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Spatial and temporal scales in biogeomorphology - Revision history
2024-03-29T08:28:21Z
Revision history for this page on the wiki
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Dronkers J at 20:24, 1 July 2020
2020-07-01T20:24:54Z
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:[[Biogeomorphology of coastal systems]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:[[Biogeomorphology of coastal systems]]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:[[Mudflat]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:[[Mudflat]]</div></td></tr>
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Dronkers J
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Spatial_and_temporal_scales_in_biogeomorphology&diff=76850&oldid=prev
Dronkers J at 10:06, 29 June 2020
2020-06-29T10:06:34Z
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Dronkers J
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Spatial_and_temporal_scales_in_biogeomorphology&diff=74931&oldid=prev
Dronkers J at 21:11, 28 June 2019
2019-06-28T21:11:26Z
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Dronkers J
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Spatial_and_temporal_scales_in_biogeomorphology&diff=74650&oldid=prev
Dronkers J at 14:41, 11 April 2019
2019-04-11T14:41:13Z
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Scale interactions in [[biogeomorphology]]==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Scale interactions in [[biogeomorphology]]==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Different physical and biological processes can have dynamic interactions when they operate on the same spatial and temporal scales. Processes that act on a very small scale may appear as noise in the interactions with processes on larger scales. Their effect can be accounted for by proper averaging procedures (e.g. for turbulence). Processes that act on a large scale may be treated as slowly varying or even constant boundary conditions when studying their effects on processes on smaller scales (e.g. [[sea level rise]] due to [[climate change]]). Techniques for scale interactions are reasonably well established in [[geomorphology]] (De Vriend, 1991)<ref name="De Vriend"> De Vriend H.J., 1991. Mathematical modelling and large-scale coastal behaviour, Part 1: Physical processes. Journal of Hydraulic REsearch 29, pp. 727-740</ref> and are based on scale linkage via sediment transport. In biology however, population and community dynamics give rise to spatial and temporal structures that are not easily linked. In recent years the importance of scale has been increasingly recognized (Legendre et al., 1997)<ref name="Legendre, P."> Legendre, P., S.F. Thrush, V.J. Cummings, P.K. Dayton, J. Grant, J.E. Hewitt, A.H. Hines, B.H. McArdle, R.D. Pridmore, D.C. Schneider, S.J. Turner, R.B. Whitlatch & M.R. Wilkinson, 1997. Spatial structure of bivalves in a sand flat: Scale and generating processes. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 216, pp. 99-128.</ref> as an essential aspect of understanding the [[biotic]] and [[abiotic]] processes that affect the [[<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Biogeomorphology of aquatic systems|</del>biogeomorphology of coastal systems]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Different physical and biological processes can have dynamic interactions when they operate on the same spatial and temporal scales. Processes that act on a very small scale may appear as noise in the interactions with processes on larger scales. Their effect can be accounted for by proper averaging procedures (e.g. for turbulence). Processes that act on a large scale may be treated as slowly varying or even constant boundary conditions when studying their effects on processes on smaller scales (e.g. [[sea level rise]] due to [[climate change]]). Techniques for scale interactions are reasonably well established in [[geomorphology]] (De Vriend, 1991)<ref name="De Vriend"> De Vriend H.J., 1991. Mathematical modelling and large-scale coastal behaviour, Part 1: Physical processes. Journal of Hydraulic REsearch 29, pp. 727-740</ref> and are based on scale linkage via sediment transport. In biology however, population and community dynamics give rise to spatial and temporal structures that are not easily linked. In recent years the importance of scale has been increasingly recognized (Legendre et al., 1997)<ref name="Legendre, P."> Legendre, P., S.F. Thrush, V.J. Cummings, P.K. Dayton, J. Grant, J.E. Hewitt, A.H. Hines, B.H. McArdle, R.D. Pridmore, D.C. Schneider, S.J. Turner, R.B. Whitlatch & M.R. Wilkinson, 1997. Spatial structure of bivalves in a sand flat: Scale and generating processes. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 216, pp. 99-128.</ref> as an essential aspect of understanding the [[biotic]] and [[abiotic]] processes that affect the [[biogeomorphology of coastal systems]].