https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Polyfluorinated_compounds_-_a_new_class_of_global_pollutants_in_the_coastal_environment&feed=atom&action=historyPolyfluorinated compounds - a new class of global pollutants in the coastal environment - Revision history2024-03-29T05:14:21ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.31.7https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Polyfluorinated_compounds_-_a_new_class_of_global_pollutants_in_the_coastal_environment&diff=77551&oldid=prevDronkers J at 11:08, 7 August 20202020-08-07T11:08:04Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Introduction===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Introduction===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A few years ago </del>a new class of chemical substances with toxic and persistent properties was detected in the environment - the polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs). At the Institute for Coastal Research scientific studies are performed on the PFC-contamination of coastal waters, marine mammals and the atmosphere with emphasis on the mechanisms of global transport and distribution of PFCs.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Around the year 2000 </ins>a new class of chemical substances with toxic and persistent properties was detected in the environment - the polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs). At the Institute for Coastal Research scientific studies are performed on the PFC-contamination of coastal waters, marine mammals and the atmosphere with emphasis on the mechanisms of global transport and distribution of PFCs.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Polyfluorinated compounds have been industrially manufactured for over 50 years with global production currently reported to be in the order of thousands of tons per year. PFCs are used for surface treatment in carpets, textiles, leather and paper, in polymer production, fire-fighting foams, cosmetics and cleaning agents as well as in numerous other industrial and consumer applications[[Image:Molecules_1.jpg|thumb|right|'''Figure 1'''  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Polyfluorinated compounds have been industrially manufactured for over 50 years with global production currently reported to be in the order of thousands of tons per year. PFCs are used for surface treatment in carpets, textiles, leather and paper, in polymer production, fire-fighting foams, cosmetics and cleaning agents as well as in numerous other industrial and consumer applications[[Image:Molecules_1.jpg|thumb|right|'''Figure 1'''  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Left: Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), right: Perfluorooctane sulfonate ([[PFOS]])</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Left: Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), right: Perfluorooctane sulfonate ([[PFOS]])</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>PFOA and PFOS produced in the course of this atmospheric process are removed from the air by precipitation, are deposited onto the ocean or land surfaces, or are ingested by organisms and accumulated in the food chain.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>PFOA and PFOS produced in the course of this atmospheric process are removed from the air by precipitation, are deposited onto the ocean or land surfaces, or are ingested by organisms and accumulated in the food chain.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Thus, both pathways are involved in the global occurrence and distribution of PFOS and PFOA.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Thus, both pathways are involved in the global occurrence and distribution of PFOS and PFOA.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br style="clear:both;"/></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Further reading (more recent references)==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Lindstrom, A.B., Strynar, M.J. and Libelo, E.L. 2011.  Polyfluorinated Compounds: Past, Present, and Future. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45: 7954–7961 </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://www.epa.gov/pfas/what-are-pfcs-and-how-do-they-relate-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfass EPA: What are PFCs and How Do They Relate to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs)?]</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://www.epa.gov/pfas/pfas-laws-and-regulations EPA: PFAS Laws and Regulations]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://www.oecd.org/env/ehs/risk-management/PFC_FINAL-Web.pdf UNEP 2013: SYNTHESIS PAPER ON PER- AND POLYFLUORINATED CHEMICALS (PFCS])</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://www.cdc.gov/biomonitoring/PFAS_FactSheet.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDC 2017: Per- and Polyfluorinated Substances (PFAS) Factsheet]</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[https://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/portal-perfluorinated-chemicals/ OECD: Portal on per and poly fluorinated chemicals] </ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
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</table>Dronkers Jhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Polyfluorinated_compounds_-_a_new_class_of_global_pollutants_in_the_coastal_environment&diff=75193&oldid=prevDronkers J at 20:09, 22 July 20192019-07-22T20:09:42Z<p></p>
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</table>Dronkers Jhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Polyfluorinated_compounds_-_a_new_class_of_global_pollutants_in_the_coastal_environment&diff=33650&oldid=prevDaphnisd: /* Distribution of PFCs in the environment */2009-08-31T10:00:24Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Distribution of PFCs in the environment</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:PFC_4.jpg|thumb|right|'''Figure 5'''  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:PFC_4.jpg|thumb|right|'''Figure 5'''  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Air sampling at the observation deck of the research vessel "Maria S. Merian".]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Air sampling at the observation deck of the research vessel "Maria S. Merian".]