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• Climate adaptation policies for the coastal zone
  ...Colijn, M. Quante), Springer Verlag: 475-488</ref>. The important issue of climate adaptation in coastal cities is dealt with in a separate article [[Coastal ==Urgency of climate adaptation==
  24 KB (3,512 words) - 16:18, 10 May 2024
• Nature-based shore protection
  This article focuses on nature-based shore protection in temperate climate zones. Mangroves are dealt with in the article [[Mangroves]] and coral reef ...rshes, have been observed to offer protection during storms. Variations in wave reduction and cost effectiveness are dependent on multiple parameters inclu
  69 KB (10,397 words) - 17:04, 17 April 2024
• Marine data portals and tools
  ...strategic wave monitoring network for England and Wales, that consists of wave buoys located in areas at risk from flooding. ...for assessing impacts of environmental change in ecosystems, weather, and climate. Sea surface temperature, winds, and current products support meteorologica
  25 KB (3,541 words) - 22:36, 5 November 2021
• Introduction to biodiversity of coastal and marine habitats and ecosystems
  ...tal habitats and ecosystems in transitional waters are subjected to tides, wave action and sediment transport, which help to form habitats such as [[salt m ...ly) an increased incidence and severity of storms. The [[Effects of global climate change on European marine biodiversity|effects on the marine environment]]
  8 KB (1,167 words) - 19:01, 21 February 2024
• Natural variability and change in coastal ecosystems
  .... The way in which natural variation is influenced by issues relating to [[climate change]], water catchments and human activity is also discussed. ...expected to have already occurred, or to be possible in the future with [[climate change]]. Recently, there has been an increase in the abundance of a number
  28 KB (4,152 words) - 12:34, 6 March 2022
• Classification of sandy coastlines
  ...on the [[angle of incidence]] of the prevailing [[waves]] and dependent on wave exposure. The geomorphological processes associated with these physical str # Type 1: ''Perpendicular wave approach'', angle of incidence close to zero
  17 KB (2,622 words) - 20:46, 31 March 2021
• Stability of rubble mound breakwaters and shore revetments
  ...to protect shorelines from ongoing erosion or to shelter areas from strong wave and current action. Shore protection structures can be divided into coastal ...seabed/beach level; (2) potential to dissipate wave energy, thus reducing wave loads on the structure, and also reducing the tendency for scour; (3) the (
  53 KB (8,394 words) - 12:45, 26 May 2024
• The backbarrier tidal flats in the southern North Sea - A multidisciplinary approach to reveal the main driving forces shaping the system
  ...s are an important feature of many coastlines affected by tides in various climate zones of the world. They belong to the most productive natural ecosystems o ...e biotechnology and the production of renewable energy in coastal wind and wave power installations. Exploitation of resources always carries by the risk o
  22 KB (3,418 words) - 22:48, 2 July 2023
• Chenier
  ...p to 4 m high and 40 to 400 m wide, often shelly, deposited in the form of wave-built beach ridge on a swampy, deltaic, or alluvial coastal plain of fine s ...promote the formation of a mud bed on the landward side that also absorbs wave energy. Cheniers, mangroves and mud deposits together play an important rol
  6 KB (884 words) - 13:20, 13 January 2024
• Ecological enhancement of coastal protection structures
  ...s or rock structures<ref>Allen, R.J. and Webb, B.M. 2011. Determination of Wave Transmission Coefficients for Oyster Shell Bag Breakwaters. In: Magoon, O.T ...nce to the establishment of invasive species. The high levels of physical (wave) disturbance of artificial structures facilitates colonization by opportuni
  16 KB (2,325 words) - 21:09, 31 March 2024
• Restoration of estuarine and coastal ecosystems
  ...whole structure. This approach reduces the costs involved, as well as the wave action depressing the development of the vegetation. Cost benefit analyses :[[Climate adaptation measures for the coastal zone]]
  14 KB (2,089 words) - 19:14, 7 March 2023
• Embayed beaches
  ...h exchanges sand with the shoreface, depending on fluctuations in the wave climate (high-energy storm waves or low-energy swell). The presence of a beach impl ...mine the sediment transport gradients along the beach (see [[Shallow-water wave theory]] and [[Littoral drift and shoreline modelling]] for a more detailed
  13 KB (2,012 words) - 21:14, 23 May 2024
• Shoreline retreat and recovery
  ...e: relative sea-level rise (see: [[Bruun rule]]), long-term trends in wave climate, decrease/increase of sand supply by rivers, trapping of sand in inlets and ...er offshore bathymetric structures<ref>Healy, T.R. 1987. The importance of wave focusing in the coastal erosion and sedimentation process. Proceed. Coastal
  29 KB (4,526 words) - 12:45, 24 April 2024
• Seaweed (macro-algae) ecosystem services
  ....C., Frazier, M. and Halpern, B.S. 2019. Blue Growth Potential to Mitigate Climate Change through Seaweed Offsetting. Current Biology 29: 3087–3093</ref>. ...f knowledge regarding the potential of macroalgae cultivation in providing climate-related and other ecosystem services. Report prepared by an Eklipse Working
  35 KB (5,044 words) - 17:21, 16 February 2024
• Coral islands
  ...the mid-Holocene high-stand sea level (current sea level plus about 1 m). Wave interaction with coral reef platforms is recognized as the principal proces ...d reef flats dissipate disproportionately more wave energy as the incident wave energy increases. In cases where reefs have been degraded, recovery is more
  8 KB (1,229 words) - 20:45, 2 April 2024

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