of littoral interfaces.<ref name="insucnrs">http://www.insu.cnrs.fr/node/1497</ref><ref name="cnrsfr">http://www.cnrs.fr/prg/PIR/programmes/ec2co.htm </ref> <br />
<br />
== Strategic documents ==<br />
<br />
In November 2012, upon demand by the secretaries of state of research and environment, the Alliance for the Environment (AllEnvi, a group of French research agencies) published an inventory and challenges of research and innovation in marine sciences under the title The Marine Programme. The Marine Program presents an inventory of French research on marine and coastal environments, their means of study and the technological developments they sustain, and identifies key issues in terms of knowledge and public policy.<br />
* '''The Marine Program: Inventory and challenges of research and innovation in marine sciences'''<ref name="tmp"><br />
http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/Le-programme-mer-etat-des-lieux-et.html</ref><br />
<br />
* A '''working group on marine biotechnology''' was set up in the context of the cluster Europôle Mer, aiming at elaborating a position paper related to Marine biotechnology in the West part of France (regions Bretagne and Pays de la Loire). This document that include recommendations and priorities for developing the Marine biotech sector shall be available on line in April-May 2015.<br />
<br />
== Private funding mechanisms ==<br />
<br />
* '''BPI France''' is a public-sector institution dedicated to economic development and a key source of financing and other support for SMEs<ref name="bpi">http://www.bpifrance.fr/Bpifrance/Nos-metiers/International</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Research priorities for marine biotechnology research ==<br />
n/a <br />
<br />
== Infrastructures and coordination and support capacities / initiatives ==<br />
<br />
* '''ALLENVI Groupe Mer''' – Working group of Association of Research Operators in Environment. Programme Mer. ALLENVI published (end of 2012) strategic document “The Marine Program: Inventory and challenges of research and innovation in marine sciences” (see above).<ref name="all">http://www.allenvi.fr/?page_id=335</ref> <br />
* '''Biogenouest''' - the life science core facility network in Western France which comprises a Marine component which is open for all interested parties extending beyond the region.<ref name="oue">http://www.biogenouest.org/index.php?pa=N100&la=en</ref><br />
* Regional Clusters<br />
::* '''CapBiotek''' - Regional Cluster in Biotechnologies in Brittany <ref name="cap">http://www.capbiotek.fr/index.php</ref><br />
::* '''Blue Cluster''' - Regional Cluster in Biotechnologies in Pays de la Loire<ref name="atl">http://www.atlanpolebluecluster.eu/</ref><br />
::* '''Pole Mer Bretagne Atlantique''' - Global economic competitiveness cluster in Brittany<ref name="pmb">http://www.pole-mer-bretagne.com/innovate-to-prosper.php</ref><br />
::* '''Pole Mer Méditerranée''' - Global economic competitiveness cluster in Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur<ref name="aca">http://en.polemermediterranee.com/International/International-strategy</ref><br />
::* '''Europole Mer “Blue Network”''' - an informal coordination structure with about 20 members with one of the focal areas (Axe 1) on marine genomics and blue chemistry (related to biotech)<ref name="pol">http://www.europolemer.eu/en/what-is-europole-mer.php</ref><br />
* Currently, France operates 13 local/coastal vessels from 10m to 30m ; 1 regional vessel of 36m (Antea); 1 oceanic of 56 m (Le Suroit); and 5 global vessels from 65m to 120,5m managed by the French Oceanographic Fleet. These boats are registered at the European Research Vessels Infobase.<ref name="euroc">http://www.eurocean.org</ref> <br />
* In 2014, France maintains about 12 large marine research equipments included manned submersibles and remote operated vehicles, and autonomous underwater vehicle registered in the European large Exchangeable instruments database.<ref name="euroc">http://www.eurocean.org</ref>.<br />
* Key aquaculture experimental and research facilities in France include <br />
::* '''Ifremer Station experimentale d’Aquaculture'''<ref name="sea">http://www.ifremer.fr</ref><br />
::* '''Ifremer Laboratoire ARN'''<ref name="arn">http://wwz.ifremer.fr/pfom/Organisation-et-personnel/ARN</ref><br />
::* '''Station Biologique Roscoff'''<ref name="sbr">http://www.sb-roscoff.fr/roscoff-marine-station</ref><br />
::* '''Observatoire Oceanologique de Banyuls sur mer'''<ref name="obs">http://www.obs-banyuls.fr/en/index.php</ref><br />
::* '''Observartoire Oceéanologique de Villefranche sur mer'''<ref name="vlf">http://www.obs-vlfr.fr/</ref><br />
::* '''Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer'''<ref name="iue">http://www-iuem.univ-brest.fr/</ref><br />
::* '''Centre d’Océanologie de Marseille'''<ref name="mrs">http://www.com.univ-mrs.fr/</ref><br />
<br />
== Major initiatives ==<br />
* R&D and Infrastructures projects funded in the frame of '''“Investissements d’avenir”''' ANR<br />
::* '''IDEALG''' – Consortium of 18 different partners from the academic sector (CNRS, IFREMER, UEB, UBO, UBS, ENSCR, University ofNantes, INRA, AgroCampus), the industrial sector (C-WEED, Bezhin Rosko, Aleor, France Haliotis, DuPont) as well as a technical centre specialized in seaweeds (CEVA) in order to foster biotechnology applications within the seaweed field. Budget of € 10 Millions for 10 years<ref name="ueb">http://www.idealg.ueb.eu/</ref>Contact: Philippe Potin (potin@sb-roscoff.fr) & Monique Ras (monique.ras@sb-roscoff.fr)<br />
::* '''OCEANOMICS''' – Project providing scientific prolongation of the Tara-Oceans expedition with a budget of €8 Millions for ten years coordinated by Station Biologique de Roscoff <ref name="oce">http://oceans.taraexpeditions.org/</ref>Contact: Colomban de Vargas (vargas@sb-roscoff.fr)<br />
::* '''GREENSTARS''' – Institute of Excellence Energy on biofuelsContact : Jean-Philippe Steyer<br />
::* '''EMBRC-Fr''' - French component of the European European Marine Biological Resource Centre (EMBRC), an ESFRI Roadmap Research Infrastructure with a budget of €16 Millions over 10 years<ref name="emb">http://www.embrc.eu/</ref> Contact : Ian Probert (probert@sb-roscoff.fr) & Anne-Emmanuelle Kervella (akervella@sb-roscoff.fr)<br />
::* '''LABEX Mer, Ocean in Change''' – Laboratory of Excellence in marine research Ocean in Change <ref name="bex">http://www.labexmer.eu</ref>Contact: Yves-Marie Paulet (paulet@univ-brest.fr)<br />
* '''FRB Fondation pour la Recherche sur la Biodiversité''' – Foundation for Biodiversity research<ref name="frb">http://www.fondationbiodiversite.fr/</ref><br />
* '''Company for the acceleration of the technology transfer (SATT) Ouest Valorisation''' was officially created on 20 July 2012 with a regional remit covering the areas Brittany and Pays de la Loire. It is endowed with €66.5mn over 10 years to improve the results of public research through licenses, industrial partnerships, new business start-ups, or by facilitating the mobility of the researchers. It brings together research centers and higher education bodies (French acronym: PRES) from the European University of Brittany (27%) and the Nantes Angers Le Mans university (21%), CNRS (15%), Inserm (3%), IRD (1%) and the State via Caisse des Dépôts (33%) with a head office in Rennes and two secondary establishments in Brest and Nantes. Marine Biotechnology will be one of the 4-5 focal areas of the SATT (Website under construction).<br />
* France has a wide range of marine resource and biotechnology companies ranging from small SME’s to major multinationals. Some notable examples of companies with know marine biotechnology research activities, include major players such as SANOFI (pharmaceuticals), Laboratoire Pierre Fabre (pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, plant and innovation technology research), L’Oreal (Cosmetics, beauty products and perfumes, Lallemand (yeast bacteria and speciality ingredients) and more than 50 Innovative SMEs (from pharma to food and cosmetics) such as Hemarina.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_New_Zealand&diff=71649
Marine Biotechnology in New Zealand
2016-08-02T12:50:50Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>Go back to: [[Portal:Marine Biotechnology|Home]] > [[Strategies, Policies and Programmes]] > [[Australia Pacific]]<br />
<br />
== National strategy for biotechnology ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Biotechnology has been identified by New Zealand’s Government as integral to the country’s long term future economic growth . '''The latest New Zealand Biotechnology Strategy'''<ref name="wash">http://www.washingtonlifescience.com/econ_dev_reports/NewZealandBiotechStrategy.pdf</ref> was published in October 2002 by the former Ministry of Research, Science and Technology (MoRST, replaced since 2011 by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, '''MBIE'''<ref name="mbie">http://www.mbie.govt.nz/</ref>). As part of the Growth and Innovation framework of 2002, the Biotechnology Taskforce of MoRST published in 2003 a '''report'''<ref name="massey">http://www.massey.ac.nz/~ychisti/BioTechNZ.pdf </ref>, establishing a framework for action to develop the growth and competitiveness of biotechnology within the following 10 years. The country’s bio-economy was ranked eighth in the world in 2014<ref name="rank">http://www.nzbio.org.nz/resource-library/faq</ref>. The revenue generated by the biotechnology sector (essentially by intellectual property rights and patents for methodological and technological inventions) reached NZ$351M in 2008-2009. New Zealand has a strong interest in commercial benefit from biotechnologies and develops this sector’s international market notably thanks to '''New Zealand Trade & Enterprise''' (NZTE)<ref name="nzte">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/en/</ref>, the Government's international business development agency<ref name="bda">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/en/buy/our-sectors/biotechnology/</ref>. Moreover, the '''2010 New Zealand bioenergy strategy'''<ref name="biostep">http://bio-step.eu/fileadmin/BioSTEP/Bio_strategies/NZBioenergyStrategy2010.pdf</ref> recognizes algae as a basis for biodiesel production, although it indicates that woody biomass has by far the highest potential for biofuel production<ref name="biostep">http://bio-step.eu/fileadmin/BioSTEP/Bio_strategies/NZBioenergyStrategy2010.pdf</ref>. In 2015 the Crown Research Institute '''SCION'''<ref name="scion">http://www.scionresearch.com/</ref> developed the New Zealand Biofuels Roadmap to define optimum pathways for the production and use of liquid biofuels at a large scale in New Zealand but it still focuses on wood-based resources as well.<ref name="scionr">http://www.scionresearch.com/general/news-and-events/media-releases/2015-media-releases/new-zealand-biofuels-roadmap-takes-off </ref> Agricultural biotechnology does however maintain a dominant position, of 168 biotechnology companies surveyed in 2007, over 100 stated an involvement in agricultural biosciences<ref name="agric">http://www.massey.ac.nz/~ychisti/NZBio08.pdf</ref>. New Zealand is dedicated to promote biotechnology, notably through its people’s education on the matter with tools such as the '''Biotechnology Learning Hub'''.<ref name="biotechl">http://biotechlearn.org.nz/themes/new_zealand_views_on_biotech</ref> There are nevertheless some obstacles to the growth of biotechnology in New Zealand, the biggest ones being the country’s small size and distance from the markets of North America and Europe. New Zealand’s biotechnology sector faces a funding gap because of the lack of returns delivered by the industry.<ref name="scarletti">http://www.scarlatti.co.nz/articles/2-general/23-articles-nzbiotech</ref> <br />
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== Programs ==<br />
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Within the '''2014-2016 European Union – New Zealand Science and Technology Cooperation Roadmap'''<ref name="eceu">https://ec.europa.eu/research/iscp/pdf/policy/new_zealand-eu_priorities.pdf</ref>, the MBIE and the European Community elaborated a cooperation plan on the development of a bio-economy. It analyses the areas of common interests with priorities such as “Unlocking the potential of aquatic living resources within environmental and biological constraints” and sets up a plan of action including transfer of information and opportunities for joint action to tackle common challenges related to biotechnology, and notably '''marine biotechnology'''<ref name="marb">http://www.marinebiotech.eu/wiki/Marine_Biotechnology</ref> with '''Callaghan Innovation'''<ref name="callaghh">http://www.callaghaninnovation.govt.nz/</ref> as a strategic “one-stop” business R&D support agency.<ref name="eceuropa">https://ec.europa.eu/research/iscp/pdf/policy/new_zealand-eu_priorities.pdf</ref>The EU also funded the '''PharmaSea'''<ref name="pharm">http://www.pharma-sea.eu/</ref> project on marine bio-actives under the 7th Framework Programme involving The University of Waikato’s Environmental Research Institute.<br />
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The '''Australia New Zealand Biotechnology Partnering Fund'''<ref name="mmbie">http://www.mbie.govt.nz/publications-research/publications/evaluation-of-government-programmes/Archive/anzpbf.pdf</ref> (ANZBPF) was established in 2003 in response to recommendations from the Growth and Innovation Framework (GIF) Biotechnology Taskforce and is administered by NZTE. It was designed to facilitate and accelerate trans-Tasman biotechnology industry collaboration. This fund supported trans-Tasman alliances that develop greater regional strength, sustained profitability, access to, and competitiveness in, international markets for New Zealand’s biotechnology products and services. For the period 2008-2009, NZ$4.5 million were made available for projects related to the development of biotechnology in the region.<ref name="scpb">http://www.scienceinpublic.com.au/media-releases/australia-new-zealand-biotechnology-partnership-fund-anzbpf-applications-open</ref> This fund was closed off in early 2011. It has been replaced with other initiatives in Asia, for example with Taiwan.<br />
<br />
== National strategy for marine biotechnology ==<br />
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There is no specific national strategy for marine biotechnology in New Zealand. New Zealand, as well as Australia, focuses its marine biotechnology sector on aquaculture and marine bioactives. In 2012 the Government adopted the '''Aquaculture Strategy'''<ref name="seaff">http://www.seafoodnewzealand.org.nz/fileadmin/documents/Publications/Aquaculture_Strategy.pdf</ref> and '''Five-year Action Plan'''<ref name="fish">http://www.fish.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/20A0ED89-A20B-4975-9E63-6B302187840D/0/AQUAStrat5yrplan2012.pdf </ref>. The industry-led strategy and action plan establish the government’s pathway to enabling the aquaculture sector to grow. The New Zealand Aquaculture Strategy launched a commitment to support the maximization of opportunities for innovation, environmental sustainability, protection of Mãori objectives and an economic drive towards a market target of over NZ$ 1B per annum by 2025. The Five-Year Action Plan for the Aquaculture Industry provides for a cohesive and prioritized approach across government to the aquaculture sector, one of its core objectives is to increase value through R&D. Although neither document refers to biotechnology, funding rounds since adoption of the strategy have included aquaculture biotechnology. The aquaculture industry in New Zealand specializes in farming the green lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) and the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Other species that are farmed are king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and the New Zealand abalone (known locally as pāua, Haliotis iris).<ref name="biotchorg">http://biotechlearn.org.nz/nz_biotech/sectors/aquaculture</ref> '''Aquaculture New Zealand'''<ref name="aquacult">http://www.aquaculture.org.nz/</ref> is an organization representing the country’s aquaculture sector, which helps the coordination toward the goal implemented by the New Zealand Aquaculture strategy of becoming a Billion-dollar sector by 2025.<ref name="aquacul">http://www.aquaculture.org.nz/</ref> <br />
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== Centres of marine biotechnology research ==<br />
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In New Zealand, a number of organizations are involved in biotechnology research and development including universities, private companies and Crown Research Institutes (CRIs, which are corporatized Crown entities charged with conducting scientific research to benefit New Zealand). <br />
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*The '''National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research'''<ref name="niwa">http://www.niwa.co.nz/about-niwa/ourcompany</ref>(NIWA) works in marine biodiversity, bio-oil from algae, and aquaculture, helping New Zealand's aquaculture industry achieve its target of $1 billion value by 2025. The Australia New Zealand Biotechnology Partnership Fund has supported one project on a small-scale, to facilitate links in the area of natural bio-actives, including marine-origin, managed by NIWA.<ref name="niwaconz">http://www.nzte.govt.nz/find-fundingassistance/australianew-zealand-biotechnology-partnership-fund/pages/australia-new-zealand_biotechnology-partnershipfund.aspx</ref> The Institute has the largest team of aquaculture specialists and dedicated facilities in New Zealand.<br />
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*The '''Cawthron Institute'''<ref name="cawth">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/</ref> is New Zealand's largest independent science organization, it draws funding from many sources including the Cawthron Foundation (a registered charity established to support research developed and delivered by Cawthron) and the MBIE Contestable Research Fund.<ref name="mbiegovt">http://www.mbie.govt.nz/info-services/science-innovation/investment-funding/current-funding/science-investment-round/document-image-library/investment-plan.pdf</ref> It has an aquatic biotechnology department involved in algal technologies, aquaculture, environmental monitoring and seafood safety and it works with regional councils, government departments, major industries, private companies, and other research organizations throughout New Zealand and around the world. The Institute has significant experience with algal biology and a commercial algal production system for its shellfish hatchery, and is also involved in developing and commercially exploiting its discoveries.<ref name="caw">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/</ref><br />
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Some regions and cities of New Zealand are particularly involved in the development of marine biotechnology. <br />
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*In Auckland, The '''Institute for Innovation in Biotechnology'''<ref name="auk">http://www.biotech.co.nz/</ref> (IIB) works in close association with the '''School of Biological Sciences'''<ref name="biolsc">http://www.sbs.auckland.ac.nz/en.html</ref> (SBS) at the University of Auckland, and focuses on industry partnerships to accelerate innovation and develop new models of bioscience enterprise training. The co-location of companies in the IIB has created New Zealand’s largest biotech cluster in the heart of the University of Auckland.<ref name="bt">http://www.biotech.co.nz/about-us/</ref><br />
*The '''Northland region'''<ref name="northr">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/media/2794850/regional-investment-northland.pdf/</ref> has developed a strategy to grow its aquaculture sector by 20 percent a year until 2030. Northland’s aquaculture sector is supported by the NIWA facility at Bream Bay Aquaculture Park. <br />
*Wellington is the headquarters for NIWA and Callaghan innovation.<ref name="wellingt">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/media/2739114/regional-investment-wellington.pdf</ref> In the '''Wellington region'''<ref name="welling">http://www.wellingtonnz.com/business/business-environment/industry-sectors/the-science-and-technical-sector/</ref>, the University of Victoria’s '''Centre for Biodiscovery'''<ref name="victoria">http://www.victoria.ac.nz/sbs/research-centres-institutes/centre-for-biodiscovery</ref> does research on marine compounds with potential pharmaceutical activity such as Peloruside A, a compound isolated from a marine sponge used in treatments against cancer.<ref name="canc">http://www.victoria.ac.nz/sbs/research-centres-institutes/centre-for-biodiscovery/drug,-discovery-and-design</ref> <br />
*The “'''Top of the South'''”<ref name="tots">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/media/2739124/regional-investment-ntm.pdf</ref>, especially the Nelson region, is where the majority of New Zealand’s aquaculture produce is grown. The region is the leading producer of farmed Greenshell mussels, King Salmon and Pacific Oysters. Nelson is home for example to the Cawthron institute and its aquaculture park.<ref name="reginv">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/media/2739124/regional-investment-ntm.pdf</ref><br />
*In the '''University of Canterbury'''<ref name="canterbury">http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/</ref>, the Marine Chemistry Group is exploring the marine flora and fauna of New Zealand in a systematic fashion. Research includes the detection, isolation and structure determination of new antiviral or anticancer agents from bioactive NZ marine organisms, the isolation and cultivation of bioactive marine fungi and the synthesis of polymer therapeutics for use as targeted anticancer and anti-HIV drugs.<ref name="cannt">http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/spark/Researcher.aspx?researcherid=83845</ref> <br />
*The '''University of Waikato'''<ref name="waikato">http://www.waikato.ac.nz/</ref>’s Environmental Research Institute is a partner in an ongoing EU-funded marine bio-actives project '''PharmaSea'''.<ref name="pharm">http://www.pharma-sea.eu/</ref> The project is funded by the European Union under its FP7 program and involves 24 partners from 13 countries aiming at finding novel antibiotics through research on marine microbes and new bioactive compounds. Current activities include agrochemical applications of marine bio-actives and biotechnology for aquaculture. <br />
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== Public – Private partnerships on marine biotechnology ==<br />
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'''NIWA'''<ref name="niwa">https://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/niwa.co.nz/files/import/attachments/terramarine.pdf</ref> has collaborated in the past with a New Zealand based sea food company Ngai Tahu Seafood, to explore the cosmetics market by isolating and identifying bio-actives from sea food by-products and by-catch species, and with MalCorp Bio-discoveries, the investment arm of the Malaghan Institute in Wellington, on anti-inflammatory compounds for pharmaceuticals, but it isn’t clear if these are current activities. A multidisciplinary team of marine and cell biologists and chemists was assembled for '''TerraMarine Pharmaceuticals'''<ref name="terramar">https://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/niwa.co.nz/files/import/attachments/terramarine.pdf</ref>, a joint venture partnership between NIWA, the '''Malaghan Institute'''<ref name="malaghan">http://www.malaghan.org.nz/</ref>, and Crop & Food Research (now '''Plant & Food Research'''<ref name="pfr">http://www.plantandfood.co.nz/</ref>), with the University of Auckland providing significant expertise in marine natural products chemistry. This ongoing partnership started in 2002 with the aim of discovering and developing new anti-inflammatory drugs from New Zealand’s biota, notably toward the development of a gout relief drug.<ref name="rdrug">https://www.niwa.co.nz/publications/wa/vol14-no3-september-2006/new-drugs-from-nature-the-terramarine-partnership</ref> As of 2006, TerraMarine had identified two promising anti-inflammatory compounds from marine organisms. The major project supporting this work has now been completed. NIWA holds an important representation of New Zealand’s marine biodiversity in its collections, including the internationally significant '''NIWA Invertebrate Collection'''(NIC).<ref name="nic">https://www.niwa.co.nz/our-services/online-services/nic</ref> <br />
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Under NIWA’s coordination, one of the world’s largest facilities for manufacturing biofuel from algae using sewage is in operation in Christchurch, resulting from the cooperation between Invercargill engineering firm BL Rayners Ltd and Christchurch recycling company Solvent Rescue Ltd, under the name Solray Energy. They have developed '''a MK2 plant that turns sewage algae into crude oil'''.<ref name="crudoil">https://www.niwa.co.nz/freshwater-and-estuaries/research-projects/bio-oil-from-wastewater-algae</ref> After having undergone primary treatment, sewage that is generated in the city is conducted to a High Rate Algal Pond (HRAP), where the algae is propagated and the harvested algae is turned into biofuel via a Super Critical Water Reactor (SCWR).<ref name="scwr">http://www.oilgae.com/energy/nn/b/2009/01/mkii-southern-invention-turns-sewage.html</ref> NIWA also uses '''wastewater and algae to produce biogas'''<ref name="biog">https://www.niwa.co.nz/energy/research-projects/biogas-recovery-from-wastewater</ref>: a purpose-built covered anaerobic pond on a 400-sow pig farm in Taranaki was developed, designed to contain biogas so that it could be extracted through pipes for later use as a fuel. The next phase is to adapt biogas recovery for the dairy sector to explore opportunities and possibly to convert biogas into transport fuel. As part of the ‘Biogas Transport Fuel Cluster’, NIWA belongs to an industry group that is actively demonstrating, testing and evaluating the feasibility of biogas-to-fuel projects. <br />
<br />
Since 2003, NIWA has set up a program for the support of the aquaculture sector (salmon and abalone) and its diversification. In 2007, the institute established broodstock development programmes for three new high-value aquaculture species: kingfish, hāpuku, and pāua<ref name="paua">https://www.niwa.co.nz/aquaculture/research-projects/high-performance-aquaculture-broodstock</ref> which has resulted in the implementation of a commercial scale hatchery with 500.000 fry/ year for the yellowtail Kingfish – Seriola lalandi. They also master the larval stage of the Hapuku (Polyprion oxygeneios) and are starting the picking of growth stocks.<br />
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In the micro algal field, a highly sophisticated, multi-vessel photo bioreactor (PBR) is developed by the scientists at '''Cawthron Institute'''<ref name="cawth">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/</ref>, which uses an innovative growth program with multivariant analysis and control to simulate as near-industrial conditions as possible and optimize algal performance to improve the production of algae products.<ref name="algaepr">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/biotechnology/news/2014/smart-technology-helps-scientists-enhance-high-value-algae/ </ref> Cawthron maintains a nationally significant culture collection of micro-algae that includes unique species – the Cawthron Institute Culture Collection of Microalgae (CICCM) and aquaculture species, which are being grown in the Cawthron aquaculture park and studied for commercial and research applications. The institute possesses technologies to cryopreserve and store algal strains of commercial value for clients who have identified strains that produce bioactive compounds of interest. Cawthron has developed commercial-scale systems to maximize micro-algal productivity for the production of high value nutraceuticals.<ref name="neutrac">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/biotechnology/services/microalgae-production-and-extraction-bioactives/</ref> On the long term, the aim is to develop algal production systems for use in large-scale biomass production. The institute also grows toxic microalgae in containment, which supports work in harmful algal bloom (HABs) research, and enables the microalgae to be sold as certified reference standards for toxin analysis. Cawthron is investigating the potential for algae as sources of ingredients for higher-value and functional foods, exploring the potential of the bioactives from algae when consumed and accumulated by shellfish.<ref name="thron">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/analytical-services/services/cawthron-natural-compound-services/</ref> One of Cawthron's key clients for PBR is nutraceutical company '''Supreme Biotechnology Ltd'''<ref name="pbr">http://www.supremebiotech.com/</ref> which grows and extracts the high-value algae compound astaxanthin on a commercial scale for the global market. The Cawthron Natural Compounds (CNC) team specializes in extracting complex organic compounds sourced from algae and other plants, it then provides the purified compounds to laboratories worldwide for use as Certified Reference Materials for food safety testing and research. The Cawthron Institute manages the national collection of micro-algae and cyanobacteria. This is supported by state-of-the-art cryopreservation technology and contains many unique species, including those from unique environments around New Zealand, the Pacific and Antarctica.<ref name="aqbiot">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/aquatic-biotechnologies/micro-algae-culture-collection.html</ref> <br />
<br />
It is also important to note that Cawthron runs one of the larger shellfish spat raising operations. Cawthron has developed various innovative technology systems for hatchery and nursery.<ref name="hatchnurs">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/aquaculture/services/shellfish-spat-production/</ref> Its Greenshell Mussel (GSM) breeding programme is now being realised by the industry consortium SPATnz, who have secured Government funding to develop New Zealand's first commercial scale shellfish hatchery.<ref name="shellfhat">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/aquaculture/news/2013/spatnz-create-future-based-cawthron-research/#sthash.RnMfJMyq.dpuf</ref><br />
<br />
'''NZBIO'''<ref name="nzbio">http://www.nzbio.org.nz/</ref> is the national peak body representing the bioscience-based industries of New Zealand. In 2008, a move towards the emerging international dialogue on referring to a bio-economy was adopted, with NZBIO now operating under the tagline “Creating a Sustainable Bio-economy in New Zealand”. NZBIO produced with Grow Wellington the “'''Making Biotechnology Work For New Zealand'''” guideline.<ref name="grwwel">http://www.growwellington.co.nz/document/1-3/GW-Bio-Tech_Low-Res.pdf</ref> <br />
<br />
'''Callaghan innovation'''<ref name="callaghh">http://www.callaghaninnovation.govt.nz/</ref> is a government agency entrusted with the task of supporting the whole industry/innovation sector in New Zealand. This includes hi-tech businesses, and notably biotechnology. Approximately $140 million a year in business funding and grants is channeled through Grants for R&D, in order to help accelerate innovation by firms in New Zealand. Callaghan’s expertise focuses among others on biology and biochemistry, and proteins and bioactive peptides.<ref name="proteins">http://www.callaghaninnovation.govt.nz/our-areas-expertise/biotechnologies </ref> Access to this particular funding is managed through '''Grow Wellington'''<ref name="well">http://www.growwellington.co.nz/document/1-3/GW-Bio-Tech_Low-Res.pdf/</ref>, the economic development agency working to accelerate economic growth in the Wellington region and make it more internationally competitive. <br />
<br />
== Infrastructures ==<br />
<br />
'''NXT Fuels'''<ref name="nxt">http://nxtfuels.com/</ref>, formerly known as '''Aquaflow Bionomic Corporation'''<ref name="aquafl">http://biotechlearn.org.nz/nz_biotech/organisations/aquaflow</ref> is a leading algal technology companies, producing new biofuels and biochemicals from algae. Its patented process treats wastewater and creates "green crude oil" without genetic modification of the algae.<ref name="algalae">http://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&objectid=10912456</ref> In 2008 Aquaflow collaborated with Air New Zealand and Boeing to develop biofuels from algae <ref name="biofuelss">http://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/to-go-green-in-jet-fuel-boeing-looks-at-algae/</ref> but Air New Zealand eventually used jatropha biofuel as Aquaflow was unable to supply any fuel.<ref name="unab">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_algal_fuel_producers</ref> In 2009 the company partnered up with '''Solray Energy'''<ref name="solare">http://www.solrayenergy.co.nz/</ref>, another New Zealand major biotechnology company, to combine Aquaflow's methods of harvesting algae grown from wastewater streams and Solray's process of turning that algae into fuel.<ref name="fuelalgae">http://www.greentechmedia.com/green-light/post/aquaflow-and-solray-two-new-zealand-algae-biofuel-companies-partner-up /</ref><br />
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'''Plant & Food Research'''<ref name="pfr">http://www.plantandfood.co.nz/</ref> is a New Zealand-based science company providing research and development that adds value to fruit, vegetable, crop and food products. It is a New Zealand government-owned Crown Research Institute. It has a Bioprocessing Laboratory and Pilot Plant that aim at developing real products from marine compound extraction and modification research, in order for partners to transfer these products for efficient production at industrial scale. The company has developed a number of biomaterials for industrial use, including collagen nanofibers extracted from hoki skin. A formulation containing natural antimicrobial agents has been developed for processing by electrospinning into nanofibers that can be used in the manufacture of air filters for home ventilation systems.<ref name="ventilat">http://www.plantandfood.co.nz/page/our-research/seafood-technologies/products-systems/biomaterials/ /</ref><br />
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The '''Malaghan Institute'''<ref name="malaghan">http://www.malaghan.org.nz/who-we-are/</ref> is New Zealand’s leading medical research institute focused on finding cures for cancer, asthma and allergy, multiple sclerosis and infectious disease. It is located at Victoria University of Wellington. Its research includes marine biotechnology, notably through the TerraMarine Pharmaceuticals partnership.<br />
<br />
'''New Zealand Pharmaceuticals Ltd'''<ref name="nzp">http://nzp.co.nz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=207</ref>, (NZP) is a biotechnology and manufacturing industry. Its work includes large scale extraction and purification of active ingredients from biomass (marine and terrestrial products) for pharmaceutical applications. NZP was founded by Professors John Blunt and Murray Munro from the University of Canterbury and funded by the US National Cancer Institute to scale up the extraction of Halichondrin B, the active ingredient found in the New Zealand marine sponge, Lissodendoryx spp. The pure Halichondrin B was then used by the NCI to establish the efficacy of the anti-cancer potency and recently commercialized by the Japanese pharmaceutical company, Eisai Co Ltd.<ref name="ltdd">http://nzp.co.nz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=37:nzp-helps-the-us-nci-with-the-development-of-the-anticancer-drug-halaven&catid=13&Itemid=207</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer==<br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer2}}</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_New_Zealand&diff=71647
Marine Biotechnology in New Zealand
2016-08-02T10:05:44Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>Go back to: [[Portal:Marine Biotechnology|Home]] > [[Strategies, Policies and Programmes]] > [[Australia Pacific]]<br />
<br />
== National strategy for biotechnology ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Biotechnology has been identified by New Zealand’s Government as integral to the country’s long term future economic growth . The latest New Zealand Biotechnology Strategy<ref name="wash">http://www.washingtonlifescience.com/econ_dev_reports/NewZealandBiotechStrategy.pdf</ref> was published in October 2002 by the former Ministry of Research, Science and Technology (MoRST, replaced since 2011 by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, MBIE<ref name="mbie">http://www.mbie.govt.nz/</ref>). As part of the Growth and Innovation framework of 2002, the Biotechnology Taskforce of MoRST published in 2003 a report<ref name="massey">http://www.massey.ac.nz/~ychisti/BioTechNZ.pdf </ref>, establishing a framework for action to develop the growth and competitiveness of biotechnology within the following 10 years. The country’s bio-economy was ranked eighth in the world in 2014<ref name="rank">http://www.nzbio.org.nz/resource-library/faq</ref>. The revenue generated by the biotechnology sector (essentially by intellectual property rights and patents for methodological and technological inventions) reached NZ$351M in 2008-2009. New Zealand has a strong interest in commercial benefit from biotechnologies and develops this sector’s international market notably thanks to New Zealand Trade & Enterprise (NZTE)<ref name="nzte">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/en/</ref>, the Government's international business development agency<ref name="bda">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/en/buy/our-sectors/biotechnology/</ref>. Moreover, the 2010 New Zealand bioenergy strategy<ref name="biostep">http://bio-step.eu/fileadmin/BioSTEP/Bio_strategies/NZBioenergyStrategy2010.pdf</ref> recognizes algae as a basis for biodiesel production, although it indicates that woody biomass has by far the highest potential for biofuel production<ref name="biostep">http://bio-step.eu/fileadmin/BioSTEP/Bio_strategies/NZBioenergyStrategy2010.pdf</ref>. In 2015 the Crown Research Institute SCION<ref name="scion">http://www.scionresearch.com/</ref> developed the New Zealand Biofuels Roadmap to define optimum pathways for the production and use of liquid biofuels at a large scale in New Zealand but it still focuses on wood-based resources as well.<ref name="scionr">http://www.scionresearch.com/general/news-and-events/media-releases/2015-media-releases/new-zealand-biofuels-roadmap-takes-off </ref> Agricultural biotechnology does however maintain a dominant position, of 168 biotechnology companies surveyed in 2007, over 100 stated an involvement in agricultural biosciences<ref name="agric">http://www.massey.ac.nz/~ychisti/NZBio08.pdf</ref>. New Zealand is dedicated to promote biotechnology, notably through its people’s education on the matter with tools such as the Biotechnology Learning Hub.<ref name="biotechl">http://biotechlearn.org.nz/themes/new_zealand_views_on_biotech</ref> There are nevertheless some obstacles to the growth of biotechnology in New Zealand, the biggest ones being the country’s small size and distance from the markets of North America and Europe. New Zealand’s biotechnology sector faces a funding gap because of the lack of returns delivered by the industry.<ref name="scarletti">http://www.scarlatti.co.nz/articles/2-general/23-articles-nzbiotech</ref> <br />
<br />
== Programs ==<br />
<br />
Within the 2014-2016 European Union – New Zealand Science and Technology Cooperation Roadmap<ref name="eceu">https://ec.europa.eu/research/iscp/pdf/policy/new_zealand-eu_priorities.pdf</ref>, the MBIE and the European Community elaborated a cooperation plan on the development of a bio-economy. It analyses the areas of common interests with priorities such as “Unlocking the potential of aquatic living resources within environmental and biological constraints” and sets up a plan of action including transfer of information and opportunities for joint action to tackle common challenges related to biotechnology, and notably marine biotechnology<ref name="marb">http://www.marinebiotech.eu/wiki/Marine_Biotechnology</ref> with Callaghan Innovation<ref name="callaghh">http://www.callaghaninnovation.govt.nz/</ref> as a strategic “one-stop” business R&D support agency.<ref name="eceuropa">https://ec.europa.eu/research/iscp/pdf/policy/new_zealand-eu_priorities.pdf</ref>The EU also funded the PharmaSea<ref name="pharm">http://www.pharma-sea.eu/</ref> project on marine bio-actives under the 7th Framework Programme involving The University of Waikato’s Environmental Research Institute.<br />
<br />
The Australia New Zealand Biotechnology Partnering Fund<ref name="mmbie">http://www.mbie.govt.nz/publications-research/publications/evaluation-of-government-programmes/Archive/anzpbf.pdf</ref> (ANZBPF) was established in 2003 in response to recommendations from the Growth and Innovation Framework (GIF) Biotechnology Taskforce and is administered by NZTE. It was designed to facilitate and accelerate trans-Tasman biotechnology industry collaboration. This fund supported trans-Tasman alliances that develop greater regional strength, sustained profitability, access to, and competitiveness in, international markets for New Zealand’s biotechnology products and services. For the period 2008-2009, NZ$4.5 million were made available for projects related to the development of biotechnology in the region.<ref name="scpb">http://www.scienceinpublic.com.au/media-releases/australia-new-zealand-biotechnology-partnership-fund-anzbpf-applications-open</ref> This fund was closed off in early 2011. It has been replaced with other initiatives in Asia, for example with Taiwan.<br />
<br />
== National strategy for marine biotechnology ==<br />
<br />
There is no specific national strategy for marine biotechnology in New Zealand. New Zealand, as well as Australia, focuses its marine biotechnology sector on aquaculture and marine bioactives. In 2012 the Government adopted the Aquaculture Strategy<ref name="seaff">http://www.seafoodnewzealand.org.nz/fileadmin/documents/Publications/Aquaculture_Strategy.pdf</ref> and Five-year Action Plan<ref name="fish">http://www.fish.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/20A0ED89-A20B-4975-9E63-6B302187840D/0/AQUAStrat5yrplan2012.pdf </ref>. The industry-led strategy and action plan establish the government’s pathway to enabling the aquaculture sector to grow. The New Zealand Aquaculture Strategy launched a commitment to support the maximization of opportunities for innovation, environmental sustainability, protection of Mãori objectives and an economic drive towards a market target of over NZ$ 1B per annum by 2025. The Five-Year Action Plan for the Aquaculture Industry provides for a cohesive and prioritized approach across government to the aquaculture sector, one of its core objectives is to increase value through R&D. Although neither document refers to biotechnology, funding rounds since adoption of the strategy have included aquaculture biotechnology. The aquaculture industry in New Zealand specializes in farming the green lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) and the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Other species that are farmed are king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and the New Zealand abalone (known locally as pāua, Haliotis iris).<ref name="biotchorg">http://biotechlearn.org.nz/nz_biotech/sectors/aquaculture</ref> Aquaculture New Zealand<ref name="aquacult">http://www.aquaculture.org.nz/</ref> is an organization representing the country’s aquaculture sector, which helps the coordination toward the goal implemented by the New Zealand Aquaculture strategy of becoming a Billion-dollar sector by 2025.<ref name="aquacul">http://www.aquaculture.org.nz/</ref> <br />
<br />
== Centres of marine biotechnology research ==<br />
<br />
In New Zealand, a number of organizations are involved in biotechnology research and development including universities, private companies and Crown Research Institutes (CRIs, which are corporatized Crown entities charged with conducting scientific research to benefit New Zealand). <br />
<br />
*The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research<ref name="niwa">http://www.niwa.co.nz/about-niwa/ourcompany</ref>(NIWA) works in marine biodiversity, bio-oil from algae, and aquaculture, helping New Zealand's aquaculture industry achieve its target of $1 billion value by 2025. The Australia New Zealand Biotechnology Partnership Fund has supported one project on a small-scale, to facilitate links in the area of natural bio-actives, including marine-origin, managed by NIWA.<ref name="niwaconz">http://www.niwa.co.nz/about-niwa/ourcompany</ref> The Institute has the largest team of aquaculture specialists and dedicated facilities in New Zealand.<br />
<br />
