https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Ralfprien&feedformat=atomCoastal Wiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T14:30:10ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.31.7https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Turbidity&diff=9628Turbidity2007-06-08T13:53:50Z<p>Ralfprien: /* External Links */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{<br />
Definition|title=Turbidity<br />
|definition= Turbidity is a measure of the clarity (or murkiness) of water caused by suspended or colloidal particles. Highly turbid waters are those with a large number of suspended particles which interfere with the passage of light through the water. Turbidity in water is caused by particles of inorganic matter such as clay and silt, as well as organic matter, plankton and other microscopic organisms.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Introduction==<br />
...<br />
<br />
==Measurement and units of turbidity==<br />
...<br />
<br />
==Causes of turbidity==<br />
...<br />
<br />
==Issues related to turbidity==<br />
...<br />
<br />
==Literature==<br />
...<br />
...<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
*[[http://www.wetlabs.com]] WetLabs<br />
*[[http://www.chelsea.co.uk/Instruments.htm]] Chelsea Instruments<br />
*[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbidity]] Wikipedia-Turbidity<br />
*[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nephelometer]] Wikipedia-Nephelometer<br />
*[[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_turbidity]] Wikipedia-Ocean_Turbidity<br />
*[[http://www.act-us.info/evaluation_reports.php]] Technology Evaluation Reports of turbidity (and other) sensors from the Alliance for Coastal Technologies</div>Ralfprienhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Nutrient_analysers&diff=7511Nutrient analysers2007-05-14T15:09:04Z<p>Ralfprien: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
Nutrient analysers are [[oceanographic instruments]] to measure the concentration of certain nutrients [[in situ]]. While most measurements of nutrients are still made by taking water samples for later analysis in the lab a variety of [[in situ]] instruments has become available that automatically measure nutrient concentrations at pre-programmed intervals. These instruments allow a much higher temporal resolution of measurements than what can be achieved by taking samples.<br />
<br />
Most of the nutrient analysers are based on proven wet-chemical laboratory analysis methods. In recent years nitrate analysers based on the absorbance of ultraviolet light by nitrate in water have been introduced. <br />
<br />
==Wet chemical analysers==<br />
A variety of wet chemical nutrient analysers exist on the market. These analysers draw in sample water and mix it with a reagent (or reagents). The resulting solution develops a characteristic property (e.g. colour complex or fluorescence) depending on the concentration of the target analyte, that is then measured in an absorption cell (colour complex) or by a light source and photodetector (fluorescence). In some cases heating of the solution is required to speed up development.<br />
<br />
Depending on the chemical protocols followed (i.e. if heating and/or preconcentration steps are needed), the time response (time between independent measurements) is on the order of a few seconds to minutes. <br />
<br />
Parameters limiting the deployment time of wet-chemical analysers are reagent consumption, reagent degradation time, available electrical energy (batteries) and [[biofouling]].<br />
<br />
A distinct advantage of wet-chemical analysers is the capability of conducting in situ calibrations by piping a blank or standard solution of known concentration into the analyser instead of the sample. Any instrument drift can be detected and the measurements corrected for the drift. <br />
<br />
Nutrients that can be measured in situ include dissolved nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate and silicate (see links to companies below for details).<br />
<br />
==Optical nitrate analysers==<br />
Optical nitrate analysers use the property of dissolved nitrate that it absorbs ultraviolet light. The instrument consists of a light source (deuterium lamp of flash lamp), collimating optics, a light path through the sample water and a spectrometer with photodetector. The resulting absorption spectra have to be analysed (either by an on-board computer or after data recovery) as other constituents in the seawater also absorb ultraviolet light. (For details see Johnson & Colleti (2002))<br />
<br />
Optical nitrate analysers do not require any chemical reagents and have a very fast response (on the order of 1 s) and therefore are also suitable for measurements during profiling work, on towed vehicles and AUV's. The detection limits depend on the length of the optical absorption path, generally these instruments are not well suited for low nitrate concentrations (< 1 umol). <br />
<br />
The deployment time of the optical instruments is limited by available electrical energy (batteries) and [[biofouling]] (though for some instruments anti-biofouling measures can be added). <br />
<br />
==Literature==<br />
* Grasshoff, K., Kremling, K., Erhardt, M. (eds.) (1999), Methods of Seawater Analysis, Wiley-VCH, 600 pp., ISBN: 978-3527295890<br />
* Hanson, A.K., Donaghay, P.L., 1998. Micro- to fine-scale chemical gradients and layers in stratified coastal waters. Oceanography, 11(1), 10-17.<br />
* Johnson, K.S., Coletti, L.J., 2002. In situ ultraviolet spectrophotometry for high resolution and long-term monitoring of nitrate, bromide and bisulfide in the ocean. Deep-Sea Research I 49, 1291-1305.<br />
* Johnson, K.S., J.A. Needoba, S.C. Riser, W.J. Showers, 2007. Chemical Sensor Networks for the Aquatic Environment, Chem. Rev., 107, 623-640.<br />
==External Links==<br />
