Difference between revisions of "Eutrophication"
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| + | Eutrophication is an important process involving enrichment of water by excess nutrients. The different processes and effects of coastal eutrophication are well documented (Cloern, 2001<ref>Cloern, J. (2001) Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 210, 223–253.[ISI]</ref> ; Conley et al., 2002<ref>Conley, D. J., Markager, S., Andersen, J. et al. (2002) Coastal eutrophication and the Danish National Aquatic Monitoring and Assessment Program. Estuaries, 25, 706–719.[Medline]</ref> ; Rönnberg and Bonsdorff, 2004<ref>Rönnberg, C. and Bonsdorff, E. (2004) Baltic Sea eutrophication: area-specific ecological consequences. Hydrobiologia, 514, 227–241.[CrossRef][ISI]</ref>). and it has been considered as one of the biggest threats to marinne ecosystem health for decades (Ryther and Dunstan, 1971<ref>Ryther and Dunstan, 1971</ref> ; Nixon, 1995<ref>Nixon, S. W. (1995) Coastal marine eutrophication: a definition, social causes, and future concerns. Ophelia, 41, 199–219.[ISI]</ref>; Elmgren, 2001<ref>NEED REF</ref> ; Bachmann et al., 2006<ref>Bachmann, R. W., Cloern, J. E., Heckey, R. E. et al. (eds) (2006) Eutrophication of freshwater and marine ecosystems. Limnol. Oceanogr., 51 (1, part 2), 351–800.</ref>. | ||
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==What is eutrophication about?== | ==What is eutrophication about?== | ||
| − | # It’s about increased productivity (conversion of light and carbon dioxide into living organic matter – a process being limited by nitrogen and/or phosphorus) | + | # It’s about increased productivity (conversion of light and carbon dioxide into living organic matter – a process being limited by nitrogen and/or phosphorus) and unacceptable ecological effects as algal blooms, oxygen depletion, kills of benthic animals and fish |
| − | and unacceptable ecological effects as algal blooms, oxygen depletion, kills of benthic animals and fish | ||
# It’s caused by increased inputs of nutrients from | # It’s caused by increased inputs of nutrients from | ||
##point sources | ##point sources | ||
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##atmospheric deposition | ##atmospheric deposition | ||
# It’s about money! | # It’s about money! | ||
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| + | ==What are we really talking about?== | ||
| + | ;Eutrophication : “eu” = “well” or “good” | ||
| + | :“trope” = “nourishment” | ||
But is “eutrophication” good? | But is “eutrophication” good? | ||
*In general: NO … it is actually ”bad” … | *In general: NO … it is actually ”bad” … | ||
| − | *... too many nutrients in wrong places may cause problems and result in changes | + | *... too many nutrients in wrong places may cause problems and result in changes in structure, function and stability of the marine ecosystems … |
| − | in structure, function and stability of the marine ecosystems … | ||
*Eutrophication is ”too much of a good thing” | *Eutrophication is ”too much of a good thing” | ||
| − | + | [[image:Cyanobacteria bacteria bloom, Baltic Sea, 1997]] | |
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==Some definitions:== | ==Some definitions:== | ||
| − | ;Eutrophication : An increase in the supply of organic matter | + | ;Eutrophication : An increase in the supply of organic matter (Nixon 1995<ref>Nixon, S. W. (1995) Coastal marine eutrophication: a definition, social causes, and future concerns. Ophelia, 41, 199–219.[ISI]</ref>) |
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| + | : A condition in an aquatic ecosystem where high nutrient concentrations stimulate growth of algae which leads to imbalanced functioning of the system” (HELCOM)<ref> http://www.helcom.fi/environment2/eutrophication/en_GB/front/</ref>. | ||
| + | ;Alternative proposal : The enrichment of water by nutrients, especially nitrogen and/or phosphorus and organic matter, causing an increased growth of algae and higher forms of plant life to produce an unacceptable deviation in structure, function and stability of organisms present in the water and to the quality of water concerned, compared to reference conditions (Andersen et al. (2006)<ref>Andersen, J. H., Schlüter, L. and Ærtebjerg, G. (2006) Coastal eutrophication: recent developments in definitions and implications for monitoring strategies. J. Plankton Res. 28(7): 621-628.</ref>) | ||
| + | [[image:German Bight]] | ||
==The process of eutrophication== | ==The process of eutrophication== | ||
| − | [[image: | + | [[image:Eutrophication.png|Eutrophication schematic. Source: US EPA]] |
