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• Threats to the coastal zone
  ...cations to coastal [[ecosystem]]s in relation to specific human activities and introduces the various threats resulting from poorly managed activities. ...stimated to be due for more than 80% to increasing sea surface temperature and sea level.
  27 KB (4,061 words) - 18:28, 21 February 2024
• Total economic value in coastal management practice
  ...coastal zones are a so-called 'scarce resource', with limited availability and competing uses. ...r negatively affects the value of the coastal zone. But what is that value and how can it be determined?
  11 KB (1,658 words) - 18:45, 3 March 2024
• Economic valuation of goods and services of the UK coastal and marine ecosystem
  ...]] of the coastal ecosystem in monetary terms can prevent overexploitation and environmental degradation due to overlooking less obvious ecosystem service ==The valuation of biodiversity==
  9 KB (1,305 words) - 13:08, 4 March 2024
• Measurements of biodiversity
  ...ity from field observations. This article discusses the most commonly used biodiversity indices. ==Different types of biodiversity indices==
  49 KB (7,689 words) - 12:26, 4 March 2024
• Biodiversity in the European Seas
  ...e protection and protection of marine resources by restrictions on fishing and hunting).The contents of these reports are shown together with an indicatio ..."North Sea"> EEA (2002). ''Europe`s biodiversity - biogeographical regions and seas - Seas around Europe - The North Sea''</ref>==
  26 KB (3,907 words) - 18:35, 21 February 2024
• Marine Spatial Planning - the need for a common language
  ...we need marine [[spatial planning]], how it can be defined appropriately, and what benefits it can offer. It also briefly discusses some international ex ...es including recreation, mineral extraction, and more recently wind energy and offshore marine aquaculture, have started to claim their own spaces in the
  36 KB (5,342 words) - 18:20, 16 February 2024
• Ocean acidification
  ...dioxide into the atmosphere. The article begins by defining ocean acidity and the related concept of alkalinity. It further explains the counterintuitive ...). A solution is neutral if <math>pH=7</math>, acidic if <math>pH<7</math> and basic if <math>pH>7</math>.
  23 KB (3,352 words) - 11:49, 14 May 2024
• Mangroves
  ...roduction is given to management aspects, discussing threats, conservation and [[Ecosystem rehabilitation|rehabilitation]] of mangrove forests. ...ropical coasts, i.e. North and South America, Africa and Middle-East, Asia and Oceania (incl. Australia). <ref name="vliz">http://www.vliz.be/vmdcdata/man
  42 KB (6,310 words) - 17:09, 21 April 2024
• Seagrass meadows
  ...stics, distribution, [[zonation]], succession, biota, threats, functioning and adaptations of the organisms that live in seagrass meadows. Seagrass communities are highly productive and dynamic [[ecosystems]]. Seagrasses are not true grasses but rooted vascular
  37 KB (5,414 words) - 20:23, 24 December 2023
• Sea ice ecosystem
  ...ckmann, G. S., Sea ice. An introduction to its physics, chemistry, biology and geology. Blackwell Science, pp 1-21</ref>. ...nology, and methodology. Polar Biol 12:417-427</ref>. Land-fast ice forms and remains fast along the coast, attached to the shore or grounded to a shallo
  17 KB (2,538 words) - 23:36, 22 February 2024
• Coastal squeeze
  ...el rise<ref>Pontee, N. 2013. Defining coastal squeeze: A discussion. Ocean and Coastal Management 84: 204-207</ref>}} ...even Therry with a shorth introduction to the impact of coastal squeeze on biodiversity.
  7 KB (1,034 words) - 13:09, 6 March 2022
• Mariculture
  Some limit mariculture to culture of marine plants and animals in the ocean itself (EEA, 2008<ref>European Environmental agency; h ...s from brackish water and include culture methods that take place in salty and brackish water that is situated in the coastal zone (CBD, 2004<ref name="CB
  46 KB (6,591 words) - 18:12, 4 May 2024
• Effects of fisheries on marine biodiversity
  ...ine environment. Pauly and Christenen (1995<ref name="Pauly1995">Pauly, D. and Christensen, V. 1995. Primary production required to sustain global fisheri ...lled, but not retained by towed gears<ref name="Jennings1998">Jennings, S. and Kaiser, M. 1998. The effects of fishing on marine ecosystems. Adv. Mar. Bio
  33 KB (4,853 words) - 13:29, 1 February 2024
• Sand dune - Country Report, Great Britain
  ...rvation issues throughout Europe including Scandinavia, the Atlantic coast and in the Mediterranean. ...Sand Dune Inventory of Europe, 2nd Edition''. National Coastal Consultants and EUCC - The Coastal Union, in association with the IGU Coastal Commission.</
  30 KB (4,524 words) - 12:53, 23 June 2022
• Overexploitation
  ...exploitation can lead to resource depletion and put a number of threatened and endangered species at risk of extinction. See also the article [[Species ex ...of extinction. Insufficient consideration has been given to the unexpected and unpredictable long-term effects that such primitive food-gathering practice
  14 KB (2,013 words) - 13:06, 6 March 2022
• Kelp forests
  ...the articles [[Seaweed (macro-algae) ecosystem services]] and [[Diversity and classification of marine benthic algae]]. ...erg, T., Krumhansl, K., Filbee-Dexter, K. and Pedersen, M. F. 2019. Status and trends for the world’s kelp forests, in World seas: An environmental eval
  8 KB (1,235 words) - 18:37, 18 February 2024
• Salt marshes
  ...bution, evolution, adaptations, [[zonation]], succession, biota, functions and threats of the organisms that live in saltmarshes. ...els for several of the more important communities. Included is a model for habitat 1330 "Atlantic salt meadows" (Glauco-Puccinellietalia maritimae).