*[http://www.satlantic.com/default.asp?mn=1.15.25.34 Satlantic] Optical nitrate analysers, water quality monitor. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.trios.de/__science/uk/index.html TriOS Optical Sensors] Optical nitrate analysers. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.systea.it/systea/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=4&id=16&Itemid=28 Systea S.p.a.], wet chemical nutrient analysers. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.subchem.com/ SubChem Systems Inc.], submersible chemical analysers for nutrients, trace metals. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.ysi.com/ YSI Inc.], nutrient analysers. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.n-virotech.com/ EnviroTech LLC], nutrient analysers. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.act-us.info/ Alliance for Coastal Technologies], database of instruments for studying and monitoring of the coastal environment, technology evaluations, needs & use assessments. Accessed 14.5.2007</div>Ralfprienhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Nutrient_analysers&diff=7510Nutrient analysers2007-05-14T14:56:08Z<p>Ralfprien: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
Nutrient analysers are [[oceanographic instruments]] to measure the concentration of certain nutrients [[in situ]]. While most measurements of nutrients are still made by taking water samples for later analysis in the lab a variety of [[in situ]] instruments has become available that automatically measure nutrient concentrations at pre-programmed intervals. These instruments allow a much higher temporal resolution of measurements than what can be achieved by taking samples.<br />
<br />
Most of the nutrient analysers are based on proven wet-chemical laboratory analysis methods. In recent years nitrate analysers based on the absorbance of ultraviolet light by nitrate in water have been introduced. <br />
<br />
==Wet chemical analysers==<br />
A variety of wet chemical nutrient analysers exist on the market. These analysers draw in sample water and mix it with a reagent (or reagents). The resulting solution develops a characteristic property (e.g. colour complex or fluorescence) depending on the concentration of the target analyte, that is then measured in an absorption cell (colour complex) or by a light source and photodetector (fluorescence). In some cases heating of the solution is required to speed up development.<br />
<br />
Depending on the chemical protocols followed (i.e. if heating and/or preconcentration steps are needed), the time response (time between independent measurements) is on the order of a few seconds to minutes. <br />
<br />
Parameters limiting the deployment time of wet-chemical analysers are reagent consumption, reagent degradation time, available electrical energy (batteries) and [[biofouling]].<br />
<br />
A distinct advantage of wet-chemical analysers is the capability of conducting in situ calibrations by piping a blank or standard solution of known concentration into the analyser instead of the sample. Any instrument drift can be detected and the measurements corrected for the drift. <br />
<br />
Nutrients that can be measured in situ include dissolved nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate and silicate (see links to companies below for details).<br />
<br />
==Optical nitrate analysers==<br />
These instruments are working without any reagents and have a very fast response (on the order of 1 s) and therefore are also suitable for measurements during profiling work, on towed vehicles and AUV's. The detection limits depend on the length of the optical absorption path, generally these instruments are not well suited for low nitrate concentrations (< 1 umol). <br />
<br />
The deployment time of the optical instruments is limited by available electrical energy (batteries) and [[biofouling]] (though for some instruments anti-biofouling measures can be added). <br />
<br />
==Literature==<br />
* Grasshoff, K., Kremling, K., Erhardt, M. (eds.) (1999), Methods of Seawater Analysis, Wiley-VCH, 600 pp., ISBN: 978-3527295890<br />
* Hanson, A.K., Donaghay, P.L., 1998. Micro- to fine-scale chemical gradients and layers in stratified coastal waters. Oceanography, 11(1), 10-17.<br />
* Johnson, K.S., Coletti, L.J., 2002. In situ ultraviolet spectrophotometry for high resolution and long-term monitoring of nitrate, bromide and bisulfide in the ocean. Deep-Sea Research I 49, 1291-1305.<br />
* Johnson, K.S., J.A. Needoba, S.C. Riser, W.J. Showers, 2007. Chemical Sensor Networks for the Aquatic Environment, Chem. Rev., 107, 623-640.<br />
==External Links==<br />
*[http://www.satlantic.com/default.asp?mn=1.15.25.34 Satlantic] Optical nitrate analysers, water quality monitor. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.trios.de/__science/uk/index.html TriOS Optical Sensors] Optical nitrate analysers. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.systea.it/systea/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=4&id=16&Itemid=28 Systea S.p.a.], wet chemical nutrient analysers. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.subchem.com/ SubChem Systems Inc.], submersible chemical analysers for nutrients, trace metals. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.ysi.com/ YSI Inc.], nutrient analysers. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.n-virotech.com/ EnviroTech LLC], nutrient analysers. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.act-us.info/ Alliance for Coastal Technologies], database of instruments for studying and monitoring of the coastal environment, technology evaluations, needs & use assessments. Accessed 14.5.2007</div>Ralfprienhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Nutrient_analysers&diff=7509Nutrient analysers2007-05-14T14:33:56Z<p>Ralfprien: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
Nutrient analysers are [[oceanographic instruments]] to measure the concentration of certain nutrients [[in situ]]. While most measurements of nutrients are still made by taking water samples for later analysis in the lab a variety of [[in situ]] instruments has become available that automatically measure nutrient concentrations at pre-programmed intervals. These instruments allow a much higher temporal resolution of measurements than what can be achieved by taking samples.<br />
<br />
