Difference between revisions of "Application of data loggers to seabirds"
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| − | Seabirds have been instrumented with telemetry devices mainly since the 1970s to learn more about seabirds and their marine environment. In the beginning, devices have been very large so that they could hardly be fitted to the largest seabirds, mainly penguins. The | + | Seabirds have been instrumented with telemetry devices mainly since the 1970s to learn more about seabirds and their marine environment. In the beginning, devices have been very large so that they could hardly be fitted to the largest seabirds, mainly penguins. The miniaturization process in electronic technology effectively helped to reduce the size of such devices so that more and more species can now be worked with and more and more parameters can be measured. |
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| + | [[image:garthe_01.jpg|left|Fig. 1. Miniaturised sensors by ''earth & ocean technologies, Kiel, Germany'': PTD (left) and GPS (right)]] | ||
===Data loggers=== | ===Data loggers=== | ||
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===Research approach=== | ===Research approach=== | ||
The application of data loggers to seabirds has mainly focussed on biological aspects of the birds, e.g. where they forage, where they migrate, where they dive and how deep, how high they fly and at which speed. More recent studies have also investigated how seabirds use their environment as more and more environmental parameters can be collected (e.g. water temperature). It has been demonstrated that seabirds can thus passively collect a vast amount of data that may allow us to monitor the environment. Such a monitoring may focus at hydrographic structures but also at biological properties such as feeding hot-spots and productivity (overview e.g. by Wilson et al., Marine Ecology Progress Series, 228: 241-261; 2002). | The application of data loggers to seabirds has mainly focussed on biological aspects of the birds, e.g. where they forage, where they migrate, where they dive and how deep, how high they fly and at which speed. More recent studies have also investigated how seabirds use their environment as more and more environmental parameters can be collected (e.g. water temperature). It has been demonstrated that seabirds can thus passively collect a vast amount of data that may allow us to monitor the environment. Such a monitoring may focus at hydrographic structures but also at biological properties such as feeding hot-spots and productivity (overview e.g. by Wilson et al., Marine Ecology Progress Series, 228: 241-261; 2002). | ||
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| + | [[image:garthe_02.jpg|thumb|Flight track of a northern gannet (Morus bassanus) in Newfoundland, Canada. Each black dot shows a positional location, each red dot gives the location of a dive. Maximum distance: 202 km; Foraging trip length: 632 km.]] | ||
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Examples of comprehensive studies are e.g. given in Grémillet et al. (Marine Ecology Progress Series, 268: 265-279; 2004), Weimerskirch et al. (Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Biological Science, 272: 53-61; 2005), Shaffer et al. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the US, 103: 12799-12802; 2006) and Garthe et al. (Deep-Sea Research II, 54: 311-320; 2007). | Examples of comprehensive studies are e.g. given in Grémillet et al. (Marine Ecology Progress Series, 268: 265-279; 2004), Weimerskirch et al. (Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Biological Science, 272: 53-61; 2005), Shaffer et al. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the US, 103: 12799-12802; 2006) and Garthe et al. (Deep-Sea Research II, 54: 311-320; 2007). | ||
===Ethical aspects=== | ===Ethical aspects=== | ||
An essential aspect when applying data loggers to seabirds is to ensure that the bird is not suffering from the procedure. While it is virtually impossible to definitely prove that no effects have been taken place, there are a variety of measurements and observations that can be used to investigate whether the individuals involved behaved unusal. It is essential to minimise any possible adverse effects on the birds while the bird is handled and while the device is attached to the bird to not affect the birds and to guarantee that the data collected are representative and useful (see e.g. by Wilson & McMahon, Frontiers in Ecology and Environment, 4: 147-154; 2006). | An essential aspect when applying data loggers to seabirds is to ensure that the bird is not suffering from the procedure. While it is virtually impossible to definitely prove that no effects have been taken place, there are a variety of measurements and observations that can be used to investigate whether the individuals involved behaved unusal. It is essential to minimise any possible adverse effects on the birds while the bird is handled and while the device is attached to the bird to not affect the birds and to guarantee that the data collected are representative and useful (see e.g. by Wilson & McMahon, Frontiers in Ecology and Environment, 4: 147-154; 2006). | ||
