https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Salt_marshes&feed=atom&action=historySalt marshes - Revision history2024-03-29T04:38:10ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.31.7https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Salt_marshes&diff=80112&oldid=prevDronkers J at 16:15, 7 March 20232023-03-07T16:15:15Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Functions==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Functions==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Attenuating the impact of extreme storms on coastal protection structures is a very important function of saltmarshes. Field measurements of wave attenuation over saltmarshes under extreme conditions are rarely available, but experiments in large wave flumes and numerical model simulations provide consistent estimates – for example wave height reduction on the order of 0.5 % per meter saltmarsh width for 1 m significant wave height at the marsh edge and 2 m water depth above the marsh platform<ref>Moller, I., Kudella, M, Rupprecht, F., Spencer, T., Paul, M., van Wesenbeeck, B. K., Wolters, G, Jensen, K., Bouma, T. J., Miranda-Lange, M. and Schimmels, S. 2014. Wave attenuation over coastal saltmarshes under storm surge conditions. Nature Geoscience 7: 727–731 </ref><ref>Garzon, J.L., Maza, M., Ferreira, C.M., Lara, J.L. and Losada, I.J. 2019. Wave Attenuation by Spartina Saltmarshes in the Chesapeake Bay Under Storm Surge Conditions. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 124: 5220-5243</ref>. A 100 m wide marsh in front of a sea dike can thus reduce the height of storm waves by about 50%. These studies also show that vegetated saltmarshes (with ''Elymus athericus, Puccinellia maritima, Atriplex prostrata, Spartina alterniflora'') dissipate wave energy much more efficiently than bare tidal flats. Soils with a high percentage of fine soft sediments (clay, organic material) cannot bear much weight. Sea dikes built on such soils cannot therefore be raised to great heights. In this case, a saltmarsh in front of the dike can offer equivalent protection with less stringent conditions for the dike design<ref>Zhang, M., Dai, Z., Bouma, T.J., Bricker, J., Townend, I., Wen, J., Zhao, T. and Cai, H. 2021. Tidal-flat reclamation aggravates potential risk from storm impacts. Coastal Engineering 166: 103868</ref>. However, when previously reclaimed salt marshes are restored, they may not be as efficient storm surge attenuators as the original salt marsh; restoration or construction of salt marshes requires thorough knowledge of natural marsh development<ref>Kiesel, J., Schuerch, M., Moller, I., Spencer, T. and Vafeidis, A. 2019. Attenuation of high water levels over restored saltmarshes can be limited. Insights from Freiston Shore, Lincolnshire, UK. Ecological Engineering 136: 89–100</ref>. A more complete introduction to the coastal protection function of salt marshes is given in the article [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Natural </del>shore <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">protecting barriers</del>]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Attenuating the impact of extreme storms on coastal protection structures is a very important function of saltmarshes. Field measurements of wave attenuation over saltmarshes under extreme conditions are rarely available, but experiments in large wave flumes and numerical model simulations provide consistent estimates – for example wave height reduction on the order of 0.5 % per meter saltmarsh width for 1 m significant wave height at the marsh edge and 2 m water depth above the marsh platform<ref>Moller, I., Kudella, M, Rupprecht, F., Spencer, T., Paul, M., van Wesenbeeck, B. K., Wolters, G, Jensen, K., Bouma, T. J., Miranda-Lange, M. and Schimmels, S. 2014. Wave attenuation over coastal saltmarshes under storm surge conditions. Nature Geoscience 7: 727–731 </ref><ref>Garzon, J.L., Maza, M., Ferreira, C.M., Lara, J.L. and Losada, I.J. 2019. Wave Attenuation by Spartina Saltmarshes in the Chesapeake Bay Under Storm Surge Conditions. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 124: 5220-5243</ref>. A 100 m wide marsh in front of a sea dike can thus reduce the height of storm waves by about 50%. These studies also show that vegetated saltmarshes (with ''Elymus athericus, Puccinellia maritima, Atriplex prostrata, Spartina alterniflora'') dissipate wave energy much more efficiently than bare tidal flats. Soils with a high percentage of fine soft sediments (clay, organic material) cannot bear much weight. Sea dikes built on such soils cannot therefore be raised to great heights. In this case, a saltmarsh in front of the dike can offer equivalent protection with less stringent conditions for the dike design<ref>Zhang, M., Dai, Z., Bouma, T.J., Bricker, J., Townend, I., Wen, J., Zhao, T. and Cai, H. 2021. Tidal-flat reclamation aggravates potential risk from storm impacts. Coastal Engineering 166: 103868</ref>. However, when previously reclaimed salt marshes are restored, they may not be as efficient storm surge attenuators as the original salt marsh; restoration or construction of salt marshes requires thorough knowledge of natural marsh development<ref>Kiesel, J., Schuerch, M., Moller, I., Spencer, T. and Vafeidis, A. 2019. Attenuation of high water levels over restored saltmarshes can be limited. Insights from Freiston Shore, Lincolnshire, UK. Ecological Engineering 136: 89–100</ref>. A more complete introduction to the coastal protection function of salt marshes is given in the article [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Nature-based </ins>shore <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">protection</ins>]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Saltmarshes provide many other [[ecosystem services]]:  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Saltmarshes provide many other [[ecosystem services]]:  </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:[[Spatial and temporal variability of salt marshes]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:[[Spatial and temporal variability of salt marshes]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:[[Biogeomorphology of coastal systems]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:[[Biogeomorphology of coastal systems]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:[[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Natural </del>shore <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">protecting barriers</del>]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Nature-based </ins>shore <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">protection</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:[[Tidal channel meandering and marsh erosion]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:[[Tidal channel meandering and marsh erosion]]</div></td></tr>
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</table>Dronkers Jhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Salt_marshes&diff=80103&oldid=prevDronkers J at 19:47, 6 March 20232023-03-06T19:47:16Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Functions==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Functions==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Attenuating the impact of extreme storms on coastal protection structures is a very important function of saltmarshes. Field measurements of wave attenuation over saltmarshes under extreme conditions are rarely available, but experiments in large wave flumes and numerical model simulations provide consistent estimates – for example wave height reduction on the order of 0.5 % per meter saltmarsh width for 1 m significant wave height at the marsh edge and 2 m water depth above the marsh platform<ref>Moller, I., Kudella, M, Rupprecht, F., Spencer, T., Paul, M., van Wesenbeeck, B. K., Wolters, G, Jensen, K., Bouma, T. J., Miranda-Lange, M. and Schimmels, S. 2014. Wave attenuation over coastal saltmarshes under storm surge conditions. Nature Geoscience 7: 727–731 </ref><ref>Garzon, J.L., Maza, M., Ferreira, C.M., Lara, J.L. and Losada, I.J. 2019. Wave Attenuation by Spartina Saltmarshes in the Chesapeake Bay Under Storm Surge Conditions. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 124: 5220-5243</ref>. A 100 m wide marsh in front of a sea dike can thus reduce the height of storm waves by about 50%. These studies also show that vegetated saltmarshes (with ''Elymus athericus, Puccinellia maritima, Atriplex prostrata, Spartina alterniflora'') dissipate wave energy much more efficiently than bare tidal flats. Soils with a high percentage of fine soft sediments cannot bear much weight. Sea dikes built on such soils cannot therefore be raised to great heights. In this case, a saltmarsh in front of the dike can offer equivalent protection with less stringent conditions for the dike design<ref>Zhang, M., Dai, Z., Bouma, T.J., Bricker, J., Townend, I., Wen, J., Zhao, T. and Cai, H. 2021. Tidal-flat reclamation aggravates potential risk from storm impacts. Coastal Engineering 166: 103868</ref>. However, when previously reclaimed salt marshes are restored, they may not be as efficient storm surge attenuators as the original salt marsh; restoration or construction of salt marshes requires thorough knowledge of natural marsh development<ref>Kiesel, J., Schuerch, M., Moller, I., Spencer, T. and Vafeidis, A. 2019. Attenuation of high water levels over restored saltmarshes can be limited. Insights from Freiston Shore, Lincolnshire, UK. Ecological Engineering 136: 89–100</ref>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Attenuating the impact of extreme storms on coastal protection structures is a very important function of saltmarshes. Field measurements of wave attenuation over saltmarshes under extreme conditions are rarely available, but experiments in large wave flumes and numerical model simulations provide consistent estimates – for example wave height reduction on the order of 0.5 % per meter saltmarsh width for 1 m significant wave height at the marsh edge and 2 m water depth above the marsh platform<ref>Moller, I., Kudella, M, Rupprecht, F., Spencer, T., Paul, M., van Wesenbeeck, B. K., Wolters, G, Jensen, K., Bouma, T. J., Miranda-Lange, M. and Schimmels, S. 2014. Wave attenuation over coastal saltmarshes under storm surge conditions. Nature Geoscience 7: 727–731 </ref><ref>Garzon, J.L., Maza, M., Ferreira, C.M., Lara, J.L. and Losada, I.J. 2019. Wave Attenuation by Spartina Saltmarshes in the Chesapeake Bay Under Storm Surge Conditions. J. Geophys. Res. Oceans 124: 5220-5243</ref>. A 100 m wide marsh in front of a sea dike can thus reduce the height of storm waves by about 50%. These studies also show that vegetated saltmarshes (with ''Elymus athericus, Puccinellia maritima, Atriplex prostrata, Spartina alterniflora'') dissipate wave energy much more efficiently than bare tidal flats. Soils with a high percentage of fine soft sediments <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(clay, organic material) </ins>cannot bear much weight. Sea dikes built on such soils cannot therefore be raised to great heights. In this case, a saltmarsh