  28 KB (4,120 words) - 21:17, 24 April 2024
• Coral reefs
  ...tegories within the section dealing with biodiversity of [[marine habitats and ecosystems]]. ...u, Maldives, and Marshall Islands). Coral reefs also protect coral islands and island populations against the destructive forces of the sea under storm co
  27 KB (4,098 words) - 22:25, 5 April 2024
• Sand dune - Country Report, Ireland
  ...e throughout the whole of Europe including Scandinavia, the Atlantic coast and the Mediterranean. ...Sand Dune Inventory of Europe, 2nd Edition''. National Coastal Consultants and EUCC - The Coastal Union, in association with the IGU Coastal Commission.</
  9 KB (1,434 words) - 09:36, 30 July 2019
• Impact of tourism in coastal areas: Need of sustainable tourism strategy
  ...discusses the current status of coastal [[tourism]], the associated issues and impacts. The article further provides recommendations for future management ...rism Industry, with 19 specific areas of action recommended to governments and private operators towards sustainability in tourism.
  26 KB (3,689 words) - 17:28, 5 May 2023
• Threats to Marine Biodiversity
  ...cases, marine ecosystems are threatened to the extent that their structure and function is being jeopardised. The most serious threats to marine biodiversity are:
  2 KB (268 words) - 23:14, 27 December 2020
• Habitat destruction and fragmentation
  ...s in Europe, such as kelp forests, support a high diversity of marine life and are threatened by human activity. Photo © BIOMAR]] ...their applications in conservation. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 366, 8-15
  9 KB (1,382 words) - 16:45, 24 September 2022
• Non-native species invasions
  ...e the structure and function of marine ecosystems by changing biodiversity and eliminating vital components of the [[food chain]]. ...genic species (Carlton, 1996 <ref>Carlton, J.T. 1996. Biological invasions and cryptogenic species. Ecology 77(6): 1653-1655.</ref>)
  27 KB (3,914 words) - 12:54, 21 February 2024
• Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
  ...the Conservation of the Nature and Natural Resources, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK. </ref>. ...r regulations to provide lasting protection for part or all of the natural and cultural resources therein.”
  8 KB (1,190 words) - 11:09, 25 September 2021
• Principles of conservation, rehabilitation and restoration of estuarine and coastal habitats
  ...Restoration, Science & Policy Working Group, Tucson, Arizona, USA</ref>). Habitat restoration is an essential component of ecosystem restoration. }} ...jectives (Cooke, 2005<ref>Cooke, G.D. 2005. Ecosystem Rehabilitation. Lake and Reservoir Management 21(2): 218-221</ref>).}}
  23 KB (3,205 words) - 17:00, 2 March 2023
• North Sea
  ...land, Scotland, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and France, which benefit from its resources. == Specific biodiversity issues ==
  1 KB (220 words) - 15:56, 14 February 2024
• Resilience and resistance
  ..., P.S. 2013. Resistance, Resilience and Restoration. Ecological Management and Restoration 14: 20-24</ref>). }} ...ton, DC, November 8-9, 2018, organized by the National Academy of Sciences and The Royal Society</ref>);
  27 KB (3,924 words) - 20:34, 18 September 2023
• Evolution
  This article provides an overview of the Evolution of populations and the mechanisms that derive it. ...ese changes, which include modifications in structure, physiology, ecology and behaviour, may be so small that it is difficult to detect them or such grea
  20 KB (2,963 words) - 22:03, 2 March 2022
• Species extinction
  ...in extinction rates since humans have become Earth's dominant large animal and the cause of global environmental change. ...de and methane. This mass extinction first started in the deep ocean area, and then moved up to the upper layers of ocean, killing almost all living creat
  25 KB (3,716 words) - 18:44, 23 February 2024
• Biodiversity and Ecosystem function
  ...ark, H., Schmitz, O. and Vogt, D. 1996. Biodiversity and the productivity and stability of ecosystems. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 11: 372-377</ref>). ...ystem function? Some problems in studies of relations between biodiversity and ecosystem function. Applied Soil Ecology 10: 191-199</ref>).