*The Cawthron Institute<ref name="cawth">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/</ref> is New Zealand's largest independent science organization, it draws funding from many sources including the Cawthron Foundation (a registered charity established to support research developed and delivered by Cawthron) and the MBIE Contestable Research Fund . It has an aquatic biotechnology department involved in algal technologies, aquaculture, environmental monitoring and seafood safety and it works with regional councils, government departments, major industries, private companies, and other research organizations throughout New Zealand and around the world. The Institute has significant experience with algal biology and a commercial algal production system for its shellfish hatchery, and is also involved in developing and commercially exploiting its discoveries.<br />
<br />
Some regions and cities of New Zealand are particularly involved in the development of marine biotechnology. <br />
<br />
*In Auckland, The Institute for Innovation in Biotechnology<ref name="auk">http://www.biotech.co.nz/</ref> (IIB) works in close association with the School of Biological Sciences<ref name="biolsc">http://www.sbs.auckland.ac.nz/en.html</ref> (SBS) at the University of Auckland, and focuses on industry partnerships to accelerate innovation and develop new models of bioscience enterprise training. The co-location of companies in the IIB has created New Zealand’s largest biotech cluster in the heart of the University of Auckland.<br />
*The Northland region<ref name="northr">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/media/2794850/regional-investment-northland.pdf/</ref> has developed a strategy to grow its aquaculture sector by 20 percent a year until 2030. Northland’s aquaculture sector is supported by the NIWA facility at Bream Bay Aquaculture Park. <br />
*Wellington is the headquarters for NIWA and Callaghan innovation. In the Wellington region<ref name="welling">http://www.wellingtonnz.com/business/business-environment/industry-sectors/the-science-and-technical-sector/</ref>, the University of Victoria’s Centre for Biodiscovery<ref name="victoria">http://www.victoria.ac.nz/sbs/research-centres-institutes/centre-for-biodiscovery</ref> does research on marine compounds with potential pharmaceutical activity such as Peloruside A, a compound isolated from a marine sponge used in treatments against cancer. <br />
*The “Top of the South”<ref name="tots">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/media/2739124/regional-investment-ntm.pdf</ref>, especially the Nelson region, is where the majority of New Zealand’s aquaculture produce is grown. The region is the leading producer of farmed Greenshell mussels, King Salmon and Pacific Oysters. Nelson is home for example to the Cawthron institute and its aquaculture park.<br />
*In the University of Canterbury<ref name="canterbury">http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/</ref>, the Marine Chemistry Group is exploring the marine flora and fauna of New Zealand in a systematic fashion. Research includes the detection, isolation and structure determination of new antiviral or anticancer agents from bioactive NZ marine organisms, the isolation and cultivation of bioactive marine fungi and the synthesis of polymer therapeutics for use as targeted anticancer and anti-HIV drugs. <br />
*The University of Waikato<ref name="waikato">http://www.waikato.ac.nz/</ref>’s Environmental Research Institute is a partner in an ongoing EU-funded marine bio-actives project PharmaSea.<ref name="pharm">http://www.pharma-sea.eu/</ref> The project is funded by the European Union under its FP7 program and involves 24 partners from 13 countries aiming at finding novel antibiotics through research on marine microbes and new bioactive compounds. Current activities include agrochemical applications of marine bio-actives and biotechnology for aquaculture. <br />
<br />
== Public – Private partnerships on marine biotechnology ==<br />
<br />
NIWA<ref name="niwa">https://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/niwa.co.nz/files/import/attachments/terramarine.pdf</ref> has collaborated in the past with a New Zealand based sea food company Ngai Tahu Seafood, to explore the cosmetics market by isolating and identifying bio-actives from sea food by-products and by-catch species, and with MalCorp Bio-discoveries, the investment arm of the Malaghan Institute in Wellington, on anti-inflammatory compounds for pharmaceuticals, but it isn’t clear if these are current activities. A multidisciplinary team of marine and cell biologists and chemists was assembled for TerraMarine Pharmaceuticals<ref name="terramar">https://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/niwa.co.nz/files/import/attachments/terramarine.pdf</ref>, a joint venture partnership between NIWA, the Malaghan Institute<ref name="malaghan">http://www.malaghan.org.nz/</ref>, and Crop & Food Research (now Plant & Food Research<ref name="pfr">http://www.plantandfood.co.nz/</ref>), with the University of Auckland providing significant expertise in marine natural products chemistry. This ongoing partnership started in 2002 with the aim of discovering and developing new anti-inflammatory drugs from New Zealand’s biota, notably toward the development of a gout relief drug . As of 2006, TerraMarine had identified two promising anti-inflammatory compounds from marine organisms. The major project supporting this work has now been completed. NIWA holds an important representation of New Zealand’s marine biodiversity in its collections, including the internationally significant NIWA Invertebrate Collection (NIC).<ref name="nic">https://www.niwa.co.nz/our-services/online-services/nic</ref> <br />
<br />
Under NIWA’s coordination, one of the world’s largest facilities for manufacturing biofuel from algae using sewage is in operation in Christchurch, resulting from the cooperation between Invercargill engineering firm BL Rayners Ltd and Christchurch recycling company Solvent Rescue Ltd, under the name Solray Energy. They have developed a MK2 plant that turns sewage algae into crude oil.<ref name="crudoil">https://www.niwa.co.nz/freshwater-and-estuaries/research-projects/bio-oil-from-wastewater-algae</ref> After having undergone primary treatment, sewage that is generated in the city is conducted to a High Rate Algal Pond (HRAP), where the algae is propagated and the harvested algae is turned into biofuel via a Super Critical Water Reactor (SCWR). NIWA also uses wastewater and algae to produce biogas<ref name="biog">https://www.niwa.co.nz/energy/research-projects/biogas-recovery-from-wastewater</ref>: a purpose-built covered anaerobic pond on a 400-sow pig farm in Taranaki was developed, designed to contain biogas so that it could be extracted through pipes for later use as a fuel. The next phase is to adapt biogas recovery for the dairy sector to explore opportunities and possibly to convert biogas into transport fuel. As part of the ‘Biogas Transport Fuel Cluster’, NIWA belongs to an industry group that is actively demonstrating, testing and evaluating the feasibility of biogas-to-fuel projects. <br />
<br />
Since 2003, NIWA has set up a program for the support of the aquaculture sector (salmon and abalone) and its diversification. In 2007, the institute established broodstock development programmes for three new high-value aquaculture species: kingfish, hāpuku, and pāua which has resulted in the implementation of a commercial scale hatchery with 500.000 fry/ year for the yellowtail Kingfish – Seriola lalandi. They also master the larval stage of the Hapuku (Polyprion oxygeneios) and are starting the picking of growth stocks.<br />
<br />
In the micro algal field, a highly sophisticated, multi-vessel photo bioreactor (PBR) is developed by the scientists at Cawthron Institute<ref name="cawth">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/</ref>, which uses an innovative growth program with multivariant analysis and control to simulate as near-industrial conditions as possible and optimize algal performance to improve the production of algae products. Cawthron maintains a nationally significant culture collection of micro-algae that includes unique species – the Cawthron Institute Culture Collection of Microalgae (CICCM) and aquaculture species, which are being grown in the Cawthron aquaculture park and studied for commercial and research applications. The institute possesses technologies to cryopreserve and store algal strains of commercial value for clients who have identified strains that produce bioactive compounds of interest. Cawthron has developed commercial-scale systems to maximize micro-algal productivity for the production of high value nutraceuticals. On the long term, the aim is to develop algal production systems for use in large-scale biomass production. The institute also grows toxic microalgae in containment, which supports work in harmful algal bloom (HABs) research, and enables the microalgae to be sold as certified reference standards for toxin analysis. Cawthron is investigating the potential for algae as sources of ingredients for higher-value and functional foods, exploring the potential of the bioactives from algae when consumed and accumulated by shellfish. One of Cawthron's key clients for PBR is nutraceutical company Supreme Biotechnology Ltd<ref name="pbr">http://www.supremebiotech.com/</ref> which grows and extracts the high-value algae compound astaxanthin on a commercial scale for the global market. The Cawthron Natural Compounds (CNC) team specializes in extracting complex organic compounds sourced from algae and other plants, it then provides the purified compounds to laboratories worldwide for use as Certified Reference Materials for food safety testing and research. The Cawthron Institute manages the national collection of micro-algae and cyanobacteria. This is supported by state-of-the-art cryopreservation technology and contains many unique species, including those from unique environments around New Zealand, the Pacific and Antarctica. <br />
<br />
It is also important to note that Cawthron runs one of the larger shellfish spat raising operations. Cawthron has developed various innovative technology systems for hatchery and nursery . Its Greenshell Mussel (GSM) breeding programme is now being realised by the industry consortium SPATnz, who have secured Government funding to develop New Zealand's first commercial scale shellfish hatchery .<br />
<br />
NZBIO<ref name="nzbio">http://www.nzbio.org.nz/</ref> is the national peak body representing the bioscience-based industries of New Zealand. In 2008, a move towards the emerging international dialogue on referring to a bio-economy was adopted, with NZBIO now operating under the tagline “Creating a Sustainable Bio-economy in New Zealand”. NZBIO produced with Grow Wellington the “Making Biotechnology Work For New Zealand” guideline. <br />
<br />
Callaghan innovation<ref name="callaghh">http://www.callaghaninnovation.govt.nz/</ref> is a government agency entrusted with the task of supporting the whole industry/innovation sector in New Zealand. This includes hi-tech businesses, and notably biotechnology. Approximately $140 million a year in business funding and grants is channeled through Grants for R&D, in order to help accelerate innovation by firms in New Zealand. Callaghan’s expertise focuses among others on biology and biochemistry, and proteins and bioactive peptides. Access to this particular funding is managed through Grow Wellington<ref name="well">http://www.growwellington.co.nz/document/1-3/GW-Bio-Tech_Low-Res.pdf/</ref>, the economic development agency working to accelerate economic growth in the Wellington region and make it more internationally competitive. <br />
<br />
== Infrastructures ==<br />
<br />
NXT Fuels<ref name="nxt">http://nxtfuels.com/</ref>, formerly known as Aquaflow Bionomic Corporation<ref name="aquafl">http://biotechlearn.org.nz/nz_biotech/organisations/aquaflow</ref> is a leading algal technology companies, producing new biofuels and biochemicals from algae. Its patented process treats wastewater and creates "green crude oil" without genetic modification of the algae. In 2008 Aquaflow collaborated with Air New Zealand and Boeing to develop biofuels from algae but Air New Zealand eventually used jatropha biofuel as Aquaflow was unable to supply any fuel. In 2009 the company partnered up with Solray Energy<ref name="solare">http://www.solrayenergy.co.nz/</ref>, another New Zealand major biotechnology company, to combine Aquaflow's methods of harvesting algae grown from wastewater streams and Solray's process of turning that algae into fuel.<br />
<br />
Plant & Food Research<ref name="pfr">http://www.plantandfood.co.nz/</ref> is a New Zealand-based science company providing research and development that adds value to fruit, vegetable, crop and food products. It is a New Zealand government-owned Crown Research Institute. It has a Bioprocessing Laboratory and Pilot Plant that aim at developing real products from marine compound extraction and modification research, in order for partners to transfer these products for efficient production at industrial scale. The company has developed a number of biomaterials for industrial use, including collagen nanofibers extracted from hoki skin. A formulation containing natural antimicrobial agents has been developed for processing by electrospinning into nanofibers that can be used in the manufacture of air filters for home ventilation systems.<br />
<br />
The Malaghan Institute<ref name="malaghan">http://www.malaghan.org.nz/who-we-are/</ref> is New Zealand’s leading medical research institute focused on finding cures for cancer, asthma and allergy, multiple sclerosis and infectious disease. It is located at Victoria University of Wellington. Its research includes marine biotechnology, notably through the TerraMarine Pharmaceuticals partnership.<br />
<br />
New Zealand Pharmaceuticals Ltd<ref name="nzp">http://nzp.co.nz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=207</ref>, (NZP) is a biotechnology and manufacturing industry. Its work includes large scale extraction and purification of active ingredients from biomass (marine and terrestrial products) for pharmaceutical applications. NZP was founded by Professors John Blunt and Murray Munro from the University of Canterbury and funded by the US National Cancer Institute to scale up the extraction of Halichondrin B, the active ingredient found in the New Zealand marine sponge, Lissodendoryx spp. The pure Halichondrin B was then used by the NCI to establish the efficacy of the anti-cancer potency and recently commercialized by the Japanese pharmaceutical company, Eisai Co Ltd.<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer==<br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer2}}</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_New_Zealand&diff=71646
Marine Biotechnology in New Zealand
2016-08-02T09:57:01Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>Go back to: [[Portal:Marine Biotechnology|Home]] > [[Strategies, Policies and Programmes]] > [[Australia Pacific]]<br />
<br />
== National strategy for biotechnology ==<br />
<br />
<br />
Biotechnology has been identified by New Zealand’s Government as integral to the country’s long term future economic growth . The latest New Zealand Biotechnology Strategy<ref name="wash">http://www.washingtonlifescience.com/econ_dev_reports/NewZealandBiotechStrategy.pdf</ref> was published in October 2002 by the former Ministry of Research, Science and Technology (MoRST, replaced since 2011 by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, MBIE<ref name="mbie">http://www.mbie.govt.nz/</ref>). As part of the Growth and Innovation framework of 2002, the Biotechnology Taskforce of MoRST published in 2003 a report<ref name="massey">http://www.massey.ac.nz/~ychisti/BioTechNZ.pdf </ref>, establishing a framework for action to develop the growth and competitiveness of biotechnology within the following 10 years. The country’s bio-economy was ranked eighth in the world in 2014<ref name="rank">http://www.nzbio.org.nz/resource-library/faq</ref>. The revenue generated by the biotechnology sector (essentially by intellectual property rights and patents for methodological and technological inventions) reached NZ$351M in 2008-2009. New Zealand has a strong interest in commercial benefit from biotechnologies and develops this sector’s international market notably thanks to New Zealand Trade & Enterprise (NZTE)<ref name="nzte">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/en/</ref>, the Government's international business development agency<ref name="bda">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/en/buy/our-sectors/biotechnology/</ref>. Moreover, the 2010 New Zealand bioenergy strategy<ref name="biostep">http://bio-step.eu/fileadmin/BioSTEP/Bio_strategies/NZBioenergyStrategy2010.pdf</ref> recognizes algae as a basis for biodiesel production, although it indicates that woody biomass has by far the highest potential for biofuel production<ref name="biostep">http://bio-step.eu/fileadmin/BioSTEP/Bio_strategies/NZBioenergyStrategy2010.pdf</ref>. In 2015 the Crown Research Institute SCION<ref name="scion">http://www.scionresearch.com/</ref> developed the New Zealand Biofuels Roadmap to define optimum pathways for the production and use of liquid biofuels at a large scale in New Zealand but it still focuses on wood-based resources as well.<ref name="scionr">http://www.scionresearch.com/general/news-and-events/media-releases/2015-media-releases/new-zealand-biofuels-roadmap-takes-off </ref> Agricultural biotechnology does however maintain a dominant position, of 168 biotechnology companies surveyed in 2007, over 100 stated an involvement in agricultural biosciences<ref name="agric">http://www.massey.ac.nz/~ychisti/NZBio08.pdf</ref>. New Zealand is dedicated to promote biotechnology, notably through its people’s education on the matter with tools such as the Biotechnology Learning Hub.<ref name="biotechl">http://biotechlearn.org.nz/themes/new_zealand_views_on_biotech</ref> There are nevertheless some obstacles to the growth of biotechnology in New Zealand, the biggest ones being the country’s small size and distance from the markets of North America and Europe. New Zealand’s biotechnology sector faces a funding gap because of the lack of returns delivered by the industry.<ref name="scarletti">http://www.scarlatti.co.nz/articles/2-general/23-articles-nzbiotech</ref> <br />
<br />
== Programs ==<br />
<br />
Within the 2014-2016 European Union – New Zealand Science and Technology Cooperation Roadmap<ref name="eceu">https://ec.europa.eu/research/iscp/pdf/policy/new_zealand-eu_priorities.pdf</ref>, the MBIE and the European Community elaborated a cooperation plan on the development of a bio-economy. It analyses the areas of common interests with priorities such as “Unlocking the potential of aquatic living resources within environmental and biological constraints” and sets up a plan of action including transfer of information and opportunities for joint action to tackle common challenges related to biotechnology, and notably marine biotechnology<ref name="marb">http://www.marinebiotech.eu/wiki/Marine_Biotechnology</ref> with Callaghan Innovation<ref name="callaghh">http://www.callaghaninnovation.govt.nz/</ref> as a strategic “one-stop” business R&D support agency.<ref name="eceuropa">https://ec.europa.eu/research/iscp/pdf/policy/new_zealand-eu_priorities.pdf</ref>The EU also funded the PharmaSea<ref name="pharm">http://www.pharma-sea.eu/</ref> project on marine bio-actives under the 7th Framework Programme involving The University of Waikato’s Environmental Research Institute.<br />
<br />
The Australia New Zealand Biotechnology Partnering Fund<ref name="mmbie">http://www.mbie.govt.nz/publications-research/publications/evaluation-of-government-programmes/Archive/anzpbf.pdf</ref> (ANZBPF) was established in 2003 in response to recommendations from the Growth and Innovation Framework (GIF) Biotechnology Taskforce and is administered by NZTE. It was designed to facilitate and accelerate trans-Tasman biotechnology industry collaboration. This fund supported trans-Tasman alliances that develop greater regional strength, sustained profitability, access to, and competitiveness in, international markets for New Zealand’s biotechnology products and services. For the period 2008-2009, NZ$4.5 million were made available for projects related to the development of biotechnology in the region.<ref name="scpb">http://www.scienceinpublic.com.au/media-releases/australia-new-zealand-biotechnology-partnership-fund-anzbpf-applications-open</ref> This fund was closed off in early 2011. It has been replaced with other initiatives in Asia, for example with Taiwan.<br />
<br />
== National strategy for marine biotechnology ==<br />
<br />
There is no specific national strategy for marine biotechnology in New Zealand. New Zealand, as well as Australia, focuses its marine biotechnology sector on aquaculture and marine bioactives. In 2012 the Government adopted the Aquaculture Strategy<ref name="seaff">http://www.seafoodnewzealand.org.nz/fileadmin/documents/Publications/Aquaculture_Strategy.pdf</ref> and Five-year Action Plan<ref name="fish">http://www.fish.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/20A0ED89-A20B-4975-9E63-6B302187840D/0/AQUAStrat5yrplan2012.pdf </ref>. The industry-led strategy and action plan establish the government’s pathway to enabling the aquaculture sector to grow. The New Zealand Aquaculture Strategy launched a commitment to support the maximization of opportunities for innovation, environmental sustainability, protection of Mãori objectives and an economic drive towards a market target of over NZ$ 1B per annum by 2025. The Five-Year Action Plan for the Aquaculture Industry provides for a cohesive and prioritized approach across government to the aquaculture sector, one of its core objectives is to increase value through R&D. Although neither document refers to biotechnology, funding rounds since adoption of the strategy have included aquaculture biotechnology. The aquaculture industry in New Zealand specializes in farming the green lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) and the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Other species that are farmed are king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and the New Zealand abalone (known locally as pāua, Haliotis iris) . Aquaculture New Zealand<ref name="aquacult">http://www.aquaculture.org.nz/</ref> is an organization representing the country’s aquaculture sector, which helps the coordination toward the goal implemented by the New Zealand Aquaculture strategy of becoming a Billion-dollar sector by 2025 . <br />
<br />
== Centres of marine biotechnology research ==<br />
<br />
In New Zealand, a number of organizations are involved in biotechnology research and development including universities, private companies and Crown Research Institutes (CRIs, which are corporatized Crown entities charged with conducting scientific research to benefit New Zealand). <br />
<br />
*The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research<ref name="niwa">http://www.niwa.co.nz/about-niwa/ourcompany</ref>(NIWA) works in marine biodiversity, bio-oil from algae, and aquaculture, helping New Zealand's aquaculture industry achieve its target of $1 billion value by 2025. The Australia New Zealand Biotechnology Partnership Fund has supported one project on a small-scale, to facilitate links in the area of natural bio-actives, including marine-origin, managed by NIWA . The Institute has the largest team of aquaculture specialists and dedicated facilities in New Zealand.<br />
<br />
*The Cawthron Institute<ref name="cawth">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/</ref> is New Zealand's largest independent science organization, it draws funding from many sources including the Cawthron Foundation (a registered charity established to support research developed and delivered by Cawthron) and the MBIE Contestable Research Fund . It has an aquatic biotechnology department involved in algal technologies, aquaculture, environmental monitoring and seafood safety and it works with regional councils, government departments, major industries, private companies, and other research organizations throughout New Zealand and around the world. The Institute has significant experience with algal biology and a commercial algal production system for its shellfish hatchery, and is also involved in developing and commercially exploiting its discoveries.<br />
<br />
Some regions and cities of New Zealand are particularly involved in the development of marine biotechnology. <br />
<br />
*In Auckland, The Institute for Innovation in Biotechnology<ref name="auk">http://www.biotech.co.nz/</ref> (IIB) works in close association with the School of Biological Sciences<ref name="biolsc">http://www.sbs.auckland.ac.nz/en.html</ref> (SBS) at the University of Auckland, and focuses on industry partnerships to accelerate innovation and develop new models of bioscience enterprise training. The co-location of companies in the IIB has created New Zealand’s largest biotech cluster in the heart of the University of Auckland.<br />
*The Northland region<ref name="northr">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/media/2794850/regional-investment-northland.pdf/</ref> has developed a strategy to grow its aquaculture sector by 20 percent a year until 2030. Northland’s aquaculture sector is supported by the NIWA facility at Bream Bay Aquaculture Park. <br />
*Wellington is the headquarters for NIWA and Callaghan innovation. In the Wellington region<ref name="welling">http://www.wellingtonnz.com/business/business-environment/industry-sectors/the-science-and-technical-sector/</ref>, the University of Victoria’s Centre for Biodiscovery<ref name="victoria">http://www.victoria.ac.nz/sbs/research-centres-institutes/centre-for-biodiscovery</ref> does research on marine compounds with potential pharmaceutical activity such as Peloruside A, a compound isolated from a marine sponge used in treatments against cancer. <br />
*The “Top of the South”<ref name="tots">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/media/2739124/regional-investment-ntm.pdf</ref>, especially the Nelson region, is where the majority of New Zealand’s aquaculture produce is grown. The region is the leading producer of farmed Greenshell mussels, King Salmon and Pacific Oysters. Nelson is home for example to the Cawthron institute and its aquaculture park.<br />
*In the University of Canterbury<ref name="canterbury">http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/</ref>, the Marine Chemistry Group is exploring the marine flora and fauna of New Zealand in a systematic fashion. Research includes the detection, isolation and structure determination of new antiviral or anticancer agents from bioactive NZ marine organisms, the isolation and cultivation of bioactive marine fungi and the synthesis of polymer therapeutics for use as targeted anticancer and anti-HIV drugs. <br />
*The University of Waikato<ref name="waikato">http://www.waikato.ac.nz/</ref>’s Environmental Research Institute is a partner in an ongoing EU-funded marine bio-actives project PharmaSea.<ref name="pharm">http://www.pharma-sea.eu/</ref> The project is funded by the European Union under its FP7 program and involves 24 partners from 13 countries aiming at finding novel antibiotics through research on marine microbes and new bioactive compounds. Current activities include agrochemical applications of marine bio-actives and biotechnology for aquaculture. <br />
<br />
== Public – Private partnerships on marine biotechnology ==<br />
<br />
NIWA<ref name="niwa">https://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/niwa.co.nz/files/import/attachments/terramarine.pdf</ref> has collaborated in the past with a New Zealand based sea food company Ngai Tahu Seafood, to explore the cosmetics market by isolating and identifying bio-actives from sea food by-products and by-catch species, and with MalCorp Bio-discoveries, the investment arm of the Malaghan Institute in Wellington, on anti-inflammatory compounds for pharmaceuticals, but it isn’t clear if these are current activities. A multidisciplinary team of marine and cell biologists and chemists was assembled for TerraMarine Pharmaceuticals<ref name="terramar">https://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/niwa.co.nz/files/import/attachments/terramarine.pdf</ref>, a joint venture partnership between NIWA, the Malaghan Institute<ref name="malaghan">http://www.malaghan.org.nz/</ref>, and Crop & Food Research (now Plant & Food Research<ref name="pfr">http://www.plantandfood.co.nz/</ref>), with the University of Auckland providing significant expertise in marine natural products chemistry. This ongoing partnership started in 2002 with the aim of discovering and developing new anti-inflammatory drugs from New Zealand’s biota, notably toward the development of a gout relief drug . As of 2006, TerraMarine had identified two promising anti-inflammatory compounds from marine organisms. The major project supporting this work has now been completed. NIWA holds an important representation of New Zealand’s marine biodiversity in its collections, including the internationally significant NIWA Invertebrate Collection (NIC).<ref name="nic">https://www.niwa.co.nz/our-services/online-services/nic</ref> <br />
<br />
Under NIWA’s coordination, one of the world’s largest facilities for manufacturing biofuel from algae using sewage is in operation in Christchurch, resulting from the cooperation between Invercargill engineering firm BL Rayners Ltd and Christchurch recycling company Solvent Rescue Ltd, under the name Solray Energy. They have developed a MK2 plant that turns sewage algae into crude oil.<ref name="crudoil">https://www.niwa.co.nz/freshwater-and-estuaries/research-projects/bio-oil-from-wastewater-algae</ref> After having undergone primary treatment, sewage that is generated in the city is conducted to a High Rate Algal Pond (HRAP), where the algae is propagated and the harvested algae is turned into biofuel via a Super Critical Water Reactor (SCWR). NIWA also uses wastewater and algae to produce biogas<ref name="biog">https://www.niwa.co.nz/energy/research-projects/biogas-recovery-from-wastewater</ref>: a purpose-built covered anaerobic pond on a 400-sow pig farm in Taranaki was developed, designed to contain biogas so that it could be extracted through pipes for later use as a fuel. The next phase is to adapt biogas recovery for the dairy sector to explore opportunities and possibly to convert biogas into transport fuel. As part of the ‘Biogas Transport Fuel Cluster’, NIWA belongs to an industry group that is actively demonstrating, testing and evaluating the feasibility of biogas-to-fuel projects. <br />
<br />
Since 2003, NIWA has set up a program for the support of the aquaculture sector (salmon and abalone) and its diversification. In 2007, the institute established broodstock development programmes for three new high-value aquaculture species: kingfish, hāpuku, and pāua which has resulted in the implementation of a commercial scale hatchery with 500.000 fry/ year for the yellowtail Kingfish – Seriola lalandi. They also master the larval stage of the Hapuku (Polyprion oxygeneios) and are starting the picking of growth stocks.<br />
<br />
In the micro algal field, a highly sophisticated, multi-vessel photo bioreactor (PBR) is developed by the scientists at Cawthron Institute<ref name="cawth">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/</ref>, which uses an innovative growth program with multivariant analysis and control to simulate as near-industrial conditions as possible and optimize algal performance to improve the production of algae products. Cawthron maintains a nationally significant culture collection of micro-algae that includes unique species – the Cawthron Institute Culture Collection of Microalgae (CICCM) and aquaculture species, which are being grown in the Cawthron aquaculture park and studied for commercial and research applications. The institute possesses technologies to cryopreserve and store algal strains of commercial value for clients who have identified strains that produce bioactive compounds of interest. Cawthron has developed commercial-scale systems to maximize micro-algal productivity for the production of high value nutraceuticals. On the long term, the aim is to develop algal production systems for use in large-scale biomass production. The institute also grows toxic microalgae in containment, which supports work in harmful algal bloom (HABs) research, and enables the microalgae to be sold as certified reference standards for toxin analysis. Cawthron is investigating the potential for algae as sources of ingredients for higher-value and functional foods, exploring the potential of the bioactives from algae when consumed and accumulated by shellfish. One of Cawthron's key clients for PBR is nutraceutical company Supreme Biotechnology Ltd<ref name="pbr">http://www.supremebiotech.com/</ref> which grows and extracts the high-value algae compound astaxanthin on a commercial scale for the global market. The Cawthron Natural Compounds (CNC) team specializes in extracting complex organic compounds sourced from algae and other plants, it then provides the purified compounds to laboratories worldwide for use as Certified Reference Materials for food safety testing and research. The Cawthron Institute manages the national collection of micro-algae and cyanobacteria. This is supported by state-of-the-art cryopreservation technology and contains many unique species, including those from unique environments around New Zealand, the Pacific and Antarctica. <br />
<br />
It is also important to note that Cawthron runs one of the larger shellfish spat raising operations. Cawthron has developed various innovative technology systems for hatchery and nursery . Its Greenshell Mussel (GSM) breeding programme is now being realised by the industry consortium SPATnz, who have secured Government funding to develop New Zealand's first commercial scale shellfish hatchery .<br />
<br />
NZBIO<ref name="nzbio">http://www.nzbio.org.nz/</ref> is the national peak body representing the bioscience-based industries of New Zealand. In 2008, a move towards the emerging international dialogue on referring to a bio-economy was adopted, with NZBIO now operating under the tagline “Creating a Sustainable Bio-economy in New Zealand”. NZBIO produced with Grow Wellington the “Making Biotechnology Work For New Zealand” guideline. <br />
<br />
Callaghan innovation<ref name="callaghh">http://www.callaghaninnovation.govt.nz/</ref> is a government agency entrusted with the task of supporting the whole industry/innovation sector in New Zealand. This includes hi-tech businesses, and notably biotechnology. Approximately $140 million a year in business funding and grants is channeled through Grants for R&D, in order to help accelerate innovation by firms in New Zealand. Callaghan’s expertise focuses among others on biology and biochemistry, and proteins and bioactive peptides. Access to this particular funding is managed through Grow Wellington<ref name="well">http://www.growwellington.co.nz/document/1-3/GW-Bio-Tech_Low-Res.pdf/</ref>, the economic development agency working to accelerate economic growth in the Wellington region and make it more internationally competitive. <br />
<br />
== Infrastructures ==<br />
<br />
NXT Fuels<ref name="nxt">http://nxtfuels.com/</ref>, formerly known as Aquaflow Bionomic Corporation<ref name="aquafl">http://biotechlearn.org.nz/nz_biotech/organisations/aquaflow</ref> is a leading algal technology companies, producing new biofuels and biochemicals from algae. Its patented process treats wastewater and creates "green crude oil" without genetic modification of the algae. In 2008 Aquaflow collaborated with Air New Zealand and Boeing to develop biofuels from algae but Air New Zealand eventually used jatropha biofuel as Aquaflow was unable to supply any fuel. In 2009 the company partnered up with Solray Energy<ref name="solare">http://www.solrayenergy.co.nz/</ref>, another New Zealand major biotechnology company, to combine Aquaflow's methods of harvesting algae grown from wastewater streams and Solray's process of turning that algae into fuel.<br />
<br />
Plant & Food Research<ref name="pfr">http://www.plantandfood.co.nz/</ref> is a New Zealand-based science company providing research and development that adds value to fruit, vegetable, crop and food products. It is a New Zealand government-owned Crown Research Institute. It has a Bioprocessing Laboratory and Pilot Plant that aim at developing real products from marine compound extraction and modification research, in order for partners to transfer these products for efficient production at industrial scale. The company has developed a number of biomaterials for industrial use, including collagen nanofibers extracted from hoki skin. A formulation containing natural antimicrobial agents has been developed for processing by electrospinning into nanofibers that can be used in the manufacture of air filters for home ventilation systems.<br />
<br />
The Malaghan Institute<ref name="malaghan">http://www.malaghan.org.nz/who-we-are/</ref> is New Zealand’s leading medical research institute focused on finding cures for cancer, asthma and allergy, multiple sclerosis and infectious disease. It is located at Victoria University of Wellington. Its research includes marine biotechnology, notably through the TerraMarine Pharmaceuticals partnership.<br />
<br />
New Zealand Pharmaceuticals Ltd<ref name="nzp">http://nzp.co.nz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=207</ref>, (NZP) is a biotechnology and manufacturing industry. Its work includes large scale extraction and purification of active ingredients from biomass (marine and terrestrial products) for pharmaceutical applications. NZP was founded by Professors John Blunt and Murray Munro from the University of Canterbury and funded by the US National Cancer Institute to scale up the extraction of Halichondrin B, the active ingredient found in the New Zealand marine sponge, Lissodendoryx spp. The pure Halichondrin B was then used by the NCI to establish the efficacy of the anti-cancer potency and recently commercialized by the Japanese pharmaceutical company, Eisai Co Ltd.<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer==<br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer2}}</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_New_Zealand&diff=71645
Marine Biotechnology in New Zealand
2016-08-02T09:37:45Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>Go back to: [[Portal:Marine Biotechnology|Home]] > [[Strategies, Policies and Programmes]] > [[Australia Pacific]]<br />
<br />
== National strategy for biotechnology ==<br />
<br />
Biotechnology has been identified by New Zealand’s Government as integral to the country’s long term future economic growth . The latest New Zealand Biotechnology Strategy<ref name="wash">http://www.washingtonlifescience.com/econ_dev_reports/NewZealandBiotechStrategy.pdf</ref> was published in October 2002 by the former Ministry of Research, Science and Technology (MoRST, replaced since 2011 by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, MBIE<ref name="mbie">http://www.mbie.govt.nz/</ref>). As part of the Growth and Innovation framework of 2002, the Biotechnology Taskforce of MoRST published in 2003 a report<ref name="massey">http://www.massey.ac.nz/~ychisti/BioTechNZ.pdf </ref>, establishing a framework for action to develop the growth and competitiveness of biotechnology within the following 10 years. The country’s bio-economy was ranked eighth in the world in 2014 . The revenue generated by the biotechnology sector (essentially by intellectual property rights and patents for methodological and technological inventions) reached NZ$351M in 2008-2009. New Zealand has a strong interest in commercial benefit from biotechnologies and develops this sector’s international market notably thanks to New Zealand Trade & Enterprise (NZTE)<ref name="nzte">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/en/</ref>, the Government's international business development agency . Moreover, the 2010 New Zealand bioenergy strategy<ref name="biostep">http://bio-step.eu/fileadmin/BioSTEP/Bio_strategies/NZBioenergyStrategy2010.pdf</ref> recognizes algae as a basis for biodiesel production, although it indicates that woody biomass has by far the highest potential for biofuel production . In 2015 the Crown Research Institute SCION<ref name="scion">http://www.scionresearch.com/</ref> developed the New Zealand Biofuels Roadmap to define optimum pathways for the production and use of liquid biofuels at a large scale in New Zealand but it still focuses on wood-based resources as well. Agricultural biotechnology does however maintain a dominant position, of 168 biotechnology companies surveyed in 2007, over 100 stated an involvement in agricultural biosciences . New Zealand is dedicated to promote biotechnology, notably through its people’s education on the matter with tools such as the Biotechnology Learning Hub.<ref name="biotechl">http://biotechlearn.org.nz/themes/new_zealand_views_on_biotech</ref> There are nevertheless some obstacles to the growth of biotechnology in New Zealand, the biggest ones being the country’s small size and distance from the markets of North America and Europe. New Zealand’s biotechnology sector faces a funding gap because of the lack of returns delivered by the industry . <br />
<br />
== Programs ==<br />
<br />
Within the 2014-2016 European Union – New Zealand Science and Technology Cooperation Roadmap<ref name="eceu">https://ec.europa.eu/research/iscp/pdf/policy/new_zealand-eu_priorities.pdf</ref>, the MBIE and the European Community elaborated a cooperation plan on the development of a bio-economy. It analyses the areas of common interests with priorities such as “Unlocking the potential of aquatic living resources within environmental and biological constraints” and sets up a plan of action including transfer of information and opportunities for joint action to tackle common challenges related to biotechnology, and notably marine biotechnology<ref name="marb">http://www.marinebiotech.eu/wiki/Marine_Biotechnology</ref> with Callaghan Innovation<ref name="callaghh">http://www.callaghaninnovation.govt.nz/</ref> as a strategic “one-stop” business R&D support agency .The EU also funded the PharmaSea<ref name="pharm">http://www.pharma-sea.eu/</ref> project on marine bio-actives under the 7th Framework Programme involving The University of Waikato’s Environmental Research Institute.<br />
<br />
The Australia New Zealand Biotechnology Partnering Fund<ref name="mmbie">http://www.mbie.govt.nz/publications-research/publications/evaluation-of-government-programmes/Archive/anzpbf.pdf</ref> (ANZBPF) was established in 2003 in response to recommendations from the Growth and Innovation Framework (GIF) Biotechnology Taskforce and is administered by NZTE. It was designed to facilitate and accelerate trans-Tasman biotechnology industry collaboration. This fund supported trans-Tasman alliances that develop greater regional strength, sustained profitability, access to, and competitiveness in, international markets for New Zealand’s biotechnology products and services. For the period 2008-2009, NZ$4.5 million were made available for projects related to the development of biotechnology in the region . This fund was closed off in early 2011. It has been replaced with other initiatives in Asia, for example with Taiwan.<br />
<br />
== National strategy for marine biotechnology ==<br />
<br />
There is no specific national strategy for marine biotechnology in New Zealand. New Zealand, as well as Australia, focuses its marine biotechnology sector on aquaculture and marine bioactives. In 2012 the Government adopted the Aquaculture Strategy<ref name="seaff">http://www.seafoodnewzealand.org.nz/fileadmin/documents/Publications/Aquaculture_Strategy.pdf</ref> and Five-year Action Plan<ref name="fish">http://www.fish.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/20A0ED89-A20B-4975-9E63-6B302187840D/0/AQUAStrat5yrplan2012.pdf </ref>. The industry-led strategy and action plan establish the government’s pathway to enabling the aquaculture sector to grow. The New Zealand Aquaculture Strategy launched a commitment to support the maximization of opportunities for innovation, environmental sustainability, protection of Mãori objectives and an economic drive towards a market target of over NZ$ 1B per annum by 2025. The Five-Year Action Plan for the Aquaculture Industry provides for a cohesive and prioritized approach across government to the aquaculture sector, one of its core objectives is to increase value through R&D. Although neither document refers to biotechnology, funding rounds since adoption of the strategy have included aquaculture biotechnology. The aquaculture industry in New Zealand specializes in farming the green lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) and the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Other species that are farmed are king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and the New Zealand abalone (known locally as pāua, Haliotis iris) . Aquaculture New Zealand<ref name="aquacult">http://www.aquaculture.org.nz/</ref> is an organization representing the country’s aquaculture sector, which helps the coordination toward the goal implemented by the New Zealand Aquaculture strategy of becoming a Billion-dollar sector by 2025 . <br />
<br />
== Centres of marine biotechnology research ==<br />
<br />
In New Zealand, a number of organizations are involved in biotechnology research and development including universities, private companies and Crown Research Institutes (CRIs, which are corporatized Crown entities charged with conducting scientific research to benefit New Zealand). <br />
<br />