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Eutrophication schematic. Source: US EPA | Eutrophication schematic. Source: US EPA | ||
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==European Coastal Areas== | ==European Coastal Areas== | ||
The main source of nitrogen to European coastal waters is agricultural runoff discharged into the sea via rivers, identified as originating from sources of ammonia evaporation in animal husbandry and partly from fossil fuel combustion in traffic, industry and households (EEA Topic report 7/2001<ref>Ærtebjerg, G. et al., Eutrophication in Europe’s Coastal Waters. Topic Report No 7/2001. European Environment Agency. (http://reports.eea.europa.eu/topic_report_2001_7/en)</ref>). For phosphorus the major sources are treated and untreated discharges to the sea from households and industry as well as soil erosion (EEA Topic report 7/2001<ref>Ærtebjerg, G. et al., Eutrophication in Europe’s Coastal Waters. Topic Report No 7/2001. European Environment Agency. (http://reports.eea.europa.eu/topic_report_2001_7/en)</ref>). | The main source of nitrogen to European coastal waters is agricultural runoff discharged into the sea via rivers, identified as originating from sources of ammonia evaporation in animal husbandry and partly from fossil fuel combustion in traffic, industry and households (EEA Topic report 7/2001<ref>Ærtebjerg, G. et al., Eutrophication in Europe’s Coastal Waters. Topic Report No 7/2001. European Environment Agency. (http://reports.eea.europa.eu/topic_report_2001_7/en)</ref>). For phosphorus the major sources are treated and untreated discharges to the sea from households and industry as well as soil erosion (EEA Topic report 7/2001<ref>Ærtebjerg, G. et al., Eutrophication in Europe’s Coastal Waters. Topic Report No 7/2001. European Environment Agency. (http://reports.eea.europa.eu/topic_report_2001_7/en)</ref>). | ||
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*EU Water Framework Directive http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html | *EU Water Framework Directive http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html | ||
*Marine Strategy Directive http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/marine.html | *Marine Strategy Directive http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/marine.html | ||
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| + | ==See also== | ||
| + | http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophication | ||
| + | ==External links== | ||
| + | *Nutrients and Eutrophication in Danish Marine Waters | ||
| + | http://www2.dmu.dk/1_Viden/2_Miljoe-tilstand/3_vand/4_eutrophication/definition.htm | ||
| + | *National environment research institute (DK) (but this particular page is news) | ||
| + | http://www.dmu.dk/International/News/Source+apportionment.htm | ||
| + | *BERNET: Baltic Eutrophication Regional Network | ||
| + | http://www.bernet.org/wm125051 | ||
*(Source appointments of nitrogen and phosphorus inputs into the aquatic environment: article not referenced (and not allowed to reproduce) | *(Source appointments of nitrogen and phosphorus inputs into the aquatic environment: article not referenced (and not allowed to reproduce) | ||
http://reports.eea.europa.eu/eea_report_2005_7/en/EEA_report_7_2005.pdf) | http://reports.eea.europa.eu/eea_report_2005_7/en/EEA_report_7_2005.pdf) | ||
| − | + | ==References== | |
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Authorship | Authorship | ||
''02/01/2007, Karen Edelvang (kae@dhigroup.com) Caitlin Pilkington (caitlin.pilkington@gmail.com), DHI Water Environment Health.'' | ''02/01/2007, Karen Edelvang (kae@dhigroup.com) Caitlin Pilkington (caitlin.pilkington@gmail.com), DHI Water Environment Health.'' | ||
Revision as of 14:42, 3 January 2007
Eutrophication is an important process involving enrichment of water by excess nutrients. The different processes and effects of coastal eutrophication are well documented (Cloern, 2001[1] ; Conley et al., 2002[2] ; Rönnberg and Bonsdorff, 2004[3]). and it has been considered as one of the biggest threats to marinne ecosystem health for decades (Ryther and Dunstan, 1971[4] ; Nixon, 1995[5]; Elmgren, 2001[6] ; Bachmann et al., 2006[7].
Contents
What is eutrophication about?
- It’s about increased productivity (conversion of light and carbon dioxide into living organic matter – a process being limited by nitrogen and/or phosphorus) and unacceptable ecological effects as algal blooms, oxygen depletion, kills of benthic animals and fish
- It’s caused by increased inputs of nutrients from
- point sources
- activities in the upstream catchment (e.g. losses from agriculture)
- atmospheric deposition
- It’s about money!
What are we really talking about?