in front of the dike can offer equivalent protection with less stringent conditions for the dike design<ref>Zhang, M., Dai, Z., Bouma, T.J., Bricker, J., Townend, I., Wen, J., Zhao, T. and Cai, H. 2021. Tidal-flat reclamation aggravates potential risk from storm impacts. Coastal Engineering 166: 103868</ref>. However, when previously reclaimed salt marshes are restored, they may not be as efficient storm surge attenuators as the original salt marsh; restoration or construction of salt marshes requires thorough knowledge of natural marsh development<ref>Kiesel, J., Schuerch, M., Moller, I., Spencer, T. and Vafeidis, A. 2019. Attenuation of high water levels over restored saltmarshes can be limited. Insights from Freiston Shore, Lincolnshire, UK. Ecological Engineering 136: 89–100</ref><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. A more complete introduction to the coastal protection function of salt marshes is given in the article [[Natural shore protecting barriers]]</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Saltmarshes provide many other [[ecosystem services]]:  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Saltmarshes provide many other [[ecosystem services]]:  </div></td></tr>
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</table>Dronkers Jhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Salt_marshes&diff=79926&oldid=prevDronkers J at 18:53, 20 October 20222022-10-20T18:53:35Z<p></p>
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</table>Dronkers Jhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Salt_marshes&diff=79925&oldid=prevDronkers J at 18:44, 20 October 20222022-10-20T18:44:33Z<p></p>
<a href="https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Salt_marshes&diff=79925&oldid=79919">Show changes</a>Dronkers Jhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Salt_marshes&diff=79919&oldid=prevDronkers J at 13:30, 15 October 20222022-10-15T13:30:11Z<p></p>
<a href="https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Salt_marshes&diff=79919&oldid=79910">Show changes</a>Dronkers Jhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Salt_marshes&diff=79910&oldid=prevDronkers J at 18:35, 9 October 20222022-10-09T18:35:52Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 18:35, 9 October 2022</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l13" >Line 13:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Distribution==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Distribution==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Salt marshes are ubiquitous in estuarine systems in temperate zones all over the world. They also occur in [[deltas]] and [[ria]]s but seldom on open coasts, because the development is inhibited by wave action. Although sediment is a prerequisite for their growth in height and width, salt marsh communities can occur in areas with limited or no sediment supply. Examples include seawater-drenched cliffs and slopes on exposed coasts, at the head of sea lochs and rocky beaches (Doody 2008<ref>Doody, J.P. 2008. Saltmarsh Conservation, Management and Restoration''. Coastal Systems and Continental Margins, Volume 12, Springer, 217 pp. </ref>). Salt marshes can be found from the Arctic region, over Europe, Africa, America, Asia to the coast of Australia. The most extensive development of salt marshes occurs in estuaries with a moderate climate, large tidal range, abundant fine-grained sediments and sheltered locations where particles can settle out of the water column. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">image</del>:<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Distribution salt marshes</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">gif</del>|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">left</del>|thumb|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">500px</del>|caption|<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Distribution </del>of salt marshes <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(green)</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">wetlands (orange </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">yellow) and mangroves </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">pink</del>).]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">File</ins>:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">GlobalDistributionSaltMarshes</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">jpg</ins>|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">center</ins>|thumb|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">700px</ins>|caption|<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Global distribution </ins>of salt marshes<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. From Mcowen at al. 2017  <ref>Mcowen, C., Weatherdon, L.V., Bochove, J., Sullivan, E., Blyth, S., Zockler, C., Stanwell-Smith, D., Kingston, N., Martin, C.S., Spalding</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">M. </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Fletcher, S. 2017. A global map of saltmarshes </ins>(<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">v6.1</ins>). <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Biodiversity Data Journal 5: e11764. Paper DOI: https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.5.e11764</ref>. Creative Commons Licence https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Salt marshes are ubiquitous in estuarine systems in temperate zones all over the world. They also occur in [[deltas]] and [[ria]]s but seldom on open coasts, because the development