*The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research<ref name="niwa">http://www.niwa.co.nz/about-niwa/ourcompany</ref>(NIWA) works in marine biodiversity, bio-oil from algae, and aquaculture, helping New Zealand's aquaculture industry achieve its target of $1 billion value by 2025. The Australia New Zealand Biotechnology Partnership Fund has supported one project on a small-scale, to facilitate links in the area of natural bio-actives, including marine-origin, managed by NIWA . The Institute has the largest team of aquaculture specialists and dedicated facilities in New Zealand.<br />
<br />
*The Cawthron Institute<ref name="cawth">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/</ref> is New Zealand's largest independent science organization, it draws funding from many sources including the Cawthron Foundation (a registered charity established to support research developed and delivered by Cawthron) and the MBIE Contestable Research Fund . It has an aquatic biotechnology department involved in algal technologies, aquaculture, environmental monitoring and seafood safety and it works with regional councils, government departments, major industries, private companies, and other research organizations throughout New Zealand and around the world. The Institute has significant experience with algal biology and a commercial algal production system for its shellfish hatchery, and is also involved in developing and commercially exploiting its discoveries.<br />
<br />
Some regions and cities of New Zealand are particularly involved in the development of marine biotechnology. <br />
<br />
*In Auckland, The Institute for Innovation in Biotechnology<ref name="auk">http://www.biotech.co.nz/</ref> (IIB) works in close association with the School of Biological Sciences<ref name="biolsc">http://www.sbs.auckland.ac.nz/en.html</ref> (SBS) at the University of Auckland, and focuses on industry partnerships to accelerate innovation and develop new models of bioscience enterprise training. The co-location of companies in the IIB has created New Zealand’s largest biotech cluster in the heart of the University of Auckland.<br />
*The Northland region<ref name="northr">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/media/2794850/regional-investment-northland.pdf/</ref> has developed a strategy to grow its aquaculture sector by 20 percent a year until 2030. Northland’s aquaculture sector is supported by the NIWA facility at Bream Bay Aquaculture Park. <br />
*Wellington is the headquarters for NIWA and Callaghan innovation. In the Wellington region<ref name="welling">http://www.wellingtonnz.com/business/business-environment/industry-sectors/the-science-and-technical-sector/</ref>, the University of Victoria’s Centre for Biodiscovery<ref name="victoria">http://www.victoria.ac.nz/sbs/research-centres-institutes/centre-for-biodiscovery</ref> does research on marine compounds with potential pharmaceutical activity such as Peloruside A, a compound isolated from a marine sponge used in treatments against cancer. <br />
*The “Top of the South”<ref name="tots">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/media/2739124/regional-investment-ntm.pdf</ref>, especially the Nelson region, is where the majority of New Zealand’s aquaculture produce is grown. The region is the leading producer of farmed Greenshell mussels, King Salmon and Pacific Oysters. Nelson is home for example to the Cawthron institute and its aquaculture park.<br />
*In the University of Canterbury<ref name="canterbury">http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/</ref>, the Marine Chemistry Group is exploring the marine flora and fauna of New Zealand in a systematic fashion. Research includes the detection, isolation and structure determination of new antiviral or anticancer agents from bioactive NZ marine organisms, the isolation and cultivation of bioactive marine fungi and the synthesis of polymer therapeutics for use as targeted anticancer and anti-HIV drugs. <br />
*The University of Waikato<ref name="waikato">http://www.waikato.ac.nz/</ref>’s Environmental Research Institute is a partner in an ongoing EU-funded marine bio-actives project PharmaSea.<ref name="pharm">http://www.pharma-sea.eu/</ref> The project is funded by the European Union under its FP7 program and involves 24 partners from 13 countries aiming at finding novel antibiotics through research on marine microbes and new bioactive compounds. Current activities include agrochemical applications of marine bio-actives and biotechnology for aquaculture. <br />
<br />
== Public – Private partnerships on marine biotechnology ==<br />
<br />
NIWA<ref name="niwa">https://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/niwa.co.nz/files/import/attachments/terramarine.pdf</ref> has collaborated in the past with a New Zealand based sea food company Ngai Tahu Seafood, to explore the cosmetics market by isolating and identifying bio-actives from sea food by-products and by-catch species, and with MalCorp Bio-discoveries, the investment arm of the Malaghan Institute in Wellington, on anti-inflammatory compounds for pharmaceuticals, but it isn’t clear if these are current activities. A multidisciplinary team of marine and cell biologists and chemists was assembled for TerraMarine Pharmaceuticals<ref name="terramar">https://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/niwa.co.nz/files/import/attachments/terramarine.pdf</ref>, a joint venture partnership between NIWA, the Malaghan Institute<ref name="malaghan">http://www.malaghan.org.nz/</ref>, and Crop & Food Research (now Plant & Food Research<ref name="pfr">http://www.plantandfood.co.nz/</ref>), with the University of Auckland providing significant expertise in marine natural products chemistry. This ongoing partnership started in 2002 with the aim of discovering and developing new anti-inflammatory drugs from New Zealand’s biota, notably toward the development of a gout relief drug . As of 2006, TerraMarine had identified two promising anti-inflammatory compounds from marine organisms. The major project supporting this work has now been completed. NIWA holds an important representation of New Zealand’s marine biodiversity in its collections, including the internationally significant NIWA Invertebrate Collection (NIC).<ref name="nic">https://www.niwa.co.nz/our-services/online-services/nic</ref> <br />
<br />
Under NIWA’s coordination, one of the world’s largest facilities for manufacturing biofuel from algae using sewage is in operation in Christchurch, resulting from the cooperation between Invercargill engineering firm BL Rayners Ltd and Christchurch recycling company Solvent Rescue Ltd, under the name Solray Energy. They have developed a MK2 plant that turns sewage algae into crude oil.<ref name="crudoil">https://www.niwa.co.nz/freshwater-and-estuaries/research-projects/bio-oil-from-wastewater-algae</ref> After having undergone primary treatment, sewage that is generated in the city is conducted to a High Rate Algal Pond (HRAP), where the algae is propagated and the harvested algae is turned into biofuel via a Super Critical Water Reactor (SCWR). NIWA also uses wastewater and algae to produce biogas<ref name="biog">https://www.niwa.co.nz/energy/research-projects/biogas-recovery-from-wastewater</ref>: a purpose-built covered anaerobic pond on a 400-sow pig farm in Taranaki was developed, designed to contain biogas so that it could be extracted through pipes for later use as a fuel. The next phase is to adapt biogas recovery for the dairy sector to explore opportunities and possibly to convert biogas into transport fuel. As part of the ‘Biogas Transport Fuel Cluster’, NIWA belongs to an industry group that is actively demonstrating, testing and evaluating the feasibility of biogas-to-fuel projects. <br />
<br />
Since 2003, NIWA has set up a program for the support of the aquaculture sector (salmon and abalone) and its diversification. In 2007, the institute established broodstock development programmes for three new high-value aquaculture species: kingfish, hāpuku, and pāua which has resulted in the implementation of a commercial scale hatchery with 500.000 fry/ year for the yellowtail Kingfish – Seriola lalandi. They also master the larval stage of the Hapuku (Polyprion oxygeneios) and are starting the picking of growth stocks.<br />
<br />
In the micro algal field, a highly sophisticated, multi-vessel photo bioreactor (PBR) is developed by the scientists at Cawthron Institute<ref name="cawth">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/</ref>, which uses an innovative growth program with multivariant analysis and control to simulate as near-industrial conditions as possible and optimize algal performance to improve the production of algae products. Cawthron maintains a nationally significant culture collection of micro-algae that includes unique species – the Cawthron Institute Culture Collection of Microalgae (CICCM) and aquaculture species, which are being grown in the Cawthron aquaculture park and studied for commercial and research applications. The institute possesses technologies to cryopreserve and store algal strains of commercial value for clients who have identified strains that produce bioactive compounds of interest. Cawthron has developed commercial-scale systems to maximize micro-algal productivity for the production of high value nutraceuticals. On the long term, the aim is to develop algal production systems for use in large-scale biomass production. The institute also grows toxic microalgae in containment, which supports work in harmful algal bloom (HABs) research, and enables the microalgae to be sold as certified reference standards for toxin analysis. Cawthron is investigating the potential for algae as sources of ingredients for higher-value and functional foods, exploring the potential of the bioactives from algae when consumed and accumulated by shellfish. One of Cawthron's key clients for PBR is nutraceutical company Supreme Biotechnology Ltd<ref name="pbr">http://www.supremebiotech.com/</ref> which grows and extracts the high-value algae compound astaxanthin on a commercial scale for the global market. The Cawthron Natural Compounds (CNC) team specializes in extracting complex organic compounds sourced from algae and other plants, it then provides the purified compounds to laboratories worldwide for use as Certified Reference Materials for food safety testing and research. The Cawthron Institute manages the national collection of micro-algae and cyanobacteria. This is supported by state-of-the-art cryopreservation technology and contains many unique species, including those from unique environments around New Zealand, the Pacific and Antarctica. <br />
<br />
It is also important to note that Cawthron runs one of the larger shellfish spat raising operations. Cawthron has developed various innovative technology systems for hatchery and nursery . Its Greenshell Mussel (GSM) breeding programme is now being realised by the industry consortium SPATnz, who have secured Government funding to develop New Zealand's first commercial scale shellfish hatchery .<br />
<br />
NZBIO<ref name="nzbio">http://www.nzbio.org.nz/</ref> is the national peak body representing the bioscience-based industries of New Zealand. In 2008, a move towards the emerging international dialogue on referring to a bio-economy was adopted, with NZBIO now operating under the tagline “Creating a Sustainable Bio-economy in New Zealand”. NZBIO produced with Grow Wellington the “Making Biotechnology Work For New Zealand” guideline. <br />
<br />
Callaghan innovation<ref name="callaghh">http://www.callaghaninnovation.govt.nz/</ref> is a government agency entrusted with the task of supporting the whole industry/innovation sector in New Zealand. This includes hi-tech businesses, and notably biotechnology. Approximately $140 million a year in business funding and grants is channeled through Grants for R&D, in order to help accelerate innovation by firms in New Zealand. Callaghan’s expertise focuses among others on biology and biochemistry, and proteins and bioactive peptides. Access to this particular funding is managed through Grow Wellington<ref name="well">http://www.growwellington.co.nz/document/1-3/GW-Bio-Tech_Low-Res.pdf/</ref>, the economic development agency working to accelerate economic growth in the Wellington region and make it more internationally competitive. <br />
<br />
== Infrastructures ==<br />
<br />
NXT Fuels<ref name="nxt">http://nxtfuels.com/</ref>, formerly known as Aquaflow Bionomic Corporation<ref name="aquafl">http://biotechlearn.org.nz/nz_biotech/organisations/aquaflow</ref> is a leading algal technology companies, producing new biofuels and biochemicals from algae. Its patented process treats wastewater and creates "green crude oil" without genetic modification of the algae. In 2008 Aquaflow collaborated with Air New Zealand and Boeing to develop biofuels from algae but Air New Zealand eventually used jatropha biofuel as Aquaflow was unable to supply any fuel. In 2009 the company partnered up with Solray Energy<ref name="solare">http://www.solrayenergy.co.nz/</ref>, another New Zealand major biotechnology company, to combine Aquaflow's methods of harvesting algae grown from wastewater streams and Solray's process of turning that algae into fuel.<br />
<br />
Plant & Food Research<ref name="pfr">http://www.plantandfood.co.nz/</ref> is a New Zealand-based science company providing research and development that adds value to fruit, vegetable, crop and food products. It is a New Zealand government-owned Crown Research Institute. It has a Bioprocessing Laboratory and Pilot Plant that aim at developing real products from marine compound extraction and modification research, in order for partners to transfer these products for efficient production at industrial scale. The company has developed a number of biomaterials for industrial use, including collagen nanofibers extracted from hoki skin. A formulation containing natural antimicrobial agents has been developed for processing by electrospinning into nanofibers that can be used in the manufacture of air filters for home ventilation systems.<br />
<br />
The Malaghan Institute<ref name="malaghan">http://www.malaghan.org.nz/who-we-are/</ref> is New Zealand’s leading medical research institute focused on finding cures for cancer, asthma and allergy, multiple sclerosis and infectious disease. It is located at Victoria University of Wellington. Its research includes marine biotechnology, notably through the TerraMarine Pharmaceuticals partnership.<br />
<br />
New Zealand Pharmaceuticals Ltd<ref name="nzp">http://nzp.co.nz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=207</ref>, (NZP) is a biotechnology and manufacturing industry. Its work includes large scale extraction and purification of active ingredients from biomass (marine and terrestrial products) for pharmaceutical applications. NZP was founded by Professors John Blunt and Murray Munro from the University of Canterbury and funded by the US National Cancer Institute to scale up the extraction of Halichondrin B, the active ingredient found in the New Zealand marine sponge, Lissodendoryx spp. The pure Halichondrin B was then used by the NCI to establish the efficacy of the anti-cancer potency and recently commercialized by the Japanese pharmaceutical company, Eisai Co Ltd.<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer==<br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer2}}</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_New_Zealand&diff=71644
Marine Biotechnology in New Zealand
2016-08-02T09:30:41Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>Go back to: [[Portal:Marine Biotechnology|Home]] > [[Strategies, Policies and Programmes]] > [[Australia Pacific]]<br />
<br />
== National strategy for biotechnology ==<br />
<br />
Biotechnology has been identified by New Zealand’s Government as integral to the country’s long term future economic growth . The latest New Zealand Biotechnology Strategy<ref name="wash">http://www.washingtonlifescience.com/econ_dev_reports/NewZealandBiotechStrategy.pdf</ref> was published in October 2002 by the former Ministry of Research, Science and Technology (MoRST, replaced since 2011 by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, MBIE<ref name="mbie">http://www.mbie.govt.nz/</ref>). As part of the Growth and Innovation framework of 2002, the Biotechnology Taskforce of MoRST published in 2003 a report<ref name="massey">http://www.massey.ac.nz/~ychisti/BioTechNZ.pdf </ref>, establishing a framework for action to develop the growth and competitiveness of biotechnology within the following 10 years. The country’s bio-economy was ranked eighth in the world in 2014 . The revenue generated by the biotechnology sector (essentially by intellectual property rights and patents for methodological and technological inventions) reached NZ$351M in 2008-2009. New Zealand has a strong interest in commercial benefit from biotechnologies and develops this sector’s international market notably thanks to New Zealand Trade & Enterprise (NZTE)<ref name="nzte">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/en/</ref>, the Government's international business development agency . Moreover, the 2010 New Zealand bioenergy strategy<ref name="biostep">http://bio-step.eu/fileadmin/BioSTEP/Bio_strategies/NZBioenergyStrategy2010.pdf</ref> recognizes algae as a basis for biodiesel production, although it indicates that woody biomass has by far the highest potential for biofuel production . In 2015 the Crown Research Institute SCION<ref name="scion">http://www.scionresearch.com/</ref> developed the New Zealand Biofuels Roadmap to define optimum pathways for the production and use of liquid biofuels at a large scale in New Zealand but it still focuses on wood-based resources as well. Agricultural biotechnology does however maintain a dominant position, of 168 biotechnology companies surveyed in 2007, over 100 stated an involvement in agricultural biosciences . New Zealand is dedicated to promote biotechnology, notably through its people’s education on the matter with tools such as the Biotechnology Learning Hub.<ref name="biotechl">http://biotechlearn.org.nz/themes/new_zealand_views_on_biotech</ref> There are nevertheless some obstacles to the growth of biotechnology in New Zealand, the biggest ones being the country’s small size and distance from the markets of North America and Europe. New Zealand’s biotechnology sector faces a funding gap because of the lack of returns delivered by the industry . <br />
<br />
== Programs ==<br />
<br />
Within the 2014-2016 European Union – New Zealand Science and Technology Cooperation Roadmap<ref name="eceu">https://ec.europa.eu/research/iscp/pdf/policy/new_zealand-eu_priorities.pdf</ref>, the MBIE and the European Community elaborated a cooperation plan on the development of a bio-economy. It analyses the areas of common interests with priorities such as “Unlocking the potential of aquatic living resources within environmental and biological constraints” and sets up a plan of action including transfer of information and opportunities for joint action to tackle common challenges related to biotechnology, and notably marine biotechnology<ref name="marb">http://www.marinebiotech.eu/wiki/Marine_Biotechnology</ref> with Callaghan Innovation<ref name="callaghan">http://www.callaghaninnovation.govt.nz/</ref> as a strategic “one-stop” business R&D support agency .The EU also funded the PharmaSea<ref name="pharm">http://www.pharma-sea.eu/</ref> project on marine bio-actives under the 7th Framework Programme involving The University of Waikato’s Environmental Research Institute.<br />
<br />
The Australia New Zealand Biotechnology Partnering Fund<ref name="mmbie">http://www.mbie.govt.nz/publications-research/publications/evaluation-of-government-programmes/Archive/anzpbf.pdf</ref> (ANZBPF) was established in 2003 in response to recommendations from the Growth and Innovation Framework (GIF) Biotechnology Taskforce and is administered by NZTE. It was designed to facilitate and accelerate trans-Tasman biotechnology industry collaboration. This fund supported trans-Tasman alliances that develop greater regional strength, sustained profitability, access to, and competitiveness in, international markets for New Zealand’s biotechnology products and services. For the period 2008-2009, NZ$4.5 million were made available for projects related to the development of biotechnology in the region . This fund was closed off in early 2011. It has been replaced with other initiatives in Asia, for example with Taiwan.<br />
<br />
== National strategy for marine biotechnology ==<br />
<br />
There is no specific national strategy for marine biotechnology in New Zealand. New Zealand, as well as Australia, focuses its marine biotechnology sector on aquaculture and marine bioactives. In 2012 the Government adopted the Aquaculture Strategy<ref name="seaff">http://www.seafoodnewzealand.org.nz/fileadmin/documents/Publications/Aquaculture_Strategy.pdf</ref> and Five-year Action Plan<ref name="fish">http://www.fish.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/20A0ED89-A20B-4975-9E63-6B302187840D/0/AQUAStrat5yrplan2012.pdf </ref>. The industry-led strategy and action plan establish the government’s pathway to enabling the aquaculture sector to grow. The New Zealand Aquaculture Strategy launched a commitment to support the maximization of opportunities for innovation, environmental sustainability, protection of Mãori objectives and an economic drive towards a market target of over NZ$ 1B per annum by 2025. The Five-Year Action Plan for the Aquaculture Industry provides for a cohesive and prioritized approach across government to the aquaculture sector, one of its core objectives is to increase value through R&D. Although neither document refers to biotechnology, funding rounds since adoption of the strategy have included aquaculture biotechnology. The aquaculture industry in New Zealand specializes in farming the green lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) and the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Other species that are farmed are king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and the New Zealand abalone (known locally as pāua, Haliotis iris) . Aquaculture New Zealand<ref name="aquacult">http://www.aquaculture.org.nz/</ref> is an organization representing the country’s aquaculture sector, which helps the coordination toward the goal implemented by the New Zealand Aquaculture strategy of becoming a Billion-dollar sector by 2025 . <br />
<br />
== Centres of marine biotechnology research ==<br />
<br />
In New Zealand, a number of organizations are involved in biotechnology research and development including universities, private companies and Crown Research Institutes (CRIs, which are corporatized Crown entities charged with conducting scientific research to benefit New Zealand). <br />
<br />
*The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research<ref name="niwa">http://www.niwa.co.nz/about-niwa/ourcompany</ref>(NIWA) works in marine biodiversity, bio-oil from algae, and aquaculture, helping New Zealand's aquaculture industry achieve its target of $1 billion value by 2025. The Australia New Zealand Biotechnology Partnership Fund has supported one project on a small-scale, to facilitate links in the area of natural bio-actives, including marine-origin, managed by NIWA . The Institute has the largest team of aquaculture specialists and dedicated facilities in New Zealand.<br />
<br />
*The Cawthron Institute<ref name="cawth">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/</ref> is New Zealand's largest independent science organization, it draws funding from many sources including the Cawthron Foundation (a registered charity established to support research developed and delivered by Cawthron) and the MBIE Contestable Research Fund . It has an aquatic biotechnology department involved in algal technologies, aquaculture, environmental monitoring and seafood safety and it works with regional councils, government departments, major industries, private companies, and other research organizations throughout New Zealand and around the world. The Institute has significant experience with algal biology and a commercial algal production system for its shellfish hatchery, and is also involved in developing and commercially exploiting its discoveries.<br />
<br />
Some regions and cities of New Zealand are particularly involved in the development of marine biotechnology. <br />
<br />
*In Auckland, The Institute for Innovation in Biotechnology<ref name="auk">http://www.biotech.co.nz/</ref> (IIB) works in close association with the School of Biological Sciences<ref name="biolsc">http://www.sbs.auckland.ac.nz/en.html</ref> (SBS) at the University of Auckland, and focuses on industry partnerships to accelerate innovation and develop new models of bioscience enterprise training. The co-location of companies in the IIB has created New Zealand’s largest biotech cluster in the heart of the University of Auckland.<br />
*The Northland region<ref name="northr">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/media/2794850/regional-investment-northland.pdf/</ref> has developed a strategy to grow its aquaculture sector by 20 percent a year until 2030. Northland’s aquaculture sector is supported by the NIWA facility at Bream Bay Aquaculture Park. <br />
*Wellington is the headquarters for NIWA and Callaghan innovation. In the Wellington region<ref name="welling">http://www.wellingtonnz.com/business/business-environment/industry-sectors/the-science-and-technical-sector/</ref>, the University of Victoria’s Centre for Biodiscovery<ref name="victoria">http://www.victoria.ac.nz/sbs/research-centres-institutes/centre-for-biodiscovery</ref> does research on marine compounds with potential pharmaceutical activity such as Peloruside A, a compound isolated from a marine sponge used in treatments against cancer. <br />
*The “Top of the South”<ref name="tots">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/media/2739124/regional-investment-ntm.pdf</ref>, especially the Nelson region, is where the majority of New Zealand’s aquaculture produce is grown. The region is the leading producer of farmed Greenshell mussels, King Salmon and Pacific Oysters. Nelson is home for example to the Cawthron institute and its aquaculture park.<br />
*In the University of Canterbury<ref name="canterbury">http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/</ref>, the Marine Chemistry Group is exploring the marine flora and fauna of New Zealand in a systematic fashion. Research includes the detection, isolation and structure determination of new antiviral or anticancer agents from bioactive NZ marine organisms, the isolation and cultivation of bioactive marine fungi and the synthesis of polymer therapeutics for use as targeted anticancer and anti-HIV drugs. <br />
*The University of Waikato<ref name="waikato">http://www.waikato.ac.nz/</ref>’s Environmental Research Institute is a partner in an ongoing EU-funded marine bio-actives project PharmaSea.<ref name="pharmase">http://www.pharma-sea.eu/</ref> The project is funded by the European Union under its FP7 program and involves 24 partners from 13 countries aiming at finding novel antibiotics through research on marine microbes and new bioactive compounds. Current activities include agrochemical applications of marine bio-actives and biotechnology for aquaculture. <br />
<br />
== Public – Private partnerships on marine biotechnology ==<br />
<br />
NIWA<ref name="niwa">https://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/niwa.co.nz/files/import/attachments/terramarine.pdf</ref> has collaborated in the past with a New Zealand based sea food company Ngai Tahu Seafood, to explore the cosmetics market by isolating and identifying bio-actives from sea food by-products and by-catch species, and with MalCorp Bio-discoveries, the investment arm of the Malaghan Institute in Wellington, on anti-inflammatory compounds for pharmaceuticals, but it isn’t clear if these are current activities. A multidisciplinary team of marine and cell biologists and chemists was assembled for TerraMarine Pharmaceuticals<ref name="terramar">https://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/niwa.co.nz/files/import/attachments/terramarine.pdf</ref>, a joint venture partnership between NIWA, the Malaghan Institute<ref name="malaghan">http://www.malaghan.org.nz/</ref>, and Crop & Food Research (now Plant & Food Research<ref name="pfr">http://www.plantandfood.co.nz/</ref>), with the University of Auckland providing significant expertise in marine natural products chemistry. This ongoing partnership started in 2002 with the aim of discovering and developing new anti-inflammatory drugs from New Zealand’s biota, notably toward the development of a gout relief drug . As of 2006, TerraMarine had identified two promising anti-inflammatory compounds from marine organisms. The major project supporting this work has now been completed. NIWA holds an important representation of New Zealand’s marine biodiversity in its collections, including the internationally significant NIWA Invertebrate Collection (NIC).<ref name="nic">https://www.niwa.co.nz/our-services/online-services/nic</ref> <br />
<br />
Under NIWA’s coordination, one of the world’s largest facilities for manufacturing biofuel from algae using sewage is in operation in Christchurch, resulting from the cooperation between Invercargill engineering firm BL Rayners Ltd and Christchurch recycling company Solvent Rescue Ltd, under the name Solray Energy. They have developed a MK2 plant that turns sewage algae into crude oil.<ref name="crudoil">https://www.niwa.co.nz/freshwater-and-estuaries/research-projects/bio-oil-from-wastewater-algae</ref> After having undergone primary treatment, sewage that is generated in the city is conducted to a High Rate Algal Pond (HRAP), where the algae is propagated and the harvested algae is turned into biofuel via a Super Critical Water Reactor (SCWR). NIWA also uses wastewater and algae to produce biogas<ref name="biog">https://www.niwa.co.nz/energy/research-projects/biogas-recovery-from-wastewater</ref>: a purpose-built covered anaerobic pond on a 400-sow pig farm in Taranaki was developed, designed to contain biogas so that it could be extracted through pipes for later use as a fuel. The next phase is to adapt biogas recovery for the dairy sector to explore opportunities and possibly to convert biogas into transport fuel. As part of the ‘Biogas Transport Fuel Cluster’, NIWA belongs to an industry group that is actively demonstrating, testing and evaluating the feasibility of biogas-to-fuel projects. <br />
<br />
Since 2003, NIWA has set up a program for the support of the aquaculture sector (salmon and abalone) and its diversification. In 2007, the institute established broodstock development programmes for three new high-value aquaculture species: kingfish, hāpuku, and pāua which has resulted in the implementation of a commercial scale hatchery with 500.000 fry/ year for the yellowtail Kingfish – Seriola lalandi. They also master the larval stage of the Hapuku (Polyprion oxygeneios) and are starting the picking of growth stocks.<br />
<br />
In the micro algal field, a highly sophisticated, multi-vessel photo bioreactor (PBR) is developed by the scientists at Cawthron Institute<ref name="cawthr">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/</ref>, which uses an innovative growth program with multivariant analysis and control to simulate as near-industrial conditions as possible and optimize algal performance to improve the production of algae products. Cawthron maintains a nationally significant culture collection of micro-algae that includes unique species – the Cawthron Institute Culture Collection of Microalgae (CICCM) and aquaculture species, which are being grown in the Cawthron aquaculture park and studied for commercial and research applications. The institute possesses technologies to cryopreserve and store algal strains of commercial value for clients who have identified strains that produce bioactive compounds of interest. Cawthron has developed commercial-scale systems to maximize micro-algal productivity for the production of high value nutraceuticals. On the long term, the aim is to develop algal production systems for use in large-scale biomass production. The institute also grows toxic microalgae in containment, which supports work in harmful algal bloom (HABs) research, and enables the microalgae to be sold as certified reference standards for toxin analysis. Cawthron is investigating the potential for algae as sources of ingredients for higher-value and functional foods, exploring the potential of the bioactives from algae when consumed and accumulated by shellfish. One of Cawthron's key clients for PBR is nutraceutical company Supreme Biotechnology Ltd<ref name="pbr">http://www.supremebiotech.com/</ref> which grows and extracts the high-value algae compound astaxanthin on a commercial scale for the global market. The Cawthron Natural Compounds (CNC) team specializes in extracting complex organic compounds sourced from algae and other plants, it then provides the purified compounds to laboratories worldwide for use as Certified Reference Materials for food safety testing and research. The Cawthron Institute manages the national collection of micro-algae and cyanobacteria. This is supported by state-of-the-art cryopreservation technology and contains many unique species, including those from unique environments around New Zealand, the Pacific and Antarctica. <br />
<br />
It is also important to note that Cawthron runs one of the larger shellfish spat raising operations. Cawthron has developed various innovative technology systems for hatchery and nursery . Its Greenshell Mussel (GSM) breeding programme is now being realised by the industry consortium SPATnz, who have secured Government funding to develop New Zealand's first commercial scale shellfish hatchery .<br />
<br />
NZBIO<ref name="nzbio">http://www.nzbio.org.nz/</ref> is the national peak body representing the bioscience-based industries of New Zealand. In 2008, a move towards the emerging international dialogue on referring to a bio-economy was adopted, with NZBIO now operating under the tagline “Creating a Sustainable Bio-economy in New Zealand”. NZBIO produced with Grow Wellington the “Making Biotechnology Work For New Zealand” guideline. <br />
<br />
Callaghan innovation<ref name="callaghh">http://www.callaghaninnovation.govt.nz/</ref> is a government agency entrusted with the task of supporting the whole industry/innovation sector in New Zealand. This includes hi-tech businesses, and notably biotechnology. Approximately $140 million a year in business funding and grants is channeled through Grants for R&D, in order to help accelerate innovation by firms in New Zealand. Callaghan’s expertise focuses among others on biology and biochemistry, and proteins and bioactive peptides. Access to this particular funding is managed through Grow Wellington<ref name="well">http://www.growwellington.co.nz/document/1-3/GW-Bio-Tech_Low-Res.pdf/</ref>, the economic development agency working to accelerate economic growth in the Wellington region and make it more internationally competitive. <br />
<br />
== Infrastructures ==<br />
<br />
NXT Fuels<ref name="nxt">http://nxtfuels.com/</ref>, formerly known as Aquaflow Bionomic Corporation<ref name="aquafl">http://biotechlearn.org.nz/nz_biotech/organisations/aquaflow</ref> is a leading algal technology companies, producing new biofuels and biochemicals from algae. Its patented process treats wastewater and creates "green crude oil" without genetic modification of the algae. In 2008 Aquaflow collaborated with Air New Zealand and Boeing to develop biofuels from algae but Air New Zealand eventually used jatropha biofuel as Aquaflow was unable to supply any fuel. In 2009 the company partnered up with Solray Energy<ref name="solare">http://www.solrayenergy.co.nz/</ref>, another New Zealand major biotechnology company, to combine Aquaflow's methods of harvesting algae grown from wastewater streams and Solray's process of turning that algae into fuel.<br />
<br />
Plant & Food Research<ref name="pfrr">http://www.plantandfood.co.nz/</ref> is a New Zealand-based science company providing research and development that adds value to fruit, vegetable, crop and food products. It is a New Zealand government-owned Crown Research Institute. It has a Bioprocessing Laboratory and Pilot Plant that aim at developing real products from marine compound extraction and modification research, in order for partners to transfer these products for efficient production at industrial scale. The company has developed a number of biomaterials for industrial use, including collagen nanofibers extracted from hoki skin. A formulation containing natural antimicrobial agents has been developed for processing by electrospinning into nanofibers that can be used in the manufacture of air filters for home ventilation systems.<br />
<br />
The Malaghan Institute<ref name="malagh">http://www.malaghan.org.nz/who-we-are/</ref> is New Zealand’s leading medical research institute focused on finding cures for cancer, asthma and allergy, multiple sclerosis and infectious disease. It is located at Victoria University of Wellington. Its research includes marine biotechnology, notably through the TerraMarine Pharmaceuticals partnership.<br />
<br />
New Zealand Pharmaceuticals Ltd<ref name="nzp">http://nzp.co.nz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=207</ref>, (NZP) is a biotechnology and manufacturing industry. Its work includes large scale extraction and purification of active ingredients from biomass (marine and terrestrial products) for pharmaceutical applications. NZP was founded by Professors John Blunt and Murray Munro from the University of Canterbury and funded by the US National Cancer Institute to scale up the extraction of Halichondrin B, the active ingredient found in the New Zealand marine sponge, Lissodendoryx spp. The pure Halichondrin B was then used by the NCI to establish the efficacy of the anti-cancer potency and recently commercialized by the Japanese pharmaceutical company, Eisai Co Ltd.<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer==<br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer2}}</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_New_Zealand&diff=71643
Marine Biotechnology in New Zealand
2016-08-02T09:29:38Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>Go back to: [[Portal:Marine Biotechnology|Home]] > [[Strategies, Policies and Programmes]] > [[Australia Pacific]]<br />
<br />
== National strategy for biotechnology ==<br />
<br />
Biotechnology has been identified by New Zealand’s Government as integral to the country’s long term future economic growth . The latest New Zealand Biotechnology Strategy<ref name="wash">http://www.washingtonlifescience.com/econ_dev_reports/NewZealandBiotechStrategy.pdf</ref> was published in October 2002 by the former Ministry of Research, Science and Technology (MoRST, replaced since 2011 by the Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment, MBIE<ref name="mbie">http://www.mbie.govt.nz/</ref>). As part of the Growth and Innovation framework of 2002, the Biotechnology Taskforce of MoRST published in 2003 a report<ref name="massey">http://www.massey.ac.nz/~ychisti/BioTechNZ.pdf </ref>, establishing a framework for action to develop the growth and competitiveness of biotechnology within the following 10 years. The country’s bio-economy was ranked eighth in the world in 2014 . The revenue generated by the biotechnology sector (essentially by intellectual property rights and patents for methodological and technological inventions) reached NZ$351M in 2008-2009. New Zealand has a strong interest in commercial benefit from biotechnologies and develops this sector’s international market notably thanks to New Zealand Trade & Enterprise (NZTE)<ref name="nzte">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/en/</ref>, the Government's international business development agency . Moreover, the 2010 New Zealand bioenergy strategy<ref name="biostep">http://bio-step.eu/fileadmin/BioSTEP/Bio_strategies/NZBioenergyStrategy2010.pdf</ref> recognizes algae as a basis for biodiesel production, although it indicates that woody biomass has by far the highest potential for biofuel production . In 2015 the Crown Research Institute SCION<ref name="scion">http://www.scionresearch.com/</ref> developed the New Zealand Biofuels Roadmap to define optimum pathways for the production and use of liquid biofuels at a large scale in New Zealand but it still focuses on wood-based resources as well. Agricultural biotechnology does however maintain a dominant position, of 168 biotechnology companies surveyed in 2007, over 100 stated an involvement in agricultural biosciences . New Zealand is dedicated to promote biotechnology, notably through its people’s education on the matter with tools such as the Biotechnology Learning Hub.<ref name="biotechl">http://biotechlearn.org.nz/themes/new_zealand_views_on_biotech</ref> There are nevertheless some obstacles to the growth of biotechnology in New Zealand, the biggest ones being the country’s small size and distance from the markets of North America and Europe. New Zealand’s biotechnology sector faces a funding gap because of the lack of returns delivered by the industry . <br />
<br />
== Programs ==<br />
<br />
Within the 2014-2016 European Union – New Zealand Science and Technology Cooperation Roadmap<ref name="eceu">https://ec.europa.eu/research/iscp/pdf/policy/new_zealand-eu_priorities.pdf</ref>, the MBIE and the European Community elaborated a cooperation plan on the development of a bio-economy. It analyses the areas of common interests with priorities such as “Unlocking the potential of aquatic living resources within environmental and biological constraints” and sets up a plan of action including transfer of information and opportunities for joint action to tackle common challenges related to biotechnology, and notably marine biotechnology<ref name="marb">http://www.marinebiotech.eu/wiki/Marine_Biotechnology</ref> with Callaghan Innovation<ref name="callaghan">http://www.callaghaninnovation.govt.nz/</ref> as a strategic “one-stop” business R&D support agency .The EU also funded the PharmaSea<ref name="pharm">http://www.pharma-sea.eu/</ref> project on marine bio-actives under the 7th Framework Programme involving The University of Waikato’s Environmental Research Institute.<br />
<br />
The Australia New Zealand Biotechnology Partnering Fund<ref name="mmbie">http://www.mbie.govt.nz/publications-research/publications/evaluation-of-government-programmes/Archive/anzpbf.pdf</ref> (ANZBPF) was established in 2003 in response to recommendations from the Growth and Innovation Framework (GIF) Biotechnology Taskforce and is administered by NZTE. It was designed to facilitate and accelerate trans-Tasman biotechnology industry collaboration. This fund supported trans-Tasman alliances that develop greater regional strength, sustained profitability, access to, and competitiveness in, international markets for New Zealand’s biotechnology products and services. For the period 2008-2009, NZ$4.5 million were made available for projects related to the development of biotechnology in the region . This fund was closed off in early 2011. It has been replaced with other initiatives in Asia, for example with Taiwan.<br />
<br />
== National strategy for marine biotechnology ==<br />
<br />
There is no specific national strategy for marine biotechnology in New Zealand. New Zealand, as well as Australia, focuses its marine biotechnology sector on aquaculture and marine bioactives. In 2012 the Government adopted the Aquaculture Strategy<ref name="seaff">http://www.seafoodnewzealand.org.nz/fileadmin/documents/Publications/Aquaculture_Strategy.pdf</ref> and Five-year Action Plan<ref name="fish">http://www.fish.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/20A0ED89-A20B-4975-9E63-6B302187840D/0/AQUAStrat5yrplan2012.pdf </ref>. The industry-led strategy and action plan establish the government’s pathway to enabling the aquaculture sector to grow. The New Zealand Aquaculture Strategy launched a commitment to support the maximization of opportunities for innovation, environmental sustainability, protection of Mãori objectives and an economic drive towards a market target of over NZ$ 1B per annum by 2025. The Five-Year Action Plan for the Aquaculture Industry provides for a cohesive and prioritized approach across government to the aquaculture sector, one of its core objectives is to increase value through R&D. Although neither document refers to biotechnology, funding rounds since adoption of the strategy have included aquaculture biotechnology. The aquaculture industry in New Zealand specializes in farming the green lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) and the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Other species that are farmed are king salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and the New Zealand abalone (known locally as pāua, Haliotis iris) . Aquaculture New Zealand<ref name="aquacult">http://www.aquaculture.org.nz/</ref> is an organization representing the country’s aquaculture sector, which helps the coordination toward the goal implemented by the New Zealand Aquaculture strategy of becoming a Billion-dollar sector by 2025 . <br />
<br />
== Centres of marine biotechnology research ==<br />
<br />
In New Zealand, a number of organizations are involved in biotechnology research and development including universities, private companies and Crown Research Institutes (CRIs, which are corporatized Crown entities charged with conducting scientific research to benefit New Zealand). <br />