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Studies at the Institute for Coastal Research confirm the assumption of two pathways of distribution of the acids PFOS and PFOA. The first way is the direct transport by water currents. In the year 2007 numerous water samples (between 1 and 5 L) were taken along the River Elbe, in the German Bight and in the Atlantic Ocean. After solid phase extraction and subsequent elution with organic solvents the extracts were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). In these samples 18 different PFCs were found. The concentrations were up to 20 ng/L, whereas the concentrations of dissolved PFOA and other perfluorinated carboxylic acids were higher in the estuaries of the River Elbe and the River Weser than in regions of the North Sea far away from the coast. Thus, these rivers were identified to be one of the sources of single certain PFCs for the German Bight (Fig. 3). On the other hand significant inputs of dissolved PFOS from the rivers Elbe and Weser could not be detected. To the west of the River Ems high amounts of PFBS (perfluorobutane sulfonate) were detected. At the end of 2006 very high amounts of PFBS were determined in water of the River Rhine. The source of this contamination was located in the Aare catchment area in Switzerland. For a few years PFBS has been used as a replacement chemical instead of PFOS, because in Europe the use of PFOS will be restricted effective from June 2008. In contrast to PFOS, its substitute PFBS is considered to be neither bioaccumulative nor toxic. But because of its persistence and its ionic character this short-chain PFC is rather mobile in the groundwater. Trace amounts were determined also in drinking water. However, PFBS is an unwanted man-made trace contaminant in the aquatic environment.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Studies at the Institute for Coastal Research confirm the assumption of two pathways of distribution of the acids PFOS and PFOA. The first way is the direct transport by water currents. In the year 2007 numerous water samples (between 1 and 5 L) were taken along the River Elbe, in the German Bight and in the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>Atlantic Ocean<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>. After solid phase extraction and subsequent elution with organic solvents the extracts were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). In these samples 18 different PFCs were found. The concentrations were up to 20 ng/L, whereas the concentrations of dissolved PFOA and other perfluorinated carboxylic acids were higher in the estuaries of the River Elbe and the River Weser than in regions of the North Sea far away from the coast. Thus, these rivers were identified to be one of the sources of single certain PFCs for the German Bight (Fig. 3). On the other hand significant inputs of dissolved PFOS from the rivers Elbe and Weser could not be detected. To the west of the River Ems high amounts of PFBS (perfluorobutane sulfonate) were detected. At the end of 2006 very high amounts of PFBS were determined in water of the River Rhine. The source of this contamination was located in the Aare catchment area in Switzerland. For a few years PFBS has been used as a replacement chemical instead of PFOS, because in Europe the use of PFOS will be restricted effective from June 2008. In contrast to PFOS, its substitute PFBS is considered to be neither bioaccumulative nor toxic. But because of its persistence and its ionic character this short-chain PFC is rather mobile in the groundwater. Trace amounts were determined also in drinking water. However, PFBS is an unwanted man-made trace contaminant in the aquatic environment.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The other pathway of global distribution is the transport via air. PFOS and PFOA are themselves non-volatile. But it might be possible that volatile precursor substances like fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) (Fig. 4) can undergo long-range atmospheric transport. In the atmosphere these compounds physically degrade to PFOS and PFOA and subsequently are removed from the air to deposit on water or soil surfaces. This indirect transport results in a fast distribution of PFOS and PFOA over long distances. This hypothesis was the motivation for extensive investigations at the Institute for Coastal Research on the occurrence of polyfluorinated compounds in the atmosphere, their distribution patterns and the mechanisms of transport from their sources to pristine marine regions.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The other pathway of global distribution is the transport via air. PFOS and PFOA are themselves non-volatile. But it might be possible that volatile precursor substances like fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) (Fig. 4) can undergo long-range atmospheric transport. In the atmosphere these compounds physically degrade to PFOS and PFOA and subsequently are removed from the air to deposit on water or soil surfaces. This indirect transport results in a fast distribution of PFOS and PFOA over long distances. This hypothesis was the motivation for extensive investigations at the Institute for Coastal Research on the occurrence of polyfluorinated compounds in the atmosphere, their distribution patterns and the mechanisms of transport from their sources to pristine marine regions.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Over the last three years a substantial number of air samples were taken in the North Sea, the Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic (Fig. 5). Several volatile precursor substances like fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), fluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs), and fluorooctane sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs) (Fig. 4) were detected in the gaseous phase of the air in the pg/m³ range of concentrations.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Over the last three years a substantial number of air samples were taken in the North Sea, the Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic (Fig. 5). Several volatile precursor substances like fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), fluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs), and fluorooctane sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs) (Fig. 4) were detected in the gaseous phase of the air in the pg/m³ range of concentrations.  </div></td></tr>
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</table>Daphnisdhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Polyfluorinated_compounds_-_a_new_class_of_global_pollutants_in_the_coastal_environment&diff=33649&oldid=prevDaphnisd: /* Temporal trend of PFC contamination */2009-08-31T09:54:55Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Temporal trend of PFC contamination</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:54, 31 August 2009</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Temporal trend of the PFOS concentrations (mean values) in livers of Greenland Ringed Seals (modified from Bossi et al., 2005<ref name="B">Bossi, R., Riget, F.F. & Dietz, R. (2005). Temporal and spatial trends of perfluorinated compounds in ringed seal (Phoca hispida) from Greenland.  Environmental Science and Technology 39 (19), 7416-7422.</ref>).]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Temporal trend of the PFOS concentrations (mean values) in livers of Greenland Ringed Seals (modified from Bossi et al., 2005<ref name="B">Bossi, R., Riget, F.F. & Dietz, R. (2005). Temporal and spatial trends of perfluorinated compounds in ringed seal (Phoca hispida) from Greenland.  