is inhibited by wave action. Although sediment is a prerequisite for their growth in height and width, salt marsh communities can occur in areas with limited or no sediment supply. Examples include seawater-drenched cliffs and slopes on exposed coasts, at the head of sea lochs and rocky beaches (Doody 2008<ref>Doody, J.P. 2008. Saltmarsh Conservation, Management and Restoration''. Coastal Systems and Continental Margins, Volume 12, Springer, 217 pp. </ref>). Salt marshes can be found from the Arctic region, over Europe, Africa, America, Asia to the coast of Australia. The most extensive development of salt marshes occurs in estuaries with a moderate climate, large tidal range, abundant fine-grained sediments and sheltered locations where particles can settle out of the water column. </del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"><br clear=all></del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Evolution==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Evolution==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Salt marshes evolve over time from young marshes to old marshes. The natural young marshes in eastern USA are vegetated for the largest part with low marsh cordgrass ''Spartina alterniflora''. [[Nutrient]]s are transported by [[Tide|tidal]] currents through the [[Tide|tidal]] channels. This allows the grasses to grow thickly and profuse, so weakening the effect of waves and tidal [[currents]] and increasing the deposition rate of [[mud]]. [[Erosion]] is reduced by the roots and rhizomes of the plants. At the time that the marsh surface builds up above the high water level, high marsh species invade, outcompete and replace the low marsh plants. The most stress-tolerant plant species occupy the lower reaches of the marshes while competitive dominants occupy the upper elevations that are less stressful<ref name=S14/>. When the extent of the low and high marshes is about equal, the ecosystem is in a mature stage of development. The ongoing deposition of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[mud]] </del>converts most of the low marshes into high marshes. Little water flows through the tidal channels of these elevated 'old marshes'. Deposition of sand and [[mud]] on these high marshes convert them into dry land that is disconnected from ocean influences<ref name=P98>Pinet P.R. 1998. Invitation to Oceanography. Jones and Barlett Publishers. p. 508</ref>. Lateral channel migration and wave attack at the base of marsh cliffs are the main mechanisms for erosion of mature salt marshes and their subsequent rejuvenation cycle<ref>Levoy, F., Anthony, E.J., Dronkers, J., Monfort, O. and Montreuil, A-L. 2019. Short-term to Decadal-scale Sand Flat Morphodynamics and Sediment Balance of a Megatidal Bay: Insight from Multiple LiDAR Datasets. Journal of Coastal Research SI 88: 61–76</ref><ref>Mariotti, G. and Fagherazzi, S. 2013. Critical width of tidal flats triggers marsh collapse in the absence of sea-level rise, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 110(14): 5353–5356</ref>, see also [[Dynamics, threats and management of salt marshes]] and [[French case studies: Upper tidal flat evolution in the bay of Mont-Saint-Michel (NW France)]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Salt marshes evolve over time from young marshes to old marshes. The natural young marshes in eastern USA are vegetated for the largest part with low marsh cordgrass ''Spartina alterniflora''. [[Nutrient]]s are transported by [[Tide|tidal]] currents through the [[Tide|tidal]] channels. This allows the grasses to grow thickly and profuse, so weakening the effect of waves and tidal [[currents]] and increasing the deposition rate of [[mud]]. [[Erosion]] is reduced by the roots and rhizomes of the plants. At the time that the marsh surface builds up above the high water level, high marsh species invade, outcompete and replace the low marsh plants. The most stress-tolerant plant species occupy the lower reaches of the marshes while competitive dominants occupy the upper elevations that are less stressful<ref name=S14/>. When the extent of the low and high marshes is about equal, the ecosystem is in a mature stage of development. The ongoing deposition of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fine sediments </ins>converts most of the low marshes into high marshes. Little water flows through the tidal channels of these elevated 'old marshes'. Deposition of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">fine </ins>sand and [[mud]] on these high marshes convert them into dry land that is disconnected from ocean influences<ref name=P98>Pinet P.R. 1998. Invitation to Oceanography. Jones and Barlett Publishers. p. 508</ref>. Lateral channel migration and wave attack at the base of marsh cliffs are the main mechanisms for erosion of mature salt marshes and their subsequent rejuvenation cycle<ref>Levoy, F., Anthony, E.J., Dronkers, J., Monfort, O. and Montreuil, A-L. 2019. Short-term to Decadal-scale Sand Flat Morphodynamics and Sediment Balance of a Megatidal Bay: Insight from Multiple LiDAR Datasets. Journal of Coastal Research SI 88: 61–76</ref><ref>Mariotti, G. and Fagherazzi, S. 2013. Critical width of tidal flats triggers marsh collapse in the absence of sea-level rise, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 110(14): 5353–5356</ref>, see also [[Dynamics, threats and management of salt marshes]] and [[French case studies: Upper tidal flat evolution in the bay of Mont-Saint-Michel (NW France)]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