<br />
*The National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research<ref name="niwa">http://www.niwa.co.nz/about-niwa/ourcompany</ref>(NIWA) works in marine biodiversity, bio-oil from algae, and aquaculture, helping New Zealand's aquaculture industry achieve its target of $1 billion value by 2025. The Australia New Zealand Biotechnology Partnership Fund has supported one project on a small-scale, to facilitate links in the area of natural bio-actives, including marine-origin, managed by NIWA . The Institute has the largest team of aquaculture specialists and dedicated facilities in New Zealand.<br />
<br />
*The Cawthron Institute<ref name="cawth">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/</ref> is New Zealand's largest independent science organization, it draws funding from many sources including the Cawthron Foundation (a registered charity established to support research developed and delivered by Cawthron) and the MBIE Contestable Research Fund . It has an aquatic biotechnology department involved in algal technologies, aquaculture, environmental monitoring and seafood safety and it works with regional councils, government departments, major industries, private companies, and other research organizations throughout New Zealand and around the world. The Institute has significant experience with algal biology and a commercial algal production system for its shellfish hatchery, and is also involved in developing and commercially exploiting its discoveries.<br />
<br />
Some regions and cities of New Zealand are particularly involved in the development of marine biotechnology. <br />
<br />
*In Auckland, The Institute for Innovation in Biotechnology<ref name="auk">http://www.biotech.co.nz/</ref> (IIB) works in close association with the School of Biological Sciences<ref name="biolsc">http://www.sbs.auckland.ac.nz/en.html</ref> (SBS) at the University of Auckland, and focuses on industry partnerships to accelerate innovation and develop new models of bioscience enterprise training. The co-location of companies in the IIB has created New Zealand’s largest biotech cluster in the heart of the University of Auckland.<br />
*The Northland region<ref name="northr">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/media/2794850/regional-investment-northland.pdf/</ref> has developed a strategy to grow its aquaculture sector by 20 percent a year until 2030. Northland’s aquaculture sector is supported by the NIWA facility at Bream Bay Aquaculture Park. <br />
*Wellington is the headquarters for NIWA and Callaghan innovation. In the Wellington region<ref name="welling">http://www.wellingtonnz.com/business/business-environment/industry-sectors/the-science-and-technical-sector/</ref>, the University of Victoria’s Centre for Biodiscovery<ref name="victoria">http://www.victoria.ac.nz/sbs/research-centres-institutes/centre-for-biodiscovery</ref> does research on marine compounds with potential pharmaceutical activity such as Peloruside A, a compound isolated from a marine sponge used in treatments against cancer. <br />
*The “Top of the South”<ref name="tots">https://www.nzte.govt.nz/media/2739124/regional-investment-ntm.pdf</ref>, especially the Nelson region, is where the majority of New Zealand’s aquaculture produce is grown. The region is the leading producer of farmed Greenshell mussels, King Salmon and Pacific Oysters. Nelson is home for example to the Cawthron institute and its aquaculture park.<br />
*In the University of Canterbury<ref name="canterbury">http://www.canterbury.ac.nz/</ref>, the Marine Chemistry Group is exploring the marine flora and fauna of New Zealand in a systematic fashion. Research includes the detection, isolation and structure determination of new antiviral or anticancer agents from bioactive NZ marine organisms, the isolation and cultivation of bioactive marine fungi and the synthesis of polymer therapeutics for use as targeted anticancer and anti-HIV drugs. <br />
*The University of Waikato<ref name="waikato">http://www.waikato.ac.nz/</ref>’s Environmental Research Institute is a partner in an ongoing EU-funded marine bio-actives project PharmaSea.<ref name="pharmase">http://www.pharma-sea.eu/</ref> The project is funded by the European Union under its FP7 program and involves 24 partners from 13 countries aiming at finding novel antibiotics through research on marine microbes and new bioactive compounds. Current activities include agrochemical applications of marine bio-actives and biotechnology for aquaculture. <br />
<br />
== Public – Private partnerships on marine biotechnology ==<br />
<br />
NIWA<ref name="niwa">https://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/niwa.co.nz/files/import/attachments/terramarine.pdf</ref> has collaborated in the past with a New Zealand based sea food company Ngai Tahu Seafood, to explore the cosmetics market by isolating and identifying bio-actives from sea food by-products and by-catch species, and with MalCorp Bio-discoveries, the investment arm of the Malaghan Institute in Wellington, on anti-inflammatory compounds for pharmaceuticals, but it isn’t clear if these are current activities. A multidisciplinary team of marine and cell biologists and chemists was assembled for TerraMarine Pharmaceuticals<ref name="terramar">https://www.niwa.co.nz/sites/niwa.co.nz/files/import/attachments/terramarine.pdf</ref>, a joint venture partnership between NIWA, the Malaghan Institute<ref name="malaghan">http://www.malaghan.org.nz/</ref>, and Crop & Food Research (now Plant & Food Research<ref name="pfr">http://www.plantandfood.co.nz/</ref>), with the University of Auckland providing significant expertise in marine natural products chemistry. This ongoing partnership started in 2002 with the aim of discovering and developing new anti-inflammatory drugs from New Zealand’s biota, notably toward the development of a gout relief drug . As of 2006, TerraMarine had identified two promising anti-inflammatory compounds from marine organisms. The major project supporting this work has now been completed. NIWA holds an important representation of New Zealand’s marine biodiversity in its collections, including the internationally significant NIWA Invertebrate Collection (NIC).<ref name="nic">https://www.niwa.co.nz/our-services/online-services/nic</ref> <br />
<br />
Under NIWA’s coordination, one of the world’s largest facilities for manufacturing biofuel from algae using sewage is in operation in Christchurch, resulting from the cooperation between Invercargill engineering firm BL Rayners Ltd and Christchurch recycling company Solvent Rescue Ltd, under the name Solray Energy. They have developed a MK2 plant that turns sewage algae into crude oil.<ref name="crudoil">https://www.niwa.co.nz/freshwater-and-estuaries/research-projects/bio-oil-from-wastewater-algae</ref> After having undergone primary treatment, sewage that is generated in the city is conducted to a High Rate Algal Pond (HRAP), where the algae is propagated and the harvested algae is turned into biofuel via a Super Critical Water Reactor (SCWR). NIWA also uses wastewater and algae to produce biogas<ref name="biog">https://www.niwa.co.nz/energy/research-projects/biogas-recovery-from-wastewater</ref>: a purpose-built covered anaerobic pond on a 400-sow pig farm in Taranaki was developed, designed to contain biogas so that it could be extracted through pipes for later use as a fuel. The next phase is to adapt biogas recovery for the dairy sector to explore opportunities and possibly to convert biogas into transport fuel. As part of the ‘Biogas Transport Fuel Cluster’, NIWA belongs to an industry group that is actively demonstrating, testing and evaluating the feasibility of biogas-to-fuel projects. <br />
<br />
Since 2003, NIWA has set up a program for the support of the aquaculture sector (salmon and abalone) and its diversification. In 2007, the institute established broodstock development programmes for three new high-value aquaculture species: kingfish, hāpuku, and pāua which has resulted in the implementation of a commercial scale hatchery with 500.000 fry/ year for the yellowtail Kingfish – Seriola lalandi. They also master the larval stage of the Hapuku (Polyprion oxygeneios) and are starting the picking of growth stocks.<br />
<br />
<br />
In the micro algal field, a highly sophisticated, multi-vessel photo bioreactor (PBR) is developed by the scientists at Cawthron Institute<ref name="cawthr">http://www.cawthron.org.nz/</ref>, which uses an innovative growth program with multivariant analysis and control to simulate as near-industrial conditions as possible and optimize algal performance to improve the production of algae products. Cawthron maintains a nationally significant culture collection of micro-algae that includes unique species – the Cawthron Institute Culture Collection of Microalgae (CICCM) and aquaculture species, which are being grown in the Cawthron aquaculture park and studied for commercial and research applications. The institute possesses technologies to cryopreserve and store algal strains of commercial value for clients who have identified strains that produce bioactive compounds of interest. Cawthron has developed commercial-scale systems to maximize micro-algal productivity for the production of high value nutraceuticals. On the long term, the aim is to develop algal production systems for use in large-scale biomass production. The institute also grows toxic microalgae in containment, which supports work in harmful algal bloom (HABs) research, and enables the microalgae to be sold as certified reference standards for toxin analysis. Cawthron is investigating the potential for algae as sources of ingredients for higher-value and functional foods, exploring the potential of the bioactives from algae when consumed and accumulated by shellfish. One of Cawthron's key clients for PBR is nutraceutical company Supreme Biotechnology Ltd<ref name="pbr">http://www.supremebiotech.com/</ref> which grows and extracts the high-value algae compound astaxanthin on a commercial scale for the global market. The Cawthron Natural Compounds (CNC) team specializes in extracting complex organic compounds sourced from algae and other plants, it then provides the purified compounds to laboratories worldwide for use as Certified Reference Materials for food safety testing and research. The Cawthron Institute manages the national collection of micro-algae and cyanobacteria. This is supported by state-of-the-art cryopreservation technology and contains many unique species, including those from unique environments around New Zealand, the Pacific and Antarctica. <br />
<br />
It is also important to note that Cawthron runs one of the larger shellfish spat raising operations. Cawthron has developed various innovative technology systems for hatchery and nursery . Its Greenshell Mussel (GSM) breeding programme is now being realised by the industry consortium SPATnz, who have secured Government funding to develop New Zealand's first commercial scale shellfish hatchery .<br />
<br />
NZBIO<ref name="nzbio">http://www.nzbio.org.nz/</ref> is the national peak body representing the bioscience-based industries of New Zealand. In 2008, a move towards the emerging international dialogue on referring to a bio-economy was adopted, with NZBIO now operating under the tagline “Creating a Sustainable Bio-economy in New Zealand”. NZBIO produced with Grow Wellington the “Making Biotechnology Work For New Zealand” guideline. <br />
<br />
Callaghan innovation<ref name="callaghh">http://www.callaghaninnovation.govt.nz/</ref> is a government agency entrusted with the task of supporting the whole industry/innovation sector in New Zealand. This includes hi-tech businesses, and notably biotechnology. Approximately $140 million a year in business funding and grants is channeled through Grants for R&D, in order to help accelerate innovation by firms in New Zealand. Callaghan’s expertise focuses among others on biology and biochemistry, and proteins and bioactive peptides. Access to this particular funding is managed through Grow Wellington<ref name="well">http://www.growwellington.co.nz/document/1-3/GW-Bio-Tech_Low-Res.pdf/</ref>, the economic development agency working to accelerate economic growth in the Wellington region and make it more internationally competitive. <br />
<br />
== Infrastructures ==<br />
<br />
NXT Fuels<ref name="nxt">http://nxtfuels.com/</ref>, formerly known as Aquaflow Bionomic Corporation<ref name="aquafl">http://biotechlearn.org.nz/nz_biotech/organisations/aquaflow</ref> is a leading algal technology companies, producing new biofuels and biochemicals from algae. Its patented process treats wastewater and creates "green crude oil" without genetic modification of the algae. In 2008 Aquaflow collaborated with Air New Zealand and Boeing to develop biofuels from algae but Air New Zealand eventually used jatropha biofuel as Aquaflow was unable to supply any fuel. In 2009 the company partnered up with Solray Energy<ref name="solare">http://www.solrayenergy.co.nz/</ref>, another New Zealand major biotechnology company, to combine Aquaflow's methods of harvesting algae grown from wastewater streams and Solray's process of turning that algae into fuel.<br />
<br />
Plant & Food Research<ref name="pfrr">http://www.plantandfood.co.nz/</ref> is a New Zealand-based science company providing research and development that adds value to fruit, vegetable, crop and food products. It is a New Zealand government-owned Crown Research Institute. It has a Bioprocessing Laboratory and Pilot Plant that aim at developing real products from marine compound extraction and modification research, in order for partners to transfer these products for efficient production at industrial scale. The company has developed a number of biomaterials for industrial use, including collagen nanofibers extracted from hoki skin. A formulation containing natural antimicrobial agents has been developed for processing by electrospinning into nanofibers that can be used in the manufacture of air filters for home ventilation systems.<br />
<br />
The Malaghan Institute<ref name="malagh">http://www.malaghan.org.nz/who-we-are/</ref> is New Zealand’s leading medical research institute focused on finding cures for cancer, asthma and allergy, multiple sclerosis and infectious disease. It is located at Victoria University of Wellington. Its research includes marine biotechnology, notably through the TerraMarine Pharmaceuticals partnership.<br />
<br />
New Zealand Pharmaceuticals Ltd<ref name="nzp">http://nzp.co.nz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=207</ref>, (NZP) is a biotechnology and manufacturing industry. Its work includes large scale extraction and purification of active ingredients from biomass (marine and terrestrial products) for pharmaceutical applications. NZP was founded by Professors John Blunt and Murray Munro from the University of Canterbury and funded by the US National Cancer Institute to scale up the extraction of Halichondrin B, the active ingredient found in the New Zealand marine sponge, Lissodendoryx spp. The pure Halichondrin B was then used by the NCI to establish the efficacy of the anti-cancer potency and recently commercialized by the Japanese pharmaceutical company, Eisai Co Ltd.<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
== Disclaimer==<br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer2}}</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Belgium&diff=71642
Marine Biotechnology in Belgium
2016-08-02T08:16:05Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Marine Biotechnology<br />
|Image=Image:Belgium map.gif<br />
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{{template:Marinebiotech updated<br />
|month_updated=August<br />
|year_updated=2016<br />
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== Overarching science strategies, plans and policies ==<br />
<br />
There is no specific Marine Biotechnology strategy, plan or policy in Belgium. Overarching Belgian Science & Technology Policy for the period 2014-2019 is described in different Policy documents, including: <br />
<br />
* '''Annual Policy note''' of the Belgian Federal Minister of Science Policy<ref name="not">http://www.dekamer.be/flwb/pdf/54/0020/54K0020003.pdf</ref>.<br />
<br />
* '''Policy note''' of the Flemish Minister of Science Policy <ref name="spo">https://www.vlaanderen.be/nl/publicaties/detail/beleidsnota-2014-2019-werk-economie-wetenschap-en-innovatie</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Research funding schemes and programmes ==<br />
<br />
There are no specific National Research Funding Programmes dedicated specifically to Marine Biotechnology, but marine biotech research activities may be funded under a wide range of federal and regional instruments. The main research funding organisations are the Department of Economy Science and Innovation ('''EWI''') of the Flemish government, the Research Foundation - Flanders ('''FWO''') and the Flemish government agency for Innovation by Science and Technology ('''IWT''') in Flanders, the Walloon Research Foundation ('''FNRS''') in Wallonia and the Belgian Science Policy Office ('''Belspo''') at the Federal level. <br />
<br />
* At the federal level, Marine Research is supported under the '''BRAIN - Belgian Research Action through Interdisciplinary Networks''' <ref name="brain">http://www.belspo.be/brain-be/</ref>, managed by the Belgian Science Policy Office <ref name="bel"> http://www.belspo.be</ref> with a database of funded projects <ref name="dat">http://www.belspo.be/belspo/fedra/pres_en.stm</ref> and a description of the North Sea (sub)programme since 1970<ref name="nsp">http://www.belspo.be/northsea</ref>.<br />
<br />
* At the regional level, funding from organisations such as FWO and IWT in Flanders and FNRS in Wallonia is based on excellence with yearly competitive proposal submissions for personal grants and working funds. In most cases, funding is bottom up and for an innovation oriented agency like IWT valorisation of research is an important criterium.<br />
<br />
==Research priorities==<br />
<br />
(FWO in principal supports all topics seen its bottom-up approach.)<br />
::* Metabolomics<br />
::* Bioprospecting<br />
::* Feed production and disease control (vaccines, probiotics, ...) in aquaculture<br />
::* Metagenomics, model organisms<br />
::* Biofuels from algae<br />
::* Omega 3, lipids and chitosan as functional foods<br />
::* Biosensors<br />
<br />
== Strategic documents ==<br />
<br />
* A full comprehensive overview of science policy in Belgium at all levels (Federal, Regional and Communities) is provided in '''Belgian Report on Science, Technology and Innovation 2010'''<ref name="brs">http://www.belspo.be/belspo/home/publ/pub_ostc/BRISTI/Bristi_tome1_2010_en.pdf </ref>.<br />
<br />
== Infrastructures and coordination and support capacities / initiatives ==<br />
<br />
* In Flanders there are a range of relevant networks and research institutes with relevant activities. The most important ones are:<br />
<br />
::* '''Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB)''' - VIB is a life sciences research institute in Flanders, Belgium. With more than 1200 scientists from over 60 countries, VIB performs basic research into the molecular foundations of life.VIB is an excellence-based entrepreneurial institute that focuses on translating basic scientific results into pharmaceutical, agricultural and industrial applications. VIB works in close partnership with four universities − UGent, K.U.Leuven, University of Antwerp and Vrije Universiteit Brussel and is funded by the Flemish government. There are a number of bio-incubators either linked to the universities or the VIB <ref name="vib">http://www.vib.be</ref>.<br />
<br />
::* Flemish Marine biotechnology Platform '''Mariene Biotechnologie Platform Vlaanderen''' is a multi-disciplinary collaboration between industry and academia in the field of marine biotechnology in the Flanders region, Belgium. <br />
<br />
::* The network '''Vlaams Aquacultuurplatform''' provides a platform of researchers, industry representatives, ngo’s and other stakeholders involved or interested in aquaculture research and commercialization. It can be considered as an independent advisory body for research and policy in the area of aquaculture in Belgium and Europe <ref name="aqu">http://www.aquacultuurvlaanderen.be/</ref>.<br />
<br />
::* Flemish platform for Algae Research ('''Vlaams Algen Platform''')<ref name="vap">http://www.fi-sch.be/nl/programmas/micro-algen/vlaams-algen-platform/</ref><br />
<br />
::* Industrial Biotech Cluster Flanders ('''CINBIOS''')<ref name="cin">http://cinbios.be </ref><br />
<br />
::* Flanders strategic Initiative for Sustainable Chemistry ('''FISCH''')<ref name="fis">http://www.fi-sch.be/</ref><br />
<br />
::* '''Bio-based Europe''' is an open innovation and education centre for the bio-based economy jointly supported by Flanders and The Netherlands. It offers state-of-the-art research and training facilities to speed up the economic growth, innovation capacity, and sustainable development of the economy. The Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant in Ghent (Belgium) offers the capability to use common research and pilot bio-refinery infrastructure, thus shortening development time and minimizing costs<ref name="bbe">http://www.bbeu.org </ref>.<br />
<br />
::* There are a number of Technology parks installed in major cities such as Ghent, Leuven, Antwerp and Hasselt. While they are broader in scope they have important biotechnology activities including marine aspects.<br />
<br />
* The Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO) is funding and coordinating the '''Belgian Co-ordinated Collections of Micro-organisms (BCCM™)'''<ref name="bcc">http://bccm.belspo.be/index.php</ref> consisting of seven complementary research-based service culture collections among others diatoms and cyanobacteria collections. The BCCM™ consortium aims to share the biological material of its collections, related information, as well as its experience and know-how in the field of fundamental and applied (micro)biology, to the benefit of its partners and clients in the academic and industrial communities.<br />
<br />
* The '''Joint Experimental Molecular Unit (JEMU)''' <ref name="jem">http://jemu.myspecies.info/about-jemu</ref> is an integrated research infrastructure funded by the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO) and supported by the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS, Brussels) and the Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA, Tervuren). JEMU aims at supporting scientific research on natural history collections in the fields of DNA barcoding, phylogeny reconstruction and archiving biological specimens.<br />
<br />
* In 2014, Belgium operates 1 local/coastal vessels of 36 m (Simon Stevin operated by VLIZ <ref name="vli">http://www.vliz.be</ref>) and a regional vessel of 50,90 m (Belgica, operated by MUMM<ref name="mum">http://www.mumm.ac.be/NL/</ref>), registered at the European Research Vessels Infobase <ref name="eur">http://www.eurocean.org</ref>. <br />
<br />
* In 2012, Belgium maintains about 3 large marine research equipments registered in the European large Exchangeable instruments database <ref name="eur">http://www.eurocean.org</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Major initiatives ==<br />
<br />
There are currently no overarching national initiatives on Marine Biotechnology. There are some thematic and cross-cutting coordination activities in Flanders (see above). <br />
One of the most important recent initiatives at the Flemish level is the establishment, early 2012, of the Flemish Marine biotechnology Platform '''Mariene Biotechnologie Platform Vlaanderen'''. This platform was initiated by Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), the Flemish Ministry of Science and Innovation (EWI), the Flemish Government to bring together researchers, industry, biodiversity users, policy makers/advisors and all other actors involved in marine biotech research in Flanders to discuss the opportunities and map the existing capacity and expertise in Flanders as well as the potential for the future. Members include relevant scientists and experts from all research performing organisations in Flanders (Universities, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research etc.) and two major research funding agencies (FWO Flanders and IWT) as well as private companies with an interest in marine biotechnology (ixX Pharma, Proviron, OVOLIFE, etc.). The platform aims to increase the visibility of marine biotechnology in Flanders which may contribute to the general recognition of the research, promote Interdisciplinarity and lead to improved cooperation with experts from the industry. A webportal has been developed in 2013 which gives an overview of most of the relevant actors in Flanders and the reports of all gatherings. <ref name="biotech">http://www.mariene-biotechnologie.be</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Sweden&diff=71641
Marine Biotechnology in Sweden
2016-08-02T07:57:38Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Marine Biotechnology<br />
|Image=Image:Sweden map.gif<br />
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{{template:Marinebiotech updated<br />
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== Overarching science strategies, plans and policies ==<br />
<br />
There is currently no dedicated Marine Biotechnology policy or strategy in Sweden. Overarching research priorities of the Swedish government for the period 2013-2016 are determined by the Swedish Research and Innovation Bill. <br />
*'''Swedish Government's Research and Innovation Bill'''<ref name="seb">http://www.government.se/sb/d/16288</ref><br />
*'''Swedish biotechnology policy'''<ref name="reg">http://www.regeringen.se/content/1/c4/11/10/08e3ecb4.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
== Research funding schemes and programmes ==<br />
<br />
The Ministry for Education and Science is responsible for the overall co-ordination of research policy activities and for direct research funding via the Swedish Research Council. The ministry is also responsible for the design of framework conditions for the National Science and Innovation System with a focus on basic research and university education.<br />
* '''Vinnova''' has a programme dedicated to industrial biotechnology. It aims to stimulate research and development and the implementation of industrial biotechnology in various sectors in order to promote more environmentally friendly processes linked to economic growth. SEK 50million was granted in the first call as project support in 2008. Mats Jarekrans is in charge of the programme.<ref name="vin">http://www.vinnova.se/In-English/Activities/Biotechnology</ref><br />
* VINNOVA also runs a programme named '''“VINNVÄXT”''' which in June 2008 granted SEK 13million to Processum Biorefinery Initiative for a project called “The future biorefinery" <ref name="axt">http://www.vinnova.se/In-English/Activities/Strong-research-and-innovation-environments/VINNVAXT/</ref><br />
* '''Mistra7 (The Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research)''' funds a programme called Greenchem – Specialty Chemicals from Renewable Resources8. The program runs from 2003 to2010 with Lund University as the main contractor. The Mistra support is SEK 71,4 million. A groupof 8 industries which represent renewable raw material providers as well as producers and users of chemicals participate in the programme.<ref name="lus">http://www.greenchem.lu.se/</ref><br />
<br />
== Research priorities for marine biotechnology research ==<br />
<br />
n/a<br />
<br />
== Strategic documents ==<br />
<br />
* State of art of Swedish biotech<ref name="iva">http://www.iva.se/upload/Verksamhet/Projekt/Svensk%20bioteknik/Swedish%20biotechnology%20-%20web-1.pdf</ref><br />
* Europabio report on Swedish industrial biotechnology<ref name="bio">http://www.bio-economy.net/bioeconomy/member_states/sweden/files/report_sweden_final01.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
== Infrastructures and coordination and support capacities / initiatives ==<br />
<br />
* In 2012, Sweden operates 6 local/coastal vessels from 11,8m to 24 m; 4 regional vessels from 38m to 46m; 1 oceanic of 61,17m (Argos), and 1 global vesselsof 107,8m (Oden) registered at the European Research Vessels Infobase <ref name="eur">http://www.eurocean.org</ref>. <br />
* In 2012, Sweden maintains about 2 large marine research equipments registered in the European large Exchangeable instruments database <ref name="eur">http://www.eurocean.org</ref>.<br />
* Key aquaculture experimental and research facilities in Sweden include <br />
::* Specialised Laboratories (Swedish University of Agricultural Science)<br />
::* Salmon and trout experimental lab / Norrfors lab (department of Wildlife, fish and Environmental studies)<br />
<br />
== Major initiatives ==<br />
<br />
* FP6 AQUAFUNC - '''Integrated knowledge on functional genomics in sustainable aquaculture''' <ref name="fun">http://genomics.aquacultureeurope.org/</ref> <br />
::Coordinator: Dr Sundell Kristina UNIVERSITY OF GOTEBORG— Sweden<br />
* FP7 ASSEMBLE - '''Association of European marine biological laboratories''' <ref name="ass">http://www.assemblemarine.org/</ref> <br />
::Coordinator: Margareta AHLQWIST, GOETEBORGS UNIVERSITET - SWEDEN<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Spain&diff=71640
Marine Biotechnology in Spain
2016-08-02T07:51:09Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Marine Biotechnology<br />
|Image=Image:Spain_map.gif<br />
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{{template:Marinebiotech updated<br />
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'''Strategy: Spanish Strategy for Science and Technology and Innovation'''<ref name="idi">http://www.idi.mineco.gob.es/</ref><br />
<br />
'''Leading Authority''': Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO)<ref name="mine">http://www.mineco.gob.es/</ref><br />
<br />
'''Implementing body''': Secretariat of state for research, development and innovation (SEIDI)<ref name="idim"> http://www.idi.mineco.gob.es/</ref><br />
<br />
'''Time frame''': 2013-2020<br />
<br />
The Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO), through the Secretariat of State for Research, Development and Innovation, is the department of the General State Administration responsible for elaborating and implementing government policies on scientific research, technological development and innovation in all sectors, as well as for coordinating state-owned research institutions. <br />
In particular, MINECO is responsible for the proposal, management, monitoring and evaluation of the State programmes and strategic actions of the State Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and for Innovation 2013-2016, in line with the Spanish Strategy of Science, Technology and Innovation 2013-2020. <br />
The strategy is under the leading authority of Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) through the Secretariat of state for research, development and innovation. The main objectives of the Spanish Strategy for Science and Technology and Innovation are:<br />
<br />
#The '''Recognition and promotion of talent in RDI and its employability'''. This is aimed at increasing the training capacities in RDI of the System, encouraging job placement and the employability of trained resources, both in the public and business sectors, and facilitating their temporary mobility among the public institutions and between these and the private sector for the implementation of RDI activities.<br />
#The '''Promotion of scientific and technical research of excellence'''. This aims to promote the generation of knowledge, increase the scientific leadership of the country and its institutions and to encourage the generation of new opportunities which may trigger the future development of highly competitive technological and business capacities.<br />
#The '''Promotion of business leadership in RDI'''. The objective is to increase the competitiveness of the production network by increasing RDI activities in all areas and, particularly, in those sectors which are strategic for growth and the creation of jobs in the Spanish economy and the Autonomous Regions.<br />
#The '''Promotion of RDI activities aimed at addressing global societal challenges''' and in particular at those affecting the Spanish society. This objective addresses the need to encourage the scientific and innovative potential of the country towards areas which respond to the numerous problems faced by our society and which require major effort as regards RDI. These challenges, given their nature and complexity, require that the generation of new knowledge be combined with its application to technologies, products and services that may in the future contribute to the scientific, technological and business leadership of the country. The strategy is implemented through the Spanish National Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''National Plan for Scientific and Technical Research and Innovation'''<br />
<br />
'''Programme''': National Plan of Scientific and Technological Research and Innovation 2013-2016<br />
<br />
'''Leading authority and implementing agency/organization''': Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO)<ref name="mineco">http://www.mineco.es</ref><ref name="idimineco">http://www.idi.mineco.gob.es/stfls/MICINN/Investigacion/FICHEROS/Spanish_RDTI_Plan_2013-2016.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
'''Time frame''': 2013- 2016<br />
<br />
<br />
The '''NATIONAL PLAN''' is a document designed to develop and fund Central Government actions in the area of RDI to enable achievement of the objectives and priorities of the SPANISH STRATEGY ON SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION. In addition, the document has been drafted as a funding instrument of the Spanish Science, Technology and Innovation System into account by designing actions and funding mechanisms that will increase the scientific and technological leadership of its stakeholders, both public and private; drive the abilities of our productive community through the country’s RDI; foster talent in RDI by defining mechanisms to facilitate successful insertion in the job market; and guide RDI activities towards the challenges facing society. <br />
Thus, the actions of Central Government contained in the '''NATIONAL PLAN''' are set out in four '''NATIONAL PROGRAMMES''' which correspond to the STRATEGY objectives. These PROGRAMMES enable the development of specific objectives linked to implementation and development of the '''PLAN''' itself, which are linked, in turn, to the corresponding indicators of the impact of the results.<br />
<br />
The specific objectives of the '''NATIONAL PLAN''' are:<br />
#Strengthen training and employment of human resources in RDI activities in both the public and private sectors.<br />
#Improve the quality of scientific and technical research to achieve the highest level of excellence and impact, contributing international scientific and technological leadership of all the stakeholders from the Spanish Science, Technology and Innovation System.<br />
#Strengthen the capacities and international leadership of institutions, centres and scientific and technical research performers.<br />
#Facilitate access to scientific and technological infrastructures and to scientific equipment, with special reference to large national and international scientific and technical facilities.<br />
#Drive entrepreneurial leadership in RDI by strengthening the RDI capacities of companies and incorporating SMEs in the innovation process. <br />
#Encourage the creation and growth of technology based companies and the promotion of efficient networks of investors that give access to new methods of funding RDI activities.<br />
#Increase collaboration in RDI between the public sector and the business sector.<br />
#Stimulate RDI oriented to respond to societal challenges.<br />
#Drive internationalisation of RDI activities of stakeholders in the Spanish Science, Technology and Innovation System and its active participation in the European Research Area.<br />
#Foster a scientific, technological and innovative culture in Spanish society and dissemination of the results of scientific-technical research and innovation financed with public funds. <br />
#Explore RDI policies based on demand<br />
<br />
<br />
The Spanish National Plan is focussed on research and innovation and it has been developed to implement the National Strategy. <br />
The '''PLAN''' sets out the scientific-technical societal and economic priorities established by National Government to encourage RDI which are equally subject to strict principles of competition and evaluation in accordance with internationally established criteria. <br />
The priorities of the '''NATIONAL PLAN''' are: (a) the generation of knowledge, in any field of research, which contributes to encouraging excellence and international leadership of the Spanish System of Science, Technology and Innovation, and (b) the scientific and social priorities integrated in the '''NATIONAL RDI PROGRAMME AIMED AT THE CHALLENGES OF SOCIETY''' guiding scientific and technical research and business development in RDI to the major challenges faced by Spanish society. <br />
'''RDI AIMED AT THE CHALLENGES OF SOCIETY''' include: (1) Health, demographic change and well-being, (2) Food safety and quality, productive and sustainable farming, natural resources, marine and maritime research, (3) Safe, efficient and clean energy, (4) Smart, sustainable and integrated transport (5) Action on climate change and efficient use of resources and raw materials, (6) Changes and social innovations, (7) Digital society and economy (8) Safety, protection and defense.<br />
Grants under the '''NATIONAL PLAN''' are awarded by means of competitive procedures, as foreseen in the General Law 38/2003, of 17 November 2003, on Grants, open procedures, and are only in exceptional cases awarded under other direct mechanisms in accordance with article 22.2 of the aforementioned Law. In addition, grants may be a combination of funds from different sources 15 including funds from the European Union, other governments, public-private co-financing and any others.<br />
The following are considered stakeholders suitable for participation in the actions financed under the '''NATIONAL PLAN''': <br />
*'''Individuals'''. <br />
*'''Public research agencies''' according to the characteristics outlined in article 47 of Law 14/2011 of 1 June, on Science, Technology and Innovation. <br />
*'''Universities'''. Public universities, their university departments and institutes, and private universities with an ability and proven activity in R&D, as provided for in Organic Law 6/2001 on Universities, modified by Organic Law 4/2007, of 12 April. <br />
*'''Other public R&D centres'''. Public bodies and centres with their own legal personality, dependent on or linked to the State Administration, and those dependent on or linked to the territorial public administrations and their agencies, regardless of the legal nature, whose purpose and business purpose comprises the direct execution of scientific and technical research activities, or others of a complementary nature which are necessary if society is to make the appropriate scientific and technological progress. Included in this concept are the consortia created by cooperation agreements between the State and the Autonomous Regions. <br />
*'''Public and private health organisations and institutions''' linked to or associated with the National Health System, which carry out research activity. <br />
*'''Health Research Institutes''' accredited as set out in Royal Decree 339/2004, of 27 February, and additional regulations. <br />
*'''Public and private non profit-making organisations''' which carry out and/or manage R&D activities, generate scientific or technological knowledge, facilitate their application and transfer or provide services to support innovation for business entities. <br />
*'''Companies''', whatever their legal form, which perform an economic activity and which are validly incorporated at the time the request for help is presented. Included under this heading are public trading companies, public business organisations and individual entrepreneurs. Within the companies heading, small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) are considered differently. <br />
*'''State technology centres'''. Non profit-making organisations, legally incorporated and resident in Spain, which have their own legal personality and were created with the aim of contributing to the general benefit of society and to improving the competitiveness of companies by generating technological knowledge, carrying out RRDI activities and developing the application thereof. <br />
*'''State-wide centres to support technological innovation'''. Non profit-making organisations, legally incorporated and resident in Spain, which have their own legal personality and were created with the aim of making it easier to apply the knowledge generated in universities and research bodies, including technology centres, by acting as intermediary between the latter and the companies, providing services to support innovation. <br />
*'''Business groupings or associations''' which include: joint ventures (JV); economic interest groupings, formed by companies or companies with other entities (EIG); Non profit-making sectoral business associations whose activities include projects and R&D actions for their sector. <br />
*'''Innovative business groupings and technological platforms'''. Groups constituted by independent organisations — companies, small, medium-sized and large research bodies — which are active in sectors and specific regions, whose objective is to contribute effectively to technology transfer, the creation of networks and the divulgation of information between the companies forming the grouping. <br />
*'''Organisations supporting technology transfer, technology and scientific dissemination and dissemination and which include science and technology parks, technology transfer''' offices, offices transferring results of research, CEIs and innovation and technology centres.<br />
<br />
== National Programmes ==<br />
These actions are set out in four National Programmes. The National Programme for RDI oriented to the Societal Challenges fosters the participation of Spanish research groups in international cooperative projects, through the International Joint Programming Actions.<br />
Although there is not a specific programme on “Marine Biotechnology”, the marine and maritime RTD and innovation activities are included in the societal challenges “Food security, sustainable agriculture and forestry, marine and maritime and inland water research, and the Bioeconomy” and “Climate action, environment, resource efficiency and raw materials”.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Main Marine Research-Performing Institutions/Universities in Spain'''<br />
<br />
The list of research institutions/universities within Spain provided below has been collected from the inputs provided through the survey conducted by CSA Oceans in 2013 through the national research funding agencies and ministries. <br />
<br />
'''National public research institutions'''<br />
*Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO) (Instituto Español de Oceanografía)<ref name="ieo">http://www.ieo.es</ref><br />
*Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas)<ref name="csic">http://www.csic.es</ref><br />
*State Ports (PUERTOS) (Puertos del Estado)<ref name="puertos">http://www.puertos.es</ref> <br />
*Centre for Studies and Experimentation of Public Works (Centro de Estudios y Experimentación de Obras Públicas )CEDEX<ref name="cedex">http://www.cedex.es</ref><br />
*Geological and Mining Institute (Instituto Geológico yMinero) (IGME)<ref name="igme">http://www.igme.es</ref><br />
<br />
'''Universities'''<br />
*University of Cádiz (UCA)<ref name="uca">http://www.uca.es</ref> <br />
*University of Vigo (UVigo)<ref name="vigo">http://www.uvigo.es</ref> <br />
*University of La Laguna (ULL)<ref name="ull">http://www.ull.es</ref> <br />
*University of Las Palmas (ULGC)<ref name="ulgc">http://www.ulgc.es</ref> <br />
*University of Balearic Islands (UIB)<ref name="uib">http://www.uib.es</ref> <br />
*University of Alicante (UA)<ref name="ua">http://www.uib.es</ref> <br />
*University of Barcelona (UB)<ref name="ub">http://www.ub.edu</ref> <br />
*University of Oviedo (UNIOVI)<ref name="uniovi">http://www.uniovi.es)</ref> <br />
*University of Cantabria (UNICAN)<ref name="unican">http://www.unican.es</ref><br />
*University of Malaga (UMA)<ref name="uma">http://www.uma.es</ref> <br />
*University of Santiago de Compostela (USC)<ref name="usc">http://www.usc.es</ref> <br />
*Unviersity of Coruña (UDC)<ref name="udc">http://www.udc.es</ref> <br />
*University of the Basque Country (EHU)<ref name="ehu">http://www.ehu.es</ref> <br />
*Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (UPC)<ref name="upc">http://www.upc.edu</ref> <br />
*University of Valencia (UV)<ref name="uv">http://www.uv.es</ref> <br />
<br />
'''Other research centres'''<br />
*AZTI-TECNALIA<ref name="azti">http://www.azti.es</ref> <br />
*Technological Centre of the Sea (Centro Tecnológico del Mar) (CETMAR)<ref name="cetmar">http://www.cetmar.es</ref> <br />
'''Research centres attached to marine research infrastructures (ICTS)'''<br />