Environmental Science and Technology 39 (19), 7416-7422.</ref>).]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the year 2005 Danish scientists published the results of their studies in seals from Greenland from 1982 to 2003. During this period PFOS concentrations in livers increased from about 30 ng/g to 100 ng/g wet weight (Bossi et al., 2005<ref name="B">Bossi, R., Riget, F.F. & Dietz, R. (2005). Temporal and spatial trends of perfluorinated compounds in ringed seal (Phoca hispida) from Greenland. Environmental Science and Technology 39 (19), 7416-7422.</ref>) (Fig.2).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the year 2005 Danish scientists published the results of their studies in seals from Greenland from 1982 to 2003. During this period PFOS concentrations in livers increased from about 30 ng/g to 100 ng/g wet weight (Bossi et al., 2005<ref name="B">Bossi, R., Riget, F.F. & Dietz, R. (2005). Temporal and spatial trends of perfluorinated compounds in ringed seal (Phoca hispida) from Greenland. Environmental Science and Technology 39 (19), 7416-7422.</ref>) (Fig.2).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At the GKSS Institute for Coastal Research the liver of a seal found in 2005 near the German island Amrum was analysed. It is worth remarking that PFOS concentration was about 20 times higher than the values determined in Greenland seals from 2003 although a direct comparison is problematic. Thus, the PFOS contamination of marine mammals not only increased during recent years but probably will also increase in the future. Within the framework of studies supported by the Scholarship Programme of the German Federal Environmental Foundation (Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt, DBU) the livers of 80 seals from the Research and Technology Centre West Coast (FTZ) will be analysed by the GKSS Institute for Coastal Research. Analyses of PFCs will give information about changes in the contamination of seals over the last 20 years and allow for a reconstruction of the contamination of the North Sea in the past.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At the GKSS Institute for Coastal Research the liver of a seal found in 2005 near the German island Amrum was analysed. It is worth remarking that PFOS concentration was about 20 times higher than the values determined in Greenland seals from 2003 although a direct comparison is problematic. Thus, the PFOS contamination of marine mammals not only increased during recent years but probably will also increase in the future. Within the framework of studies supported by the Scholarship Programme of the German Federal Environmental Foundation (Deutsche Bundesstiftung Umwelt, DBU) the livers of 80 seals from the Research and Technology Centre West Coast (FTZ) will be analysed by the GKSS Institute for Coastal Research. Analyses of PFCs will give information about changes in the contamination of seals over the last 20 years and allow for a reconstruction of the contamination of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>North Sea<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>in the past.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Air samples===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Air samples===</div></td></tr>
</table>Daphnisdhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Polyfluorinated_compounds_-_a_new_class_of_global_pollutants_in_the_coastal_environment&diff=33648&oldid=prevDaphnisd: /* Analysis of PFCs and levels of contamination */2009-08-31T09:52:38Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Analysis of PFCs and levels of contamination</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:52, 31 August 2009</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Analysis of PFCs and levels of contamination===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Analysis of PFCs and levels of contamination===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although PFCs have already been produced for about half a century analytical detection in the environment is only possible with adequate instrumentation which has been available just for a few years. Low amounts of PFCs in soil, water, air and biota as well as their surfactant-like character require analytical methods with very low detection limits. The rapid development in the field of gas chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography, both coupled with mass spectrometers, results in considerably lower detection limits and allows the determination of concentrations in the parts-per-billion-range and beneath.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Although PFCs have already been produced for about half a century analytical detection in the environment is only possible with adequate instrumentation which has been available just for a few years. Low amounts of PFCs in soil, water, air and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>biota<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>as well as their surfactant-like character require analytical methods with very low detection limits. The rapid development in the field of gas chromatography and high pressure liquid chromatography, both coupled with mass spectrometers, results in considerably lower detection limits and allows the determination of concentrations in the parts-per-billion-range and beneath.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>PFCs are man-made compounds. Currently, natural sources are not known. PFCs can be detected worldwide in almost all matrices of the environment. High amounts of PFOS and PFOA are found in food, human blood and human milk. Surprisingly high concentrations were determined in fish, seals, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">seabirds</del>, and, most notably, in polar bears from the Arctic. Compared to other POPs like chlorinated hydrocarbons PFCs are found in higher ambient concentrations. In Swedish studies of human blood from 1997 to 2000 the mean PFC-concentration was 20 to 50 times higher than the concentration of the polychlorinated biphenyls and about 300 to 450 times higher than that of hexachlorobenzene, two classical organic pollutants, which are known to be hazardous</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>PFCs are man-made compounds. Currently, natural sources are not known. PFCs can be detected worldwide in almost all matrices of the environment. High amounts of PFOS and PFOA are found in food, human blood and human milk. Surprisingly high concentrations were determined in <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[pollution and pelagic fishes|</ins>fish<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[pollution and marine mammals|</ins>seals<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Pollution and sea birds|sea birds]]</ins>, and, most notably, in polar bears from the Arctic. Compared to other POPs like chlorinated hydrocarbons PFCs are found in higher ambient concentrations. In Swedish studies of human blood from 1997 to 2000 the mean PFC-concentration was 20 to 50 times higher than the concentration of the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[PCB|</ins>polychlorinated biphenyls<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>and about 300 to 450 times higher than that of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>hexachlorobenzene<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>, two classical organic pollutants, which are known to be hazardous</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(Kärrman et al., 2006<ref name="K">Kärrman, A., Bert van Bavela, B., Järnbergb, U., Hardella, L. & Lindström, G. (2006). Perfluorinated chemicals in relation to other persistent organic pollutants in human blood, Chemosphere, 64, 1582-1591.