Most of the nutrient analysers are based on proven wet-chemical laboratory analysis methods. In recent years nitrate analysers based on the absorbance of ultraviolet light by nitrate in water have been introduced. <br />
<br />
==Wet chemical analysers==<br />
A variety of wet chemical nutrient analysers exist on the market. These analysers draw in sample water, mix it with a reagent (or reagents). The resulting solution develops a characteristic property (e.g. colour complex or fluorescence) depending on the concentration of the target analyte, that is then <br />
Depending on the chemical protocols followed (i.e. if heating and/or preconcentration steps are needed), the time response (time between independent measurements) is on the order of a few seconds to minutes. <br />
<br />
Parameters limiting the deployment time of wet-chemical analysers are reagent consumption, reagent degradation time, available electrical energy (batteries) and [[biofouling]].<br />
<br />
A distinct advantage of wet-chemical analysers is the capability of conducting in situ calibrations by piping a blank or standard solution of known concentration into the analyser instead of the sample. Any instrument drift can be detected and the measurements corrected for the drift. <br />
<br />
Nutrients that can be measured in situ include dissolved nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate and silicate.<br />
<br />
==Optical nitrate analysers==<br />
These instruments are working without any reagents and have a very fast response (on the order of 1 s) and therefore are also suitable for measurements during profiling work, on towed vehicles and AUV's. The detection limits depend on the length of the optical absorption path, generally these instruments are not well suited for low nitrate concentrations (< 1 umol). <br />
<br />
The deployment time of the optical instruments is limited by available electrical energy (batteries) and [[biofouling]] (though for some instruments anti-biofouling measures can be added). <br />
<br />
==Literature==<br />
* Grasshoff, K., Kremling, K., Erhardt, M. (eds.) (1999), Methods of Seawater Analysis, Wiley-VCH, 600 pp., ISBN: 978-3527295890<br />
* Hanson, A.K., Donaghay, P.L., 1998. Micro- to fine-scale chemical gradients and layers in stratified coastal waters. Oceanography, 11(1), 10-17.<br />
* Johnson, K.S., Coletti, L.J., 2002. In situ ultraviolet spectrophotometry for high resolution and long-term monitoring of nitrate, bromide and bisulfide in the ocean. Deep-Sea Research I 49, 1291-1305.<br />
* Johnson, K.S., J.A. Needoba, S.C. Riser, W.J. Showers, 2007. Chemical Sensor Networks for the Aquatic Environment, Chem. Rev., 107, 623-640.<br />
==External Links==<br />
*[http://www.satlantic.com/default.asp?mn=1.15.25.34 Satlantic] Optical nitrate analysers, water quality monitor. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.trios.de/__science/uk/index.html TriOS Optical Sensors] Optical nitrate analysers. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.systea.it/systea/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=4&id=16&Itemid=28 Systea S.p.a.], wet chemical nutrient analysers. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.subchem.com/ SubChem Systems Inc.], submersible chemical analysers for nutrients, trace metals. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.ysi.com/ YSI Inc.], nutrient analysers. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.n-virotech.com/ EnviroTech LLC], nutrient analysers. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.act-us.info/ Alliance for Coastal Technologies], database of instruments for studying and monitoring of the coastal environment, technology evaluations, needs & use assessments. Accessed 14.5.2007</div>Ralfprienhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Nutrient_analysers&diff=7476Nutrient analysers2007-05-14T12:55:18Z<p>Ralfprien: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
Nutrient analysers are [[oceanographic instruments]] to measure the concentration of certain nutrients [[in situ]]. While most measurements of nutrients are still made by taking water samples for later analysis in the lab a variety of [[in situ]] instruments has become available that automatically measure nutrient concentrations at pre-programmed intervals. These instruments allow a much higher temporal resolution of measurements than what can be achieved by taking samples.<br />
<br />
Most of the nutrient analysers are based on proven wet-chemical laboratory analysis methods. In recent years nitrate analysers based on the absorbance of ultraviolet light by nitrate in water have been introduced. <br />
<br />
==Wet chemical analysers==<br />
A variety of wet chemical nutrient analysers exist on the market. Depending on the chemical protocols followed (i.e. if heating and/or preconcentration steps are needed), the time response (time between independent measurements) is on the order of a few seconds to minutes. Parameters limiting the deployment time of wet-chemical analysers are reagent consumption, reagent degradation time, available electrical energy (batteries) and [[biofouling]].<br />
<br />
Nutrients that can be measured in situ include dissolved nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate and silicate.<br />
<br />
==Optical nitrate analysers==<br />
These instruments are working without any reagents and have a very fast response (on the order of 1 s) and therefore are also suitable for measurements during profiling work, on towed vehicles and AUV's. The detection limits depend on the length of the optical absorption path, generally these instruments are not well suited for low nitrate concentrations (< 1 umol). <br />
<br />
The deployment time of the optical instruments is limited by available electrical energy (batteries) and [[biofouling]] (though for some instruments anti-biofouling measures can be added). <br />
<br />
==Literature==<br />
* Grasshoff, K., Kremling, K., Erhardt, M. (eds.) (1999), Methods of Seawater Analysis, Wiley-VCH, 600 pp., ISBN: 978-3527295890<br />
* Hanson, A.K., Donaghay, P.L., 1998. Micro- to fine-scale chemical gradients and layers in stratified coastal waters. Oceanography, 11(1), 10-17.<br />