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<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 29:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* They need fine-grained sediments.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* They need fine-grained sediments.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">There may be no </del>strong waves <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">or tidal currents</del>.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Sheltered from </ins>strong waves.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* They need salty conditions to grow. They are halotolerant and have adaptations to these conditions.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* They need salty conditions to grow. They are halotolerant and have adaptations to these conditions.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* They need a temperate or cool temperature. Incidental freezing temperatures are not damaging the plants.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* They need a temperate or cool temperature. Incidental freezing temperatures are not damaging the plants.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* They need a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">wide </del>tidal range. This is important because it limits the [[erosion]], makes deposition of sediments possible and causes a well-marked [[zonation]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* They need a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">large </ins>tidal range. This is important because it limits the [[erosion]], makes deposition of sediments possible and causes a well-marked [[zonation]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l121" >Line 121:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 121:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The saline environment causes waterstress. Plants have to take up water against the [[Osmosis|osmotic pressure]]. To overcome the negative osmotic pressure, they generate a negative hydrostatic pressure (by transpiration processes). They have thin, fleshy leaves and are sensitive to extra stress such as pollution. Anatomically, the plants are adapted through strong lignification, a well-developed epidermis and succulent leaves and stems. Evaporation can be limited by thin leaves with scale-like hairs. Physiologically, plants are adapted by accumulating salt in their tissues. In this way, normal [[osmosis]] is possible. Other plants have salt gland cells on the lower surface of the leaves and excrete the salt from its tissue.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The saline environment causes waterstress. Plants have to take up water against the [[Osmosis|osmotic pressure]]. To overcome the negative osmotic pressure, they generate a negative hydrostatic pressure (by transpiration processes). They have thin, fleshy leaves and are sensitive to extra stress such as pollution. Anatomically, the plants are adapted through strong lignification, a well-developed epidermis and succulent leaves and stems. Evaporation can be limited by thin leaves with scale-like hairs. Physiologically, plants are adapted by accumulating salt in their tissues. In this way, normal [[osmosis]] is possible. Other plants have salt gland cells on the lower surface of the leaves and excrete the salt from its tissue.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Salt marsh plants have to deal with an anoxic environment. The tissue of the plants requires oxygen for [[respiration]]. Gas diffusion between sediment particles only occurs in soils that are not waterlogged. Even when the surface water is saturated with oxygen, its concentration in the soil is too low because of the slow oxygen diffusion. Many salt marsh plants deal with low soil oxygen levels by shunting oxygen down to their roots through straw-like vascular tissue called aerenchyma. Roots are superficial systems because of the anoxic sediments. They consist of perennial thick roots with a corky layer and without root hairs. To fix the substrate, short-lived, thin and highly branched roots with numerous root hairs <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are developed </del>to absorb nutrients.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Salt marsh plants have to deal with an anoxic environment. The tissue of the plants requires oxygen for [[respiration]]. Gas diffusion between sediment particles only occurs in soils that are not waterlogged. Even when the surface water is saturated with oxygen, its concentration in the soil is too low because of the slow oxygen diffusion. Many salt marsh plants deal with low soil oxygen levels by shunting oxygen down to their roots through straw-like vascular tissue called aerenchyma. Roots are superficial systems because of the anoxic sediments. They consist of perennial thick roots with a corky layer and without root hairs. To fix the substrate, short-lived, thin and highly branched roots <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">are developed </ins>with numerous root hairs to absorb nutrients.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nitrogen limitation can also play a role in the development of salt marsh vegetation, even though nitrogen levels can be very high. The reason is that concentrations of sulfide and sodium ions are often high too and interfere with nitrogen uptake by plants<ref name=S14/>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nitrogen limitation can also play a role in the development of salt marsh vegetation, even though nitrogen levels can be very high. The reason is that concentrations of sulfide and sodium ions are often high too and interfere with nitrogen uptake by plants<ref name=S14/>.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Dronkers Jhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Salt_marshes&diff=79458&oldid=prevDronkers J at 20:53, 10 November 20212021-11-10T20:53:09Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Coastal and marine ecosystems]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Category:Coastal and marine ecosystems]]</div></td></tr>