*Balearic Island Coastal Observing System (Sistema de Observación Costero de les Illes Balears) (SOCIB)<ref name="socib">http://www.socib.es</ref><br />
*Oceanic Platform of the Canary Islands (Plataforma Oceánica de Canarias) (PLOCAN)<ref name="plocan">http://www.plocan.eu</ref> <br />
<br />
== R&D&I Work Programme == <br />
<br />
The R&D&i Work Programme is drawn up on an annual basis and, once approved, it functions as a tool for programming short-term science and technology policies, for coordinating the actions of the General State Administration and as a platform for presenting the integrated activities of the General State Administration and the Autonomous Community Administrations for Science, Technology and Innovation.<br />
<br />
The Work Programme mainly includes information on the planned calendar of public announcements, stating the terms for presenting and ruling on the different procedures, distributing the annual budget by priority area and programme, assigning the managing bodies for each of the activities and the types of beneficiaries and sectors eligible for grant aid.<br />
<br />
== Infrastructures and coordination and support capacities / initiatives ==<br />
<br />
Spain has a National Programme for Science and Technology Infrastructures to implement priorities of its National R&D&I Plan.<ref name="idii">http://www.idi.mineco.gob.es/portal/site/MICINN/menuitem.7eeac5cd345b4f34f09dfd1001432ea0/?vgnextoid=abf192b9036c2210VgnVCM1000001d04140aRCRD</ref> The Programme for Science and Technology Infrastructures which aim is to improve the existing RTD infrastructures, their maintenance and optimize their use. The Programme also foresees the design, building, maintenance, operation and upgrade of ICTS (Unique Scientific and Technological Infrastructures) and GIC (Large Scientific Infrastructures) with a national and EU dimension. Contribute to the development of the Regions to promote the territorial cohesion.<ref name="idimine">http://www.idi.mineco.gob.es/portal/site/MICINN/menuitem.8ce192e94ba842bea3bc811001432ea0/?vgnextoid=872470761ea22210VgnVCM1000001d04140aRCRD&vgnextchannel=3c4fa7e4e90e2210VgnVCM1000001d04140aRCRD</ref><br />
<br />
*In 2012, Spain operates 9 local/coastal vessels from 12m to 30,46 m; 6 regional vessels from 36,5m to 53m; and 4 global vessels from 66,7m to 82,5m registered at the European Research Vessels Infobase.<ref name="euroc">http://www.eurocean.org</ref><br />
<br />
*In 2012, Spain maintains about 7 large marine research equipments registered in the European large Exchangeable instruments database.<ref name="euroc">http://www.eurocean.org</ref> <br />
<br />
*Marine research activities are also supported by the Secretary of State for Research through two Research Performing Organisations, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC) and Spanish Oceanographic Institute (IEO), that generate more than 50% of the scientific output in the marine sciences in the country.<ref name="csicbr">http://www.csic.es/web/guest/presentacion </ref><ref name="ieoes">http://www.ieo.es/version_eng/indexingles.htm</ref><br />
<br />
*The ICTS (Unique Scientific and Technical Infrastructures) Spanish Roadmap was firstly approved in 2007, to develop 24 new large scientific infrastructures which would join the 30 already in operation. The Council of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Policy (CPCTI) approved the update of the ICTS map in October 2014, taking into account the scientific evaluation of the Advisory Committee for Unique Infrastructures (CAIS). The ICTS map in force is currently composed of 29 ICTS (set up by 59 infrastructures of which, 56 are operative and 3 are under construction). Among them there are some included in the “Life, Sea and Earth Science Area”; The Marine Infrastructures Network (RIM), the Spanish Oceanographic Fleet and the Spanish Antartic Stations are included. <br />
<br />
::*RIM is composed by SOCIB (operative) and PLOCAN (in construction) infrastructures.<br />
::*The Spanish Oceanographic Fleet (operative) is a distributed ICTS that includes the Hespérides Oceanographic Research Vessel, as well as the FLOTPOL Oceanographic Research Vessels (Sarmiento de Gamboa, Ramón Margalef, Angeles Alvariño, García del Cid, Mytilus, Lura, Francisco de Paula Navarro, Jose Mª Navaz y SOCIB). <br />
::*The Spanish Antartic Stations is a distributed ICTS that comprises the Juan Carlos I Antarctic Station and the Gabriel de Castilla Antarctic Station.<br />
<br />
*Key aquaculture experimental and research facilities in Spain include <br />
::*2 Experimental Research Facilities (IFAPA) <br />
::*Aquaculture Pilot Plant (Centro tecnologico Gallego de Acuicultura CETGA) <br />
::*5 Experimental Research Facilities and Specialised Laboratories (Instituto Español de Oceanografía IEO) <br />
::*An inland infrastructure for bluefin tuna aquaculture research is being built by IEO. It consists of 4 large capacity inland tanks (7000 m3) for experimental research on bluefin tuna. The project started at the end of 2011 and it is under development. <br />
::*Experimental Research Facilities and Specialised Laboratories (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas CSIC) <br />
::*Experimental Research Facilities (Instituto Canario de Ciencias Marinas ICCM)<br />
::*Experimental Sea based facility (Instituto Gallego de Formación en Acuicultura. Xunta de Galicia IGFA)<br />
::*Experimental Facilities (Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario IMIDA)<br />
::*Experimental Research Facilities (Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria-IRTA)<br />
::*Experimental Research Facilities (Centro de Investigaciones Marinas-CIMA)<br />
<br />
== Major initiatives ==<br />
<br />
*The '''Marine Biotechnology Centre of the ULPGC (CBM)''' is a research centreof the ULPGC and comprises the '''Applied Algology (GAA)''' and the '''Biological Oceanography (GOB)''' research groups, which work closely with researchers in other groups in Spain and abroad. This cooperation between the two research groups is currently focused on developing new lines of work that apply the knowledge and techniques developed in eco-physiological and biotechnical studies to marine producers and vegetation.<br />
<br />
*The Spanish Bank of Algae (BEA-Banco Español de Algas) is a service of the Marine Biotechnology Center (CBM-Centro de Biotecnología Marina) of the University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (ULPGC), which objectives are the isolation, identification, characterization, conservation and provisioning of microalgae and cyanobacteria.<br />
<br />
*'''Spanish Biomass Technology Platform'''<ref name="bioplat">http://www.bioplat.org/</ref> One of the priorities of the Strategic Plan of this platform is the production of biofuel from microalgae.<br />
<br />
*'''PTEPA'''<ref name="ptepa">http://ptepa.org/images/stories/PDFs/agenda_estrategica_ptepa.pdf</ref> is the Spanish Platform for Fisheries and Aquaculture Research. This platform has developed a SRA. <br />
<br />
*'''Genoma Spain'''<ref name="genes">http://www.gen-es.org/en/index.cfm</ref> is a government-supported public foundation devoted to promoting technology development, knowledge transfer and innovative practices, chiefly in the biotechnology sector. <br />
<br />
== Industry ==<br />
<br />
*Spain is host to '''Pharmamar'''<ref name="pharamar">http://www.pharmamar.com/</ref>, one of the most successful companies dedicated specifically to marine biotechnology in the world. Pharmamar is specialised in development of antitumor drugs of marine origin.<br />
<br />
* AlgaEnergy<ref name="algae">http://www.algaenergy.es</ref> is a technology-based company specialising in the field of microalgae biotechnology which, with substantial R&D programmes costing millions of Euros (both public and in-house funding), is managed by a team of entrepreneurs and scientists with solid financial backing and extensive experience within this field.<br />
<br />
*CEAMSA<ref name="ceamsa">http://www.ceamsa.com/ </ref>, manufactures and supplies a comprehensive range of high quality carrageenan and pectin products to the global food industry. <br />
<br />
*BioFuel Systems.<ref name="biopetrol">http://www.biopetroleo.com</ref> A company specialized in the production of biofuel from marine microalgae. <br />
<br />
*ANFACO-CECOPESCA<ref name="anfaco">http://www.anfaco.es</ref> it is a large company that conducts research in a number of fields related with marine biotechnologies and their use in aquaculture and seafood processing.<br />
<br />
*Seaweed Canarias<ref name="seaw">http://www.seaweedcanarias.com</ref> creates and provides integral sustainable high technology solutions through the industrial use of active principles present in algae. Seaweed Canarias has its own patents and develop highly innovative uses in fields as diverse as agriculture, cosmetics and human and animal nutrition. <br />
<br />
*AQUASOLUTIONS BIOTECH<ref name="aquas">http://www.aquasolutionsbiotech.es/index.php <br />
</ref> it is a technology company based that offers a wide range of services in RTD to the aquaculture sector, they conduct RTD on genetics, molecular biology, microbilogy, physionlogy, nutrition and zootechnology.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Slovenia&diff=71639
Marine Biotechnology in Slovenia
2016-08-01T14:00:56Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Marine Biotechnology<br />
|Image=Image:Slovenia map.gif<br />
}}<br />
{{template:Marinebiotech updated<br />
|month_updated=August<br />
|year_updated=2016<br />
}}<br />
== Overarching science strategies, plans and policies ==<br />
<br />
The Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sport (MESCS) and particularly the Science division as part of the Directorate for Higher education and Science, defines the expert bases for the adoption of political documents in the field of research policy and plans the required financial resources for research. <br />
There are no specific Marine Biotechnology strategies, plans or policies being implemented in Slovenia.<br />
The Research and Innovation Strategy of Slovenia (RISS) is the key strategic and political document of the Slovenian policy on research and innovation. It is currently being implemented in collaboration with the Ministry of Economic Development and Technology and other relevant stakeholders, who have contributed to the development of the program. <br />
Currently the new National Industrial Policy is being prepared together with the National Development Strategy for the 2014-2020 period. The two documents already take into account Smart specialization. They are however not yet public. <br />
Biotechnology has been a priority in the previous National Research and Development programme and will continue to hold a strategic place in both documents currently being prepared.<br />
<br />
== Research funding schemes and programmes ==<br />
<br />
The financing of research activities is mainly implemented through the Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS) and the Slovenian Technology Agency (TIA). The main instruments are research programs (long term, 5-year projects), basic and applied research projects, targeted research programs, the young researcher program, research infrastructures and international cooperation. Closer to market activities are funded by the Public Agency for Entrepreneurship, Internationalization, Foreign Investments and Technology or through different calls funded through European Structural Funds. The latter will also be used in synergy with different Horizon 2020 programs.<br />
<br />
== Research priorities for marine biotechnology research ==<br />
<br />
The RISS defines the R&D priorities for the next decade (2011 - 2020). They were established on the basis of the National Research and Development programme 2006 - 2010 and other stakeholder consultations. They are also being followed by the Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS) and the Slovenian Technology Agency when they issue calls for basic or/and applied research projects. These priorities are:<br />
::* Information and communication technologies,<br />
::* Modern (new) synthetic metal and non-metal materials and nanotechnologies,<br />
::* Complex systems and innovative technologies,<br />
::* Technologies for sustainable economy, and<br />
::* Health and life science.<br />
The National Industrial Policy and the National Development Strategy take into account Smart specialization, but are not yet public. Priorities set in those documents can be communicated once the documents are publicised.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''The Research and Innovation Strategy of Slovenia''' (RISS) defines the R&D priorities for the 2011 – 2020 period. They priorities also being followed by the Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS) when it issues calls for basic or/and applied research projects. The priorities relevant to biotechnology include: modern (new) synthetic metal and non-metal materials and nanotechnologies, complex systems and innovative technologies, technologies for a sustainable economy, and health and life sciences. '''The Slovenian Industrial Policy''' aims at supporting key emerging technologies, including biotechnology. '''The Smart Specialisation strategy''' includes Natural and traditional resources for the future as a priority area, allowing for the transition to circular economy, which will among other require technologies for sustainable biomass transformation and new biobased materials. <br />
<br />
== Strategic documents ==<br />
<br />
There are no documents devoted to Marine Biotechnology. <br />
<br />
== Infrastructures and coordination and support capacities / initiatives ==<br />
<br />
* Slovenia operates 1 local/coastal vessels of 11,98m (Sagita), with a dry and wet lab and associated field equipment, registered at the European Research Vessels Infobase <ref name="eur">http://www.eurocean.org</ref>, <br />
* A 7m long working boat<br />
* A salt water laboratory aquarium with lab to sea interflow capability<br />
* Marine Biology Station Piran of the National Institute of biology (MBP, NIB) - The Marine Biology Station is currently the only research group in Slovenia devoted to maritime scientific research and professional work. Collaborating with high calibre foreign marine research centres, it represents a national focal point for development in the area of marine research. There are 35 people routinely employed at the MBS, comprising of 19 researchers, 8 young researchers and 8 technical and administrative collaborators. The research work is periodically augmented by students and trainee postgraduate and postdoctoral fellows with various disciplines. The infrastructure of the Marine Biology Station Piran includes:<br />
::* Research laboratories (biological, chemical, microbiological etc)<br />
::* A salt water laboratory aquarium with lab to sea interflow capability<br />
::* Congress hall (95 seats), classrooms (40 seats), biology practice laboratory, meeting rooms (25 persons), dormitory (24 beds)<br />
::* Library with 1500 scientific monographs and 60 specialized journals<br />
::* A diving base with workshop<br />
::* A 12m long research vessel, with a dry and wet lab and associated field equipment and a 7m long working boat<br />
* Laboratory of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering of the National Institute of Chemistry, focuses on process and product modelling of reaction kinetics, transport phenomena and fluid mechanics, sensitivity analysis, optimisation, intensification, economical valorisation relating to cultivation and growth of microalgae under different conditions, that is light intensity, nutrient concentration, and process conditions such as temperature, pH, aeration, CO2 content, flow conditions, etc. Infrastructures and coordination and support capacities / initiatives include:<br />
::* Bioreactors: batch, semi-batch, continuous, etc.<br />
::* Downstream processing: extraction, distillation, absorption, etc.<br />
::* Analytics: temperature, pH, redox potential, nutrient concentration, cell number, chlorophyll, oxygen, lipid content, lipid fatty acid profile<br />
::* Biodiesel, biogas, pyrolysis, gasification and combustion equipment<br />
<br />
== Major initiatives ==<br />
<br />
'''Slovenian participation in the Marine Biotechnology ERA-NET'''<br />
MIZS participates in the Marine Biotechnology ERA-NET (ERA-MBT). MIZS has participated in the first ERA-MBT joint transnational call for research proposals. Six Slovenian participants participated in consortia that applied to the call, covering the following topics:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" width="800px"<br />
|-<br />
| ''microalgae, photobioreactors, extraction, downstream, pufas, carotenouds, sterols, protein isolation, protein hydrolysis, enzyme activity assays, membrane filtration, expanded bed adsorption, extraction using green solvents, activity testing, NMR''<br />
|- <br />
| ''aquaculture waste stream, recycling, bioactive compounds, fermentation''<br />
|- <br />
|''algae diatoms, natural extracts, food additives, biomaterials, high-added value products, harmful algae bloom, environment, sustainability, alternative protein, fatty acids, EPA, DHA, carbohydrates, biomedicine''<br />
|- <br />
|''extraction, high value products, enzymes in processing steps, reduced energy consumption''<br />
|- <br />
|''bio-products; biosynthetic pathways; cyanobacteria; CyanoCoreReactor; genomics; genetic tools; integrated solution; metabolic pathway modeling; natural mutants; photobioreactors; pyrosequencing; secondary metabolites; synthetic cyanobacteria'' <br />
|- <br />
|''enzyme, whole cell, biocatalysis, aroma, cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, ionic liquid, supercritical fluid extraction, microfluidic system, microbioreactor.''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
The MAR3BIO project (Biorefinery and biotechnological exploitation of marine biomasses), with the National institute of Chemistry being the Slovenian beneficiary, was funded through the first call. <br />
MIZS also participates in the second ERA-MBT joint transnational call for research proposals, again receiving six applications with Slovenian participants.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''FP7 projects in the marine with Slovene participation'''<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="0.5" cellspacing="0" width="800px"<br />
! Project<br />
! Slovenian Participant<br />
|-<br />
| '''MAREX''': Exploring Marine Resources for Bioactive Compounds: From Discovery to Sustainable Production and Industrial Applications<br />
| University of Ljubljana – Faculty of Pharmacy<br />
|- <br />
| '''VECTORS''': Vectors of Change in Oceans and Seas Marine Life, Impact on Economic Sectors<br />
|University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Maritime Studies and Transport<br />
|-<br />
|'''SMS''': Sensing toxicants in Marine waters makes Sense using biosensors<br />
|National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station<br />
|-<br />
|'''KILL-SPILL''': Integrated Biotechnological Solutions for Combating Marine Oil Spills<br />
|Institute for Microbial Sciences and Technologies<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|'''ECSAFESEAFOOD''': Priority environmental contaminants in seafood: safety assessment, impact and public perception<br />
|University of Maribor, Medical Faculty, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences<br />
|-<br />
|'''CODE''': Curing polyester resins on demand<br />
|Elan Marine d.o.o., Institute of Metals and Technology<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Relevant Research projects by Marine Biology Station Piran (MBP, NIB):'''<br />
::* Research program P1-0237 Coastal Sea Research (1.1.2009 - 31.12.2013)<br />
::* ECO/10/277396/SI2.601543 (Eco-Innovation 2010) Marine debris removal and preventing further litter entry – Marine Clean<br />
::* EU FP7-KBBE-2010-4 _RADAR Rationally Designed Aquatic Receptors integrated in label-free biosensor platforms for remote surveillance of toxins and pollutants (2011-2013)<br />
::* EU FP7 IP PERSEUS<br />
::* Marine Strategy Framework directive (Directive2008/56/EC)<br />
::* Slovenian - Croatian bilateral (2012-2013): Enclosed marine systems as laboratory for biological phenomena<br />
::* Slovenian - Argentinean research cooperation project (2012-2014): Jellyfish blooms and the possibilities for commercial use<br />
::* Slovenian - Japanese joint project (2012-2014): Slovenian - Japan cooperative studies on problematic jellyfish blooms: mechanisms and mitigation<br />
::* EU FP6_ECASA, 006540_Ecosystem Approach for Sustainable Aquaculture<br />
::* CREICO, NSF, ZDA - Cooperative Research on Ecological Interactions in the Coastal Oceans program in the North Adriatic sea: Collaborative international research on gelatinous zooplankton in the Adriatic Sea, Role of bacteria in production and decomposition of colloidal organic matter in the Northern Adriatic<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Romania&diff=71638
Marine Biotechnology in Romania
2016-08-01T13:59:43Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Marine Biotechnology<br />
|Image=Image:Romania map.gif<br />
}}<br />
{{template:Marinebiotech updated<br />
|month_updated=August<br />
|year_updated=2016<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Overarching science strategies, plans and policies ==<br />
<br />
There is currently no national strategy or plan specifically for Marine Biotechnology research. Relevant research is considered under a much wider scoped plan and strategy: <br />
* The '''National Plan for Research, Development and Innovation''' (RDI) 2007-2013 (PN II) and '''National Research, Development and Innovation Strategy''' from the National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS)<ref name="uef">www.ancs.ro</ref><br />
<br />
== Research funding schemes and programmes ==<br />
<br />
*The '''Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation Funding (UEFISCDI)'''<ref name="nott">http://uefiscdi.gov.ro/</ref> implements five out of the six programmes of the National Plan for Research, Development and Innovation 2007-2013 (PN II): <br />
::* Human Resources (exploratory research)<br />
::* Ideas (exploratory research)<br />
::* Partnerships in Priority Areas (applied research)<br />
::* Innovation (innovation and technology transfer) <br />
::* Capacities (R&D infrastructure)<br />
* The R&D Programme '''Partnerships in Priority Areas''' does not refer explicitly to marine biotechnology; the research support is structured in nine thematic areas, similar to FP7: <br />
::* Information and communication technology (10%)<br />
::* Energy (10%)<br />
::* Environment (10%)<br />
::* Health (14%)<br />
::* Agriculture, food safety and security (14%)<br />
::* Biotechnologies (12%)<br />
::* Innovative materials (7%)<br />
::* Processes and products (15%)<br />
::* Space and security (8%)<br />
::* Socio-economic and humanistic research (10%)<br />
<br />
== Research priorities ==<br />
n/a<br />
<br />
== Strategic documents ==<br />
n/a<br />
<br />
== Infrastructures and coordination and support capacities / initiatives ==<br />
<br />
* In 2012, Romania operates 2 local/coastal vessels of 25,8 and 31,86m (Istros, Steaua de Mare 1), and 1 global vessels from 66m to 82,20m (Mare Nigrum) registered at the European Research Vessels Infobase <ref name="eur">http://www.eurocean.org</ref>. <br />
* In 2012 Romania maintains about 1 large marine research equipments registered in the European large Exchangeable instruments database <ref name="eur">http://www.eurocean.org</ref>.<br />
* Key aquaculture experimental and research facilities in Romania include <br />
::* Long-line systems (National Institute for Marine Research and Development Grigore Antipa)<br />
<br />
== Major initiatives ==<br />
n/a<br />
<br />
== Trends and developments ==<br />
<br />
The national plan for RDI that ends in December 2013 comprises nine research areas, similar to the Seventh European Framework Programme (FP7). At this stage, development of a new national plan for RDI is being initiated. While the details of the new plan are not yet know, it is very likely the priorities will echo the ones elaborated under Horizon2020. It is expected that marine biotechnology research priorities will be considered but perhaps not reflected in an official document for RDI. <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Romania&diff=71637
Marine Biotechnology in Romania
2016-08-01T13:49:47Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Marine Biotechnology<br />
|Image=Image:Romania map.gif<br />
}}<br />
{{template:Marinebiotech updated<br />
|month_updated=August<br />
|year_updated=2016<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Overarching science strategies, plans and policies ==<br />
<br />
There is currently no national strategy or plan specifically for Marine Biotechnology research. Relevant research is considered under a much wider scoped plan and strategy: <br />
* The '''National Plan for Research, Development and Innovation''' (RDI) 2007-2013 (PN II) and '''National Research, Development and Innovation Strategy''' from the National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS)<ref name="anc">http://www.ancs.ro</ref><br />
<br />
== Research funding schemes and programmes ==<br />
<br />
* The '''Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation Funding (UEFISCDI)''' implements five out of the six programmes of the National Plan for Research, Development and Innovation 2007-2013 (PN II): <br />
** Human Resources (exploratory research)<br />
** Ideas (exploratory research)<br />
** Partnerships in Priority Areas (applied research)<br />
** Innovation (innovation and technology transfer) <br />
** Capacities (R&D infrastructure)<br />
* The R&D Programme '''Partnerships in Priority Areas''' does not refer explicitly to marine biotechnology; the research support is structured in nine thematic areas, similar to FP7: <br />
** Information and communication technology (10%)<br />
** Energy (10%)<br />
** Environment (10%)<br />
** Health (14%)<br />
** Agriculture, food safety and security (14%)<br />
** Biotechnologies (12%)<br />
** Innovative materials (7%)<br />
** Processes and products (15%)<br />
** Space and security (8%)<br />
** Socio-economic and humanistic research (10%)<br />
<br />
== Research priorities ==<br />
n/a<br />
<br />
== Strategic documents ==<br />
n/a<br />
<br />
== Infrastructures and coordination and support capacities / initiatives ==<br />
<br />
* In 2012, Romania operates 2 local/coastal vessels of 25,8 and 31,86m (Istros, Steaua de Mare 1), and 1 global vessels from 66m to 82,20m (Mare Nigrum) registered at the European Research Vessels Infobase <ref name="eur">http://www.eurocean.org</ref>. <br />
* In 2012 Romania maintains about 1 large marine research equipments registered in the European large Exchangeable instruments database <ref name="eur">http://www.eurocean.org</ref>.<br />
* Key aquaculture experimental and research facilities in Romania include <br />
::* Long-line systems (National Institute for Marine Research and Development Grigore Antipa)<br />
<br />
== Major initiatives ==<br />
n/a<br />
<br />
== Trends and developments ==<br />
<br />
The national plan for RDI that ends in December 2013 comprises nine research areas, similar to the Seventh European Framework Programme (FP7). At this stage, development of a new national plan for RDI is being initiated. While the details of the new plan are not yet know, it is very likely the priorities will echo the ones elaborated under Horizon2020. It is expected that marine biotechnology research priorities will be considered but perhaps not reflected in an official document for RDI. <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Portugal&diff=71636
Marine Biotechnology in Portugal
2016-08-01T13:48:23Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Marine Biotechnology<br />
|Image=Image:Portugal map.gif<br />
}}<br />
{{template:Marinebiotech updated<br />
|month_updated=August<br />
|year_updated=2016<br />
}}<br />
== Overarching science strategies, plans and policies ==<br />
Portugal has a National strategy for the Sea (ENM) for the period 2013-2012 (ENM_PT)<ref name="fcct">http://www.dgpm.mam.gov.pt/Documents/ENM.pdf</ref> <br />
This strategy is a public policy instrument that presents a new development model for the ocean and offshores (blue growth) that points to a long-term, intelligent, sustainable and inclusive growth path, that intends to prepare Portugal to tackle the challenges brought by the growth, promotion and competitiveness of the Sea Economy, at both European and International levels. <br />
This strategy lists a series of concrete measures and actions and one of the main intervention domains deals with the sustainable exploitation of living resources where it is expected that biotechnology will be a major instrument, in the sea food processing including fisheries and aquaculture, in the valorization of biomass and rest raw materials, leading to an impact in numerous industrial applications, such as food and feed, pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, and others.<br />
<br />
Recently “The Research & Innovation smart specialization strategy” (2014) (ENEI_PT)<ref name="ffct">https://www.fct.pt/esp_inteligente/index.phtml.en</ref>, written by FCT following the European Cohesion fund requirement, as a condition to be able to receive the EU structural 2014-2020 grants, reinforces these intentions, and identifies the Sea economy as one of the main priorities for Portugal.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Direcção geral da política do mar (DGPM)'''<ref name="fctt">http://www.dgpm.mam.gov.pt/Pages/eea_grants_quem_somos.aspx#4</ref><br />
<br />
DGPM mission is to develop, evaluate and update the National Strategy for the Sea, to elaborate, and propose political measures, to plan and regulate the maritime space in his different uses and activities, to follow-up and participate in the Maritime policy integrated in the EU and promote the national and international cooperation in maritime affairs.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''COTEC Portugal''' <ref name="ffcct">http://www.cotecportugal.pt/</ref><br />
a business association for innovation has the mission to «promote the competitiveness of companies established in Portugal. COTEC led the elaboration of a document “Blue growth for Portugal” that analysis in detail the current state and perspectives for the six main maritime areas: 1.Food/feed from marine resources, 2.Offshore energy, 3.Equipment, repair and shipbuilding, 4. Leisure, tourism and recreation, 5.New uses and bioresources from the sea, 6. Ports and Maritime transport (see: Blue growth for Portugal)<br />
<br />
== Research funding schemes and programmes ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''EU structural 2014-2020 grants '''<br />
<br />
Out of the 15 EU grant Funding channels, one will be exclusively devoted to the Sea<ref name="portt">https://www.portugal2020.pt/Portal2020/Media/Default/Docs/Programas%20Operacionais/PO%20Mar%202020.pdf</ref>, with a focus on the promotion of competitive fisheries, aquaculture, aiming to an increase in commercialization and job creation.<br />
Additionally, funding for marine Biotechnology will be transversal to many other regional and thematic funding programmes, currently or soon to open, under Portugal 2020 (for example, COMPETE 2020<ref name="pofc">http://www.pofc.qren.pt/</ref>, other regional programmes including the islands Azores and Madeira or bilateral funding).<ref name="portug">https://www.portugal2020.pt/Portal2020/programas-operacionais-portugal-2020-2)</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
'''Research Funding in Portugal'''<br />
<br />
The funding of the Portuguese research system is mainly conducted under the authority of the '''Ministry of Education and Science''', namely through its '''Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)'''. FCT is funding research via an annual non-thematic research programme which funds all research areas through competitive calls for proposals. The total funding budget for FCT is about 500 M EUR per year, with about € 0.5 - 1 M EUR being spent on marine biotechnology. FCT has signed with ANR (France) a collaboration protocol, with emphasis on Oceanology cooperation. However, this protocol has not been implemented yet.<ref name="fct">http://www.fct.pt/index.phtml.en</ref> <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other Research Funding Programmes'''<br />
<br />
* Azores Marine Research Specific Programme managed by Direcção Regional da Ciência, Tecnologia e Comunicações <ref name="azo">http://www.azores.gov.pt/Portal/en/principal?lang=en&area=ct</ref> <br />
* ON2 - North Portugal Regional Operational Programme 2007/2013 with two strategic priorities with special relevance to S&T: “Competitiveness, Innovation and Knowledge” and “Economic Valorisation of Specific Resources” with a specific objective related with Economic development of new uses for the sea and a significant investment in marine S&T infrastructures managed by a political management body <ref name="nov">http://www.novonorte.qren.pt/pt/menu-topo/english-version/</ref><br />
* Centro de C&T da Madeira - CITMA (language: Portuguese)<br />
* Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation - FCG<br />
* Fundação Oriente<br />
* General Directorate of Fisheries and Aquaculture of the Azores (language: Portuguese)<br />
* Luso-American Foundation - FLAD<br />
* Regional Directorate for Science and Technology - DRCT (language: Portuguese)<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Private funding mechanisms''' <br />
<br />
There is no specific private funding exclusive to Marine Biotechnology, however Portugal has a venture capital market duly established that is capable of financing companies that bet on emerging sectors such as marine Biotechnology. The type of funds available include: seed, start-up, expansion and internationalization, tourism, sector specific and regional. Portugal Ventures<ref name="axzo">http://www.portugalventures.pt/</ref> is a Venture Capital Company, manages several Venture Capital & Private Equity funds with a total capital of around € 600 million. Its portfolio is made up of approximately 180 companies from a number of different industries. The aim is to improve the competitiveness of the Portuguese economy by investing in cutting edge industries and technologies, as well as in companies geared toward global markets.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other entrepreneurship/innovation associations'''<br />
<br />
* Associação Portuguesa de Business Angels<ref name="apdba">http://www.apba.pt</ref> <br />
* Associação Portuguesa de Capital de Risco e de Desenvolvimento<ref name="apdcr">http://www.apcri.pt</ref> <br />
* Agency for Innovation<ref name="afi">http://www.adi.pt/</ref> <br />
* Agency for Innovation and Competitiveness (IAPMEI)<ref name="afiac">http://www.iapmei.pt/</ref> <br />
<br />
== Forum / Clusters ==<br />
'''Forum Empresarial da Economia do Mar (FEM)'''<br />
<br />
''Entrepreneurial Forum for the Economy of the Sea''<br />
<br />
The Business Forum of the Economy of the Sea<ref name="affiac">http://www.fem.pt/</ref>, is a business association: "Sea Economic Hypercluster", with the following objectives: a) contribute to the taking of the maritime economy as a national goal, in order to affirm Portugal as relevant maritime actor at the global level; b) contribute to the sustainable development of sea and appreciate its importance as a major economic resources, projecting it as the great engine of economic development of the country; c ) promote a common and integrated strategy of the activities related to the maritime economy, and create the conditions to promote good business practices, and cooperation between national strategic actors for the development of the Portuguese economy and the production of collective wealth in all business sectors related to the maritime economy. FEM launches a monthly newsletter.<ref name="weebly">http://feemar.weebly.com/publicadas.html/</ref> <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Oceano XXI – Cluster do conhecimento da Economia do Mar'''<br />
<br />
Association for the Knowledge and Economy of the Sea<br />
Oceano XXI <ref name="oceano">http://www.oceano21.org</ref> is a private non-profit corporate body, created in 2009 by the initiative of two regional associations IDCEM (Instituto para o Desenvolvimento do Conhecimento e Economia do Mar) and AFM (Associação Fórum Mar Centro). The Association has more than 60 members, from different sectors of activity of the Sea Economy, between companies and business associations, R&D Centres, higher education institutions, local authorities and other associative organizations. <u>Oceano XXI mission:</u> To foster the "Sea Knowledge and Economy Cluster" through the intersection of knowledge and support for innovation, internationalization and entrepreneurship contributing in sustainability conditions for the country's competitiveness.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''BlueBio Alliance'''<br />
<br />
The BlueBio Alliance is a networking initiative that aims to accelerate the development of the whole value chain connected to Marine Biotechnology in Portugal including all relevant stakeholders. The Bluebio alliance wants to act in collaboration with other relevant and broader scope initiatives such as Oceano XXI.<br />
<br />
== Law firms ==<br />
<u>specialized in maritime affairs</u><br />
* '''Vieira de Almeida & Associados'''(VdA)<ref name="vdapt">http://www.vda.pt/en/what-we-do/sectors/Economy-of-the-Sea/9520/</ref><br />
VdA strives to deepen Portugal's knowledge and know-how on the Economy of the Sea and also to be able to mobilize other "maritime nations" of the world. VdA has created a specific multidisciplinary team providing specialised legal services in a number of matters of this innovative economy, such as: Business investment projects,Business plan structuring, Corporate and contractual relationships, Structuring supply and distribution models , Mergers, acquisitions, Regulatory and Public Procurement, Instruments of national maritime space planning, Conflicts between uses and activities developed in national maritime space, Shared uses of national maritime space, Privative uses of national maritime space (concessions, licences and authorizations), Environmental issues, Financing activities in the national maritime space, Intellectual property rights.<br />
<br />
* '''Miranda Correia Amendoeira & Associadas'''<ref name="wwd">http://www.mirandalawfirm.com/?lang=pt</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== Portals / Platforms ==<br />
<br />
* '''Portal do Mar '''<ref name="pdm">https://www.portaldomar.pt/PortaldoMar/index.htm</ref>and '''Portal Maroceano'''<ref name="maroc">http://www.maroceano.pt/component/content/article/2037-blue-growth-for-portugal</ref> are portals that dedicate to constantly update and release maritime related news and online services. <br />
<br />
* '''Plataforma Tecnologia do Mar de aveiro'''(PTUA)<ref name="ua">http://www.ua.pt/ptmar/</ref><br />
: This platform intends to promote collaborations between university and SMEs, with the intention to facilitate technology transfer, leading to an increase in business competitiveness. <br />
<br />
== Research priorities for marine biotechnology research ==<br />
<br />
n/a<br />
<br />
== Strategic documents ==<br />
<br />
n/a<br />
<br />
== Infrastructures and coordination and support capacities / initiatives ==<br />
<br />
* Portugal operates eight local/coastal vessels ranging from 11m to 31,40m (Águas Vivas, Arquipelago, Diplodus, NRP "Andromeda", NRP "Auriga", Puntazzo, Tellina and Ziphius); one regional vessels of 47,50m (Noruega); and two global vessels of 68,20m and 68,50m (NRP "Almirante Gago Coutinho" and NRP "D. Carlos I") registered in the European Research Vessels Infobase <ref name="eurocc">http://www.eurocean.org</ref>.<br />
<br />
* Portugal maintains about 25 large marine research equipments registered in the European large Exchangeable instruments database <ref name="eur">http://www.eurocean.org</ref>. <br />
<br />
* Key '''aquaculture experimental and research facilities''' in Portugal include <br />
::* Experimental Research Facilities CIIMAR Portugal Land based facilities<br />
::* Specialised Laboratories IPIMAR Portugal<br />
::* Marine aquaculture station of Ramalhete University of Algarve Portugal<br />
* Any other research facilities of relevance to Marine Biotech <br />
::* Algarve Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve <br />
::* Centre of IMAR at Department of Oceanography and Fisheries at the University of the Azores<br />
<br />
(For a complete description of the Portuguese Marine research infrastructures see: [http://www.eurocean.org/np4/20]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Research Centres / Capabilities'''<br />
<br />
<u>Government Laboratories:</u><br />
<br />
Department of Marine Geology - INETI (language: Portuguese)<br />
<br />
Fisheries and Sea Research Institute - IPIMAR (language: Portuguese) <br />
<br />
Hydrographic Institute - IH (language: Portuguese) <br />
<br />
National Laboratory of Civil Engineering - LNEC <br />
<br />
Meteorological Institute<br />
<br />
<u>Associated Laboratories:</u><br />
<br />
Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies - CESAM <br />
<br />
Centre of Marine and Environmental Research - CIMAR <br />
<br />
Institute for Systems and Robotics - IS<br />
<br />
<u>R&D Units In Portugal:</u><br />
<br />
Biogeochemistry Group - IMAR <br />
<br />
Centre for the Study of Hydrosystems - CEHIDRO<br />
<br />
Centre for Ecological Modelling - IMAR <br />
<br />
Centre of Marine Environment and Technology - MARETEC <br />
<br />
Centre of Marine Sciences of Algarve - CCMAR (language: Portuguese) <br />
<br />
Centro de Recursos Minerais, Mineralogia e Cristalografia - CREMINER <br />
<br />
Centro de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental da Universidade do Algarve <br />
<br />
Department of Oceanography and Fisheries of the University of Azores - DOP <br />
<br />
Eco-Ethology Research Unit <br />
<br />
Guia Marine Laboratory of Lisbon University - IMAR <br />
<br />
Interdisciplinary Centre of Coimbra - IMAR <br />
<br />
Institute of Marine Research - IMAR <br />
Institute of Oceanography - IO <br />
<br />
Wave Energy Centre <br />
<br />
Underwater Systems and Technology Laboratory - Porto University<br />
<br />
== Collaboration with European initiatives ==<br />
<br />
* FCT is partner in the following European initiatives<br />
::*JPI Oceans<ref name="jpi">http://www.jpi-oceans.eu</ref> <br />
::*COFASP<ref name="cofas">http://www.cofasp.eu/</ref> <br />
::*OCEAN ERA NET<ref name="oceanera">http://www.oceaneranet.eu/pages/new-page-5.html</ref> <br />
::*CSA MarineBiotech<ref name="csa">http://www.marinebiotech.eu</ref> <br />
::*EurOcean<ref name="oce">http://www.eurocean.org</ref> <br />
<br />
== Major observations, trends and future prospects ==<br />
There is an industry forum for marine biotechnology. However, there is no specific program for funding marine biotechnology, hence marine biotechnology is fragmented and needs national cooperation.<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Norway&diff=71635
Marine Biotechnology in Norway
2016-08-01T13:25:11Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Marine Biotechnology<br />
|Image=Image:Norway map.gif<br />
}}<br />
{{template:Marinebiotech updated<br />
|month_updated=August<br />
|year_updated=2016<br />
}}<br />
== Overarching science strategies, plans and policies ==<br />
<br />
* National Whitepaper: '''“Climate for research”''' describes the overall Norwegian government’s research strategy.<ref name="cli">http://www.regjeringen.no/pages/2178785/PDFS/STM200820090030000DDDPDFS.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
* National Whitepaper: '''“Marine Bioprospecting- a source of new and sustainable wealth growth”''' describes the Norwegian government’s strategy for marine bioprospecting.<ref name="mar">http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/FKD/Vedlegg/Diverse/2009/Marin_bioprospektering_080909_lavoppl.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
* National Whitepaper: '''“National strategy for biotechnology”''' describes the Norwegian government’s strategy on biotechnology.<ref name="nat">http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/KD/Vedlegg/Forskning/Bioteknologistrategi.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
* National White paper: '''“Strategy for an Environmentally Sustainable Norwegian Aquaculture Industry”''' describes the Norwegian government’s strategy on aquaculture.<ref name="str">http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/FKD/Vedlegg/Diverse/2009/strategy%20for%20an%20sustainable%20aquaculture.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
* National White paper:''' “Nordområdestrategien”''' describes the Norwegian government’s strategy for research in the high north.<ref name="nor">http://www.regjeringen.no/upload/FKD/Vedlegg/Diverse/2009/strategy%20for%20an%20sustainable%20aquaculture.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
* National Whitepaper:''' "Long-term plan for research and higher education 2015–2024"''' describes the government's focus for 10 years.<ref name="ltp">https://www.regjeringen.no/en/dokumenter/meld.-st.-7-2014-2015/id2005541/?docId=STM201420150007000ENGEPIS&ch=1&q=</ref><br />