</ref>).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>(Kärrman et al., 2006<ref name="K">Kärrman, A., Bert van Bavela, B., Järnbergb, U., Hardella, L. & Lindström, G. (2006). Perfluorinated chemicals in relation to other persistent organic pollutants in human blood, Chemosphere, 64, 1582-1591.</ref>).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
</table>Daphnisdhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Polyfluorinated_compounds_-_a_new_class_of_global_pollutants_in_the_coastal_environment&diff=33647&oldid=prevDaphnisd: /* Introduction */2009-08-31T09:49:45Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Introduction</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:49, 31 August 2009</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l2" >Line 2:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A few years ago a new class of chemical substances with toxic and persistent properties was detected in the environment - the polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs). At the Institute for Coastal Research scientific studies are performed on the PFC-contamination of coastal waters, marine mammals and the atmosphere with emphasis on the mechanisms of global transport and distribution of PFCs.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A few years ago a new class of chemical substances with toxic and persistent properties was detected in the environment - the polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs). At the Institute for Coastal Research scientific studies are performed on the PFC-contamination of coastal waters, marine mammals and the atmosphere with emphasis on the mechanisms of global transport and distribution of PFCs.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Polyfluorinated compounds have been industrially manufactured for over 50 years with global production currently reported to be in the order of thousands of tons per year. PFCs are used for surface treatment in carpets, textiles, leather and paper, in polymer production, fire-fighting foams, cosmetics and cleaning agents as well as in numerous other industrial and consumer applications[[Image:Molecules_1.jpg|thumb|right|'''Figure 1'''  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Polyfluorinated compounds have been industrially manufactured for over 50 years with global production currently reported to be in the order of thousands of tons per year. PFCs are used for surface treatment in carpets, textiles, leather and paper, in polymer production, fire-fighting foams, cosmetics and cleaning agents as well as in numerous other industrial and consumer applications[[Image:Molecules_1.jpg|thumb|right|'''Figure 1'''  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Left: Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), right: [[PFOS<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|Perfluorooctane sulfonate</del>]] <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(PFOS</del>)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Left: Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), right: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Perfluorooctane sulfonate (</ins>[[PFOS]])</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Chemical characteristics of PFCs'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Chemical characteristics of PFCs'''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>PFCs are characterised by their carbon chains of varying length with 4 to 18 carbon atoms. Most of the hydrogen atoms in the carbon chain are replaced with fluorine. This fluorinated end of the carbon chain is responsible for the water-repellent function of the molecule. At the other end of the carbon chain a carboxylic-, sulfonic- or a similar polar group is bound making the molecule hydrophilic and oil-repellent respectively.]].  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>PFCs are characterised by their carbon chains of varying length with 4 to 18 carbon atoms. Most of the hydrogen atoms in the carbon chain are replaced with fluorine. This fluorinated end of the carbon chain is responsible for the water-repellent function of the molecule. At the other end of the carbon chain a carboxylic-, sulfonic- or a similar polar group is bound making the molecule hydrophilic and oil-repellent respectively.]].  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l8" >Line 8:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 8:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nowadays PFCs are detected everywhere in the marine environment. As they resist degradation, possess toxic properties and [[bioaccumulation|bioaccumulate]] in the [[food web]] they are regarded as a new and emerging class of environmental contaminants. Furthermore PFCs are considered to be “candidates” for the Stockholm convention list of the so-called POPs (persistent organic pollutants). POPs are chemical substances that persist in the environment, are transported through air and water, across international boundaries, and deposit far from the place of release, where they accumulate in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nowadays PFCs are detected everywhere in the marine environment. As they resist degradation, possess toxic properties and [[bioaccumulation|bioaccumulate]] in the [[food web]] they are regarded as a new and emerging class of environmental contaminants. Furthermore PFCs are considered to be “candidates” for the Stockholm convention list of the so-called POPs (persistent organic pollutants). POPs are chemical substances that persist in the environment, are transported through air and water, across international boundaries, and deposit far from the place of release, where they accumulate in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>PFCs have the ability to repel both water and oil, which makes them suitable as surface-active substances. This surfactant-like character gives them the specific features desired by producers and consumers.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>PFCs have the ability to repel both water and oil, which makes them suitable as surface-active substances. This surfactant-like character gives them the specific features desired by producers and consumers.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>About 350 polyfluorinated compounds of different chemical structures are known. The most discussed representatives of the PFC-group are the acids PFOA (perfluorooctanoate) and PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate) (Fig. 1).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>About 350 polyfluorinated compounds of different chemical structures are known. The most discussed representatives of the PFC-group are the acids PFOA (perfluorooctanoate) and PFOS (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[PFOS|</ins>perfluorooctane sulfonate<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>) (Fig. 1).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Analysis of PFCs and levels of contamination===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Analysis of PFCs and levels of contamination===</div></td></tr>