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</table>Dronkers Jhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Salt_marshes&diff=78792&oldid=prevDronkers J at 20:46, 14 March 20212021-03-14T20:46:03Z<p></p>
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</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l119" >Line 119:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Plants and animals living in low salt marshes must have adaptations to deal with the harsh physical stressors found in this intertidal habitat, including high salt concentrations, intense heat, and low oxygen in waterlogged soils. Some typical adaptations are discussed below.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Plants and animals living in low salt marshes must have adaptations to deal with the harsh physical stressors found in this intertidal habitat, including high salt concentrations, intense heat, and low oxygen in waterlogged soils. Some typical adaptations are discussed below.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The saline environment causes waterstress. Plants have to take up water against the osmotic pressure. To overcome the negative osmotic pressure, they generate a negative hydrostatic pressure (by transpiration processes). They have thin, fleshy leaves and are sensitive to extra stress such as pollution. Anatomically, the plants are adapted through strong lignification, a well-developed epidermis and succulent leaves and stems. Evaporation can be limited by thin leaves with scale-like hairs. Physiologically, plants are adapted by accumulating salt in their tissues. In this way, normal [[osmosis]] is possible. Other plants have salt gland cells on the lower surface of the leaves and excrete the salt from its tissue.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The saline environment causes waterstress. Plants have to take up water against the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Osmosis|</ins>osmotic pressure<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>. To overcome the negative osmotic pressure, they generate a negative hydrostatic pressure (by transpiration processes). They have thin, fleshy leaves and are sensitive to extra stress such as pollution. Anatomically, the plants are adapted through strong lignification, a well-developed epidermis and succulent leaves and stems. Evaporation can be limited by thin leaves with scale-like hairs. Physiologically, plants are adapted by accumulating salt in their tissues. In this way, normal [[osmosis]] is possible. Other plants have salt gland cells on the lower surface of the leaves and excrete the salt from its tissue.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Salt marsh plants have to deal with an anoxic environment. The tissue of the plants requires oxygen for [[respiration]]. Gas diffusion between sediment particles only occurs in soils that are not waterlogged. Even when the surface water is saturated with oxygen, its concentration in the soil is too low because of the slow oxygen diffusion. Many salt marsh plants deal with low soil oxygen levels by shunting oxygen down to their roots through straw-like vascular tissue called aerenchyma. Roots are superficial systems because of the anoxic sediments. They consist of perennial thick roots with a corky layer and without root hairs. To fix the substrate, short-lived, thin and highly branched roots with numerous root hairs are developed to absorb nutrients.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Salt marsh plants have to deal with an anoxic environment. The tissue of the plants requires oxygen for [[respiration]]. Gas diffusion between sediment particles only occurs in soils that are not waterlogged. Even when the surface water is saturated with oxygen, its concentration in the soil is too low because of the slow oxygen diffusion. Many salt marsh plants deal with low soil oxygen levels by shunting oxygen down to their roots through straw-like vascular tissue called aerenchyma. Roots are superficial systems because of the anoxic sediments. They consist of perennial thick roots with a corky layer and without root hairs. To fix the substrate, short-lived, thin and highly branched roots with numerous root hairs are developed to absorb nutrients.</div></td></tr>
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</table>Dronkers Jhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Salt_marshes&diff=78732&oldid=prevDronkers J at 12:25, 27 February 20212021-02-27T12:25:12Z<p></p>