  24 KB (3,402 words) - 16:25, 1 November 2020
• Tampa Bay Estuary Program
  ...partnerships, innovative agreements and approaches for habitat restoration and addressing [[nitrogen| atmospheric nitrogen]] deposition as a contributor t ...he state. As of 2008, more than 2.3 million people lived in the watershed, and that number is expected to grow by nearly 20 percent by the year 2015.
  10 KB (1,451 words) - 18:08, 2 January 2021
• Mediterranean seagrass ecosystem
  ...descendants of terrestrial plants that re-colonised the ocean between 100 and 65 million years ago. Seagrasses are monocotyledons that are not true grass ...Mediterranean, corresponding to 25% of the sea bottom at depths between 0 and 40 m.
  37 KB (5,390 words) - 17:55, 24 February 2023
• Introduction to MarBEF research
  == Marine biodiversity == ...nto, I., Vincx, M., Węsławski, JM., Nash, R. (2009). Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning. Printbase, Dublin, Ireland ISSN 2009-2539]</ref>.
  8 KB (1,124 words) - 21:10, 21 February 2024
• Disturbances, biodiversity changes and ecosystem stability
  ==Species abundance and ecosystem functioning== ...[[species extinction|extinction]] by human activities. Although changing [[biodiversity]] clearly has consequences for the functioning of ecosystems, better unders
  12 KB (1,660 words) - 18:34, 16 December 2020
• Biodiversity changes and ecosystem functioning
  == Biodiversity changes == ===Biodiversity importance===
  9 KB (1,256 words) - 11:48, 2 March 2024
• Predicted biodiversity changes in the Arctic
  ...nto, I., Vincx, M., Węsławski, JM., Nash, R. (2009). Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning. Printbase, Dublin, Ireland ISSN 2009-2539]</ref>. ...ecies will change, which will significantly impact the community structure and ecosystem function<ref name="ma"/>[.
  3 KB (495 words) - 20:52, 11 September 2020
• Oyster reef shore protection
  ...Oyster reefs protect sedimentary coasts from erosion by attenuating waves and trapping sediment. ...ucing the need for hard artificial structures. Oysters naturally aggregate and attach themselves to older shells, rocks, or submerged surfaces, creating a
  8 KB (1,247 words) - 19:38, 31 March 2024
• MarBEF booklet summary
  ==Marine biodiversity== ...nto, I., Vincx, M., Węsławski, JM., Nash, R. (2009). Marine Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning. Printbase, Dublin, Ireland ISSN 2009-2539]</ref>
  11 KB (1,571 words) - 13:22, 21 February 2024
• Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta
  ...coastal lagoons is their high biodiversity with an important role of fish and invertebrate populations. Those last ones are an important economical suppo ...1998). These have been also places which have been transformed physically and nowadays thus represent enormous costs for the population in terms of the n
  24 KB (3,723 words) - 14:47, 3 August 2019
• Danube Delta
  ...branch and Midia cape in South (166 km) is characterized by sandy beaches and low altitudes less steep underwater slopes. *Habitat (anthropic and natural) degradation
  5 KB (683 words) - 12:24, 8 October 2021
• Gewone slingerzakpijp
  ...compound styelid ascidians: 2. A new species of the genus ''Botrylloides'' and redescription of ''B. violaceus'' Oka. Publ. Seto Mar. Biol. Lab. 26(4-6): ...for space between the invasive violet tunicate ''Botrylloides violaceus'' and the native star tunicate ''Botryllus schlosseri'' in The Netherlands Aquat.
  16 KB (2,389 words) - 12:32, 26 January 2012
• Biogenic reefs of Europe and temporal variability
  ...R"/> depicting the distribution of the threatened and/or declining coastal and shelf habitats in Europe.]] ...51-100; yellow=11-50; green=6-10; blue=1-5. Please note that older records and those from southern Europe are probably missing.]]
  26 KB (3,875 words) - 18:26, 7 March 2023
• Shore protection vegetation
  ..., that have a strong sand-binding capacity due to an extensive root system and that favor sand accumulation with their foliage. ...well described in the literature and may ignore some important less common and less-studied species.