* Johnson, K.S., Coletti, L.J., 2002. In situ ultraviolet spectrophotometry for high resolution and long-term monitoring of nitrate, bromide and bisulfide in the ocean. Deep-Sea Research I 49, 1291-1305.<br />
* Johnson, K.S., J.A. Needoba, S.C. Riser, W.J. Showers, 2007. Chemical Sensor Networks for the Aquatic Environment, Chem. Rev., 107, 623-640.<br />
==External Links==<br />
*[http://www.satlantic.com/default.asp?mn=1.15.25.34 Satlantic] Optical nitrate analysers, water quality monitor. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.trios.de/__science/uk/index.html TriOS Optical Sensors] Optical nitrate analysers. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.systea.it/systea/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=4&id=16&Itemid=28 Systea S.p.a.], wet chemical nutrient analysers. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.subchem.com/ SubChem Systems Inc.], submersible chemical analysers for nutrients, trace metals. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.ysi.com/ YSI Inc.], nutrient analysers. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.n-virotech.com/ EnviroTech LLC], nutrient analysers. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.act-us.info/ Alliance for Coastal Technologies], database of instruments for studying and monitoring of the coastal environment, technology evaluations, needs & use assessments. Accessed 14.5.2007</div>Ralfprienhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Nutrient_analysers&diff=7475Nutrient analysers2007-05-14T12:06:50Z<p>Ralfprien: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
Nutrient analysers are [[oceanographic instruments]] to measure the concentration of certain nutrients [[in situ]]. While most measurements of nutrients are still made by taking water samples for later analysis in the lab a variety of [[in situ]] instruments has become available that automatically measure nutrient concentrations at pre-programmed intervals. These instruments allow a much higher temporal resolution of measurements than what can be achieved by taking samples.<br />
<br />
Most of the nutrient analysers are based on proven wet-chemical laboratory analysis methods. In recent years nitrate analysers based on the absorbance of ultraviolet light by nitrate in water have been introduced. <br />
<br />
==Wet chemical analysers==<br />
A variety of wet chemical nutrient analysers exist on the market.<br />
<br />
==Optical nitrate analysers==<br />
These instruments are working without any reagents and have a very fast response (on the order of 1 s) and therefore are also suitable for measurements during profiling work, on towed vehicles and AUV's. The detection limits depend on the length of the optical absorption path, generally these instruments are not well suited for low nitrate concentrations (< 1 umol). <br />
<br />
The deployment time of the optical instruments are limited by available electric power (batteries) and/or [[biofouling]] (though for some instruments anti-biofouling measures can be added). <br />
<br />
==Literature==<br />
* Grasshoff, K., Kremling, K., Erhardt, M. (eds.) (1999), Methods of Seawater Analysis, Wiley-VCH, 600 pp., ISBN: 978-3527295890<br />
* Johnson, K.S., Coletti, L.J., 2002. In situ ultraviolet spectrophotometry for high resolution and long-term monitoring of nitrate, bromide and bisulfide in the ocean. Deep-Sea Research I 49, 1291-1305.<br />
* Johnson, K.S., J.A. Needoba, S.C. Riser, W.J. Showers, 2007. Chemical Sensor Networks for the Aquatic Environment, Chem. Rev., 107, 623-640.<br />
==External Links==<br />
*[http://www.satlantic.com/default.asp?mn=1.15.25.34 Satlantic] Optical nitrate analysers, water quality monitor. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.trios.de/__science/uk/index.html TriOS Optical Sensors] Optical nitrate analysers. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.systea.it/systea/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=4&id=16&Itemid=28 Systea S.p.a.], wet chemical nutrient analysers. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.subchem.com/ SubChem Systems Inc.], submersible chemical analysers for nutrients, trace metals. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.ysi.com/ YSI Inc.], nutrient analysers. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.n-virotech.com/ EnviroTech LLC], nutrient analysers. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.act-us.info/ Alliance for Coastal Technologies], database of instruments for studying and monitoring of the coastal environment, technology evaluations, needs & use assessments. Accessed 14.5.2007</div>Ralfprienhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Nutrient_analysers&diff=7463Nutrient analysers2007-05-14T11:23:14Z<p>Ralfprien: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
Nutrient analysers are [[oceanographic instruments]] to measure the concentration of certain nutrients [[in situ]]. While most measurements of nutrients are still made by taking water samples for later analysis in the lab a variety of [[in situ]] instruments has become available that automatically measure nutrient concentrations at pre-programmed intervals. These instruments allow a much higher temporal resolution of measurements than what can be achieved by taking samples.<br />
<br />
Most of the nutrient analysers are based on proven wet-chemical laboratory analysis methods.<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
*[http://www.satlantic.com/default.asp?mn=1.15.25.34 Satlantic] Optical nitrate analysers, water quality monitor. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.trios.de/__science/uk/index.html TriOS Optical Sensors] Optical nitrate analysers. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.systea.it/systea/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=4&id=16&Itemid=28 Systea S.p.a.], wet chemical nutrient analysers. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.subchem.com/ SubChem Systems Inc.], submersible chemical analysers for nutrients, trace metals. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.ysi.com/ YSI Inc.], nutrient analysers. Accessed 14.5.2007<br />