</table>Daphnisdhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Polyfluorinated_compounds_-_a_new_class_of_global_pollutants_in_the_coastal_environment&diff=33646&oldid=prevDaphnisd: /* Introduction */2009-08-31T09:48:45Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Introduction</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 09:48, 31 August 2009</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l2" >Line 2:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A few years ago a new class of chemical substances with toxic and persistent properties was detected in the environment - the polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs). At the Institute for Coastal Research scientific studies are performed on the PFC-contamination of coastal waters, marine mammals and the atmosphere with emphasis on the mechanisms of global transport and distribution of PFCs.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A few years ago a new class of chemical substances with toxic and persistent properties was detected in the environment - the polyfluorinated compounds (PFCs). At the Institute for Coastal Research scientific studies are performed on the PFC-contamination of coastal waters, marine mammals and the atmosphere with emphasis on the mechanisms of global transport and distribution of PFCs.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Polyfluorinated compounds have been industrially manufactured for over 50 years with global production currently reported to be in the order of thousands of tons per year. PFCs are used for surface treatment in carpets, textiles, leather and paper, in polymer production, fire-fighting foams, cosmetics and cleaning agents as well as in numerous other industrial and consumer applications[[Image:Molecules_1.jpg|thumb|right|'''Figure 1'''  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Polyfluorinated compounds have been industrially manufactured for over 50 years with global production currently reported to be in the order of thousands of tons per year. PFCs are used for surface treatment in carpets, textiles, leather and paper, in polymer production, fire-fighting foams, cosmetics and cleaning agents as well as in numerous other industrial and consumer applications[[Image:Molecules_1.jpg|thumb|right|'''Figure 1'''  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Left: Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), right: Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Left: Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), right: <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[PFOS|</ins>Perfluorooctane sulfonate<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>(PFOS)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Chemical characteristics of PFCs'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''Chemical characteristics of PFCs'''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>PFCs are characterised by their carbon chains of varying length with 4 to 18 carbon atoms. Most of the hydrogen atoms in the carbon chain are replaced with fluorine. This fluorinated end of the carbon chain is responsible for the water-repellent function of the molecule. At the other end of the carbon chain a carboxylic-, sulfonic- or a similar polar group is bound making the molecule hydrophilic and oil-repellent respectively.]].  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>PFCs are characterised by their carbon chains of varying length with 4 to 18 carbon atoms. Most of the hydrogen atoms in the carbon chain are replaced with fluorine. This fluorinated end of the carbon chain is responsible for the water-repellent function of the molecule. At the other end of the carbon chain a carboxylic-, sulfonic- or a similar polar group is bound making the molecule hydrophilic and oil-repellent respectively.]].  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nowadays PFCs are detected everywhere in the marine environment. As they resist degradation, possess toxic properties and bioaccumulate in the food web they are regarded as a new and emerging class of environmental contaminants. Furthermore PFCs are considered to be “candidates” for the Stockholm convention list of the so-called POPs (persistent organic pollutants). POPs are chemical substances that persist in the environment, are transported through air and water, across international boundaries, and deposit far from the place of release, where they accumulate in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nowadays PFCs are detected everywhere in the marine environment. As they resist degradation, possess toxic properties and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[bioaccumulation|</ins>bioaccumulate<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>in the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>food web<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>they are regarded as a new and emerging class of environmental contaminants. Furthermore PFCs are considered to be “candidates” for the Stockholm convention list of the so-called POPs (persistent organic pollutants). POPs are chemical substances that persist in the environment, are transported through air and water, across international boundaries, and deposit far from the place of release, where they accumulate in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>PFCs have the ability to repel both water and oil, which makes them suitable as surface-active substances. This surfactant-like character gives them the specific features desired by producers and consumers.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>PFCs have the ability to repel both water and oil, which makes them suitable as surface-active substances. This surfactant-like character gives them the specific features desired by producers and consumers.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>About 350 polyfluorinated compounds of different chemical structures are known. The most discussed representatives of the PFC-group are the acids PFOA (perfluorooctanoate) and PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate) (Fig. 1).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>About 350 polyfluorinated compounds of different chemical structures are known. The most discussed representatives of the PFC-group are the acids PFOA (perfluorooctanoate) and PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate) (Fig. 1).</div></td></tr>
