Difference between revisions of "Salinity sensors"
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Although attempts have been made throughout history (as far as Ancient Greece times) to address the "saltiness" of seawater, the low sensitivity of the analytic methods meant that measurements were not sufficiently accurate to be considered. | Although attempts have been made throughout history (as far as Ancient Greece times) to address the "saltiness" of seawater, the low sensitivity of the analytic methods meant that measurements were not sufficiently accurate to be considered. | ||
In the nineteenth century, William Dittmar, following the work of Forchhammer, tested several methods to analyse the salinity and chemical composition of seawater. The Dittmar methods for chemical analysis of the seawater were extremely precise. Dittmar analysed the chlorine content in seawater using silver nitrate precipitation of the chloride, and compared it with synthetically prepared seawater samples to vouch for the method's accuracy. Dittmar later analysed 77 samples taken during the Challenger expedition and noticed that "although the concentration of the waters is very different, the percentage composition of the dissolved material is ''almost'' the same is all cases". <ref> William J. Wallace (1974). The Development of the Chlorinity/Salinity Concept in Oceanography. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 239. </ref> | In the nineteenth century, William Dittmar, following the work of Forchhammer, tested several methods to analyse the salinity and chemical composition of seawater. The Dittmar methods for chemical analysis of the seawater were extremely precise. Dittmar analysed the chlorine content in seawater using silver nitrate precipitation of the chloride, and compared it with synthetically prepared seawater samples to vouch for the method's accuracy. Dittmar later analysed 77 samples taken during the Challenger expedition and noticed that "although the concentration of the waters is very different, the percentage composition of the dissolved material is ''almost'' the same is all cases". <ref> William J. Wallace (1974). The Development of the Chlorinity/Salinity Concept in Oceanography. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 239. </ref> | ||
| − | [[Image:DittmarTbl.PNG |thumb| | + | [[Image:DittmarTbl.PNG |thumb|400px|align:right| Constant composition of seawater]] |
==Sensors== | ==Sensors== | ||
Revision as of 12:14, 13 July 2012
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See also: Instruments and sensors to measure environmental parameters
Contents
Introduction
Salinity Definition
Salinity is the amount ( in grams) of dissolved solid material in a kilogram of seawater after all the bromine has been replaced by an equivalent quantity of chlorine, all the carbonate converted to oxide, and all of the organic matter destroyed. [1] This definition is impractical and the procedure difficult to carry out with precision. Alternatively, other parameters have been used in recent history as a proxy to calculate salinity.
Definitions throughout history
Although attempts have been made throughout history (as far as Ancient Greece times) to address the "saltiness" of seawater, the low sensitivity of the analytic methods meant that measurements were not sufficiently accurate to be considered. In the nineteenth century, William Dittmar, following the work of Forchhammer, tested several methods to analyse the salinity and chemical composition of seawater. The Dittmar methods for chemical analysis of the seawater were extremely precise. Dittmar analysed the chlorine content in seawater using silver nitrate precipitation of the chloride, and compared it with synthetically prepared seawater samples to vouch for the method's accuracy. Dittmar later analysed 77 samples taken during the Challenger expedition and noticed that "although the concentration of the waters is very different, the percentage composition of the dissolved material is almost the same is all cases". [2]
Sensors
Salinity is a ratio and not a physical parameter that can be measured. Thus, “Salinity sensors” do not exist. There are several different ways to calculate this ratio with pros and cons for each method.
Salinity Scales
Refractometer
Conductivity meter
Calibration
Literature
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External Links
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...- ↑ http://www.aslo.org/lo/toc/vol_14/issue_3/0437.pdf
- ↑ William J. Wallace (1974). The Development of the Chlorinity/Salinity Concept in Oceanography. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 239.