*[http://www.n-virotech.com/ EnviroTech LLC], nutrient analysers. Accessed 14.5.2007</div>Ralfprienhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Nutrient_analysers&diff=7447Nutrient analysers2007-05-14T10:55:20Z<p>Ralfprien: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
Nutrient analysers are [[oceanographic instruments]] to measure the concentration of certain nutrients [[in situ]]. While most measurements of nutrients are still made by taking water samples for later analysis in the lab a variety of [[in situ]] instruments has become available that automatically measure nutrient concentrations at pre-programmed intervals. These instruments allow a much higher temporal resolution of measurements than what can be achieved by taking samples.<br />
<br />
Most of the nutrient analysers are based on proven wet-chemical laboratory analysis methods.<br />
<br />
==External Links==<br />
*[http://www.satlantic.com/default.asp?mn=1.15.25.34 Satlantic] Optical nitrate analysers, water quality monitor<br />
*[http://www.trios.de/__science/uk/index.html TriOS Optical Sensors] Optical nitrate analysers<br />
*[http://www.systea.it/systea/index.php?option=com_content&task=category&sectionid=4&id=16&Itemid=28 Systea S.p.a.], wet chemical nutrient analysers</div>Ralfprienhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Oceanographic_instruments&diff=7424Oceanographic instruments2007-05-14T09:50:04Z<p>Ralfprien: Redirect</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[oceanographic instrument]]</div>Ralfprienhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Nutrient_analysers&diff=7422Nutrient analysers2007-05-14T09:49:03Z<p>Ralfprien: Article started</p>
<hr />
<div>==Introduction==<br />
Nutrient analysers are [[oceanographic instruments]] to measure the concentration of certain nutrients [[in situ]]. While most measurements of nutrients are still made by taking water samples for later analysis in the lab a variety of [[in situ]] instruments has become available that automatically measure nutrient concentrations at pre-programmed intervals. These instruments allow a much higher temporal resolution of measurements than what can be achieved by taking samples.<br />
<br />
Most of the nutrient analysers are based on proven wet-chemical laboratory analysis methods.</div>Ralfprienhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sensor&diff=7419Sensor2007-05-14T09:38:26Z<p>Ralfprien: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Definition|title=Sensor<br />
|definition=<br />
A sensor is a device that converts a stimulus (e.g. heat, pressure or light) into a (in most cases electrical) signal that can be measured or interpreted. It is a part of an instrument or, in the context of this Wiki, an [[oceanographic instrument]]. <br />
}}<br />
Often the word sensor is used synonymous to an [[oceanographic instrument]].<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
In an [[oceanographic instrument]] the stimulus can either interact directly with the detector (such as in a temperature, pressure or light sensor) or a stimulus is exserted by the instrument, then is modified by the property to be measured and the modified stimulus then interacts with the detector (such as in a [[fluorometer]] that sends out a light pulse (stimulus) that is transformed by chlorophyll fluorescence in the water (modification of stimulus); the transformed light (modified stimulus) then is interacting with the detector).<br />
<br />
If the detector signal is not an electrical signal (e.g. an optical signal or the change of a property such as colour) it can be converted to an electrical signal by a transducer. Detector and transducer together form the sensor.<br />
<br />
==Important properties==<br />
* Sensitivity: The smallest change in the property to be measured that leads to a measurable change in the detector signal.<br />
* Selectivity: In how far the change of other properties than the one to be measured leads to a change in the detector signal. High selectivity sensors exhibit little influence of detector signal from changes in properties other than the one to be measured.<br />
* Range: The span between the extremes of the property to be measured at which no further change in detector signal occurs.<br />
* Linearity: A measure that represents in how far equal amounts of change in the property to be measured lead to equal amounts of change in detector signal.</div>Ralfprienhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=File:Scales.png&diff=6107File:Scales.png2007-04-04T13:39:10Z<p>Ralfprien: Temporal and spatial scales of ocean processes. Modified after Dickey (2001).</p>
<hr />
<div>Temporal and spatial scales of ocean processes. Modified after Dickey (2001).</div>Ralfprienhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Oceanographic_instrument&diff=4997Oceanographic instrument2007-03-21T15:28:25Z<p>Ralfprien: extended properties</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Definition|title=Oceanographic instrument<br />
|definition=<br />
An oceanographic instrument is a device that allows to measure one or more properties of seawater [[in situ]]. <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
[[Image:Instrument schematic.jpg|thumb|330px|right|Schematic of a generalised oceanographic instrument. The analyte (property to be measured) interacts with the detector (in some cases after a stimulus has been exserted by the instrument). The detector produces a signal, that is transformed into an electrical signal by the transducer. Detector and transducer together constitute the sensor. The electrical signal is fed to the signal processing (and conditioning) unit that creates the signal output of the instrument.]]<br />
<br />
An oceanographic instrument generally consists of one or more [[sensors]] and a signal processing unit that converts the sensor signal and carries out scaling and conversion to engineering units and the output data protocol. <br />
<br />
Oceanographic instruments can contain [[data loggers]] to store measurement data for readout after the deployment.<br />
<br />
==Important properties==<br />
* Accuracy: deviation of the measured value from the true value<br />