<br />
== Research funding schemes and programmes ==<br />
<br />
The '''Research Council of Norway (RCN)''' funds research projects, innovation projects, industrial projects and infrastructure. Relevant research programmes includes:<br />
* '''BIOTEK2021''': A research financing program that finance applied academic research and industrial development of biotechnology.<ref name="biio">http://www.forskningsradet.no/servlet/Satellite?c=Page&pagename=biotek2021%2FHovedsidemal&cid=1253970728155&langvariant=en</ref><br />
* '''Aquaculture- An industry in growth''': A research financing program that finance applied academic research and industrial development on aquaculture and fisheries.<ref name="aqqu">http://www.forskningsradet.no/servlet/Satellite?c=Page&pagename=havbruk%2FHovedsidemal&cid=1226994216892</ref><br />
* '''The ocean and the coast''': A research financing program that finance academic research and industrial development on eco systems and the marine environment.<ref name="occe">http://www.forskningsradet.no/servlet/Satellite?c=Page&cid=1226994156395&pagename=havkyst%2FHovedsidemal</ref><br />
* '''Sustainable Innovation in Food and Bio-based Industries''': A research financing program that finance applied academic research and industrial development of bio-based industries.<ref name="suss">http://www.forskningsradet.no/servlet/Satellite?c=Page&pagename=bionaer%2FHovedsidemal&cid=1253971968584&langvariant=en</ref><br />
* '''Polar research''': A research financing program that finance research on sustainable management and development of industries in the high north.<ref name="poll">http://www.forskningsradet.no/servlet/Satellite?c=Page&pagename=polarforskning%2FHovedsidemal&cid=1231229969369&langvariant=en</ref><br />
* '''Pre-industrial support''': A funding program focused on technology transfer from academia to industry.<ref name="ennt">http://www.forskningsradet.no/prognett-bia/Home_page/1226993636038</ref><br />
* '''Industrial support''': A funding program supporting industrial developments.<ref name="entt">http://www.forskningsradet.no/prognett-bia/Home_page/1226993636038</ref><br />
<br />
'''Innovation Norway''' funds innovation projects with industry and infrastructure. Relevant programmes include:<br />
* Public R&D contracts and Private R&D contracts, where SMBs can be funded with up to 35% in a collaboration project with either a public or private customer.<ref name="pub">http://www.innovasjonnorge.no/Finansiering/IFUOFU/</ref><br />
* Entrepreneurial grant, where start-ups can be funded in an initial period of the company.<ref name="eent">http://www.innovasjonnorge.no/Finansiering/Etablerertilskudd1/</ref><br />
<br />
'''SIVA''' funds infrastructures, such as laboratories and necessary housing for innovation centres.<ref name="siv">http://www.siva.no/internett/cms.nsf/pages/english?open</ref><br />
<br />
Regional research foundations funds research projects, innovation projects, industrial projects and infrastructure.<ref name="reg">http://www.regionaleforskningsfond.no/servlet/Satellite?c=Page&pagename=rff-hovedside/Hovedsidemal&cid=1253954088866</ref><br />
<br />
A collaboration effort exists between Innovation Norway, The research council of Norway, SIVA and equivalent research councils in the United Kingdom to fund innovation and applied research in marine biotechnology.<ref name="col">https://connect.innovateuk.org/web/biosciencesktn/articles/-/blogs/6374683;jsessionid=E2F58BACA08C2F4ECA1F541C658C55B7.MekushUdbew4</ref><br />
<br />
== Research priorities for marine biotechnology research ==<br />
<br />
[[Image:Picture1_Norway.jpg|caption|right|250px]]<br />
::* Bioprospecting / Biodiscovery, Aquaculture, Human and animal health<br />
::* Fisheries<br />
::* Polar research<br />
::* Industrial biotechnology<br />
::* Bio-based industries<br />
<br />
== Strategic documents ==<br />
<br />
* '''Strategy plan for Marine Bioprospecting''': A strategy document formed by the RCN, Innovation Norway and SIVA on how to implement the national strategy for Marin Bioprospecting.<ref name="plaa">http://www.forskningsradet.no/servlet/Satellite?c=Page&cid=1253953666626&pagename=fuge%2FHovedsidemal</ref><br />
<br />
* '''The Arctic and Northern Areas Initiative (Forskning.nord.to)''': The Research Council of Norway’s research strategy for the high north.<ref name="forr">http://www.forskningsradet.no/servlet/Satellite?c=Nyhet&cid=1253968952749&lang=no&pagename=nord%2FHovedsidemal</ref><br />
<br />
* '''HAV21''': The marine strategy for Norway. <ref name="troo">http://www.hav21.no/servlet/Satellite?blobcol=urldata&blobheader=application%2Fpdf&blobheadername1=Content-Disposition%3A&blobheadervalue1=+attachment%3B+filename%3D%22HAV21ENGWEB100dpi.pdf%22&blobkey=id&blobtable=MungoBlobs&blobwhere=1274502425446&ssbinary=true</ref> <br />
<br />
== Infrastructures and coordination and support capacities / initiatives ==<br />
* In 2012, Norway operates 9 local/coastal vessels from 12,2m to 31,25 m; 1 regional vessels of 47,24m (Hakon Mosby); 4 oceanic from 56,80m to 64,40; and 3 global vessels from 66,65m to 102,8m registered at the European Research Vessels InfoBase.<ref name="euroc">http://www.eurocean.org</ref><br />
<br />
* In 2012, Norway maintains about 11 large marine research equipments registered in the European large Exchangeable instruments database. <ref name="eur">http://www.eurocean.org</ref><br />
* Key aquaculture experimental and research facilities in Norway include:<br />
::* Breeding facilities (Aqua Gen AS)<br />
::* Skretting, Marine Harvest (Center for Aquaculture Competence AS)<br />
::* Trial farms (Ewos Innovation AS)<br />
::* Comercial sea based facilities (Fjord Forsøksstasjon Helgeland AS )<br />
::* Grow out sea based facilities( GIFAS - Gildeskål Forskningsstasjon )<br />
::* Cod Breeding Centre Nofima Marin <br />
::* Grow out sea based facilities (NIVA) <br />
::* SEALAB (SINTEF)<br />
::* Aquaculture research station (Havbruksstasjonen)<br />
::* Grow out unit (Val Akva)<br />
::* Grow out sea based facilities (VESO Vikan Akvavet) <br />
::* Cod Farm and Miljølaks (Villa AS)<br />
::* IMR - Flødevigen Research Station (Institute of Marine Research )<br />
::* IMR - Matre Research Station (Institute of Marine Research) <br />
::* CodTech laboratory (NTNU) <br />
::* IMR - Austevoll Research Station (Institute of Marine Research)<br />
<br />
<br />
* '''Biotech North''': BioTech North is the network organisation for the development of biotechnology in the Tromsø region in North Norway.<ref name="tro">http://biotechnorth.no/</ref><br />
* '''10 biotechnology platforms''': These technology platforms have been built up during the course of the FUGE programme. They offer service in different high tech niches to academic researchers and industry.<ref name="ten">http://www.forskningsradet.no/servlet/Satellite?c=Page&cid=1226993591957&pagename=fuge%2FHovedsidemal</ref><br />
* '''MarBank''': A national marine biobank organising the collection, and structuring of the marine biodiversity for research and industrial development.<ref name="ma1">http://www.imr.no/barentshavet/tokt/toktdagbok_2006/dagbok/marbank</ref><ref name="ma2">http://www.noruega.org.pt/PageFiles/575028/7%20Kjersti%20L%20Gabrielsen_Marbank%20-%20A%20national%20collection%20of%20Arctic%20Marine%20Organisms.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== Major initiatives ==<br />
<br />
* The two major initiatives within marine sciences are the '''Aquaculture''' program and the '''BIOTEK2021''' program mentioned above.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Ireland&diff=71634
Marine Biotechnology in Ireland
2016-08-01T13:22:05Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Marine Biotechnology<br />
|Image=Image:Ireland map.gif<br />
}}<br />
{{template:Marinebiotech updated<br />
|month_updated=August<br />
|year_updated=2016<br />
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<br />
== Overarching science strategies, plans and policies==<br />
<br />
* Ireland’s national research agenda is set-out in the '''Strategy for Science, Technology and Innovation''', published in 2006.<ref name="str">http://www.forfas.ie/media/asc060618_sti_strategy.pdf</ref><br />
* The major influence on Ireland’s marine biotechnology strategy is '''Sea Change – A Marine Knowledge, Research and Innovation Strategy for Ireland 2007- 2013'''. Originally published in 2007, Sea Change remains influential in defining the strategic direction of Irish marine research.<ref name="sea">http://www.marine.ie/home/research/SeaChange</ref><br />
* Other related policy and national strategies include,<br />
::* '''Food Harvest 2020''' is a plan for Ireland’s food sector. This Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine strategy sets the vision for Ireland’s food sector, including marine foods and establishes performance targets.<ref name="har">http://www.agriculture.gov.ie/media/migration/agri-foodindustry/foodharvest2020/2020FoodHarvestExeSummary240810.pdf</ref><br />
::* '''Food Research Ireland''' is the strategic research agenda which supports the goals of Food harvest 2020, including a dedicated strategic research agenda for marine origin food materials.<ref name="foo">http://www.agriculture.gov.ie/media/migration/research/FoodResearchIreland.pdf</ref><br />
::* The report from the '''Research Prioritisation Steering Group''', defines national priority research areas. Marine biotechnology research is relevant to research themes in Food for Health, Sustainable Food Production and Processing, Therapeutics, Processing Technologies and Novel Materials.<ref name="pri">http://www.forfas.ie/publications/featuredpublications/title,8958,en.php</ref><br />
<br />
== Research funding schemes and programmes==<br />
<br />
No dedicated funding stream to support marine biotechnology research exists in Ireland. Different agencies provide funds for varying levels of research activity from basic to applied, all of which are awarded on the basis of open competition. <br />
<br />
* '''Science Foundation Ireland''' implements a range of funding initiatives to support research at various levels. Possibilities exist for researchers in marine biotechnology related areas to apply for funds from SFI.<ref name="sci">http://www.sfi.ie/funding/funding-calls/open-calls/assets/templates/default_tpl/images/favicon.ico</ref><br />
* Specifically oriented to food research, including marine foods related research is the '''Food Industry Research Measure (FIRM)''' implemented by the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine.<ref name="fir">http://www.agriculture.gov.ie/research/foodinstitutionalresearchmeasurefirm</ref><br />
* '''Enterprise Ireland''' provides in-company research and development support for firms in most industry sectors. Significant emphasis on encouraging collaboration between industry and the higher education institutes is a feature of EI funding programmes.<ref name="ent">http://www.enterprise-ireland.com/en/funding-supports/</ref><br />
* The Marine Institute through its management of a national marine research funding programme established under a '''National Development Plan''' provided dedicated marine research support.<ref name="mar">http://www.marine.ie/home/funding/MarineNDP2007_2013</ref><br />
* The '''Irish Research Council''' operates research funding initiatives which support early stage researchers at Masters, Doctoral and Postdoctoral levels to engage in exploratory research.<ref name="irc">http://www.ircset.ie/</ref><br />
* The '''Higher Education Authority''' manages an array of programmes designed to enhance the research capabilities, capacity and infrastructure of Ireland’s higher education institutions.<ref name="hea">http://www.hea.ie/en/research</ref><br />
* A database of funded projects is available <ref name="cur">http://www.marine.ie/home/research/ProjectsDatabase/CurrentProjects/</ref><br />
<br />
== Research priorities for marine biotechnology research==<br />
<br />
Objectives set within Sea Change provide insights to marine biotechnology related research priorities. <br />
::* Create a strong, interdisciplinary capability in the utilisation of marine biodiversity, using novel high-throughput techniques, for the development of drugs, therapies and biomaterials.<br />
::* Develop core research capabilities and teams in taxonomy, natural products chemistry, chemogenomics and bioinformatics.<br />
::* Develop capabilities for the isolation and identification of novel chemical compounds or proteins for use by the medical device industry (e.g. adhesives and biofilms).<br />
::* Create science-based capability to support development of opportunities in functional foods based on marine raw materials, and develop strong synergies with research and development programmes in the seafood, food and health sectors.<br />
::* Develop opportunities for participation in internationally funded programmes.<br />
::* Create a strong, interdisciplinary research capability in the identification and utilisation of marine biodiversity as a source of materials for use in functional foods. <br />
::* Develop capabilities to process marine based materials for use by the functional food sector. <br />
::* Create a new research capability in marine functional foods linking indigenous and multi-national food and pharmaceutical industries with researchers at state and third level research institutions.<br />
::* Develop a screening programme for potential seaweed products (including nutritional and biochemical analysis) across the range of candidate species.<br />
<br />
== Strategic documents==<br />
<br />
Links to the main strategic documents are given above. <br />
<br />
== Infrastructures and coordination and support capacities / initiatives==<br />
<br />
The '''Marine Institute''' is responsible for coordination and the provision of support, including policy advice, for marine biotechnology related research. <br />
In respect of research infrastructure, the Marine Institute manages a fleet of research vessels <ref name="min">http://www.marine.ie/home/Research+Vessels.htm</ref>. Additionally, Irish universities and institutes of technologies as well as public research institutes maintain an array of research equipment, some of which is relevant to marine biotechnology. Institutions with significant marine biotechnology related research capabilities include University College, Dublin; the National University of Ireland, Galway; University College, Cork; Limerick University; Tralee Institute of Technology; Waterford Institute of Technology; Cork Institute of Technology; Limerick Institute of Technology and Letterkenny Institute of Technology. Links to each of these institutions<ref name="ins">http://www.hea.ie/en/AboutHEA#Universities</ref>. Teagasc Ireland’s agriculture and food development authority, leads the NutraMara functional foods programme and maintains an extensive research infrastructure. <ref name="tea">http://www.teagasc.ie/</ref><br />
<br />
* In 2012, Ireland operates 2 local/coastal vessels from 15m to 31.4m and 1 global vessel of 65.5m registered at the European Research Vessels Infobase <ref name="eur">http://www.eurocean.org</ref> <br />
* In 2012, Ireland maintains about 3 large marine research equipments registered in the European large Exchangeable instruments database <ref name="eur">http://www.eurocean.org</ref><br />
* Key aquaculture experimental and research facilities in Ireland include <br />
::* Freshwater hatchery (Marine Institute)<br />
::* Martin Ryan Institute Carna (National university of Ireland)<br />
::* Daithi O’Murchu Marine Research Station <br />
::* Aquaculture and Fisheries Development centre (University College Cork, department zoology, ecology and plant science)<br />
<br />
== Major initiatives==<br />
<br />
Major initiatives which incorporate, or have links to marine biotechnology based research include<br />
* '''NutraMara''' – a marine functional foods research programme.<ref name="nut">http://www.marine.ie/home/research/ProjectsDatabase/CurrentProjects/MFFRI.htm</ref><br />
* '''The Beaufort Marine Biodiscovery Project'''.<ref name="bea">http://www.marine.ie/home/research/ProjectsDatabase/CurrentProjects/Marine+Biodiscovery.htm</ref><br />
* '''The Beaufort Fish Population Genetics project'''.<ref name="gen">http://www.marine.ie/home/research/ProjectsDatabase/CurrentProjects/Fish+Population+Genetics.htm</ref><br />
* '''Food for Health Ireland'''.<ref name="fhi">http://www.fhi.ie/</ref><br />
<br />
== Trends and observations== <br />
<br />
'''''Strategy on Marine Biotechnology''''': <br />
Ireland has a national strategy on marine biotechnology, as an element of an overall marine research strategy (Sea Change), focusing on biodiscovery and functional foods/neutraceuticals. A recent broader national research prioritization exercise includes marine functional foods as part of a ‘Food for Health’ priority and opportunities marine biodiscovery research within the ‘Therapeutics’ priority. Links between marine biotechnology and other priority areas also exist. <br />
<br />
== Programs on Marine biotechnology ==<br />
There is no distinct (i.e. ‘ring-fenced’) funding program for marine biotechnology, but marine biotechnology can be funded as part of the funding programmes of a number of funding agencies, ranging from the basic science (Science Foundation Ireland), to specific marine programmes (Marine Institute) and industry-focused programmes (Enterprise Ireland). <br />
<br />
== Funding ==<br />
The Marine Institute operates a national marine research funding programme. From a total annual budget of €8-10M for this programme, spending on marine biotechnology research (Marine Biodiscovery and Marine Functional Foods) accounts for approximately €1.5M/annum. Additional investments from other national funding agencies (e.g. Department of Agriculture, Food and marine; Science Foundation Ireland) amount to approximately €0.5M/annum.<br />
Irish researchers are very active in FP7 funded marine biotechnology projects, including marine biofuels.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Iceland&diff=71633
Marine Biotechnology in Iceland
2016-08-01T13:21:09Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Marine Biotechnology<br />
|Image=Image:Iceland map.gif<br />
}}<br />
<br />
{{template:Marinebiotech updated<br />
|month_updated=August<br />
|year_updated=2016<br />
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== Science strategies, plans and policies ==<br />
<br />
'''The Science and Technology Policy Council'''<ref name="vti">http://www.vt.is/english/</ref> is responsible for setting public policy in matters of science and technology in Iceland. The role of the Science and Technology Policy Council is to support scientific research, science education and technological development in Iceland so as to strengthen the foundations of the Icelandic culture and increase the competitiveness of the economy. Science and Technology Policy and Action Plan for the period 2014 to 2016 is now in effect. <br />
Iceland does not have a dedicated Marine Biotechnology policy, strategy or plan, but there are policy documents, which are partly relevant for biotechnology research issues: <br />
<br />
* '''Iceland 2020'''<ref name="eng">http://eng.forsaetisraduneyti.is/media/2020/iceland2020.pdf</ref> <br />
* '''Science and Technology Policy 2014-2016 from the Science and Technology Policy Council'''<ref name="vti">http://www.vt.is/english/</ref><br />
* '''Iceland’s Green Economy Policy''' <ref name="alt">http://www.althingi.is/pdf/Green_economy.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
== Research funding schemes and programmes ==<br />
<br />
'''The Ministry of Industries and Innovation''' <ref name="inov">https://eng.atvinnuvegaraduneyti.is/</ref> - The Ministry of Fisheries merged in 2012 with the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Tourism and part of the Ministry of Economic Affairs to form the the Ministry of Industries and Innovation. It covers all sectors of ordinary business and economic activity, including biotechnology.<br />
<br />
'''The Icelandic Centre for Research (Rannis)'''<ref name="rannis">https://www.rannis.is/</ref> - RANNIS supports research, innovation, education and culture in Iceland. RANNIS cooperates closely with the Icelandic Science and Technology Policy Council and provides professional assistance in the preparation and implementation of the national science and technology policy.<br />
<br />
:: Main funds administered by Rannis:<br />
::* '''The Technology Development Fund''' – Fund for applied research and innovation projects.<br />
::* '''The Icelandic Research Fund''' – Fund for basic research projects<br />
::* '''Other National Research Funding Programmes''' which have a significant marine research element include:<br />
:::* '''AVS'''<ref name="avss">http://www.avs.is/</ref> - a Research fund for Marine and Fisheries with focus on applied research for value added marine products <br />
:::* '''Átak til atvinnusköpunar'''<ref name="avsss">http://nmi.is/studningur/styrkir/atak-til-atvinnuskoepunar/</ref> – Fund for applied research and innovation projects<br />
<br />
== Research priorities for marine biotechnology research ==<br />
::* Value addition of underutilised materials<br />
:::* Processing by-products<br />
:::* New raw materials, such as seaweed<br />
::* Bioprospecting and bioactive ingredients<br />
::* Marine microorganisms <br />
::* Industrial biotechnology<br />
<br />
== Strategic documents ==<br />
<br />
English versions of strategic documents regarding biotechnology in Iceland are being developed. Most are still only available in Icelandic. An English draft of the Icelandic Biotech Sector Assessment is available but out of date. A report from 2007 on Biotechnology research policy and effort in Iceland that came out of an FP6 project is available but needs to be updated<ref name="bio">http://ec.europa.eu/research/biosociety/pdf/biopolis_iceland_en.pdf</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Infrastructures and coordination and support capacities / initiatives ==<br />
<br />
'''The Marine Research Institute'''<ref name="hafro">http://www.hafro.is/index_eng.php</ref> is a government institute under the auspices of the Ministry of Industries and Innovation. The Institute conducts research regarding marine organisms and provides scientific advice based on its research on marine resources and the environment. The Marine Institute operates two research vessels.<br />
<br />
'''Matis'''<ref name="matis">http://www.matis.is/english</ref> is an independent research institute which strives toward innovation in the food industry, biotechnology and food security. Matis provides consultancy and services to companies in fisheries and agriculture as well as governmental agencies. Matis has participated in numerous international projects and is currently cooperating in a number of international projects, such as: <br />
<br />
::*SafeFishDish COFASP<br />
::*SeaBioTech FP7-KBBE-2012<br />
::*EnRichMar FP7-SME-2013<br />
::*BluePharmTrain FP7-PEOPLE-2013-ITN<br />
::*BlueGenics FP7-KBBE-2012<br />
::*Micro B3 FP7-OCEAN-2011<br />
::*MaCuMBA FP7-KBBE-2012<br />
::*DiscardLess H2020-SFS-2014-2 / RIA<br />
<br />
'''The Iceland Ocean Cluster'''<ref name="ioc">http://www.sjavarklasinn.is/en/</ref> is an innovation network of marine industry companies and start-up companies <br />
<br />
'''Association of Biotech companies'''<ref name="si">http://www.si.is/english</ref> defined by the Federations of Icelandic Industries<br />
<br />
<u>Universities</u><br />
<br />
::*'''University of Iceland'''<ref name="ice">http://english.hi.is/</ref>– Life and environmental science, Food science and nutrition, Center for System biology researchers <br />
::*'''University of Akureyri'''<ref name="akur">http://english.unak.is/</ref> – Natural Resource Sciences<br />
::*'''Hólar University Collage'''<ref name="holar">http://www.holar.is/en/english</ref> - Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology<br />
<br />
== Major initiatives ==<br />
Together with the Nordic countries, Iceland is actively cooperating in bio-economy in general, with its main emphasis on marine biotechnology.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Germany&diff=71632
Marine Biotechnology in Germany
2016-08-01T13:20:24Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Marine Biotechnology<br />
|Image=Image:Germany map.gif<br />
}}<br />
{{template:Marinebiotech updated<br />
|month_updated=August<br />
|year_updated=2016<br />
}}<br />
== Overarching science strategies, plans and policies ==<br />
There are no specific Marine Biotechnology strategies, plans or policies in Germany (yet). Up to now, marine biotechnology is supported as part of more overarching bio-economy and marine/maritime research strategies as described in different documents, including<br />
At the federal level:<br />
* Federal Government adopted the '''“National Research Strategy BioEconomy 2030 – Our Route towards a Biobased Economy"'''(BMBF)<ref name="bmf">http://www.bmbf.de/pub/bioeconomy_2030.pdf </ref> and the '''“National Policy Strategy BioEconomy”''' (BMEL).<ref name="bmell">http://www.google.de/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&ved=0CCYQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmel.de%2FSharedDocs%2FDownloads%2FEN%2FPublications%2FNatPolicyStrategyBioeconomy.pdf%3F__blob%3DpublicationFile&ei=64NkVbviA-Wy7QbAzIGwBg&usg=AFQjCNEP7QceMh4E5SH91ikPpx30CJXyEA</ref> <br />
* '''High-Tech-Strategy 2020''' for Germany from German Federal Government<ref name="hig">http://www.hightech-strategie.de/en/index.php </ref> <br />
<br />
* '''Technology Campaign (Innovationsstrategie)''' of the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi)<ref name="nmwi">http://www.bmwi.de/English/Navigation/Service/publications,did=388738.html</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Nationaler Masterplan Maritime Technologien (NMMT)'''<ref name="nmm"> http://www.nmmt.de/</ref><br />
<br />
* '''“Biotechnologie 2020+ -Next Generation of Biotechnological Processes“''' <ref name="biotechn">http://www.biotechnologie2020plus.de/BIO2020/Navigation/DE/Vision/strategieprozess.html</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Strategy of the German Agricultural Research Alliance''' (dafa - Deutsche Agrarforschungsallianz)<ref name="aquakultur">http://www.dafa.de/fileadmin/dam_uploads/images/Fachforen/FF_Aquakultur/DAFA-FF%20Aquakultur%20eng%20A4%20red.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Framework Program Research for Sustainable Development (FONA)''', a program of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) with strategic alignment.<ref name="fona">http://www.fona.de/</ref><br />
<br />
At the regional level:<br />
* '''“Sea or Future”''' initiative of state Schleswig-Holstein<ref name="sch">http://www.schleswig-holstein.de/MWAVT/DE/Technologie/LandesinitiativeZukunftMeer/Ziele/Ziele_node.html</ref><br />
<br />
* A specific and regional development strategy '''Masterplan Marine Biotechnology Schleswig-Holstein''' has been developed in 2012, followed by an implementation plan in 2013.<br />
<br />
== Research funding schemes and programmes ==<br />
<br />
Marine Biotechnology research activities may be supported under various programmes including:<br />
* '''National Research Strategy BioEconomy 2030''', a program of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)<ref name="pttjj">https://www.ptj.de/bioeconomy</ref> <br />
<br />
* '''Health Research/Health Economy Framework Program''', a program of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)<ref name="pttj">https://www.ptj.de/bioeconomy</ref> <br />
<br />
* '''Next-Generation Maritime Technologies''' a programme of the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi) <ref name="ptjj">https://www.ptj.de/health-research</ref> <br />
<br />
*''' Framework Programme Biotechnology''' a programme of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) <ref name="ptjd">http://www.ptj.de/index.php?index=588</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Framework Programme Research for Sustainable Development (FONA)''' a programme of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) managed by Julich (PJT)<ref name="fon">http://www.fona.de</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Innovationsinitiative industrielle Biotechnologie''' a programme of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) <ref name="jde">http://www.ptj.de/innovationsinibio</ref><br />
<br />
* '''Basistechnologien für eine nächste Generation biotechnologischer Verfahren''' a programme of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) <ref name="bmb">http://www.ptj.de/biobasis </ref><br />
<br />
*''' e:Bio – Innovationswettbewerb Systembiologie''' a programme of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) <ref name="mbf>http://www.ptj.de/e-bio </ref><br />
<br />
* '''Renewable Energy''' a programme of the Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) as part of the Federal Government's 6th Energy Research Programme <ref name="bmu">http://www.ptj.de/index.php?index=636 </ref><br />
<br />
* '''Marine Research''' a programme of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) <ref name="mrp">http://www.ptj.de/index.php?index=626</ref> <br />
<br />
* '''Polar Research''' a programme of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) <ref name="dep">http://www.ptj.de/index.php?index=627 </ref> <br />
<br />
* '''Research for Sustainable Development''' a programme of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) <ref name="rsd">http://www.ptj.de/index.php?index=633</ref> <br />
<br />
* '''“BioRegio-Wettbewerb”''' (1997 bis 2005)<ref name="ita">http://www.itas.fzk.de/tatup/051/dohs05a.htm</ref> <br />
<br />
*''' "BioFuture"''' (Start 1998)<ref name="bfu">http://www.ptj.de/biofuture/ </ref> <br />
<br />
* '''“KMU-innovativ: Biotechnologie – BioChance“'''<ref name="kmu">http://www.bmbf.de/foerderungen/10759.php</ref> <br />
<br />
* '''BioChancePLUS''' (2006-2011)<ref name="bcp">http://www.ptj.de/lw_resource/datapool/_items/item_2673/biochanceplusbekanntmachung2006.pdf</ref> <br />
<br />
* '''"Biotechnologie - Chancen nutzen und gestalten"''' (2001-2010)<ref name="cha">http://www.bmbf.de/foerderungen/12715.php</ref> <br />
<br />
* '''"GO-Bio" im Rahmenprogramm "Biotechnologie - Chancen nutzen und gestalten"'''<ref name="gob">http://www.bmbf.de/foerderungen/12715.php </ref> <br />
<br />
== Private funding mechanisms ==<br />
* '''Volkswagen Foundation''' <ref name="vol">http://www.volkswagenstiftung.de/index.html?L=1 </ref><br />
* '''Fritz Thyssen Stiftung''' <ref name="fri">http://www.fritz-thyssen-stiftung.de/home/?no_cache=1&L=1&cHash=117adf62f5979fb5992654769d2e7644</ref><br />
<br />
== Research priorities for marine biotechnology research ==<br />
::* Aquaculture<br />
::* Bio-based industries<br />
::* Industrial biotechnology<br />
::* Human health<br />
<br />
== Strategic documents (on regional level) ==<br />
* '''Masterplan Marine Biotechnology Schleswig-Holstein''' – a regional development strategy<ref name="masterplan">http://www.lifesciencenord.de/fileadmin/norgenta/pdf/Sonstige/Masterplan_Marine_Biotechnologie_PDF_Version_mit_Submariner_2013-05-02_1_.pdf</ref> <br />
* '''Marine Biotechnologie in Schleswig-Holstein''' - Implementation plan (Umsetzungskonzept)<ref name="lifescn">http://www.lifesciencenord.de/fileadmin/norgenta/pdf/Sonstige/Umsetzungskonzept_Masterplan_Marine_Biotechnologie.pdf </ref> <br />
* '''Nationaler Maritimer Masterplan'''<ref name="spr">http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Redaktion/PDF/Publikationen/nationaler-masterplan-maritime-technologien,property=pdf,bereich=bmwi,sprache=de,rwb=true.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
== Infrastructures and coordination and support capacities / initiatives ==<br />
<br />
* In 2015, Germany operates with a well-resourced fleet of 33 research vessels, registered in the European Research Vessel InfoBase<ref name="rvif">http://www.rvinfobase.eurocean.org/index.jsp</ref><br />
::* 6 global operating research vessels (Merian, Meteor ,Planet, Polarstern, Sonne, Sonne II; length 73 - 118 m)<br />
::* 4 oceanic, 9 regional and 13 local/costal operating research vessels (length 12,50- 64,50 m)<br />
* Further there are 3 autonomous underwater vehicles (3000-6000 depth), 4 remote operated vehicles, 1 manned submersible, and 1 towed camera system in the database for European Large Exchangeable Equipments registered.<ref name="lexiinf">http://www.lexiinfobase.eurocean.org/</ref><br />
<br />
* Key aquaculture experimental and research facilities in Germany include <br />
::* Leibniz Center for Tropical marine Ecology (MAREE)<ref name="zmt">http://www.zmt-bremen.de</ref><br />
::* Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology (Fh-EMB)<ref name="embfraa">http://www.emb.fraunhofer.de/en.html</ref> <br />
::* Gesellschaft für Marine Aquakultur mbH (GMA)<ref name="embfra">http://www.gma-buesum.de/index.php?contentID=1</ref> <br />
<br />
* '''BIO Deutschland''': BIO Deutschland has set itself the objective of supporting and promoting the development of an innovative economic sector based on modern biosciences<ref name="deu">http://www.biodeutschland.org/</ref>.<br />
<br />
* '''Life Science Nord Management GmbH''': Life Science Nord Management GmbH is the project and service company of Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein that supports life science activities in North Germany<ref name="nor">http://www.lifesciencenord.de/ueber-uns/clustermanagement/</ref>. <br />
<br />
* '''BioCon Valley''': BioCon Valley is the initiative for Life Science and health economy of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany<ref name="bcv">http://www.ls.bcv.org/hosting/bcv/website_en.nsf/urlnames/bcv_index_EN?OpenDocument&mnu=bcv_index&submnu= </ref>.<br />
<br />
*''' Fraunhofer Research Institution for Marine Biotechnology''': This Fraunhofer institution EMB in Lübeck is the first one especially for Marine Biotechnology within the Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft.<ref name="fra">http://www.emb.fraunhofer.de/en.html</ref>.<br />
<br />
* '''Cyro-Brehm''': The „German cell bank for wildlife“ is a biomaterial bank specialized on the archival cryogenic storage of propagatable cell cultures from wildlife<ref name="ueb">http://www.emb.fraunhofer.de/en/Uebersichtsindex/cellbank_cryo-brehm.html </ref>.<br />
<br />
* '''GEOMAR I Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel''': GEOMAR is one of the world’s leading institutes in the field of marine sciences<ref name="geo">http://www.geomar.de/en/</ref>. <br />
<br />
* '''Institute of Marine Biotechnology e.V. IMaB''': The IMaB is dedicated to support research and development in the field of marine biotechnology.<ref name="mrbt">http://www.marine-biotechnologie.de/marine/</ref>. <br />
<br />
== Companies related to Marine Biotechnology ==<br />
<br />
* Large Scale Industry: BASF, Evonik, Beiersdorf, Henkel, SternEnzym, Merck, AB Enzym, Symrise, Deutsche See,...<br />
* SME: C-Lecta, Analyticon Discovery, B.R.A.I.N., Subitec, evocatal, BlueBioTech, Sea & Sun Technology,... <br />
<br />
== Major initiatives ==<br />
* Cluster of Excellence''' "The Future Ocean"''' <ref name="fut">http://www.futureocean.org/en/index.php</ref><br />
<br />
== Major observations, trends and future prospects==<br />
In Germany there is a strong focus on Biotechnology, but very little is exclusively targeting marine biotechnology. This may change with the first specific regional development strategy for Marine Biotechnology: the '''Masterplan Marine Biotechnology Schleswig-Holstein''' (Nov 2012).<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_France&diff=71631
Marine Biotechnology in France
2016-08-01T13:15:43Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Marine Biotechnology<br />
|Image=Image:France map.gif<br />
}}<br />
{{template:Marinebiotech updated<br />
|month_updated=August<br />
|year_updated=2016<br />
}}<br />
== Overarching science strategies, plans and policies ==<br />
There are no specific Marine Biotechnology strategies, plans or policies in France at the national level. Overarching French Science & Technology Policy is described in the National Programmation Law for Research and in the National Research Strategy (SNRI)<br />
* '''National Programmation Law for Researc'''h<ref name="npl">http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000426953</ref><br />
* '''National Research Strategy (SNRI)'''<ref name="nrs">http://www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/pid24538/strategie-nationale-recherche-innovation-i.html</ref> <br />
In 2009, the "National strategy for the sea and the oceans" Blue Book laid out France’s maritime policy. The Blue Book reaffirmed France's ambition to know in depth, protect and manage its vast maritime area; a source of economic and ecological wealth.<br />
* '''Blue book - National strategy for the sea and the oceans'''<ref name="blu">http://www.sgmer.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/2009-12-08_-_Blue_Book_-_A_national_strategy_for_the_sea_and_oceans.pdf</ref><br />
The marine research component of the overarching Science & Technology Policy is further elaborated in the strategoci policy document of the French marine science organisation Ifremer: <br />
* '''Exploring the sea to understand the earth''': contribution to a national research strategy for marine sciences for 2020<ref name="ifr">http://w3z.ifremer.fr/strategie/plan_strategique</ref><br />
<br />
== Research funding schemes and programmes ==<br />
<br />
In France, there is no specific call for marine and biotechnological research (apart from the SEAS-ERA call launched in March 2012). However, marine projects can be funded under non-thematic calls for competitive research proposals launched by the '''French Research Council (ANR)''' which operates thematic and blue skies programmes <ref name="agr">http://www.agence-nationale-recherche.fr/</ref>. About 10% of the ANR annual budget is dedicated to marine research. <br />
* The programming document '''Orientations for the ANR Programmation Cycle''' describes each year the main priorities that are going to be addressed through dedicated calls in line with the National Strategy for Research and Innovation (SNRI)<ref name="snr">http://www.agence-nationale-recherche.fr/programmes-de-recherche/les-orientations-2012/</ref>. <br />
<br />
The Work Programme comprises four interlinked components each with a specific budget and governance:<br />
* Major societal challenges<ref name="msc">http://www.agence-nationale-recherche.fr/en/funding-opportunities/major-societal-challenges/</ref><br />
<br />
* At the frontiers of research<ref name="for">http://www.agence-nationale-recherche.fr/en/funding-opportunities/at-the-frontiers-of-research/</ref><br />
<br />
* Building the European Research Area (ERA) and France's international attractiveness<ref name="era">http://www.agence-nationale-recherche.fr/en/funding-opportunities/building-the-european-research-area-and-france-s-international-attractiveness/</ref><br />
<br />
* Economic impact of research and competitiveness<ref name="eirc">http://www.agence-nationale-recherche.fr/en/funding-opportunities/economic-impact-of-research-and-competitiveness/</ref><br />
<br />
Other National Research Funding Programmes which may be relevant for marine biotechnology research include:<br />
* '''ADEME''' (the French Environment and Energy Management Agency) can launch calls that can be relevant for Marine sciences (climate change, micro-algal biomass for biofuels, …) <ref name="ade">http://www2.ademe.fr/servlet/getDoc?id=38480&m=3&cid=96</ref>. <br />
* '''LITEAU''' (National Programme Coastal Management) managed by Ministry for Ecology, Energy, Sustainable Development, Territory Planning (MEEDDAT) <ref name="mee">http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/index.php3</ref><br />
: Since 1998, the LITEAU Programme aims at improving sea and coastal areas management by supporting science-based projects at the interface between land and sea, dealing with social-ecological systems through multidisciplinary approach and stakeholders’ participation (e.g. pollutions, marine protected areas, coastal ecological engineering).<ref name="ddg">www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/index.php3</ref><br />
* '''The LEFE Programme''' (The planetary Fluid Envelopes and the Environment) is managed by INSU and is dedicated to support research on the understanding of the physical, physic-chemical and biogeochemical processes that control the dynamics and the variability of the ocean, the atmosphere and their interfaces. It is composed of 5 main actions: atmospheric chemistry; biogeochemical cycles, environment and resources; operational oceanography; interactions between atmosphere, ice and ocean; numerical methods.<ref name="insu">http://www.insu.cnrs.fr/lefe</ref><ref name="ifreme">http://www.ifremer.fr/sismer/program/seasearch/htql/prj_edmerp.htql?CPRJ=LEFE</ref><br />
<br />
* '''The EC2CO''' Programme (Continental and Coastal Ecosphere) is coordinated by INSU. It supports interdisciplinary research on major environmental issues on the continental and coastal ecosphere through 4 actions: biogeochemistry, hydrology and ecosystem functioning; ecotoxicology and pollutants dynamics; environmental microbiology; dynamics of littoral interfaces.<ref name="insucnrs">http://www.insu.cnrs.fr/node/1497</ref><ref name="cnrsfr">www.cnrs.fr/prg/PIR/programmes/ec2co.htm </ref> <br />
<br />
== Strategic documents ==<br />
<br />
In November 2012, upon demand by the secretaries of state of research and environment, the Alliance for the Environment (AllEnvi, a group of French research agencies) published an inventory and challenges of research and innovation in marine sciences under the title The Marine Programme. The Marine Program presents an inventory of French research on marine and coastal environments, their means of study and the technological developments they sustain, and identifies key issues in terms of knowledge and public policy.<br />
* '''The Marine Program: Inventory and challenges of research and innovation in marine sciences'''<ref name="tmp"><br />
http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/Le-programme-mer-etat-des-lieux-et.html</ref><br />
<br />
* A '''working group on marine biotechnology''' was set up in the context of the cluster Europôle Mer, aiming at elaborating a position paper related to Marine biotechnology in the West part of France (regions Bretagne and Pays de la Loire). This document that include recommendations and priorities for developing the Marine biotech sector shall be available on line in April-May 2015.<br />
<br />
== Private funding mechanisms ==<br />
<br />
* '''BPI France''' is a public-sector institution dedicated to economic development and a key source of financing and other support for SMEs<ref name="bpi">http://www.bpifrance.fr/Bpifrance/Nos-metiers/International</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Research priorities for marine biotechnology research ==<br />
n/a <br />
<br />
== Infrastructures and coordination and support capacities / initiatives ==<br />
<br />
* '''ALLENVI Groupe Mer''' – Working group of Association of Research Operators in Environment. Programme Mer. ALLENVI published (end of 2012) strategic document “The Marine Program: Inventory and challenges of research and innovation in marine sciences” (see above).<ref name="all">http://www.allenvi.fr/?page_id=335</ref> <br />
* '''Biogenouest''' - the life science core facility network in Western France which comprises a Marine component which is open for all interested parties extending beyond the region.<ref name="oue">http://www.biogenouest.org/index.php?pa=N100&la=en</ref><br />
* Regional Clusters<br />
::* '''CapBiotek''' - Regional Cluster in Biotechnologies in Brittany <ref name="cap">http://www.capbiotek.fr/index.php</ref><br />
::* '''Blue Cluster''' - Regional Cluster in Biotechnologies in Pays de la Loire<ref name="atl">http://www.atlanpolebluecluster.eu/</ref><br />
::* '''Pole Mer Bretagne Atlantique''' - Global economic competitiveness cluster in Brittany<ref name="pmb">http://www.pole-mer-bretagne.com/innovate-to-prosper.php</ref><br />
::* '''Pole Mer PACA''' - Global economic competitiveness cluster in Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur<ref name="aca">http://en.polemermediterranee.com/International/International-strategy</ref><br />
::* '''Europole Mer “Blue Network”''' - an informal coordination structure with about 20 members with one of the focal areas (Axe 1) on marine genomics and blue chemistry (related to biotech)<ref name="pol">http://www.europolemer.eu/en/what-is-europole-mer.php</ref><br />
* Currently, France operates 13 local/coastal vessels from 10m to 30m ; 1 regional vessel of 36m (Antea); 1 oceanic of 56 m (Le Suroit); and 5 global vessels from 65m to 120,5m managed by the French Oceanographic Fleet. These boats are registered at the European Research Vessels Infobase.<ref name="euroc">http://www.eurocean.org</ref> <br />
* In 2014, France maintains about 12 large marine research equipments included manned submersibles and remote operated vehicles, and autonomous underwater vehicle registered in the European large Exchangeable instruments database.<ref name="euroc">http://www.eurocean.org</ref>.<br />
* Key aquaculture experimental and research facilities in France include <br />
::* '''Ifremer Station experimentale d’Aquaculture'''<ref name="sea">http://www.ifremer.fr</ref><br />
::* '''Ifremer Laboratoire ARN'''<ref name="arn">http://wwz.ifremer.fr/pfom/Organisation-et-personnel/ARN</ref><br />