<a href="https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Salt_marshes&diff=78732&oldid=78559">Show changes</a>Dronkers Jhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Salt_marshes&diff=78559&oldid=prevDronkers J at 16:06, 2 January 20212021-01-02T16:06:29Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:06, 2 January 2021</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Distribution==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Distribution==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Salt marshes are widely distributed in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Estuaries and tidal rivers|</del>estuarine<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </del>systems around the world. They also occur in [[deltas]], [[ria]]s and on open coasts. Although sediment is a prerequisite for their growth in height and width, salt marsh communities can occur in areas with limited or no sediment supply. Examples include sea water drenched cliffs and slopes on exposed coasts, at the head of sea lochs and rocky beaches (Doody 2008) <ref> Doody, J.P. (2008) ''Saltmarsh Conservation, Management and Restoration''. Coastal Systems and Continental Margins, Volume 12, Springer, 217 pp. </ref>. Salt marshes can be found from the Arctic region over Europe, Africa, America, Asia to the coast of Australia.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Salt marshes are widely distributed in estuarine systems around the world. They also occur in [[deltas]], [[ria]]s and on open coasts. Although sediment is a prerequisite for their growth in height and width, salt marsh communities can occur in areas with limited or no sediment supply. Examples include sea water drenched cliffs and slopes on exposed coasts, at the head of sea lochs and rocky beaches (Doody 2008) <ref> Doody, J.P. (2008) ''Saltmarsh Conservation, Management and Restoration''. Coastal Systems and Continental Margins, Volume 12, Springer, 217 pp. </ref>. Salt marshes can be found from the Arctic region over Europe, Africa, America, Asia to the coast of Australia.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The most extensive development of these salt marshes occurs in estuaries with a moderate climate, large tidal range, abundant fine-grained sediments and sheltered locations where particles can settle out of the water column.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The most extensive development of these salt marshes occurs in estuaries with a moderate climate, large tidal range, abundant fine-grained sediments and sheltered locations where particles can settle out of the water column.  </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The [[Tide|tidal]] area ‘Drowned land of Saeftinghe’ (Verdronken land van Saeftinghe) is located at the eastern boundary between the Netherlands and Belgium, a few kilometers downstream Antwerp in the estuary of the Scheldt. It is an official nature reserve since 1976. Because of this legal protection, permits are obligatory for every intervention and strict entrance restrictions are applied.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The [[Tide|tidal]] area ‘Drowned land of Saeftinghe’ (Verdronken land van Saeftinghe) is located at the eastern boundary between the Netherlands and Belgium, a few kilometers downstream Antwerp in the estuary of the Scheldt. It is an official nature reserve since 1976. Because of this legal protection, permits are obligatory for every intervention and strict entrance restrictions are applied.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The land is a crosspoint where the river the Scheldt meets the salty water of the North Sea in the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Estuaries and tidal rivers|</del>estuary<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </del>known as the Western Scheldt. In the past, the land was a very fertile polder. The area has a surface of 3,484 hectares. Almost 70 % of the area is overgrown by specific plants of the salt marsh.  The residual 30 % consists of [[Tidal flats from space|mud flats]], sandbanks and a network of channels. Each [[tide]], the brackish water overflows a large part of the area. The plants there are totally adapted to this and are very unique. For huge quantities of birds, this area is an ideal breeding, rest and wintering place. This makes the area of international importance. Since 1996 it is a special protected area for birds (1979 Directive 79/409/EEC on the conservation of wild birds).  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The land is a crosspoint where the river the Scheldt meets the salty water of the North Sea in the estuary known as the Western Scheldt. In the past, the land was a very fertile polder. The area has a surface of 3,484 hectares. Almost 70 % of the area is overgrown by specific plants of the salt marsh.  The residual 30 % consists of [[Tidal flats from space|mud flats]], sandbanks and a network of channels. Each [[tide]], the brackish water overflows a large part of the area. The plants there are totally adapted to this and are very unique. For huge quantities of birds, this area is an ideal breeding, rest and wintering place. This makes the area of international importance. Since 1996 it is a special protected area for birds (1979 Directive 79/409/EEC on the conservation of wild birds).  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the past, a few dikes were created to promote the silting up. The northern dike connects a few stands with the dike. These dikes are still recognizable and are used as wandering path. The stands were used as hills where shepherds retreated when the [[tide]] became too high.   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In the past, a few dikes were created to promote the silting up. The northern dike connects a few stands with the dike. These dikes are still recognizable and are used as wandering path. The stands were used as hills where shepherds retreated when the [[tide]] became too high.   </div></td></tr>
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</table>Dronkers J