* precision: deviation of a measured value from another measured value of the same quantity (but at different environmental conditions (e.g. the two measurements taken at different temperatures)<br />
* resolution: smallest change in the measured quantity that can be detected by the instrument<br />
* measurement rate: number of measurements that can be carried out per time unit (e.g. measurements/hour)<br />
* power consumption: mean of electrical power uptake during deployment (usually in Watts [W])<br />
* deployment time: time period for which the instrument can be deployed (usually depends on environmental conditions, such as biofouling, or on stored energy and power consumption)<br />
<br />
<br />
(see also important properties of [[sensors]])</div>Ralfprienhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=In_situ&diff=3697In situ2007-02-13T12:23:14Z<p>Ralfprien: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Definition|title=in situ<br />
|definition=<br />
In it's original place. From the Latin word ''situs'' meaning place. <br />
}}<br />
<br />
In oceanography this term is mostly used with [[oceanographic instrument|instruments]] that measure properties directly in the sea: In situ measurement, in situ [[sensor]], in situ [[oceanographic instrument|instrument]]. <br />
<br />
Also used to describe the temperature that a water volume has at the depth it is located: In situ temperature.</div>Ralfprienhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Oceanographic_instrument&diff=3696Oceanographic instrument2007-02-13T12:18:13Z<p>Ralfprien: /* Overview */ added instrument schematic image</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Definition|title=Oceanographic instrument<br />
|definition=<br />
An oceanographic instrument is a device that allows to measure one or more properties of seawater [[in situ]]. <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
[[Image:Instrument schematic.jpg|thumb|330px|right|Schematic of a generalised oceanographic instrument. The analyte (property to be measured) interacts with the detector (in some cases after a stimulus has been exserted by the instrument). The detector produces a signal, that is transformed into an electrical signal by the transducer. Detector and transducer together constitute the sensor. The electrical signal is fed to the signal processing (and conditioning) unit that creates the signal output of the instrument.]]<br />
<br />
An oceanographic instrument generally consists of one or more [[sensors]] and a signal processing unit that converts the sensor signal and carries out scaling and conversion to engineering units and the output data protocol. <br />
<br />
Oceanographic instruments can contain [[data loggers]] to store measurement data for readout after the deployment.<br />
<br />
==Important properties==<br />
* accuracy<br />
* precision<br />
* resolution<br />
* measurement rate<br />
* power consumption<br />
<br />
(see also important properties of [[sensors]])</div>Ralfprienhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=File:Instrument_schematic.jpg&diff=3695File:Instrument schematic.jpg2007-02-13T12:13:23Z<p>Ralfprien: Schematic of a generalised oceanographic instrument. The analyte (property to be measured) interacts with the detector (in some cases after a stimulus has been exserted by the instrument). The detector produces a signal, that is transformed into an electr</p>
<hr />
<div>Schematic of a generalised oceanographic instrument. The analyte (property to be measured) interacts with the detector (in some cases after a stimulus has been exserted by the instrument). The detector produces a signal, that is transformed into an electrical signal by the transducer. Detector and transducer together constitute the sensor. The electrical signal is fed to the signal processing (and conditioning) unit that creates the signal output of the instrument.</div>Ralfprienhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=In_situ&diff=3691In situ2007-02-13T10:40:27Z<p>Ralfprien: page creation</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Definition|title=in situ<br />
|definition=<br />
In it's original place. From the Latin word ''situs'' meaning place. <br />
}}<br />
<br />
In oceanography this term is mostly used with instruments that measure properties directly in the sea: In situ measurement, in situ sensor, in situ instrument. <br />
<br />
Also used to describe the temperature that a water volume has at the depth it is located: In situ temperature.</div>Ralfprienhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Oceanographic_instrument&diff=3660Oceanographic instrument2007-02-12T15:37:51Z<p>Ralfprien: page creation</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Definition|title=Oceanographic instrument<br />
|definition=<br />
An oceanographic instrument is a device that allows to measure one or more properties of seawater [[in situ]]. <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
An oceanographic instrument generally consists of one or more [[sensors]] and a signal processing unit that converts the sensor signal and carries out scaling and conversion to engineering units and the output data protocol. <br />
<br />
Oceanographic instruments can contain [[data loggers]] to store measurement data for readout after the deployment.<br />
<br />
==Important properties==<br />
* accuracy<br />
* precision<br />
* resolution<br />
* measurement rate<br />
* power consumption<br />
<br />
(see also important properties of [[sensors]])</div>Ralfprienhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Oceanographic_instrument&diff=3657Oceanographic instrument2007-02-12T14:17:27Z<p>Ralfprien: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Definition|title=Oceanographic instrument<br />
|definition=<br />
An oceanographic instrument is a device that allows to measure one or more properties of seawater [[in situ]]. It generally consists of one or more [[sensors]] and a signal processing unit that converts the sensor signal and carries out scaling and conversion to engineering units and the output data protocol.<br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