</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:dynamicinteractions.jpg|center|400px|thumb| Fig.1 Scale concept in which influences from higher scales are described as boundary conditions, and influences from lower scales are considered noise. Dynamic interaction for processes on the same process and interest scale (De Vriend, 1991 <ref name="De Vriend"> De Vriend H.J., 1991. Mathematical modelling and large-scale coastal behaviour, Part 1: Physical processes. Journal of Hydraulic REsearch 29, pp. 727-740</ref>)]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:dynamicinteractions.jpg|center|400px|thumb| Fig.1 Scale concept in which influences from higher scales are described as boundary conditions, and influences from lower scales are considered noise. Dynamic interaction for processes on the same process and interest scale (De Vriend, 1991 <ref name="De Vriend"> De Vriend H.J., 1991. Mathematical modelling and large-scale coastal behaviour, Part 1: Physical processes. Journal of Hydraulic REsearch 29, pp. 727-740</ref>)]]</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==See also==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==See also==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:[[Biogeomorphology of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">aquatic </del>systems]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:[[Biogeomorphology of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">coastal </ins>systems]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:[[Geomorphological time scales and processes]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:[[Geomorphological time scales and processes]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:[[Mudflat]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>:[[Mudflat]]</div></td></tr>
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Dronkers J
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Spatial_and_temporal_scales_in_biogeomorphology&diff=74532&oldid=prev
Dronkers J at 14:35, 24 February 2019
2019-02-24T14:35:56Z
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Dronkers J
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Spatial_and_temporal_scales_in_biogeomorphology&diff=74359&oldid=prev
Dronkers J at 18:59, 19 February 2019
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Dronkers J
https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Spatial_and_temporal_scales_in_biogeomorphology&diff=74252&oldid=prev
Dronkers J: Created page with " Different physical and biological processes can have dynamic interactions when they operate on the same '''spatial and temporal scales'''. In this article the spatial and tem..."
2019-02-12T12:06:08Z
<p>Created page with " Different physical and biological processes can have dynamic interactions when they operate on the same '''spatial and temporal scales'''. In this article the spatial and tem..."</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div><br />
Different physical and biological processes can have dynamic interactions when they operate on the same '''spatial and temporal scales'''. In this article the spatial and temporal scales are defined for estuaries by looking at the interactions between several factors that lead to variations in the stability and morphology of fine intertidal sediment shores. The coupling of [[mudflat|mudflats]] to [[salt marsh|salt marshes]] is also discussed.<br />
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==Scale interactions in [[biogeomorphology]]==<br />
Different physical and biological processes can have dynamic interactions when they operate on the same spatial and temporal scales. Processes that act on a very small scale may appear as noise in the interactions with processes on larger scales. Their effect can be accounted for by proper averaging procedures (e.g. for turbulence). Processes that act on a large scale may be treated as slowly varying or even constant boundary conditions when studying their effects on processes on smaller scales (e.g. [[sea level rise]] due to [[climate change]]). Techniques for scale interactions are reasonably well established in [[geomorphology]] (De Vriend, 1991)<ref name="De Vriend"> De Vriend H.J., 1991. Mathematical modelling and large-scale coastal behaviour, Part 1: Physical processes. Journal of Hydraulic REsearch 29, pp. 727-740</ref> and are based on scale linkage via sediment transport. In biology however, population and community dynamics give rise to spatial and temporal structures that are not easily linked. In recent years the importance of scale has been increasingly recognized (Legendre et al., 1997)<ref name="Legendre, P."> Legendre, P., S.F. Thrush, V.J. Cummings, P.K. Dayton, J. Grant, J.E. Hewitt, A.H. Hines, B.H. McArdle, R.D. Pridmore, D.C. Schneider, S.J. Turner, R.B. Whitlatch & M.R. Wilkinson, 1997. Spatial structure of bivalves in a sand flat: Scale and generating processes. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 216, pp. 99-128.</ref> as an essential aspect of understanding the [[biotic]] and [[abiotic]] processes that affect the [[Biogeomorphology of aquatic systems|biogeomorphology of coastal systems]].<br />