::* '''Station Biologique Roscoff'''<ref name="sbr">http://www.sb-roscoff.fr/roscoff-marine-station</ref><br />
::* '''Observatoire Oceanologique de Banyuls sur mer'''<ref name="obs">http://www.obs-banyuls.fr/en/index.php</ref><br />
::* '''Observartoire Oceéanologique de Villefranche sur mer'''<ref name="vlf">http://www.obs-vlfr.fr/</ref><br />
::* '''Institut Universitaire Européen de la Mer'''<ref name="iue">http://www-iuem.univ-brest.fr/</ref><br />
::* '''Centre d’Océanologie de Marseille'''<ref name="mrs">http://www.com.univ-mrs.fr/</ref><br />
<br />
== Major initiatives ==<br />
* R&D and Infrastructures projects funded in the frame of '''“Investissements d’avenir”''' ANR<br />
::* '''IDEALG''' – Consortium of 18 different partners from the academic sector (CNRS, IFREMER, UEB, UBO, UBS, ENSCR, University ofNantes, INRA, AgroCampus), the industrial sector (C-WEED, Bezhin Rosko, Aleor, France Haliotis, DuPont) as well as a technical centre specialized in seaweeds (CEVA) in order to foster biotechnology applications within the seaweed field. Budget of € 10 Millions for 10 years<ref name="ueb">http://www.idealg.ueb.eu/</ref>Contact: Philippe Potin (potin@sb-roscoff.fr) & Monique Ras (monique.ras@sb-roscoff.fr)<br />
::* '''OCEANOMICS''' – Project providing scientific prolongation of the Tara-Oceans expedition with a budget of €8 Millions for ten years coordinated by Station Biologique de Roscoff <ref name="oce">http://oceans.taraexpeditions.org/</ref>Contact: Colomban de Vargas (vargas@sb-roscoff.fr)<br />
::* '''GREENSTARS''' – Institute of Excellence Energy on biofuelsContact : Jean-Philippe Steyer<br />
::* '''EMBRC-Fr''' - French component of the European European Marine Biological Resource Centre (EMBRC), an ESFRI Roadmap Research Infrastructure with a budget of €16 Millions over 10 years<ref name="emb">http://www.embrc.eu/</ref> Contact : Ian Probert (probert@sb-roscoff.fr) & Anne-Emmanuelle Kervella (akervella@sb-roscoff.fr)<br />
::* '''LABEX Mer, Ocean in Change''' – Laboratory of Excellence in marine research Ocean in Change <ref name="bex">http://www.labexmer.eu</ref>Contact: Yves-Marie Paulet (paulet@univ-brest.fr)<br />
* '''FRB Fondation pour la Recherche sur la Biodiversité''' – Foundation for Biodiversity research<ref name="frb">http://www.fondationbiodiversite.fr/</ref><br />
* '''Company for the acceleration of the technology transfer (SATT) Ouest Valorisation''' was officially created on 20 July 2012 with a regional remit covering the areas Brittany and Pays de la Loire. It is endowed with €66.5mn over 10 years to improve the results of public research through licenses, industrial partnerships, new business start-ups, or by facilitating the mobility of the researchers. It brings together research centers and higher education bodies (French acronym: PRES) from the European University of Brittany (27%) and the Nantes Angers Le Mans university (21%), CNRS (15%), Inserm (3%), IRD (1%) and the State via Caisse des Dépôts (33%) with a head office in Rennes and two secondary establishments in Brest and Nantes. Marine Biotechnology will be one of the 4-5 focal areas of the SATT (Website under construction).<br />
* France has a wide range of marine resource and biotechnology companies ranging from small SME’s to major multinationals. Some notable examples of companies with know marine biotechnology research activities, include major players such as SANOFI (pharmaceuticals), Laboratoire Pierre Fabre (pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, plant and innovation technology research), L’Oreal (Cosmetics, beauty products and perfumes, Lallemand (yeast bacteria and speciality ingredients) and more than 50 Innovative SMEs (from pharma to food and cosmetics) such as Hemarina.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Denmark&diff=71630
Marine Biotechnology in Denmark
2016-08-01T13:14:14Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Marine Biotechnology<br />
|Image=Image:Denmark map.gif<br />
}}<br />
{{template:Marinebiotech updated<br />
|month_updated=August<br />
|year_updated=2016<br />
}}<br />
== Overarching science strategies, plans and policies ==<br />
<br />
* National Whitepaper:''' “Research2020”''' description of the focus areas for strategic research. The paper was published in May 2013.<ref name="res">http://ufm.dk/en/research-and-innovation/political-priority-areas/research2020</ref><br />
<br />
== Research funding schemes and programmes ==<br />
<br />
* '''Innovation Fund Denmark (IFD)''' was established 1 April 2014 by a merger between the Danish Council for Strategic Research (DSF), the Danish Council for Technology and Innovation (RTI) and the Advanced Technology Foundation (Højteknologifonden). During 2014 the programmes operated by the three units were concluded, and as of 1 January 2015 a complete reorganisation is being instituted. After the reorganisation IFD offers support for three different project categories:<br />
::* '''Talents:''' For undergraduates, recent graduates or postgraduate researchers aiming to become entrepreneurs or to secure a research career in the private sector.<br />
::* '''InnoBooster:''' For small enterprises and entrepreneurs with sound development plans.<br />
::* '''Large scale projects:''' For substantial investments and long-term projects/partnerships where the focus is on research, technology, experimental development and market development.<br />
<br />
* - In 2015 the Innovation Fund Denmark will invest just under DKK 1.6 bn in new initiatives to create growth and employment in Denmark.<br />
<br />
* The '''Danish Council for Independent Research (DFF)''' funds specific research activities, within all scientific areas, that are based on the researchers' own initiatives and that improve the quality and internationalisation of Danish research. The Danish Council for Independent Research is comprised of a Board of Directors and five scientific research councils of which the following are relevant:<br />
::* Natural Sciences (FNU) covers all aspects of research geared towards basic scientific issues within the natural sciences, computer science and mathematics.<br />
::* Technology and Production Sciences (FTP) covers (among several others) these scientific fields: biotechnology, food sciences and use of natural resources.<br />
<br />
* The Market Development Fund (Markedsmodningsfonden) is allocating DKK 405M for market maturation of novel and innovative products. Companies can apply for co-financing of testing and adaption of their products under reality-like conditions or co-financing of guarantees for the end-user to mitigate the buyer’s uncertainty about investing in novel technology.<br />
<br />
* The '''Danish Growth Fund (Vækstfonden)''' is a state investment fund, which aims to create new growth companies by providing venture capital and competence.<br />
<br />
== Private funding mechanisms ==<br />
<br />
* The '''Novo Nordisk Foundation awards''' grants mainly for medical research but also considerable contributions to other scientific, humanitarian and social causes.<br />
<br />
* The '''Carlsberg Foundation''' provides support for basic scientific research in (among others) natural sciences.<br />
<br />
* The '''Villum Foundation''' supports research activities in the natural and technical sciences. Grants are made for pioneering research, but the Foundation also supports the dissemination of scientific and technical research.<br />
<br />
== Research priorities for marine biotechnology ==<br />
<br />
In 2010 the Danish Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries published a report entitled '''‘Havet – en uudnyttet resource’ (The Sea – an unexploited resource)'''. It was a knowledge synthesis on Danish opportunities in marine biotechnology and other exploitation of the marine resources. The report identified six themes where focused, interdisciplinary research and development efforts are likely to generate significant economic results within shorter and longer perspectives:<br />
::* Use of marine biomass (beyond traditional fisheries)<br />
::* Cultivation of commodities in and from the sea<br />
::* Health-promoting ingredients<br />
::* Discovery of new substances, materials and biological activities and principles<br />
::* Extraction of valuable biochemical substances<br />
::* Biofilms<br />
<br />
== Infrastructures and coordination and support capacities / initiatives ==<br />
<br />
* The '''Danish Centre for Marine Research''' <ref name="dcm">http://www.danskhavforskning.net/Service/English</ref> is initiated by the Danish academic community. The overall aims of the centre are:<br />
::* Administration of the funds to cover chartering of research ships<br />
::* Coordinate and facilitate rental of research equipment between institutions<br />
::* Facilitate international charter contracts of research vessels<br />
<br />
* The '''Scandinavian Culture Collection of Algae and Protozoa (SCCAP)''' <ref name="scc">http://www.sccap.dk</ref> at the University of Copenhagen contains in particular marine nanoplankton flagellates, benthic marine brown and green algae, and a growing number of dinoflagellates. The SCCAP presently comprises more than 900 strains (c. 265 genera and 460 species) with representatives from most algal divisions. Nearly 700 are available to the public.<br />
<br />
* The '''Seaweed Network in Denmark (SND)''' promote the production, application, communication and knowledge of seaweed, and also strengthen the national collaboration. SND consist of more than 200 members from industry, universities, authorities within the research, projects and product development range within the areas of utilization of the entire seaweed as food or feed, the biochemicals as nutraceuticals or other food (and feed) ingredients and residuals bioenergetically purposes as well as cultivation and breeding of seaweed.<br />
<br />
* In 2012, Denmark operates 2 local/coastal vessels of 15m and 15.48m; 1 global of 78.43m and 1 oceanic vessel of 56.6m registered at the European Research Vessels Infobase <ref name="eur">http://www.eurocean.org</ref> <br />
* Key aquaculture experimental and research facilities in Denmark include <br />
::* Experimental facilities at DTU Aqua <br />
::* Experimental facility at SINTEF<br />
<br />
== Major initiatives ==<br />
<br />
None presently<br />
<br />
== Major observations, trends and future prospects ==<br />
<br />
* Denmark has a long tradition for exploiting resources from the aquatic environment, which is reflected in ongoing research at universities and research institutes, and production in Danish industry. Research groups focusing on marine biotechnology are located at six universities and two technological research institutes.<br />
* Among major industries having interest in marine biotechnology should be mentioned Novozymes, which are searching for new enzymes and exploitation of biological application of enzymes in the marine area. Further, several companies are producing ingredients from marine raw materials, of which could be mentioned CP Kelco, Danisco and Chr. Hansen. Within the pharmaceutical areas companies such as LeoPharma and GEA has expressed interest in products from the marine area. The company Hempel is a major producer of ship paints, and as such has a pronounced interest in understanding how biofilms are formed and how growth of organisms on submerged surfaces can be prevented.<br />
* The association DanskBiotek <ref name="bio">http://www.danskbiotek.dk/uk/about-dansk-biotek</ref> works for common interest of the biotechnology interests in Denmark.<br />
* The Danish research councils have previously supported research in marine biotechnology with funds for operating a marine biotechnology research centre. Presently research support is given to individual projects applied for in completion with other projects in the biological, biochemical or technical areas. The Innovation Fund Denmark is participating in ERA-NET MarineBiotech and has granted EUR 1 M for the first call. <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Belgium&diff=71629
Marine Biotechnology in Belgium
2016-08-01T13:13:25Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Marine Biotechnology<br />
|Image=Image:Belgium map.gif<br />
}}<br />
{{template:Marinebiotech updated<br />
|month_updated=August<br />
|year_updated=2016<br />
}}<br />
== Overarching science strategies, plans and policies ==<br />
<br />
There is no specific Marine Biotechnology strategy, plan or policy in Belgium. Overarching Belgian Science & Technology Policy for the period 2014-2019 is described in different Policy documents, including: <br />
<br />
* '''Annual Policy note''' of the Belgian Federal Minister of Science Policy<ref name="not">http://www.dekamer.be/flwb/pdf/54/0020/54K0020003.pdf</ref>.<br />
<br />
* '''Policy note''' of the Flemish Minister of Science Policy <ref name="spo">https://www.vlaanderen.be/nl/publicaties/detail/beleidsnota-2014-2019-werk-economie-wetenschap-en-innovatie</ref>.<br />
<br />
<br />
== Research funding schemes and programmes ==<br />
<br />
There are no specific National Research Funding Programmes dedicated specifically to Marine Biotechnology, but marine biotech research activities may be funded under a wide range of federal and regional instruments. The main research funding organisations are the Department of Economy Science and Innovation ('''EWI''') of the Flemish government, the Research Foundation - Flanders ('''FWO''') and the Flemish government agency for Innovation by Science and Technology ('''IWT''') in Flanders, the Walloon Research Foundation ('''FNRS''') in Wallonia and the Belgian Science Policy Office ('''Belspo''') at the Federal level. <br />
<br />
* At the federal level, Marine Research is supported under the '''Science for a Sustainable Development Programme (SSD)''' <ref name="ssd"> http://www.belspo.be/SSD</ref> managed by the Belgian Science Policy Office <ref name="bel"> http://www.belspo.be</ref>, with a database of funded projects <ref name="dat">http://www.belspo.be/belspo/fedra/pres_en.stm</ref> and a description of the North Sea (sub)programme since 1970<ref name="nsp">http://www.belspo.be/northsea</ref>.<br />
<br />
* At the regional level, funding from organisations such as FWO and IWT in Flanders and FNRS in Wallonia is based on excellence with yearly competitive proposal submissions for personal grants and working funds. In most cases, funding is bottom up and for an innovation oriented agency like IWT valorisation of research is an important criterium.<br />
<br />
==Research priorities==<br />
<br />
(FWO in principal supports all topics seen its bottom-up approach.)<br />
::* Metabolomics<br />
::* Bioprospecting<br />
::* Feed production and disease control (vaccines, probiotics, ...) in aquaculture<br />
::* Metagenomics, model organisms<br />
::* Biofuels from algae<br />
::* Omega 3, lipids and chitosan as functional foods<br />
::* Biosensors<br />
<br />
== Strategic documents ==<br />
<br />
* A full comprehensive overview of science policy in Belgium at all levels (Federal, Regional and Communities) is provided in '''Belgian Report on Science, Technology and Innovation 2010'''<ref name="brs">http://www.belspo.be/belspo/home/publ/pub_ostc/BRISTI/Bristi_tome1_2010_en.pdf </ref>.<br />
<br />
== Infrastructures and coordination and support capacities / initiatives ==<br />
<br />
* In Flanders there are a range of relevant networks and research institutes with relevant activities. The most important ones are:<br />
<br />
::* '''Vlaams Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB)''' - VIB is a life sciences research institute in Flanders, Belgium. With more than 1200 scientists from over 60 countries, VIB performs basic research into the molecular foundations of life.VIB is an excellence-based entrepreneurial institute that focuses on translating basic scientific results into pharmaceutical, agricultural and industrial applications. VIB works in close partnership with four universities − UGent, K.U.Leuven, University of Antwerp and Vrije Universiteit Brussel and is funded by the Flemish government. There are a number of bio-incubators either linked to the universities or the VIB <ref name="vib">http://www.vib.be</ref>.<br />
<br />
::* Flemish Marine biotechnology Platform '''Mariene Biotechnologie Platform Vlaanderen''' is a multi-disciplinary collaboration between industry and academia in the field of marine biotechnology in the Flanders region, Belgium. <br />
<br />
::* The network '''Vlaams Aquacultuurplatform''' provides a platform of researchers, industry representatives, ngo’s and other stakeholders involved or interested in aquaculture research and commercialization. It can be considered as an independent advisory body for research and policy in the area of aquaculture in Belgium and Europe <ref name="aqu">http://www.aquacultuurvlaanderen.be/</ref>.<br />
<br />
::* Flemish platform for Algae Research ('''Vlaams Algen Platform''')<ref name="vap">http://www.fi-sch.be/nl/programmas/micro-algen/vlaams-algen-platform/</ref><br />
<br />
::* Industrial Biotech Cluster Flanders ('''CINBIOS''')<ref name="cin">http://cinbios.be </ref><br />
<br />
::* Flanders strategic Initiative for Sustainable Chemistry ('''FISCH''')<ref name="fis">http://www.fi-sch.be/</ref><br />
<br />
::* '''Bio-based Europe''' is an open innovation and education centre for the bio-based economy jointly supported by Flanders and The Netherlands. It offers state-of-the-art research and training facilities to speed up the economic growth, innovation capacity, and sustainable development of the economy. The Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant in Ghent (Belgium) offers the capability to use common research and pilot bio-refinery infrastructure, thus shortening development time and minimizing costs<ref name="bbe">http://www.bbeu.org </ref>.<br />
<br />
::* There are a number of Technology parks installed in major cities such as Ghent, Leuven, Antwerp and Hasselt. While they are broader in scope they have important biotechnology activities including marine aspects.<br />
<br />
* The Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO) is funding and coordinating the '''Belgian Co-ordinated Collections of Micro-organisms (BCCM™)'''<ref name="bcc">http://bccm.belspo.be/index.php</ref> consisting of seven complementary research-based service culture collections among others diatoms and cyanobacteria collections. The BCCM™ consortium aims to share the biological material of its collections, related information, as well as its experience and know-how in the field of fundamental and applied (micro)biology, to the benefit of its partners and clients in the academic and industrial communities.<br />
<br />
* The '''Joint Experimental Molecular Unit (JEMU)''' <ref name="jem">http://jemu.myspecies.info/about-jemu</ref> is an integrated research infrastructure funded by the Belgian Science Policy Office (BELSPO) and supported by the Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS, Brussels) and the Royal Museum for Central Africa (RMCA, Tervuren). JEMU aims at supporting scientific research on natural history collections in the fields of DNA barcoding, phylogeny reconstruction and archiving biological specimens.<br />
<br />
* In 2014, Belgium operates 1 local/coastal vessels of 36 m (Simon Stevin operated by VLIZ <ref name="vli">http://www.vliz.be</ref>) and a regional vessel of 50,90 m (Belgica, operated by MUMM<ref name="mum">http://www.mumm.ac.be/NL/</ref>), registered at the European Research Vessels Infobase <ref name="eur">http://www.eurocean.org</ref>. <br />
<br />
* In 2012, Belgium maintains about 3 large marine research equipments registered in the European large Exchangeable instruments database <ref name="eur">http://www.eurocean.org</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Major initiatives ==<br />
<br />
There are currently no overarching national initiatives on Marine Biotechnology. There are some thematic and cross-cutting coordination activities in Flanders (see above). <br />
One of the most important recent initiatives at the Flemish level is the establishment, early 2012, of the Flemish Marine biotechnology Platform '''Mariene Biotechnologie Platform Vlaanderen'''. This platform was initiated by Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), the Flemish Ministry of Science and Innovation (EWI), the Flemish Government to bring together researchers, industry, biodiversity users, policy makers/advisors and all other actors involved in marine biotech research in Flanders to discuss the opportunities and map the existing capacity and expertise in Flanders as well as the potential for the future. Members include relevant scientists and experts from all research performing organisations in Flanders (Universities, Flemish Institute for Biotechnology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research etc.) and two major research funding agencies (FWO Flanders and IWT) as well as private companies with an interest in marine biotechnology (ixX Pharma, Proviron, OVOLIFE, etc.). The platform aims to increase the visibility of marine biotechnology in Flanders which may contribute to the general recognition of the research, promote Interdisciplinarity and lead to improved cooperation with experts from the industry. A webportal has been developed in 2013 which gives an overview of most of the relevant actors in Flanders and the reports of all gatherings. <ref name="biotech">http://www.mariene-biotechnologie.be</ref><br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Slovenia&diff=71628
Marine Biotechnology in Slovenia
2016-08-01T13:12:36Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Marine Biotechnology<br />
|Image=Image:Slovenia map.gif<br />
}}<br />
== Overarching science strategies, plans and policies ==<br />
<br />
The Ministry of Education, Science, Culture and Sport (MESCS) and particularly the Science division as part of the Directorate for Higher education and Science, defines the expert bases for the adoption of political documents in the field of research policy and plans the required financial resources for research. <br />
There are no specific Marine Biotechnology strategies, plans or policies being implemented in Slovenia.<br />
The Research and Innovation Strategy of Slovenia (RISS) is the key strategic and political document of the Slovenian policy on research and innovation. It is currently being implemented in collaboration with the Ministry of Economic Development and Technology and other relevant stakeholders, who have contributed to the development of the program. <br />
Currently the new National Industrial Policy is being prepared together with the National Development Strategy for the 2014-2020 period. The two documents already take into account Smart specialization. They are however not yet public. <br />
Biotechnology has been a priority in the previous National Research and Development programme and will continue to hold a strategic place in both documents currently being prepared.<br />
<br />
== Research funding schemes and programmes ==<br />
<br />
The financing of research activities is mainly implemented through the Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS) and the Slovenian Technology Agency (TIA). The main instruments are research programs (long term, 5-year projects), basic and applied research projects, targeted research programs, the young researcher program, research infrastructures and international cooperation. Closer to market activities are funded by the Public Agency for Entrepreneurship, Internationalization, Foreign Investments and Technology or through different calls funded through European Structural Funds. The latter will also be used in synergy with different Horizon 2020 programs.<br />
<br />
== Research priorities for marine biotechnology research ==<br />
<br />
The RISS defines the R&D priorities for the next decade (2011 - 2020). They were established on the basis of the National Research and Development programme 2006 - 2010 and other stakeholder consultations. They are also being followed by the Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS) and the Slovenian Technology Agency when they issue calls for basic or/and applied research projects. These priorities are:<br />
::* Information and communication technologies,<br />
::* Modern (new) synthetic metal and non-metal materials and nanotechnologies,<br />
::* Complex systems and innovative technologies,<br />
::* Technologies for sustainable economy, and<br />
::* Health and life science.<br />
The National Industrial Policy and the National Development Strategy take into account Smart specialization, but are not yet public. Priorities set in those documents can be communicated once the documents are publicised.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''The Research and Innovation Strategy of Slovenia''' (RISS) defines the R&D priorities for the 2011 – 2020 period. They priorities also being followed by the Slovenian Research Agency (ARRS) when it issues calls for basic or/and applied research projects. The priorities relevant to biotechnology include: modern (new) synthetic metal and non-metal materials and nanotechnologies, complex systems and innovative technologies, technologies for a sustainable economy, and health and life sciences. '''The Slovenian Industrial Policy''' aims at supporting key emerging technologies, including biotechnology. '''The Smart Specialisation strategy''' includes Natural and traditional resources for the future as a priority area, allowing for the transition to circular economy, which will among other require technologies for sustainable biomass transformation and new biobased materials. <br />
<br />
== Strategic documents ==<br />
<br />
There are no documents devoted to Marine Biotechnology. <br />
<br />
== Infrastructures and coordination and support capacities / initiatives ==<br />
<br />
* Slovenia operates 1 local/coastal vessels of 11,98m (Sagita), with a dry and wet lab and associated field equipment, registered at the European Research Vessels Infobase <ref name="eur">http://www.eurocean.org</ref>, <br />
* A 7m long working boat<br />
* A salt water laboratory aquarium with lab to sea interflow capability<br />
* Marine Biology Station Piran of the National Institute of biology (MBP, NIB) - The Marine Biology Station is currently the only research group in Slovenia devoted to maritime scientific research and professional work. Collaborating with high calibre foreign marine research centres, it represents a national focal point for development in the area of marine research. There are 35 people routinely employed at the MBS, comprising of 19 researchers, 8 young researchers and 8 technical and administrative collaborators. The research work is periodically augmented by students and trainee postgraduate and postdoctoral fellows with various disciplines. The infrastructure of the Marine Biology Station Piran includes:<br />
::* Research laboratories (biological, chemical, microbiological etc)<br />
::* A salt water laboratory aquarium with lab to sea interflow capability<br />
::* Congress hall (95 seats), classrooms (40 seats), biology practice laboratory, meeting rooms (25 persons), dormitory (24 beds)<br />
::* Library with 1500 scientific monographs and 60 specialized journals<br />
::* A diving base with workshop<br />
::* A 12m long research vessel, with a dry and wet lab and associated field equipment and a 7m long working boat<br />
* Laboratory of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering of the National Institute of Chemistry, focuses on process and product modelling of reaction kinetics, transport phenomena and fluid mechanics, sensitivity analysis, optimisation, intensification, economical valorisation relating to cultivation and growth of microalgae under different conditions, that is light intensity, nutrient concentration, and process conditions such as temperature, pH, aeration, CO2 content, flow conditions, etc. Infrastructures and coordination and support capacities / initiatives include:<br />
::* Bioreactors: batch, semi-batch, continuous, etc.<br />
::* Downstream processing: extraction, distillation, absorption, etc.<br />
::* Analytics: temperature, pH, redox potential, nutrient concentration, cell number, chlorophyll, oxygen, lipid content, lipid fatty acid profile<br />
::* Biodiesel, biogas, pyrolysis, gasification and combustion equipment<br />
<br />
== Major initiatives ==<br />
<br />
'''Slovenian participation in the Marine Biotechnology ERA-NET'''<br />
MIZS participates in the Marine Biotechnology ERA-NET (ERA-MBT). MIZS has participated in the first ERA-MBT joint transnational call for research proposals. Six Slovenian participants participated in consortia that applied to the call, covering the following topics:<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="1" cellspacing="0" width="800px"<br />
|-<br />
| ''microalgae, photobioreactors, extraction, downstream, pufas, carotenouds, sterols, protein isolation, protein hydrolysis, enzyme activity assays, membrane filtration, expanded bed adsorption, extraction using green solvents, activity testing, NMR''<br />
|- <br />
| ''aquaculture waste stream, recycling, bioactive compounds, fermentation''<br />
|- <br />
|''algae diatoms, natural extracts, food additives, biomaterials, high-added value products, harmful algae bloom, environment, sustainability, alternative protein, fatty acids, EPA, DHA, carbohydrates, biomedicine''<br />
|- <br />
|''extraction, high value products, enzymes in processing steps, reduced energy consumption''<br />
|- <br />
|''bio-products; biosynthetic pathways; cyanobacteria; CyanoCoreReactor; genomics; genetic tools; integrated solution; metabolic pathway modeling; natural mutants; photobioreactors; pyrosequencing; secondary metabolites; synthetic cyanobacteria'' <br />
|- <br />
|''enzyme, whole cell, biocatalysis, aroma, cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, ionic liquid, supercritical fluid extraction, microfluidic system, microbioreactor.''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
The MAR3BIO project (Biorefinery and biotechnological exploitation of marine biomasses), with the National institute of Chemistry being the Slovenian beneficiary, was funded through the first call. <br />
MIZS also participates in the second ERA-MBT joint transnational call for research proposals, again receiving six applications with Slovenian participants.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''FP7 projects in the marine with Slovene participation'''<br />
<br />
<br />
{| border="0.5" cellspacing="0" width="800px"<br />
! Project<br />
! Slovenian Participant<br />
|-<br />
| '''MAREX''': Exploring Marine Resources for Bioactive Compounds: From Discovery to Sustainable Production and Industrial Applications<br />
| University of Ljubljana – Faculty of Pharmacy<br />
|- <br />
| '''VECTORS''': Vectors of Change in Oceans and Seas Marine Life, Impact on Economic Sectors<br />
|University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Maritime Studies and Transport<br />
|-<br />
|'''SMS''': Sensing toxicants in Marine waters makes Sense using biosensors<br />
|National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station<br />
|-<br />
|'''KILL-SPILL''': Integrated Biotechnological Solutions for Combating Marine Oil Spills<br />
|Institute for Microbial Sciences and Technologies<br />
<br />
|-<br />
|'''ECSAFESEAFOOD''': Priority environmental contaminants in seafood: safety assessment, impact and public perception<br />
|University of Maribor, Medical Faculty, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences<br />
|-<br />
|'''CODE''': Curing polyester resins on demand<br />
|Elan Marine d.o.o., Institute of Metals and Technology<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Relevant Research projects by Marine Biology Station Piran (MBP, NIB):'''<br />
::* Research program P1-0237 Coastal Sea Research (1.1.2009 - 31.12.2013)<br />
::* ECO/10/277396/SI2.601543 (Eco-Innovation 2010) Marine debris removal and preventing further litter entry – Marine Clean<br />
::* EU FP7-KBBE-2010-4 _RADAR Rationally Designed Aquatic Receptors integrated in label-free biosensor platforms for remote surveillance of toxins and pollutants (2011-2013)<br />
::* EU FP7 IP PERSEUS<br />
::* Marine Strategy Framework directive (Directive2008/56/EC)<br />
::* Slovenian - Croatian bilateral (2012-2013): Enclosed marine systems as laboratory for biological phenomena<br />
::* Slovenian - Argentinean research cooperation project (2012-2014): Jellyfish blooms and the possibilities for commercial use<br />
::* Slovenian - Japanese joint project (2012-2014): Slovenian - Japan cooperative studies on problematic jellyfish blooms: mechanisms and mitigation<br />
::* EU FP6_ECASA, 006540_Ecosystem Approach for Sustainable Aquaculture<br />
::* CREICO, NSF, ZDA - Cooperative Research on Ecological Interactions in the Coastal Oceans program in the North Adriatic sea: Collaborative international research on gelatinous zooplankton in the Adriatic Sea, Role of bacteria in production and decomposition of colloidal organic matter in the Northern Adriatic<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Romania&diff=71627
Marine Biotechnology in Romania
2016-08-01T12:09:33Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Marine Biotechnology<br />
|Image=Image:Romania map.gif<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Overarching science strategies, plans and policies ==<br />
<br />
There is currently no national strategy or plan specifically for Marine Biotechnology research. Relevant research is considered under a much wider scoped plan and strategy: <br />
* The '''National Plan for Research, Development and Innovation''' (RDI) 2007-2013 (PN II) and '''National Research, Development and Innovation Strategy''' from the National Authority for Scientific Research (ANCS)<ref name="anc">http://www.ancs.ro</ref><br />
<br />
== Research funding schemes and programmes ==<br />
<br />
* The '''Executive Agency for Higher Education, Research, Development and Innovation Funding (UEFISCDI)''' implements five out of the six programmes of the National Plan for Research, Development and Innovation 2007-2013 (PN II): <br />
** Human Resources (exploratory research)<br />
** Ideas (exploratory research)<br />
** Partnerships in Priority Areas (applied research)<br />
** Innovation (innovation and technology transfer) <br />
** Capacities (R&D infrastructure)<br />
* The R&D Programme '''Partnerships in Priority Areas''' does not refer explicitly to marine biotechnology; the research support is structured in nine thematic areas, similar to FP7: <br />
** Information and communication technology (10%)<br />
** Energy (10%)<br />
** Environment (10%)<br />
** Health (14%)<br />
** Agriculture, food safety and security (14%)<br />
** Biotechnologies (12%)<br />
** Innovative materials (7%)<br />
** Processes and products (15%)<br />
** Space and security (8%)<br />
** Socio-economic and humanistic research (10%)<br />
<br />
== Research priorities ==<br />
n/a<br />
<br />
== Strategic documents ==<br />
n/a<br />
<br />
== Infrastructures and coordination and support capacities / initiatives ==<br />
<br />
* In 2012, Romania operates 2 local/coastal vessels of 25,8 and 31,86m (Istros, Steaua de Mare 1), and 1 global vessels from 66m to 82,20m (Mare Nigrum) registered at the European Research Vessels Infobase <ref name="eur">http://www.eurocean.org</ref>. <br />
* In 2012 Romania maintains about 1 large marine research equipments registered in the European large Exchangeable instruments database <ref name="eur">http://www.eurocean.org</ref>.<br />
* Key aquaculture experimental and research facilities in Romania include <br />
::* Long-line systems (National Institute for Marine Research and Development Grigore Antipa)<br />
<br />
== Major initiatives ==<br />
n/a<br />
<br />
== Trends and developments ==<br />
<br />
The national plan for RDI that ends in December 2013 comprises nine research areas, similar to the Seventh European Framework Programme (FP7). At this stage, development of a new national plan for RDI is being initiated. While the details of the new plan are not yet know, it is very likely the priorities will echo the ones elaborated under Horizon2020. It is expected that marine biotechnology research priorities will be considered but perhaps not reflected in an official document for RDI. <br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Ireland&diff=71626
Marine Biotechnology in Ireland
2016-08-01T12:06:17Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Marine Biotechnology<br />
|Image=Image:Ireland map.gif<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Overarching science strategies, plans and policies==<br />
<br />
* Ireland’s national research agenda is set-out in the '''Strategy for Science, Technology and Innovation''', published in 2006.<ref name="str">http://www.forfas.ie/media/asc060618_sti_strategy.pdf</ref><br />
* The major influence on Ireland’s marine biotechnology strategy is '''Sea Change – A Marine Knowledge, Research and Innovation Strategy for Ireland 2007- 2013'''. Originally published in 2007, Sea Change remains influential in defining the strategic direction of Irish marine research.<ref name="sea">http://www.marine.ie/home/research/SeaChange</ref><br />
* Other related policy and national strategies include,<br />
::* '''Food Harvest 2020''' is a plan for Ireland’s food sector. This Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine strategy sets the vision for Ireland’s food sector, including marine foods and establishes performance targets.<ref name="har">http://www.agriculture.gov.ie/media/migration/agri-foodindustry/foodharvest2020/2020FoodHarvestExeSummary240810.pdf</ref><br />
::* '''Food Research Ireland''' is the strategic research agenda which supports the goals of Food harvest 2020, including a dedicated strategic research agenda for marine origin food materials.<ref name="foo">http://www.agriculture.gov.ie/media/migration/research/FoodResearchIreland.pdf</ref><br />
::* The report from the '''Research Prioritisation Steering Group''', defines national priority research areas. Marine biotechnology research is relevant to research themes in Food for Health, Sustainable Food Production and Processing, Therapeutics, Processing Technologies and Novel Materials.<ref name="pri">http://www.forfas.ie/publications/featuredpublications/title,8958,en.php</ref><br />
<br />
== Research funding schemes and programmes==<br />
<br />
No dedicated funding stream to support marine biotechnology research exists in Ireland. Different agencies provide funds for varying levels of research activity from basic to applied, all of which are awarded on the basis of open competition. <br />
<br />
* '''Science Foundation Ireland''' implements a range of funding initiatives to support research at various levels. Possibilities exist for researchers in marine biotechnology related areas to apply for funds from SFI.<ref name="sci">http://www.sfi.ie/funding/funding-calls/open-calls/assets/templates/default_tpl/images/favicon.ico</ref><br />
* Specifically oriented to food research, including marine foods related research is the '''Food Industry Research Measure (FIRM)''' implemented by the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine.<ref name="fir">http://www.agriculture.gov.ie/research/foodinstitutionalresearchmeasurefirm</ref><br />
* '''Enterprise Ireland''' provides in-company research and development support for firms in most industry sectors. Significant emphasis on encouraging collaboration between industry and the higher education institutes is a feature of EI funding programmes.<ref name="ent">http://www.enterprise-ireland.com/en/funding-supports/</ref><br />
* The Marine Institute through its management of a national marine research funding programme established under a '''National Development Plan''' provided dedicated marine research support.<ref name="mar">http://www.marine.ie/home/funding/MarineNDP2007_2013</ref><br />
* The '''Irish Research Council''' operates research funding initiatives which support early stage researchers at Masters, Doctoral and Postdoctoral levels to engage in exploratory research.<ref name="irc">http://www.ircset.ie/</ref><br />
* The '''Higher Education Authority''' manages an array of programmes designed to enhance the research capabilities, capacity and infrastructure of Ireland’s higher education institutions.<ref name="hea">http://www.hea.ie/en/research</ref><br />
* A database of funded projects is available <ref name="cur">http://www.marine.ie/home/research/ProjectsDatabase/CurrentProjects/</ref><br />
<br />
== Research priorities for marine biotechnology research==<br />
<br />
Objectives set within Sea Change provide insights to marine biotechnology related research priorities. <br />
::* Create a strong, interdisciplinary capability in the utilisation of marine biodiversity, using novel high-throughput techniques, for the development of drugs, therapies and biomaterials.<br />
::* Develop core research capabilities and teams in taxonomy, natural products chemistry, chemogenomics and bioinformatics.<br />
::* Develop capabilities for the isolation and identification of novel chemical compounds or proteins for use by the medical device industry (e.g. adhesives and biofilms).<br />
::* Create science-based capability to support development of opportunities in functional foods based on marine raw materials, and develop strong synergies with research and development programmes in the seafood, food and health sectors.<br />
::* Develop opportunities for participation in internationally funded programmes.<br />
::* Create a strong, interdisciplinary research capability in the identification and utilisation of marine biodiversity as a source of materials for use in functional foods. <br />
::* Develop capabilities to process marine based materials for use by the functional food sector. <br />
::* Create a new research capability in marine functional foods linking indigenous and multi-national food and pharmaceutical industries with researchers at state and third level research institutions.<br />
::* Develop a screening programme for potential seaweed products (including nutritional and biochemical analysis) across the range of candidate species.<br />
<br />
== Strategic documents==<br />
<br />
Links to the main strategic documents are given above. <br />
<br />
== Infrastructures and coordination and support capacities / initiatives==<br />
<br />
The '''Marine Institute''' is responsible for coordination and the provision of support, including policy advice, for marine biotechnology related research. <br />
In respect of research infrastructure, the Marine Institute manages a fleet of research vessels <ref name="min">http://www.marine.ie/home/Research+Vessels.htm</ref>. Additionally, Irish universities and institutes of technologies as well as public research institutes maintain an array of research equipment, some of which is relevant to marine biotechnology. Institutions with significant marine biotechnology related research capabilities include University College, Dublin; the National University of Ireland, Galway; University College, Cork; Limerick University; Tralee Institute of Technology; Waterford Institute of Technology; Cork Institute of Technology; Limerick Institute of Technology and Letterkenny Institute of Technology. Links to each of these institutions<ref name="ins">http://www.hea.ie/en/AboutHEA#Universities</ref>. Teagasc Ireland’s agriculture and food development authority, leads the NutraMara functional foods programme and maintains an extensive research infrastructure. <ref name="tea">http://www.teagasc.ie/</ref><br />
<br />
* In 2012, Ireland operates 2 local/coastal vessels from 15m to 31.4m and 1 global vessel of 65.5m registered at the European Research Vessels Infobase <ref name="eur">http://www.eurocean.org</ref> <br />
* In 2012, Ireland maintains about 3 large marine research equipments registered in the European large Exchangeable instruments database <ref name="eur">http://www.eurocean.org</ref><br />
* Key aquaculture experimental and research facilities in Ireland include <br />
::* Freshwater hatchery (Marine Institute)<br />
::* Martin Ryan Institute Carna (National university of Ireland)<br />
::* Daithi O’Murchu Marine Research Station <br />
::* Aquaculture and Fisheries Development centre (University College Cork, department zoology, ecology and plant science)<br />
<br />
== Major initiatives==<br />
<br />
Major initiatives which incorporate, or have links to marine biotechnology based research include<br />
* '''NutraMara''' – a marine functional foods research programme.<ref name="nut">http://www.marine.ie/home/research/ProjectsDatabase/CurrentProjects/MFFRI.htm</ref><br />
* '''The Beaufort Marine Biodiscovery Project'''.<ref name="bea">http://www.marine.ie/home/research/ProjectsDatabase/CurrentProjects/Marine+Biodiscovery.htm</ref><br />
* '''The Beaufort Fish Population Genetics project'''.<ref name="gen">http://www.marine.ie/home/research/ProjectsDatabase/CurrentProjects/Fish+Population+Genetics.htm</ref><br />
* '''Food for Health Ireland'''.<ref name="fhi">http://www.fhi.ie/</ref><br />
<br />
== Trends and observations== <br />
<br />
'''''Strategy on Marine Biotechnology''''': <br />
Ireland has a national strategy on marine biotechnology, as an element of an overall marine research strategy (Sea Change), focusing on biodiscovery and functional foods/neutraceuticals. A recent broader national research prioritization exercise includes marine functional foods as part of a ‘Food for Health’ priority and opportunities marine biodiscovery research within the ‘Therapeutics’ priority. Links between marine biotechnology and other priority areas also exist. <br />