An oceanographic instrument <br />
<br />
==Important properties==<br />
*</div>Ralfprienhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sensor&diff=3656Sensor2007-02-12T14:05:42Z<p>Ralfprien: /* Overview */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Definition|title=Sensor<br />
|definition=<br />
A sensor is a device that converts a stimulus (e.g. heat, pressure or light) into a (in most cases electrical) signal that can be measured or interpreted. It is a part of an instrument or, in the context of this Wiki, an [[oceanographic instrument]]. <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
In an [[oceanographic instrument]] the stimulus can either interact directly with the detector (such as in a temperature, pressure or light sensor) or a stimulus is exserted by the instrument, then is modified by the property to be measured and the modified stimulus then interacts with the detector (such as in a [[fluorometer]] that sends out a light pulse (stimulus) that is transformed by chlorophyll fluorescence in the water (modification of stimulus); the transformed light (modified stimulus) then is interacting with the detector).<br />
<br />
If the detector signal is not an electrical signal (e.g. an optical signal or the change of a property such as colour) it can be converted to an electrical signal by a transducer. Detector and transducer together form the sensor.<br />
<br />
==Important properties==<br />
* Sensitivity: The smallest change in the property to be measured that leads to a measurable change in the detector signal.<br />
* Selectivity: In how far the change of other properties than the one to be measured leads to a change in the detector signal. High selectivity sensors exhibit little influence of detector signal from changes in properties other than the one to be measured.<br />
* Range: The span between the extremes of the property to be measured at which no further change in detector signal occurs.<br />
* Linearity: A measure that represents in how far equal amounts of change in the property to be measured lead to equal amounts of change in detector signal.</div>Ralfprienhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sensor&diff=3655Sensor2007-02-12T13:46:12Z<p>Ralfprien: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Definition|title=Sensor<br />
|definition=<br />
A sensor is a device that converts a stimulus (e.g. heat, pressure or light) into a (in most cases electrical) signal that can be measured or interpreted. It is a part of an instrument or, in the context of this Wiki, an [[oceanographic instrument]]. <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
In an [[oceanographic instrument]] the stimulus can either interact directly with the detector (such as in a temperature, pressure or light sensor) or a stimulus is exserted by the instrument, then is modified by the property to be measured and the modified stimulus then interacts with the detector (such as in a [[fluorometer]] that sends out a light pulse (stimulus) that is transformed by chlorophyll fluorescence in the water (modification of stimulus); the transformed light (modified stimulus) then is interacting with the detector).<br />
<br />
If the detector signal is not an electrical signal (e.g. an optical signal or the change of a property such as colour) it can be converted to an electrical signal by a transducer in the instrument.<br />
<br />
==Important properties==<br />
* Sensitivity: The smallest change in the property to be measured that leads to a measurable change in the detector signal.<br />
* Selectivity: In how far the change of other properties than the one to be measured leads to a change in the detector signal. High selectivity sensors exhibit little influence of detector signal from changes in properties other than the one to be measured.<br />
* Range: The span between the extremes of the property to be measured at which no further change in detector signal occurs.<br />
* Linearity: A measure that represents in how far equal amounts of change in the property to be measured lead to equal amounts of change in detector signal.</div>Ralfprienhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sensor&diff=3654Sensor2007-02-12T13:45:32Z<p>Ralfprien: Implemented definition template</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Definition|title=Nutrients<br />
|definition=<br />
A sensor is a device that converts a stimulus (e.g. heat, pressure or light) into a (in most cases electrical) signal that can be measured or interpreted. It is a part of an instrument or, in the context of this Wiki, an [[oceanographic instrument]]. <br />
}}<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
In an [[oceanographic instrument]] the stimulus can either interact directly with the detector (such as in a temperature, pressure or light sensor) or a stimulus is exserted by the instrument, then is modified by the property to be measured and the modified stimulus then interacts with the detector (such as in a [[fluorometer]] that sends out a light pulse (stimulus) that is transformed by chlorophyll fluorescence in the water (modification of stimulus); the transformed light (modified stimulus) then is interacting with the detector).<br />
<br />
If the detector signal is not an electrical signal (e.g. an optical signal or the change of a property such as colour) it can be converted to an electrical signal by a transducer in the instrument.<br />
<br />
==Important properties==<br />
* Sensitivity: The smallest change in the property to be measured that leads to a measurable change in the detector signal.<br />
* Selectivity: In how far the change of other properties than the one to be measured leads to a change in the detector signal. High selectivity sensors exhibit little influence of detector signal from changes in properties other than the one to be measured.<br />
* Range: The span between the extremes of the property to be measured at which no further change in detector signal occurs.<br />