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[[Image:dynamicinteractions.jpg|center|400px|thumb| Fig.1 Scale concept in which influences from higher scales are described as boundary conditions, and influences from lower scales are considered noise. Dynamic interaction for processes on the same process and interest scale (De Vriend, 1991 <ref name="De Vriend"> De Vriend H.J., 1991. Mathematical modelling and large-scale coastal behaviour, Part 1: Physical processes. Journal of Hydraulic REsearch 29, pp. 727-740</ref>)]]<br />
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==Spatial and temporal scales defined for estuaries==<br />
There are marked spatial and temporal variations in the stability and morphology of the intertidal fine sediment shores in estuaries and embayments of NW Europe. This is due to the interactions between several factors: <br />
#The spatial distribution of [[biota]] acting as [[ecosystems|ecosystem]] engineers in relation to intertidal height and the estuarine salinity gradient, <br />
#The seasonal and inter-annual changes in these [[biota]] and particularly the relative abundance of bio-stabilisers and -destabilisers, <br />
#Physical drivers determining [[biota]] abundance (e.g. temperature, salinity), and <br />
#The frequency and intensity of erosive forces (e.g. wind-wave activity, storms, rainfall and fluvial flow). <br />
For example, field studies in the Humber (England) and Westerschelde (Netherlands) have shown significant temporal-spatial changes in intertidal sediment erodability and morphology which reflects the interaction between physical processes of [[erosion]] (tidal currents and waves) and the abundance of biological stabilisers ([[benthic]] diatoms) and destabilisers (the clam Macoma balthica). Following cold winters there is an increase in the density of the [[bioturbation|bioturbating]] clam which causes an increase in intertidal sediment erodability. Current and wave induced [[erosion]] of the [[mudflat]], elevates suspended sediment concentrations which are then transported up the shore on the flood tide and onto the [[salt marsh]] where there is enhanced sediment accretion. Conversely, when clam densities are low and grazing pressure low (usually following a series of mild winters), there is enhanced stabilisation of the [[mudflat]] by [[benthic]] diatoms which leads to a reduction in sediment resuspension into the water column and an order of magnitude lower rate of accretion on the salt marsh. This provides an interesting parallel between man’s stabilizing influence on long-shore sediment transport (i.e. use of groynes), and biota’s influence on up-shore sediment transport. Namely, stabilising sediment in one area is likely to reduce transport and accretion in another area.<br />
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==Coupling of mudflat to Saltmarsh==<br />
Research suggests that predicted [[climate change]] (i.e. global warming with associated [[sea level rise]]) is likely to induce a shift towards increased bio-stabilisation of intertidal sediments (micro-organisms and macroalgae) and as a consequence reduce sediment accretion on [[salt marsh|salt marshes]]<ref>Reed, D.J., Davidson-Arnott, R. and Perillo, G.M.E. 2012. Estuaries, coastal marshes, tidal flats and coastal dunes. In: Geomorphology and Global Environmental Change (eds. O. Slaymaker, T. Spencer and C. Embleton-Hamann). Cambridge Univ. Press.</ref>. However, climate models also predict increases in the frequency and intensity of storms, but at present it is unknown whether this will result in net [[erosion]] or net accretion on upper shore [[salt marsh|salt marshes]]. Both situations have been recorded and the net result may be dependent on various factors including the sediment supply and grain size, the shore profile, and the orientation of [[salt marsh]] relative to prevailing winds.<br />
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[[Image:scalelinking.jpg|center|500px|thumb| Fig. 2 Coupling of scales for a mudflat and a saltmarsh system. From climate change to increased sedimentation on salt marshes.]]<br />
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==See also==<br />
:[[Biogeomorphology of aquatic systems]]<br />
:[[Geomorphological time scales and processes]]<br />
:[[Mudflat]]<br />
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==References==<br />
<references/><br />
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{{author<br />
|AuthorID=5432<br />
|AuthorFullName=de Vries, Mindert<br />
|AuthorName=Mindert}}<br />
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[[Category:Theme 6]]<br />
[[Category:Geomorphological processes and natural coastal features]]<br />
[[Category:Hydrological processes and water]]<br />
[[Category:Other tidal wetlands]]<br />
[[Category:Salt marshes]]<br />
[[Category:Climate change]]</div>
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