</table>Daphnisdhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Polyfluorinated_compounds_-_a_new_class_of_global_pollutants_in_the_coastal_environment&diff=23808&oldid=prevJulika Doerffer: /* Distribution of PFCs in the environment */2008-10-27T08:28:27Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Distribution of PFCs in the environment</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:28, 27 October 2008</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l29" >Line 29:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:PFC_1.jpg|thumb|left|'''Figure 3'''  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:PFC_1.jpg|thumb|left|'''Figure 3'''  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Distribution patterns of PFOA (left) and PFBS (right) concentrations in water samples of the German Bight in ng/L (data from Sebastian Felizeter).]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Distribution patterns of PFOA (left) and PFBS (right) concentrations in water samples of the German Bight in ng/L (data from Sebastian Felizeter).]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>PFOS found in marine mammals like seals and polar bears and even in the blood of the Inuits raise the question about the mechanisms of transportation: How did PFOS arrive at arctic or other pristine regions? Up to now, only limited information is available about the distribution and the long range environmental transport of PFCs<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>PFOS found in marine mammals like seals and polar bears and even in the blood of the Inuits raise the question about the mechanisms of transportation: How did PFOS arrive at arctic or other pristine regions? Up to now, only limited information is available about the distribution and the long range environmental transport of PFCs.[[Image:PFC_2.jpg|thumb|right|'''Figure 4'''  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Studies at the Institute for Coastal Research confirm the assumption of two pathways of distribution of the acids PFOS and PFOA. The first way is the direct transport by water currents. In the year 2007 numerous water samples (between 1 and 5 L) were taken along the River Elbe, in the German Bight and in the Atlantic Ocean. After solid phase extraction and subsequent elution with organic solvents the extracts were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). In these samples 18 different PFCs were found. The concentrations were up to 20 ng/L, whereas the concentrations of dissolved PFOA and other perfluorinated carboxylic acids were higher in the estuaries of the River Elbe and the River Weser than in regions of the North Sea far away from the coast. Thus, these rivers were identified to be one of the sources of single certain PFCs for the German Bight (Fig. 3). On the other hand significant inputs of dissolved PFOS from the rivers Elbe and Weser could not be detected. To the west of the River Ems high amounts of PFBS (perfluorobutane sulfonate) were detected</del>. [[Image:PFC_2.jpg|thumb|right|'''Figure 4'''  </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Left: Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), centre: Fluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs), right: Fluorooctane sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs).]]   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Left: Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), centre: Fluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs), right: Fluorooctane sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs).]]   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:PFC_4.jpg|thumb|right|'''Figure 5'''  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:PFC_4.jpg|thumb|right|'''Figure 5'''  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Air sampling at the observation deck of the research vessel "Maria S. Merian".]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Air sampling at the observation deck of the research vessel "Maria S. Merian".]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>At the end of 2006 very high amounts of PFBS were determined in water of the River Rhine. The source of this contamination was located in the Aare catchment area in Switzerland. For a few years PFBS has been used as a replacement chemical instead of PFOS, because in Europe the use of PFOS will be restricted effective from June 2008. In contrast to PFOS, its substitute PFBS is considered to be neither bioaccumulative nor toxic. But because of its persistence and its ionic character this short-chain PFC is rather mobile in the groundwater. Trace amounts were determined also in drinking water. However, PFBS is an unwanted man-made trace contaminant in the aquatic environment.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Studies at the Institute for Coastal Research confirm the assumption of two pathways of distribution of the acids PFOS and PFOA. The first way is the direct transport by water currents. In the year 2007 numerous water samples (between 1 and 5 L) were taken along the River Elbe, in the German Bight and in the Atlantic Ocean. After solid phase extraction and subsequent elution with organic solvents the extracts were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). In these samples 18 different PFCs were found. The concentrations were up to 20 ng/L, whereas the concentrations of dissolved PFOA and other perfluorinated carboxylic acids were higher in the estuaries of the River Elbe and the River Weser than in regions of the North Sea far away from the coast. Thus, these rivers were identified to be one of the sources of single certain PFCs for the German Bight (Fig. 3). On the other hand significant inputs of dissolved PFOS from the rivers Elbe and Weser could not be detected. To the west of the River Ems high amounts of PFBS (perfluorobutane sulfonate) were detected. </ins>At the end of 2006 very high amounts of PFBS were determined in water of the River Rhine. The source of this contamination was located in the Aare catchment area in Switzerland. For a few years PFBS has been used as a replacement chemical instead of PFOS, because in Europe the use of PFOS will be restricted effective from June 2008. In contrast to PFOS, its substitute PFBS is considered to be neither bioaccumulative nor toxic. But because of its persistence and its ionic character this short-chain PFC is rather mobile in the groundwater. Trace amounts were determined also in drinking water. However, PFBS is an unwanted man-made trace contaminant in the aquatic environment.