<br />
== Programs on Marine biotechnology ==<br />
There is no distinct (i.e. ‘ring-fenced’) funding program for marine biotechnology, but marine biotechnology can be funded as part of the funding programmes of a number of funding agencies, ranging from the basic science (Science Foundation Ireland), to specific marine programmes (Marine Institute) and industry-focused programmes (Enterprise Ireland). <br />
<br />
== Funding ==<br />
The Marine Institute operates a national marine research funding programme. From a total annual budget of €8-10M for this programme, spending on marine biotechnology research (Marine Biodiscovery and Marine Functional Foods) accounts for approximately €1.5M/annum. Additional investments from other national funding agencies (e.g. Department of Agriculture, Food and marine; Science Foundation Ireland) amount to approximately €0.5M/annum.<br />
Irish researchers are very active in FP7 funded marine biotechnology projects, including marine biofuels.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Iceland&diff=71625
Marine Biotechnology in Iceland
2016-08-01T11:53:48Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Marine Biotechnology<br />
|Image=Image:Iceland map.gif<br />
}}<br />
== Science strategies, plans and policies ==<br />
<br />
'''The Science and Technology Policy Council'''<ref name="vti">http://www.vt.is/english/</ref> is responsible for setting public policy in matters of science and technology in Iceland. The role of the Science and Technology Policy Council is to support scientific research, science education and technological development in Iceland so as to strengthen the foundations of the Icelandic culture and increase the competitiveness of the economy. Science and Technology Policy and Action Plan for the period 2014 to 2016 is now in effect. <br />
Iceland does not have a dedicated Marine Biotechnology policy, strategy or plan, but there are policy documents, which are partly relevant for biotechnology research issues: <br />
<br />
* '''Iceland 2020'''<ref name="eng">http://eng.forsaetisraduneyti.is/media/2020/iceland2020.pdf</ref> <br />
* '''Science and Technology Policy 2014-2016 from the Science and Technology Policy Council'''<ref name="vti">http://www.vt.is/english/</ref><br />
* '''Iceland’s Green Economy Policy''' <ref name="alt">http://www.althingi.is/pdf/Green_economy.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
== Research funding schemes and programmes ==<br />
<br />
'''The Ministry of Industries and Innovation''' <ref name="inov">https://eng.atvinnuvegaraduneyti.is/</ref> - The Ministry of Fisheries merged in 2012 with the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Tourism and part of the Ministry of Economic Affairs to form the the Ministry of Industries and Innovation. It covers all sectors of ordinary business and economic activity, including biotechnology.<br />
<br />
'''The Icelandic Centre for Research (Rannis)'''<ref name="rannis">https://www.rannis.is/</ref> - RANNIS supports research, innovation, education and culture in Iceland. RANNIS cooperates closely with the Icelandic Science and Technology Policy Council and provides professional assistance in the preparation and implementation of the national science and technology policy.<br />
<br />
:: Main funds administered by Rannis:<br />
::* '''The Technology Development Fund''' – Fund for applied research and innovation projects.<br />
::* '''The Icelandic Research Fund''' – Fund for basic research projects<br />
::* '''Other National Research Funding Programmes''' which have a significant marine research element include:<br />
:::* '''AVS'''<ref name="avss">http://www.avs.is/</ref> - a Research fund for Marine and Fisheries with focus on applied research for value added marine products <br />
:::* '''Átak til atvinnusköpunar'''<ref name="avsss">http://nmi.is/studningur/styrkir/atak-til-atvinnuskoepunar/</ref> – Fund for applied research and innovation projects<br />
<br />
== Research priorities for marine biotechnology research ==<br />
::* Value addition of underutilised materials<br />
:::* Processing by-products<br />
:::* New raw materials, such as seaweed<br />
::* Bioprospecting and bioactive ingredients<br />
::* Marine microorganisms <br />
::* Industrial biotechnology<br />
<br />
== Strategic documents ==<br />
<br />
English versions of strategic documents regarding biotechnology in Iceland are being developed. Most are still only available in Icelandic. An English draft of the Icelandic Biotech Sector Assessment is available but out of date. A report from 2007 on Biotechnology research policy and effort in Iceland that came out of an FP6 project is available but needs to be updated<ref name="bio">http://ec.europa.eu/research/biosociety/pdf/biopolis_iceland_en.pdf</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Infrastructures and coordination and support capacities / initiatives ==<br />
<br />
'''The Marine Research Institute'''<ref name="hafro">http://www.hafro.is/index_eng.php</ref> is a government institute under the auspices of the Ministry of Industries and Innovation. The Institute conducts research regarding marine organisms and provides scientific advice based on its research on marine resources and the environment. The Marine Institute operates two research vessels.<br />
<br />
'''Matis'''<ref name="matis">http://www.matis.is/english</ref> is an independent research institute which strives toward innovation in the food industry, biotechnology and food security. Matis provides consultancy and services to companies in fisheries and agriculture as well as governmental agencies. Matis has participated in numerous international projects and is currently cooperating in a number of international projects, such as: <br />
<br />
::*SafeFishDish COFASP<br />
::*SeaBioTech FP7-KBBE-2012<br />
::*EnRichMar FP7-SME-2013<br />
::*BluePharmTrain FP7-PEOPLE-2013-ITN<br />
::*BlueGenics FP7-KBBE-2012<br />
::*Micro B3 FP7-OCEAN-2011<br />
::*MaCuMBA FP7-KBBE-2012<br />
::*DiscardLess H2020-SFS-2014-2 / RIA<br />
<br />
'''The Iceland Ocean Cluster'''<ref name="ioc">http://www.sjavarklasinn.is/en/</ref> is an innovation network of marine industry companies and start-up companies <br />
<br />
'''Association of Biotech companies'''<ref name="si">http://www.si.is/english</ref> defined by the Federations of Icelandic Industries<br />
<br />
<u>Universities</u><br />
<br />
::*'''University of Iceland'''<ref name="ice">http://english.hi.is/</ref>– Life and environmental science, Food science and nutrition, Center for System biology researchers <br />
::*'''University of Akureyri'''<ref name="akur">http://english.unak.is/</ref> – Natural Resource Sciences<br />
::*'''Hólar University Collage'''<ref name="holar">http://www.holar.is/en/english</ref> - Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology<br />
<br />
== Major initiatives ==<br />
Together with the Nordic countries, Iceland is actively cooperating in bio-economy in general, with its main emphasis on marine biotechnology.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Iceland&diff=71624
Marine Biotechnology in Iceland
2016-08-01T11:52:01Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Marine Biotechnology<br />
|Image=Image:Iceland map.gif<br />
}}<br />
== Science strategies, plans and policies ==<br />
<br />
'''The Science and Technology Policy Council'''<ref name="vti">http://www.vt.is/english/</ref> is responsible for setting public policy in matters of science and technology in Iceland. The role of the Science and Technology Policy Council is to support scientific research, science education and technological development in Iceland so as to strengthen the foundations of the Icelandic culture and increase the competitiveness of the economy. Science and Technology Policy and Action Plan for the period 2014 to 2016 is now in effect. <br />
Iceland does not have a dedicated Marine Biotechnology policy, strategy or plan, but there are policy documents, which are partly relevant for biotechnology research issues: <br />
<br />
* '''Iceland 2020'''<ref name="eng">http://eng.forsaetisraduneyti.is/media/2020/iceland2020.pdf</ref> <br />
* '''Science and Technology Policy 2014-2016 from the Science and Technology Policy Council'''<ref name="vti">http://www.vt.is/english/</ref><br />
* '''Iceland’s Green Economy Policy''' <ref name="alt">http://www.althingi.is/pdf/Green_economy.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
== Research funding schemes and programmes ==<br />
<br />
'''The Ministry of Industries and Innovation''' <ref name="inov">https://eng.atvinnuvegaraduneyti.is/</ref> - The Ministry of Fisheries merged in 2012 with the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Tourism and part of the Ministry of Economic Affairs to form the the Ministry of Industries and Innovation. It covers all sectors of ordinary business and economic activity, including biotechnology.<br />
<br />
'''The Icelandic Centre for Research (Rannis)'''<ref name="rannis">https://www.rannis.is/</ref> - RANNIS supports research, innovation, education and culture in Iceland. RANNIS cooperates closely with the Icelandic Science and Technology Policy Council and provides professional assistance in the preparation and implementation of the national science and technology policy.<br />
<br />
:: Main funds administered by Rannis:<br />
::* '''The Technology Development Fund''' – Fund for applied research and innovation projects.<br />
::* '''The Icelandic Research Fund''' – Fund for basic research projects<br />
::* '''Other National Research Funding Programmes''' which have a significant marine research element include:<br />
:::* '''AVS'''<ref name="avss">http://www.avs.is/</ref> - a Research fund for Marine and Fisheries with focus on applied research for value added marine products <br />
:::* '''Átak til atvinnusköpunar'''<ref name="avsss">http://nmi.is/studningur/styrkir/atak-til-atvinnuskoepunar/</ref> – Fund for applied research and innovation projects<br />
<br />
== Research priorities for marine biotechnology research: ==<br />
::* Value addition of underutilised materials<br />
:::* Processing by-products<br />
:::* New raw materials, such as seaweed<br />
::* Bioprospecting and bioactive ingredients<br />
::* Marine microorganisms <br />
::* Industrial biotechnology<br />
<br />
== Strategic documents ==<br />
<br />
English versions of strategic documents regarding biotechnology in Iceland are being developed. Most are still only available in Icelandic. An English draft of the Icelandic Biotech Sector Assessment is available but out of date. A report from 2007 on Biotechnology research policy and effort in Iceland that came out of an FP6 project is available but needs to be updated<ref name="bio">http://ec.europa.eu/research/biosociety/pdf/biopolis_iceland_en.pdf</ref>.<br />
<br />
== Infrastructures and coordination and support capacities / initiatives ==<br />
<br />
'''The Marine Research Institute'''<ref name="hafro">http://www.hafro.is/index_eng.php</ref> is a government institute under the auspices of the Ministry of Industries and Innovation. The Institute conducts research regarding marine organisms and provides scientific advice based on its research on marine resources and the environment. The Marine Institute operates two research vessels.<br />
<br />
'''Matis'''<ref name="matis">http://www.matis.is/english</ref> is an independent research institute which strives toward innovation in the food industry, biotechnology and food security. Matis provides consultancy and services to companies in fisheries and agriculture as well as governmental agencies. Matis has participated in numerous international projects and is currently cooperating in a number of international projects, such as: <br />
<br />
::*SafeFishDish COFASP<br />
::*SeaBioTech FP7-KBBE-2012<br />
::*EnRichMar FP7-SME-2013<br />
::*BluePharmTrain FP7-PEOPLE-2013-ITN<br />
::*BlueGenics FP7-KBBE-2012<br />
::*Micro B3 FP7-OCEAN-2011<br />
::*MaCuMBA FP7-KBBE-2012<br />
::*DiscardLess H2020-SFS-2014-2 / RIA<br />
<br />
'''The Iceland Ocean Cluster'''<ref name="ioc">http://www.sjavarklasinn.is/en/</ref> is an innovation network of marine industry companies and start-up companies <br />
<br />
'''Association of Biotech companies'''<ref name="si">http://www.si.is/english</ref> defined by the Federations of Icelandic Industries<br />
<br />
<u>Universities</u><br />
<br />
::*'''University of Iceland'''<ref name="ice">http://english.hi.is/</ref>– Life and environmental science, Food science and nutrition, Center for System biology researchers <br />
::*'''University of Akureyri'''<ref name="akur">http://english.unak.is/</ref> – Natural Resource Sciences<br />
::*'''Hólar University Collage'''<ref name="holar">http://www.holar.is/en/english</ref> - Department of Aquaculture and Fish Biology<br />
<br />
== Major initiatives: ==<br />
Together with the Nordic countries, Iceland is actively cooperating in bio-economy in general, with its main emphasis on marine biotechnology.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Portugal&diff=71623
Marine Biotechnology in Portugal
2016-08-01T08:50:20Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Marine Biotechnology<br />
|Image=Image:Portugal map.gif<br />
}}<br />
{{template:Marinebiotech updated<br />
|month_updated=August<br />
|year_updated=2016<br />
}}<br />
== Overarching science strategies, plans and policies ==<br />
Portugal has a National strategy for the Sea (ENM) for the period 2013-2012 (ENM_PT)<ref name="fcct">http://www.dgpm.mam.gov.pt/Documents/ENM.pdf</ref> <br />
This strategy is a public policy instrument that presents a new development model for the ocean and offshores (blue growth) that points to a long-term, intelligent, sustainable and inclusive growth path, that intends to prepare Portugal to tackle the challenges brought by the growth, promotion and competitiveness of the Sea Economy, at both European and International levels. <br />
This strategy lists a series of concrete measures and actions and one of the main intervention domains deals with the sustainable exploitation of living resources where it is expected that biotechnology will be a major instrument, in the sea food processing including fisheries and aquaculture, in the valorization of biomass and rest raw materials, leading to an impact in numerous industrial applications, such as food and feed, pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, and others.<br />
<br />
Recently “The Research & Innovation smart specialization strategy” (2014) (ENEI_PT)<ref name="ffct">https://www.fct.pt/esp_inteligente/index.phtml.en</ref>, written by FCT following the European Cohesion fund requirement, as a condition to be able to receive the EU structural 2014-2020 grants, reinforces these intentions, and identifies the Sea economy as one of the main priorities for Portugal.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Direcção geral da política do mar (DGPM)'''<ref name="fctt">http://www.dgpm.mam.gov.pt/Pages/eea_grants_quem_somos.aspx#4</ref><br />
<br />
DGPM mission is to develop, evaluate and update the National Strategy for the Sea, to elaborate, and propose political measures, to plan and regulate the maritime space in his different uses and activities, to follow-up and participate in the Maritime policy integrated in the EU and promote the national and international cooperation in maritime affairs.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''COTEC Portugal''' <ref name="ffcct">http://www.cotecportugal.pt/</ref><br />
a business association for innovation has the mission to «promote the competitiveness of companies established in Portugal. COTEC led the elaboration of a document “Blue growth for Portugal” that analysis in detail the current state and perspectives for the six main maritime areas: 1.Food/feed from marine resources, 2.Offshore energy, 3.Equipment, repair and shipbuilding, 4. Leisure, tourism and recreation, 5.New uses and bioresources from the sea, 6. Ports and Maritime transport (see: Blue growth for Portugal)<br />
<br />
== Research funding schemes and programmes ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''EU structural 2014-2020 grants '''<br />
<br />
Out of the 15 EU grant Funding channels, one will be exclusively devoted to the Sea<ref name="portt">https://www.portugal2020.pt/Portal2020/Media/Default/Docs/Programas%20Operacionais/PO%20Mar%202020.pdf</ref>, with a focus on the promotion of competitive fisheries, aquaculture, aiming to an increase in commercialization and job creation.<br />
Additionally, funding for marine Biotechnology will be transversal to many other regional and thematic funding programmes, currently or soon to open, under Portugal 2020 (for example, COMPETE 2020<ref name="pofc">http://www.pofc.qren.pt/</ref>, other regional programmes including the islands Azores and Madeira or bilateral funding).<ref name="portug">https://www.portugal2020.pt/Portal2020/programas-operacionais-portugal-2020-2)</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
'''Research Funding in Portugal'''<br />
<br />
The funding of the Portuguese research system is mainly conducted under the authority of the '''Ministry of Education and Science''', namely through its '''Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)'''. FCT is funding research via an annual non-thematic research programme which funds all research areas through competitive calls for proposals. The total funding budget for FCT is about 500 M EUR per year, with about € 0.5 - 1 M EUR being spent on marine biotechnology. FCT has signed with ANR (France) a collaboration protocol, with emphasis on Oceanology cooperation. However, this protocol has not been implemented yet.<ref name="fct">http://www.fct.pt/index.phtml.en</ref> <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other Research Funding Programmes'''<br />
<br />
* Azores Marine Research Specific Programme managed by Direcção Regional da Ciência, Tecnologia e Comunicações <ref name="azo">http://www.azores.gov.pt/Portal/en/principal?lang=en&area=ct</ref> <br />
* ON2 - North Portugal Regional Operational Programme 2007/2013 with two strategic priorities with special relevance to S&T: “Competitiveness, Innovation and Knowledge” and “Economic Valorisation of Specific Resources” with a specific objective related with Economic development of new uses for the sea and a significant investment in marine S&T infrastructures managed by a political management body <ref name="nov">http://www.novonorte.qren.pt/pt/menu-topo/english-version/</ref><br />
* Centro de C&T da Madeira - CITMA (language: Portuguese)<br />
* Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation - FCG<br />
* Fundação Oriente<br />
* General Directorate of Fisheries and Aquaculture of the Azores (language: Portuguese)<br />
* Luso-American Foundation - FLAD<br />
* Regional Directorate for Science and Technology - DRCT (language: Portuguese)<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Private funding mechanisms''' <br />
<br />
There is no specific private funding exclusive to Marine Biotechnology, however Portugal has a venture capital market duly established that is capable of financing companies that bet on emerging sectors such as marine Biotechnology. The type of funds available include: seed, start-up, expansion and internationalization, tourism, sector specific and regional. Portugal Ventures<ref name="axzo">http://www.portugalventures.pt/</ref> is a Venture Capital Company, manages several Venture Capital & Private Equity funds with a total capital of around € 600 million. Its portfolio is made up of approximately 180 companies from a number of different industries. The aim is to improve the competitiveness of the Portuguese economy by investing in cutting edge industries and technologies, as well as in companies geared toward global markets.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other entrepreneurship/innovation associations'''<br />
<br />
* Associação Portuguesa de Business Angels<ref name="apdba">http://www.apba.pt</ref> <br />
* Associação Portuguesa de Capital de Risco e de Desenvolvimento<ref name="apdcr">http://www.apcri.pt</ref> <br />
* Agency for Innovation<ref name="afi">http://www.adi.pt/</ref> <br />
* Agency for Innovation and Competitiveness (IAPMEI)<ref name="afiac">http://www.iapmei.pt/</ref> <br />
<br />
== Forum / Clusters ==<br />
'''Forum Empresarial da Economia do Mar (FEM)'''<br />
<br />
''Entrepreneurial Forum for the Economy of the Sea''<br />
<br />
The Business Forum of the Economy of the Sea<ref name="affiac">http://www.fem.pt/</ref>, is a business association: "Sea Economic Hypercluster", with the following objectives: a) contribute to the taking of the maritime economy as a national goal, in order to affirm Portugal as relevant maritime actor at the global level; b) contribute to the sustainable development of sea and appreciate its importance as a major economic resources, projecting it as the great engine of economic development of the country; c ) promote a common and integrated strategy of the activities related to the maritime economy, and create the conditions to promote good business practices, and cooperation between national strategic actors for the development of the Portuguese economy and the production of collective wealth in all business sectors related to the maritime economy. FEM launches a monthly newsletter.<ref name="weebly">http://feemar.weebly.com/publicadas.html/</ref> <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Oceano XXI – Cluster do conhecimento da Economia do Mar'''<br />
<br />
Association for the Knowledge and Economy of the Sea<br />
Oceano XXI <ref name="oceano">http://www.oceano21.org</ref> is a private non-profit corporate body, created in 2009 by the initiative of two regional associations IDCEM (Instituto para o Desenvolvimento do Conhecimento e Economia do Mar) and AFM (Associação Fórum Mar Centro). The Association has more than 60 members, from different sectors of activity of the Sea Economy, between companies and business associations, R&D Centres, higher education institutions, local authorities and other associative organizations. <u>Oceano XXI mission:</u> To foster the "Sea Knowledge and Economy Cluster" through the intersection of knowledge and support for innovation, internationalization and entrepreneurship contributing in sustainability conditions for the country's competitiveness.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''BlueBio Alliance'''<br />
<br />
The BlueBio Alliance is a networking initiative that aims to accelerate the development of the whole value chain connected to Marine Biotechnology in Portugal including all relevant stakeholders. The Bluebio alliance wants to act in collaboration with other relevant and broader scope initiatives such as Oceano XXI.<br />
<br />
== Law firms ==<br />
<u>specialized in maritime affairs</u><br />
* '''Vieira de Almeida & Associados'''(VdA)<ref name="vdapt">http://www.vda.pt/en/what-we-do/sectors/Economy-of-the-Sea/9520/</ref><br />
VdA strives to deepen Portugal's knowledge and know-how on the Economy of the Sea and also to be able to mobilize other "maritime nations" of the world. VdA has created a specific multidisciplinary team providing specialised legal services in a number of matters of this innovative economy, such as: Business investment projects,Business plan structuring, Corporate and contractual relationships, Structuring supply and distribution models , Mergers, acquisitions, Regulatory and Public Procurement, Instruments of national maritime space planning, Conflicts between uses and activities developed in national maritime space, Shared uses of national maritime space, Privative uses of national maritime space (concessions, licences and authorizations), Environmental issues, Financing activities in the national maritime space, Intellectual property rights.<br />
<br />
* '''Miranda Correia Amendoeira & Associadas'''<ref name="wwd">http://www.mirandalawfirm.com/?lang=pt</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== Portals / Platforms ==<br />
<br />
* '''Portal do Mar '''<ref name="pdm">https://www.portaldomar.pt/PortaldoMar/index.htm</ref>and '''Portal Maroceano'''<ref name="maroc">http://www.maroceano.pt/component/content/article/2037-blue-growth-for-portugal</ref> are portals that dedicate to constantly update and release maritime related news and online services. <br />
<br />
* '''Plataforma Tecnologia do Mar de aveiro'''(PTUA)<ref name="ua">http://www.ua.pt/ptmar/</ref><br />
: This platform intends to promote collaborations between university and SMEs, with the intention to facilitate technology transfer, leading to an increase in business competitiveness. <br />
<br />
== Research priorities for marine biotechnology research ==<br />
<br />
n/a<br />
<br />
== Strategic documents ==<br />
<br />
n/a<br />
<br />
== Infrastructures and coordination and support capacities / initiatives ==<br />
<br />
* Portugal operates eight local/coastal vessels ranging from 11m to 31,40m (Águas Vivas, Arquipelago, Diplodus, NRP "Andromeda", NRP "Auriga", Puntazzo, Tellina and Ziphius); one regional vessels of 47,50m (Noruega); and two global vessels of 68,20m and 68,50m (NRP "Almirante Gago Coutinho" and NRP "D. Carlos I") registered in the European Research Vessels Infobase <ref name="eurocc">http://www.eurocean.org</ref>.<br />
<br />
* Portugal maintains about 25 large marine research equipments registered in the European large Exchangeable instruments database <ref name="eur">http://www.eurocean.org</ref>. <br />
<br />
* Key '''aquaculture experimental and research facilities''' in Portugal include <br />
::* Experimental Research Facilities CIIMAR Portugal Land based facilities<br />
::* Specialised Laboratories IPIMAR Portugal<br />
::* Marine aquaculture station of Ramalhete University of Algarve Portugal<br />
* Any other research facilities of relevance to Marine Biotech <br />
::* Algarve Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve <br />
::* Centre of IMAR at Department of Oceanography and Fisheries at the University of the Azores<br />
<br />
* The Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC) is an international centre for biomedical research and graduate education, located in Oeiras, Portugal, founded by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation (FCG) in 1961. Its campus includes other research institutes in biology, biotechnology and chemistry, with complementary research interests and facilities: protein structure and design, synthesis and theory of chemicals with biological interest, molecular microbiology, plant biotechnology, biotechnology, downstream processing, etc. <ref name="igc">http://www.igc.gulbenkian.pt/</ref><br />
<br />
(For a complete description of the Portuguese Marine research infrastructures see: [http://www.eurocean.org/np4/20]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Research Centres / Capabilities'''<br />
<br />
<u>Government Laboratories:</u><br />
<br />
Department of Marine Geology - INETI (language: Portuguese)<br />
<br />
Fisheries and Sea Research Institute - IPIMAR (language: Portuguese) <br />
<br />
Hydrographic Institute - IH (language: Portuguese) <br />
<br />
National Laboratory of Civil Engineering - LNEC <br />
<br />
Meteorological Institute<br />
<br />
<u>Associated Laboratories:</u><br />
<br />
Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies - CESAM <br />
<br />
Centre of Marine and Environmental Research - CIMAR <br />
<br />
Institute for Systems and Robotics - IS<br />
<br />
<u>R&D Units In Portugal:</u><br />
<br />
Biogeochemistry Group - IMAR <br />
<br />
Centre for the Study of Hydrosystems - CEHIDRO<br />
<br />
Centre for Ecological Modelling - IMAR <br />
<br />
Centre of Marine Environment and Technology - MARETEC <br />
<br />
Centre of Marine Sciences of Algarve - CCMAR (language: Portuguese) <br />
<br />
Centro de Recursos Minerais, Mineralogia e Cristalografia - CREMINER <br />
<br />
Centro de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental da Universidade do Algarve <br />
<br />
Department of Oceanography and Fisheries of the University of Azores - DOP <br />
<br />
Eco-Ethology Research Unit <br />
<br />
Guia Marine Laboratory of Lisbon University - IMAR <br />
<br />
Interdisciplinary Centre of Coimbra - IMAR <br />
<br />
Institute of Marine Research - IMAR <br />
Institute of Oceanography - IO <br />
<br />
Wave Energy Centre <br />
<br />
Underwater Systems and Technology Laboratory - Porto University<br />
<br />
== Collaboration with European initiatives ==<br />
<br />
* FCT is partner in the following European initiatives<br />
::*JPI Oceans<ref name="jpi">http://www.jpi-oceans.eu</ref> <br />
::*COFASP<ref name="cofas">http://www.cofasp.eu/</ref> <br />
::*OCEAN ERA NET<ref name="oceanera">http://www.oceaneranet.eu/pages/new-page-5.html</ref> <br />
::*CSA MarineBiotech<ref name="csa">http://www.marinebiotech.eu</ref> <br />
::*EurOcean<ref name="oce">http://www.eurocean.org</ref> <br />
<br />
== Major observations, trends and future prospects ==<br />
There is an industry forum for marine biotechnology. However, there is no specific program for funding marine biotechnology, hence marine biotechnology is fragmented and needs national cooperation.<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_Biotechnology_in_Portugal&diff=71622
Marine Biotechnology in Portugal
2016-08-01T08:48:54Z
<p>Nelle Meyers: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Marine Biotechnology<br />
|Image=Image:Portugal map.gif<br />
}}<br />
{{template:Marinebiotech updated<br />
|month_updated=August<br />
|year_updated=2016<br />
}}<br />
== Overarching science strategies, plans and policies ==<br />
Portugal has a National strategy for the Sea (ENM) for the period 2013-2012 (ENM_PT)<ref name="fcct">http://www.dgpm.mam.gov.pt/Documents/ENM.pdf</ref> <br />
This strategy is a public policy instrument that presents a new development model for the ocean and offshores (blue growth) that points to a long-term, intelligent, sustainable and inclusive growth path, that intends to prepare Portugal to tackle the challenges brought by the growth, promotion and competitiveness of the Sea Economy, at both European and International levels. <br />
This strategy lists a series of concrete measures and actions and one of the main intervention domains deals with the sustainable exploitation of living resources where it is expected that biotechnology will be a major instrument, in the sea food processing including fisheries and aquaculture, in the valorization of biomass and rest raw materials, leading to an impact in numerous industrial applications, such as food and feed, pharmaceutical, cosmeceutical, and others.<br />
<br />
Recently “The Research & Innovation smart specialization strategy” (2014) (ENEI_PT)<ref name="ffct">https://www.fct.pt/esp_inteligente/index.phtml.en</ref>, written by FCT following the European Cohesion fund requirement, as a condition to be able to receive the EU structural 2014-2020 grants, reinforces these intentions, and identifies the Sea economy as one of the main priorities for Portugal.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Direcção geral da política do mar (DGPM)'''<ref name="fctt">http://www.dgpm.mam.gov.pt/Pages/eea_grants_quem_somos.aspx#4</ref><br />
<br />
DGPM mission is to develop, evaluate and update the National Strategy for the Sea, to elaborate, and propose political measures, to plan and regulate the maritime space in his different uses and activities, to follow-up and participate in the Maritime policy integrated in the EU and promote the national and international cooperation in maritime affairs.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''COTEC Portugal''' <ref name="ffcct">http://www.cotecportugal.pt/</ref><br />
a business association for innovation has the mission to «promote the competitiveness of companies established in Portugal. COTEC led the elaboration of a document “Blue growth for Portugal” that analysis in detail the current state and perspectives for the six main maritime areas: 1.Food/feed from marine resources, 2.Offshore energy, 3.Equipment, repair and shipbuilding, 4. Leisure, tourism and recreation, 5.New uses and bioresources from the sea, 6. Ports and Maritime transport (see: Blue growth for Portugal)<br />
<br />
== Research funding schemes and programmes ==<br />
<br />
<br />
'''EU structural 2014-2020 grants '''<br />
<br />
Out of the 15 EU grant Funding channels, one will be exclusively devoted to the Sea<ref name="portt">https://www.portugal2020.pt/Portal2020/Media/Default/Docs/Programas%20Operacionais/PO%20Mar%202020.pdf</ref>, with a focus on the promotion of competitive fisheries, aquaculture, aiming to an increase in commercialization and job creation.<br />
Additionally, funding for marine Biotechnology will be transversal to many other regional and thematic funding programmes, currently or soon to open, under Portugal 2020 (for example, COMPETE 2020<ref name="pofc">http://www.pofc.qren.pt/</ref>, other regional programmes including the islands Azores and Madeira or bilateral funding).<ref name="portug">https://www.portugal2020.pt/Portal2020/programas-operacionais-portugal-2020-2)</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
'''Research Funding in Portugal'''<br />
<br />
The funding of the Portuguese research system is mainly conducted under the authority of the '''Ministry of Education and Science''', namely through its '''Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT)'''. FCT is funding research via an annual non-thematic research programme which funds all research areas through competitive calls for proposals. The total funding budget for FCT is about 500 M EUR per year, with about € 0.5 - 1 M EUR being spent on marine biotechnology. FCT has signed with ANR (France) a collaboration protocol, with emphasis on Oceanology cooperation. However, this protocol has not been implemented yet.<ref name="fct">http://www.fct.pt/index.phtml.en</ref> <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other Research Funding Programmes'''<br />
<br />
* Azores Marine Research Specific Programme managed by Direcção Regional da Ciência, Tecnologia e Comunicações <ref name="azo">http://www.azores.gov.pt/Portal/en/principal?lang=en&area=ct</ref> <br />
* ON2 - North Portugal Regional Operational Programme 2007/2013 with two strategic priorities with special relevance to S&T: “Competitiveness, Innovation and Knowledge” and “Economic Valorisation of Specific Resources” with a specific objective related with Economic development of new uses for the sea and a significant investment in marine S&T infrastructures managed by a political management body <ref name="nov">http://www.novonorte.qren.pt/pt/menu-topo/english-version/</ref><br />
* Centro de C&T da Madeira - CITMA (language: Portuguese)<br />
* Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation - FCG<br />
* Fundação Oriente<br />
* General Directorate of Fisheries and Aquaculture of the Azores (language: Portuguese)<br />
* Luso-American Foundation - FLAD<br />
* Regional Directorate for Science and Technology - DRCT (language: Portuguese)<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Private funding mechanisms''' <br />
<br />
There is no specific private funding exclusive to Marine Biotechnology, however Portugal has a venture capital market duly established that is capable of financing companies that bet on emerging sectors such as marine Biotechnology. The type of funds available include: seed, start-up, expansion and internationalization, tourism, sector specific and regional. Portugal Ventures<ref name="axzo">http://www.portugalventures.pt/</ref> is a Venture Capital Company, manages several Venture Capital & Private Equity funds with a total capital of around € 600 million. Its portfolio is made up of approximately 180 companies from a number of different industries. The aim is to improve the competitiveness of the Portuguese economy by investing in cutting edge industries and technologies, as well as in companies geared toward global markets.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Other entrepreneurship/innovation associations'''<br />
<br />
* Associação Portuguesa de Business Angels<ref name="apdba">http://www.apba.pt</ref> <br />
* Associação Portuguesa de Capital de Risco e de Desenvolvimento<ref name="apdcr">http://www.apcri.pt</ref> <br />
* Agency for Innovation<ref name="afi">http://www.adi.pt/</ref> <br />
* Agency for Innovation and Competitiveness (IAPMEI)<ref name="afiac">http://www.iapmei.pt/</ref> <br />
<br />
== Forum / Clusters ==<br />
'''Forum Empresarial da Economia do Mar (FEM)'''<br />
<br />
''Entrepreneurial Forum for the Economy of the Sea''<br />
<br />
The Business Forum of the Economy of the Sea<ref name="affiac">http://www.fem.pt/</ref>, is a business association: "Sea Economic Hypercluster", with the following objectives: a) contribute to the taking of the maritime economy as a national goal, in order to affirm Portugal as relevant maritime actor at the global level; b) contribute to the sustainable development of sea and appreciate its importance as a major economic resources, projecting it as the great engine of economic development of the country; c ) promote a common and integrated strategy of the activities related to the maritime economy, and create the conditions to promote good business practices, and cooperation between national strategic actors for the development of the Portuguese economy and the production of collective wealth in all business sectors related to the maritime economy. FEM launches a monthly newsletter.<ref name="weebly">http://feemar.weebly.com/publicadas.html/</ref> <br />
<br />
<br />
'''Oceano XXI – Cluster do conhecimento da Economia do Mar'''<br />
<br />
Association for the Knowledge and Economy of the Sea<br />
Oceano XXI <ref name="oceano">http://www.oceano21.org</ref> is a private non-profit corporate body, created in 2009 by the initiative of two regional associations IDCEM (Instituto para o Desenvolvimento do Conhecimento e Economia do Mar) and AFM (Associação Fórum Mar Centro). The Association has more than 60 members, from different sectors of activity of the Sea Economy, between companies and business associations, R&D Centres, higher education institutions, local authorities and other associative organizations. <u>Oceano XXI mission:</u> To foster the "Sea Knowledge and Economy Cluster" through the intersection of knowledge and support for innovation, internationalization and entrepreneurship contributing in sustainability conditions for the country's competitiveness.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''BlueBio Alliance'''<br />
<br />
The BlueBio Alliance is a networking initiative that aims to accelerate the development of the whole value chain connected to Marine Biotechnology in Portugal including all relevant stakeholders. The Bluebio alliance wants to act in collaboration with other relevant and broader scope initiatives such as Oceano XXI.<br />
<br />
== Law firms ==<br />
<u>specialized in maritime affairs</u><br />
* '''Vieira de Almeida & Associados'''(VdA)<ref name="vdapt">http://www.vda.pt/en/what-we-do/sectors/Economy-of-the-Sea/9520/</ref><br />
VdA strives to deepen Portugal's knowledge and know-how on the Economy of the Sea and also to be able to mobilize other "maritime nations" of the world. VdA has created a specific multidisciplinary team providing specialised legal services in a number of matters of this innovative economy, such as: Business investment projects,Business plan structuring, Corporate and contractual relationships, Structuring supply and distribution models , Mergers, acquisitions, Regulatory and Public Procurement, Instruments of national maritime space planning, Conflicts between uses and activities developed in national maritime space, Shared uses of national maritime space, Privative uses of national maritime space (concessions, licences and authorizations), Environmental issues, Financing activities in the national maritime space, Intellectual property rights.<br />
<br />
* '''Miranda Correia Amendoeira & Associadas'''<ref name="wwd">http://www.mirandalawfirm.com/?lang=pt</ref><br />
<br />
<br />
== Portals / Platforms ==<br />
<br />
* '''Portal do Mar '''<ref name="pdm">https://www.portaldomar.pt/PortaldoMar/index.htm</ref>and '''Portal Maroceano'''<ref name="maroc">http://www.maroceano.pt/component/content/article/2037-blue-growth-for-portugal</ref> are portals that dedicate to constantly update and release maritime related news and online services. <br />
<br />
* '''Plataforma Tecnologia do Mar de aveiro'''(PTUA)<ref name="ua">http://www.ua.pt/ptmar/</ref><br />
: This platform intends to promote collaborations between university and SMEs, with the intention to facilitate technology transfer, leading to an increase in business competitiveness. <br />
<br />
== Research priorities for marine biotechnology research ==<br />
<br />
n/a<br />
<br />
== Strategic documents ==<br />
<br />
n/a<br />
<br />
== Infrastructures and coordination and support capacities / initiatives ==<br />
<br />
* Portugal operates eight local/coastal vessels ranging from 11m to 31,40m (Águas Vivas, Arquipelago, Diplodus, NRP "Andromeda", NRP "Auriga", Puntazzo, Tellina and Ziphius); one regional vessels of 47,50m (Noruega); and two global vessels of 68,20m and 68,50m (NRP "Almirante Gago Coutinho" and NRP "D. Carlos I") registered in the European Research Vessels Infobase <ref name="eurocc">http://www.eurocean.org</ref>.<br />
<br />
* Portugal maintains about 25 large marine research equipments registered in the European large Exchangeable instruments database <ref name="eur">http://www.eurocean.org</ref>. <br />
<br />
* Key '''aquaculture experimental and research facilities''' in Portugal include <br />
::* Experimental Research Facilities CIIMAR Portugal Land based facilities<br />
::* Specialised Laboratories IPIMAR Portugal<br />
::* Marine aquaculture station of Ramalhete University of Algarve Portugal<br />
* Any other research facilities of relevance to Marine Biotech <br />
::* Algarve Centre of Marine Sciences, University of Algarve <br />
::* Centre of IMAR at Department of Oceanography and Fisheries at the University of the Azores<br />
<br />
* The Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC) is an international centre for biomedical research and graduate education, located in Oeiras, Portugal, founded by the Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation (FCG) in 1961. Its campus includes other research institutes in biology, biotechnology and chemistry, with complementary research interests and facilities: protein structure and design, synthesis and theory of chemicals with biological interest, molecular microbiology, plant biotechnology, biotechnology, downstream processing, etc. <ref name="igc">http://www.igc.gulbenkian.pt/</ref><br />
<br />
(For a complete description of the Portuguese Marine research infrastructures see: [http://www.eurocean.org/np4/20]<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Research Centres / Capabilities'''<br />
<br />
<u>Government Laboratories:</u><br />
<br />
Department of Marine Geology - INETI (language: Portuguese)<br />
<br />
Fisheries and Sea Research Institute - IPIMAR (language: Portuguese) <br />
<br />
Hydrographic Institute - IH (language: Portuguese) <br />
<br />
National Laboratory of Civil Engineering - LNEC <br />
<br />
Meteorological Institute<br />
<br />
<u>Associated Laboratories:</u><br />
<br />
Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies - CESAM <br />
<br />
Centre of Marine and Environmental Research - CIMAR <br />
<br />
Institute for Systems and Robotics - IS<br />
<br />
<u>R&D Units In Portugal:</u><br />
<br />
Biogeochemistry Group - IMAR <br />
<br />
Centre for the Study of Hydrosystems - CEHIDRO<br />
<br />
Centre for Ecological Modelling - IMAR <br />
<br />
Centre of Marine Environment and Technology - MARETEC <br />
<br />
Centre of Marine Sciences of Algarve - CCMAR (language: Portuguese) <br />
<br />
Centro de Recursos Minerais, Mineralogia e Cristalografia - CREMINER <br />
<br />
Centro de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental da Universidade do Algarve <br />
<br />
Department of Oceanography and Fisheries of the University of Azores - DOP <br />
<br />
Eco-Ethology Research Unit <br />
<br />
Guia Marine Laboratory of Lisbon University - IMAR <br />
<br />
Interdisciplinary Centre of Coimbra - IMAR <br />
<br />
Institute of Marine Research - IMAR <br />
Institute of Oceanography - IO <br />
<br />
Wave Energy Centre <br />
<br />
Underwater Systems and Technology Laboratory - Porto University<br />
<br />
== Collaboration with European initiatives ==<br />
<br />
* FCT is partner in the following European initiatives<br />
::*JPI Oceans<ref name="jpi">http://www.jpi-oceans.eu</ref> <br />
::*COFASP<ref name="cofas">http://www.cofasp.eu/</ref> <br />
::*OCEAN ERA NET<ref name="oceanera">http://www.oceaneranet.eu/pages/new-page-5.html</ref> <br />
::*CSA MarineBiotech<ref name="csa">http://www.marinebiotech.eu</ref> <br />
::*EurOcean<ref name="oce">http://www.eurocean.org</ref> <br />
<br />
<br />
== Major observations, trends and future prospects ==<br />
There is an industry forum for marine biotechnology. However, there is no specific program for funding marine biotechnology, hence marine biotechnology is fragmented and needs national cooperation.<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{Marinebiotechdisclaimer}}<br />
<br />
[[category:Marine Biotechnology]]</div>
Nelle Meyers