- Eutrophication
- “eu” = “well” or “good”
- “trope” = “nourishment”
But is “eutrophication” good?
- In general: NO … it is actually ”bad” …
- ... too many nutrients in wrong places may cause problems and result in changes in structure, function and stability of the marine ecosystems …
- Eutrophication is ”too much of a good thing”
File:Cyanobacteria bacteria bloom, Baltic Sea, 1997
Some definitions:
- Eutrophication
- An increase in the supply of organic matter (Nixon 1995[8])
- A condition in an aquatic ecosystem where high nutrient concentrations stimulate growth of algae which leads to imbalanced functioning of the system” (HELCOM)[9].
- Alternative proposal
- The enrichment of water by nutrients, especially nitrogen and/or phosphorus and organic matter, causing an increased growth of algae and higher forms of plant life to produce an unacceptable deviation in structure, function and stability of organisms present in the water and to the quality of water concerned, compared to reference conditions (Andersen et al. (2006)[10])
The process of eutrophication
Eutrophication schematic. Source: US EPA
European Coastal Areas
The main source of nitrogen to European coastal waters is agricultural runoff discharged into the sea via rivers, identified as originating from sources of ammonia evaporation in animal husbandry and partly from fossil fuel combustion in traffic, industry and households (EEA Topic report 7/2001[11]). For phosphorus the major sources are treated and untreated discharges to the sea from households and industry as well as soil erosion (EEA Topic report 7/2001[12]).
EU Directives:
- EC Urban Waster Water Treatment Directive http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-urbanwaste/directiv.html
- EC Nitrates Directive http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-nitrates/directiv.html
- EU Water Framework Directive http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html
- Marine Strategy Directive http://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/marine.html
See also
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophication
External links
- Nutrients and Eutrophication in Danish Marine Waters
http://www2.dmu.dk/1_Viden/2_Miljoe-tilstand/3_vand/4_eutrophication/definition.htm
- National environment research institute (DK) (but this particular page is news)
http://www.dmu.dk/International/News/Source+apportionment.htm
- BERNET: Baltic Eutrophication Regional Network
http://www.bernet.org/wm125051
- (Source appointments of nitrogen and phosphorus inputs into the aquatic environment: article not referenced (and not allowed to reproduce)
http://reports.eea.europa.eu/eea_report_2005_7/en/EEA_report_7_2005.pdf)
References
- ↑ Cloern, J. (2001) Our evolving conceptual model of the coastal eutrophication problem. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 210, 223–253.[ISI]
- ↑ Conley, D. J., Markager, S., Andersen, J. et al. (2002) Coastal eutrophication and the Danish National Aquatic Monitoring and Assessment Program. Estuaries, 25, 706–719.[Medline]
- ↑ Rönnberg, C. and Bonsdorff, E. (2004) Baltic Sea eutrophication: area-specific ecological consequences. Hydrobiologia, 514, 227–241.[CrossRef][ISI]
- ↑ Ryther and Dunstan, 1971
- ↑ Nixon, S. W. (1995) Coastal marine eutrophication: a definition, social causes, and future concerns. Ophelia, 41, 199–219.[ISI]
- ↑ NEED REF
- ↑ Bachmann, R. W., Cloern, J. E., Heckey, R. E. et al. (eds) (2006) Eutrophication of freshwater and marine ecosystems. Limnol. Oceanogr., 51 (1, part 2), 351–800.
- ↑ Nixon, S. W. (1995) Coastal marine eutrophication: a definition, social causes, and future concerns. Ophelia, 41, 199–219.[ISI]
- ↑ http://www.helcom.fi/environment2/eutrophication/en_GB/front/
- ↑ Andersen, J. H., Schlüter, L. and Ærtebjerg, G. (2006) Coastal eutrophication: recent developments in definitions and implications for monitoring strategies. J. Plankton Res. 28(7): 621-628.
- ↑ Ærtebjerg, G. et al., Eutrophication in Europe’s Coastal Waters. Topic Report No 7/2001. European Environment Agency. (http://reports.eea.europa.eu/topic_report_2001_7/en)
- ↑ Ærtebjerg, G. et al., Eutrophication in Europe’s Coastal Waters. Topic Report No 7/2001. European Environment Agency. (http://reports.eea.europa.eu/topic_report_2001_7/en)
Authorship
02/01/2007, Karen Edelvang (kae@dhigroup.com) Caitlin Pilkington (caitlin.pilkington@gmail.com), DHI Water Environment Health.