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The other pathway of global distribution is the transport via air. PFOS and PFOA are themselves non-volatile. But it might be possible that volatile precursor substances like fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) (Fig. 4) can undergo long-range atmospheric transport. In the atmosphere these compounds physically degrade to PFOS and PFOA and subsequently are removed from the air to deposit on water or soil surfaces. This indirect transport results in a fast distribution of PFOS and PFOA over long distances. This hypothesis was the motivation for extensive investigations at the Institute for Coastal Research on the occurrence of polyfluorinated compounds in the atmosphere, their distribution patterns and the mechanisms of transport from their sources to pristine marine regions.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The other pathway of global distribution is the transport via air. PFOS and PFOA are themselves non-volatile. But it might be possible that volatile precursor substances like fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) (Fig. 4) can undergo long-range atmospheric transport. In the atmosphere these compounds physically degrade to PFOS and PFOA and subsequently are removed from the air to deposit on water or soil surfaces. This indirect transport results in a fast distribution of PFOS and PFOA over long distances. This hypothesis was the motivation for extensive investigations at the Institute for Coastal Research on the occurrence of polyfluorinated compounds in the atmosphere, their distribution patterns and the mechanisms of transport from their sources to pristine marine regions.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Over the last three years a substantial number of air samples were taken in the North Sea, the Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic (Fig. 5). Several volatile precursor substances like fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), fluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs), and fluorooctane sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs) (Fig. 4) were detected in the gaseous phase of the air in the pg/m³ range of concentrations.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Over the last three years a substantial number of air samples were taken in the North Sea, the Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic (Fig. 5). Several volatile precursor substances like fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), fluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs), and fluorooctane sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs) (Fig. 4) were detected in the gaseous phase of the air in the pg/m³ range of concentrations.  </div></td></tr>
</table>Julika Doerfferhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Polyfluorinated_compounds_-_a_new_class_of_global_pollutants_in_the_coastal_environment&diff=23807&oldid=prevJulika Doerffer: /* Distribution of PFCs in the environment */2008-10-27T08:27:35Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Distribution of PFCs in the environment</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<col class="diff-marker" />
<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:27, 27 October 2008</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l30" >Line 30:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 30:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Distribution patterns of PFOA (left) and PFBS (right) concentrations in water samples of the German Bight in ng/L (data from Sebastian Felizeter).]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Distribution patterns of PFOA (left) and PFBS (right) concentrations in water samples of the German Bight in ng/L (data from Sebastian Felizeter).]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>PFOS found in marine mammals like seals and polar bears and even in the blood of the Inuits raise the question about the mechanisms of transportation: How did PFOS arrive at arctic or other pristine regions? Up to now, only limited information is available about the distribution and the long range environmental transport of PFCs.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>PFOS found in marine mammals like seals and polar bears and even in the blood of the Inuits raise the question about the mechanisms of transportation: How did PFOS arrive at arctic or other pristine regions? Up to now, only limited information is available about the distribution and the long range environmental transport of PFCs.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Studies at the Institute for Coastal Research confirm the assumption of two pathways of distribution of the acids PFOS and PFOA. The first way is the direct transport by water currents. In the year 2007 numerous water samples (between 1 and 5 L) were taken along the River Elbe, in the German Bight and in the Atlantic Ocean. After solid phase extraction and subsequent elution with organic solvents the extracts were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). In these samples 18 different PFCs were found. The concentrations were up to 20 ng/L, whereas the concentrations of dissolved PFOA and other perfluorinated carboxylic acids were higher in the estuaries of the River Elbe and the River Weser than in regions of the North Sea far away from the coast. Thus, these rivers were identified to be one of the sources of single certain PFCs for the German Bight (Fig. 3). On the other hand significant inputs of dissolved PFOS from the rivers Elbe and Weser could not be detected. To the west of the River Ems high amounts of PFBS (perfluorobutane sulfonate) were detected. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">At the end of 2006 very high amounts of PFBS were determined in water of the River Rhine. The source of this contamination was located in the Aare catchment area in Switzerland. For a few years PFBS has been used as a replacement chemical instead of PFOS, because in Europe the use of PFOS will be restricted effective from June 2008. In contrast to PFOS, its substitute PFBS is considered to be neither bioaccumulative nor toxic. But because of its persistence and its ionic character this short-chain PFC is rather mobile in the groundwater. Trace amounts were determined also in drinking water. However, PFBS is an unwanted man-made trace contaminant in the aquatic environment.