* Linearity: A measure that represents in how far equal amounts of change in the property to be measured lead to equal amounts of change in detector signal.</div>Ralfprienhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sensor&diff=3653Sensor2007-02-12T13:17:32Z<p>Ralfprien: Finished the important properties section</p>
<hr />
<div>==Definition==<br />
<br />
A sensor is a device that converts a stimulus (e.g. heat, pressure or light) into a (in most cases electrical) signal that can be measured or interpreted. It is a part of an instrument or, in the context of this Wiki, an [[oceanographic instrument]].<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
In an [[oceanographic instrument]] the stimulus can either interact directly with the detector (such as in a temperature, pressure or light sensor) or a stimulus is exserted by the instrument, then is modified by the property to be measured and the modified stimulus then interacts with the detector (such as in a [[fluorometer]] that sends out a light pulse (stimulus) that is transformed by chlorophyll fluorescence in the water (modification of stimulus); the transformed light (modified stimulus) then is interacting with the detector).<br />
<br />
If the detector signal is not an electrical signal (e.g. an optical signal or the change of a property such as colour) it can be converted to an electrical signal by a transducer in the instrument.<br />
<br />
==Important properties==<br />
* Sensitivity: The smallest change in the property to be measured that leads to a measurable change in the detector signal.<br />
* Selectivity: In how far the change of other properties than the one to be measured leads to a change in the detector signal. High selectivity sensors exhibit little influence of detector signal from changes in properties other than the one to be measured.<br />
* Range: The span between the extremes of the property to be measured at which no further change in detector signal occurs.<br />
* Linearity: A measure that represents in how far equal amounts of change in the property to be measured lead to equal amounts of change in detector signal.</div>Ralfprienhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sensor&diff=2866Sensor2007-01-24T16:15:38Z<p>Ralfprien: page creation</p>
<hr />
<div>==Definition==<br />
<br />
A sensor is a device that converts a stimulus (e.g. heat, pressure or light) into a (in most cases electrical) signal that can be measured or interpreted. It is a part of an instrument or, in the context of this Wiki, an [[oceanographic instrument]].<br />
<br />
==Overview==<br />
In an [[oceanographic instrument]] the stimulus can either interact directly with the detector (such as in a temperature, pressure or light sensor) or a stimulus is exserted by the instrument, then is modified by the property to be measured and the modified stimulus then interacts with the detector (such as in a [[fluorometer]] that sends out a light pulse (stimulus) that is transformed by chlorophyll in the water fluorescing (modification of stimulus); the transformed light (modified stimulus) then is interacting with the detector).<br />
<br />
If the detector signal is not an electrical signal (e.g. an optical signal or the change of a property such as colour) it can be converted to an electrical signal by a transducer in the instrument.<br />
<br />
==Important properties==<br />
* Sensitivity: The smallest change in the property to be measured that leads to a measurable change in the detector signal.<br />
* Selectivity: In how far the change of other properties than the one to be measured leads to a change in the detector signal.<br />
* Range: The span between the extremes of the property to be measured at which no further change in detector signal occurs.<br />
* Linearity:</div>Ralfprienhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sensors&diff=2865Sensors2007-01-24T14:01:41Z<p>Ralfprien: Redirect to sensor</p>
<hr />
<div>#REDIRECT [[sensor]]</div>Ralfprienhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Help:Contents&diff=1546Help:Contents2006-12-12T09:41:03Z<p>Ralfprien: copied this from Main Page</p>
<hr />
<div>== On how to use the wiki==<br />
<br />
;Start editing<br />
First of all you need an account, this is so other users can see who made the edits. To create an account just press the '''Log in / create account''' link at the top right of the page. To then start editing this or any other page either click the '''edit''' link at the top of the page or use the edit button at the beginning of each section. This takes you to the '''edit page''': a page with a text box containing the ''wikitext'': the editable source code from which the server produces the webpage. <br />
<br />
;Type your changes<br />
You can just type your text. However, also using basic [http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Editing '''wiki-markup'''] to make links and do simple formatting adds to the value of your contribution. Also see the special [[help]] page<br />
<br />
;Preview before saving<br />
When you have finished, click '''Show preview''' to see how your changes will look '''before''' you make them permanent. Repeat the edit/preview process until you are satisfied, then click '''Save page''' and your changes will be immediately applied to the article.<br />
<br />
Succes with editing the EncoraWiki!</div>Ralfprienhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Theme_9_-_Assessment_of_field_observation_techniques&diff=1544Talk:Theme 9 - Assessment of field observation techniques2006-12-11T12:13:11Z<p>Ralfprien: </p>
<hr />
<div>I thought it might be good to have a starting point for the articles. In no way it is intended to remain like this but I feel that people might be more inclined to start editing this way.[[User:Ralfprien|Ralfprien]] 13:13, 11 December 2006 (Romance Standard Time)</div>Ralfprienhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Theme_9_-_Assessment_of_field_observation_techniques&diff=1543Talk:Theme 9 - Assessment of field observation techniques2006-12-11T12:07:13Z<p>Ralfprien: </p>
<hr />
<div>I thought it might be good to have a starting point for the articles. In no way it is intended to remain like this but I feel that people might be more inclined to start editing this way.<br />
Ralf</div>Ralfprien