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| + | [[image:garthe_03.jpg]] | ||
===Species involved=== | ===Species involved=== | ||
Penguins were the first seabird group instrumented with data loggers to a large extent as they are among the largest and heaviest birds, allowing more loads to be attached compared to smaller species. Albatrosses, cormorants, gannets, shearwaters, petrels followed next. The on-going miniaturization process will allow more and more species to be studied by this technology. | Penguins were the first seabird group instrumented with data loggers to a large extent as they are among the largest and heaviest birds, allowing more loads to be attached compared to smaller species. Albatrosses, cormorants, gannets, shearwaters, petrels followed next. The on-going miniaturization process will allow more and more species to be studied by this technology. | ||
| + | [[image:garthe_04.jpg]] | ||
===Information forum=== | ===Information forum=== | ||
Revision as of 19:36, 21 June 2007
Seabirds have been instrumented with telemetry devices mainly since the 1970s to learn more about seabirds and their marine environment. In the beginning, devices have been very large so that they could hardly be fitted to the largest seabirds, mainly penguins. The miniaturization process in electronic technology effectively helped to reduce the size of such devices so that more and more species can now be worked with and more and more parameters can be measured.
Contents
Data loggers
Data loggers differ from other telemetry devices (e.g. radio-telemetry and satellite telemetry) in so far as they do not transmit information permanently or at a given interval but store information. These loggers have to be retrieved from the birds or from the sea to download the data to a computer. A brief overview of the history of this technology is given e.g. by Ropert-Coudert & Wilson (Frontiers in Ecology and Environment, 3: 437-444; 2005).
Research approach
The application of data loggers to seabirds has mainly focussed on biological aspects of the birds, e.g. where they forage, where they migrate, where they dive and how deep, how high they fly and at which speed. More recent studies have also investigated how seabirds use their environment as more and more environmental parameters can be collected (e.g. water temperature). It has been demonstrated that seabirds can thus passively collect a vast amount of data that may allow us to monitor the environment. Such a monitoring may focus at hydrographic structures but also at biological properties such as feeding hot-spots and productivity (overview e.g. by Wilson et al., Marine Ecology Progress Series, 228: 241-261; 2002).
Examples of comprehensive studies are e.g. given in Grémillet et al. (Marine Ecology Progress Series, 268: 265-279; 2004), Weimerskirch et al. (Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Biological Science, 272: 53-61; 2005), Shaffer et al. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of the US, 103: 12799-12802; 2006) and Garthe et al. (Deep-Sea Research II, 54: 311-320; 2007).
Ethical aspects
An essential aspect when applying data loggers to seabirds is to ensure that the bird is not suffering from the procedure. While it is virtually impossible to definitely prove that no effects have been taken place, there are a variety of measurements and observations that can be used to investigate whether the individuals involved behaved unusal. It is essential to minimise any possible adverse effects on the birds while the bird is handled and while the device is attached to the bird to not affect the birds and to guarantee that the data collected are representative and useful (see e.g. by Wilson & McMahon, Frontiers in Ecology and Environment, 4: 147-154; 2006).
Species involved
Penguins were the first seabird group instrumented with data loggers to a large extent as they are among the largest and heaviest birds, allowing more loads to be attached compared to smaller species. Albatrosses, cormorants, gannets, shearwaters, petrels followed next. The on-going miniaturization process will allow more and more species to be studied by this technology.
Information forum
As part of the increasing demands to study seabirds at sea. at a time when they are usually out of sight and out of reach for researchers, conferences have been held recently. Within the so-called bio-logging science, or animal-attached remote sensing, people meet that work with seabirds, marine mammals, sea turtles and large fish. The results of studies with satellite telemetry, data loggers and other types of animal-attached devices have been provided e.g. at two major conferences, biologging1 and 2: http://polaris.nipr.ac.jp/~penguin/oogataHP/IndexC.html http://smub.st-and.ac.uk/Biologging/Proceedings.htm
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