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Studies at the Institute for Coastal Research confirm the assumption of two pathways of distribution of the acids PFOS and PFOA. The first way is the direct transport by water currents. In the year 2007 numerous water samples (between 1 and 5 L) were taken along the River Elbe, in the German Bight and in the Atlantic Ocean. After solid phase extraction and subsequent elution with organic solvents the extracts were analysed using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). In these samples 18 different PFCs were found. The concentrations were up to 20 ng/L, whereas the concentrations of dissolved PFOA and other perfluorinated carboxylic acids were higher in the estuaries of the River Elbe and the River Weser than in regions of the North Sea far away from the coast. Thus, these rivers were identified to be one of the sources of single certain PFCs for the German Bight (Fig. 3). On the other hand significant inputs of dissolved PFOS from the rivers Elbe and Weser could not be detected. To the west of the River Ems high amounts of PFBS (perfluorobutane sulfonate) were detected. [[Image:PFC_2.jpg|thumb|right|'''Figure 4'''  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:PFC_2.jpg|thumb|right|'''Figure 4'''  </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Left: Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), centre: Fluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs), right: Fluorooctane sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs).]]   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Left: Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), centre: Fluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs), right: Fluorooctane sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs).]]   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:PFC_4.jpg|thumb|right|'''Figure 5'''  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:PFC_4.jpg|thumb|right|'''Figure 5'''  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Air sampling at the observation deck of the research vessel "Maria S. Merian".]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Air sampling at the observation deck of the research vessel "Maria S. Merian".]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">At the end of 2006 very high amounts of PFBS were determined in water of the River Rhine. The source of this contamination was located in the Aare catchment area in Switzerland. For a few years PFBS has been used as a replacement chemical instead of PFOS, because in Europe the use of PFOS will be restricted effective from June 2008. In contrast to PFOS, its substitute PFBS is considered to be neither bioaccumulative nor toxic. But because of its persistence and its ionic character this short-chain PFC is rather mobile in the groundwater. Trace amounts were determined also in drinking water. However, PFBS is an unwanted man-made trace contaminant in the aquatic environment.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The other pathway of global distribution is the transport via air. PFOS and PFOA are themselves non-volatile. But it might be possible that volatile precursor substances like fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) (Fig. 4) can undergo long-range atmospheric transport. In the atmosphere these compounds physically degrade to PFOS and PFOA and subsequently are removed from the air to deposit on water or soil surfaces. This indirect transport results in a fast distribution of PFOS and PFOA over long distances. This hypothesis was the motivation for extensive investigations at the Institute for Coastal Research on the occurrence of polyfluorinated compounds in the atmosphere, their distribution patterns and the mechanisms of transport from their sources to pristine marine regions.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The other pathway of global distribution is the transport via air. PFOS and PFOA are themselves non-volatile. But it might be possible that volatile precursor substances like fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) (Fig. 4) can undergo long-range atmospheric transport. In the atmosphere these compounds physically degrade to PFOS and PFOA and subsequently are removed from the air to deposit on water or soil surfaces. This indirect transport results in a fast distribution of PFOS and PFOA over long distances. This hypothesis was the motivation for extensive investigations at the Institute for Coastal Research on the occurrence of polyfluorinated compounds in the atmosphere, their distribution patterns and the mechanisms of transport from their sources to pristine marine regions.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Over the last three years a substantial number of air samples were taken in the North Sea, the Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic (Fig. 5). Several volatile precursor substances like fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), fluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs), and fluorooctane sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs) (Fig. 4) were detected in the gaseous phase of the air in the pg/m³ range of concentrations.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Over the last three years a substantial number of air samples were taken in the North Sea, the Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic (Fig. 5). Several volatile precursor substances like fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), fluorooctane sulfonamides (FOSAs), and fluorooctane sulfonamidoethanols (FOSEs) (Fig. 4) were detected in the gaseous phase of the air in the pg/m³ range of concentrations.  </div></td></tr>
</table>Julika Doerfferhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Polyfluorinated_compounds_-_a_new_class_of_global_pollutants_in_the_coastal_environment&diff=23806&oldid=prevJulika Doerffer: /* References */2008-10-27T08:26:43Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">References</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<col class="diff-content" />
<tr class="diff-title" lang="en">
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 08:26, 27 October 2008</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l54" >Line 54:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 54:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{author  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{author  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>  |AuthorID=  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>  |AuthorID=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">18703 </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>  |AuthorFullName= Ebinghaus, Ralf</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>  |AuthorFullName= Ebinghaus, Ralf</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>  |AuthorName=Username}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>  |AuthorName=Username}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{author  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{author  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>  |AuthorID=</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>  |AuthorID=<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">18704</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>  |AuthorFullName= Dreyer, Annekatrin</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>  |AuthorFullName= Dreyer, Annekatrin</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>  |AuthorName=Username}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>  |AuthorName=Username}}</div></td></tr>
</table>Julika Doerffer