View source for Pollution and benthic fish

[[Image:Do not eat white croaker.jpg|thumb|right|200px| <div style="text-align: center;">
Polluted fish in Los Angeles [http://www.benoa.net/index.html Photo © Benoist Sébire]
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[[Benthic]] fish live right above the surface of the sea floor. The sea floor soil typically accumulates contaminants which have a low water solubility (most contaminants).  


<u>'''Heavy metals'''</u>

Methylmercury can biomagnify to high values in large carnivorous fish. These fish are also more active, causing them to need more oxygen. To extract more oxygen, they have to pump more water through their gills, causing them also to adsorb more contaminants. Unlike marine mammals and (possibly) sea birds, fish can't demethylate methylmercury, nor can they excrete it efficiently. Therefore old carnivorous fish often contain very large amounts of methylmercury, making them unfit for human consumption.<ref name="pub">Clark, R,B., 1999. Marine pollution. Oxford University press, Fourth edition, pp 161</ref>


<u>'''Organochlorine compounds'''</u>

Chronic PCB contamination might affect the breading success of benthic fishes. The starry flounder population in the San Fransisco Bay displayed reduced breading success in the 1980's. Although the San Francisco bay had a relatively low PCB content, the eggs of the flounders displayed elevated PCB levels. The breading success of species in Europe might also have been affected by relatively low levels of PCBs. <ref>Sinderman, C.J. 2006. Coastal Pollution: Effects on Living Resources and Humans. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL. 280 pp</ref>

The major effect of organochlorines is that they impair the reproductive functions and consequently threathen the survival of the species. So have white croaker in contaminated areas near Los Angeles a high organochlorine content and a reduced number of eggs which have a reduced change to be fertilized.<ref>Md. Shahidul Islam and Masaru Tanaka, 2004, Impacts of pollution on coastal and marine ecosystems including coastal and marine fisheries and approach for management: a review and synthesis, Marine Pollution Bulletin Volume 48, 7-8 Pages 624-649.</ref>



Benthic fish have been shown to be vulnerable to high concentrations of PAHs <ref>Kennish, M. J. (1996): Practical Handbook of Estuarine and Marine Pollution, CRC Press 524 pp</ref>




== Case Studies ==


Case study 1: [[PFOS contamination in bib and plaice in the Western Scheldt]] <ref> Hoff, P.T.; Van de Vijver, K.; Van Dongen, W.; Esmans, E.L.; Blust, R.; De Coen, W.M. (2003). Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid in bib (Trisopterus luscus) and plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) from the western Scheldt and the Belgian North Sea: distribution and biochemical effects. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 22(3): 608-614</ref> <P>

Case study 2: [[Volatile organic compounds in North Sea fish]] <ref> Roose, P.; Brinkman, U.A.Th. (2005). Determination of volatile organic compounds in marine biota, in: Roose, P. (2005). Volatile organic compounds and related microcontaminants in the Scheldt estuary and the southern North Sea: method development and monitoring. pp. 85-108</ref>

==References==
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[[Category:North Sea]]
[[Category:Coastal and marine pollution]]