  76 KB (10,699 words) - 12:24, 15 November 2023
• Dynamics, threats and management of salt marshes
  ==Processes and mechanisms driving natural dynamics and ecosystem development== ...T.; BLANCO-GARCIA, A.; YSEBAERT, T.J.; HERMAN, P.M.J. (2007). Spatial flow and sedimentation patterns within patches of epibenthic structures. ''Cont. She
  43 KB (6,451 words) - 18:31, 7 March 2023
• Dynamics, threats and management of biogenic reefs
  ==PROCESSES AND MECHANISMS DRIVING NATURAL DYNAMICS & ECOSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT == .../>. In this section, the processes and mechanisms driving natural dynamics and ecosystem development of biogenic reefs are discussed for each group in tur
  69 KB (10,049 words) - 18:34, 7 March 2023
• Why are the oceans so important for us?
  ...we are to adequately address ocean issues at the local, national, regional and global levels, science cannot operate in isolation, but will need to integr ...e’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is generated by marine based industries and services, without including the value of raw materials, such as oil, gas or
  6 KB (833 words) - 16:09, 29 June 2020
• The Ocean as a unique laboratory
  ...chemichal systems - carry the secrets to understanding how life originated and how it continuously changes. ...increased our understanding of how cellular components function, interact and are regulated.
  8 KB (1,265 words) - 12:12, 8 August 2019
• Biodiversiteit
  [[Marine Biodiversity|Biodiversiteit]] is de verscheidenheid van het leven in al zijn vormen, com ...://www.nature.org/ourinitiatives/habitats/oceanscoasts/explore/coral-reefs-and-medicine.xml</ref>. Een verlies aan biodiversiteit betekent een verlies aan
  11 KB (1,514 words) - 16:34, 30 August 2012
• Ecological restoration of estuaries in North Western Europe
  ...as been a parallel decrease of fresh water tidal habitats for fish, birds, and the benthos on which they feed. ...including peri-estuarine areas such as the flood plain, associated marshes and land claimed by humans essentially over the last 150 years.
  36 KB (5,283 words) - 14:03, 2 March 2023
• Coastal lagoon
  '''Coastal lagoons''' are transitional zones between land and sea: they are shallow inland water bodies, separated from the ocean by a ba ...d of the melting of snowfields) with the marine processes (winds, currents and waves).
  7 KB (1,011 words) - 21:33, 27 February 2020
• Rocky shore habitat
  ...that lives there, the problems and adaptations the habitat is facing with and the importance of it in the marine environment. ...by [[coast erosion|erosional]] features. Together with the wind, sunlight and other physical factors it creates a complex environment, see [[Rocky shore
  23 KB (3,539 words) - 22:36, 14 March 2021
• Harbour porpoise in the Belgian part of the North Sea
  ...tire distribution area, specific information for the BPNS is less abundant and often scattered. ...information is highly relevant in the context of conservation, monitoring and evaluation of harbour porpoise populations that frequent the BPNS. More det
  77 KB (11,773 words) - 16:58, 17 February 2024
• Estuarine ecosystems
  ...ealth of food and ecosystems which support fish, birds, and other wildlife and contribute significantly to the quality of life for humanity. Estuaries are ...hematic planview of a typical estuarine morphology at high water (HW, top) and low water (LW, bottom). ]]
  22 KB (3,117 words) - 23:14, 20 January 2024
• Open ocean habitat
  ...s]]. It gives an overview about the characteristics, [[zonation]], biology and threats of the open oceans. Some legal aspects are also discussed. ...dynamic [[habitat]]. Physical processes control the biological activities and lead to substantial geographic variability in production.
  14 KB (2,153 words) - 13:08, 23 February 2021
• European Platform for Biodiversity Research Strategy: Recommendations 2005 meeting
  ...EU Nature Ministers in October 2005 (Recommendations on Climate Change and Biodiversity Conservation: Knowledge Needed to Support Development of Integrated Adaptat ...iversity. They are summarized below to provide a comprehensive overview of biodiversity issues.
  8 KB (1,083 words) - 17:18, 1 August 2019
• Pressures, impacts and policy responses in European coastal zones
  ...ems approach. This framework of analysis enables the transfer of knowledge and experience among coastal sites, with full consideration of site-specific co ...ersity of European coastal environments. They all host valuable ecosystems and most of them have a NATURA2000 status. Dark blue = entirely NATURA2000, lig
  20 KB (2,992 words) - 20:35, 18 January 2022
• Threats to cold water coral reefs, sand banks and seagrass habitats in the North Sea by climate change effects
  ...and biological systems, and there are preliminary indications that social and economic systems have been affected. ...ges in many ecosystems which would affect their function, [[biodiversity]] and productivity.
  14 KB (2,043 words) - 18:40, 7 March 2023
• Nature-based shore protection
  ...erate climate zones. Mangroves are dealt with in the article [[Mangroves]] and coral reefs in the article [[Coral reefs]]. ...Coastal Wiki articles are devoted to this topic, see [[Shore nourishment]] and further references therein.
  69 KB (10,397 words) - 17:04, 17 April 2024
• Multifunctionality and Valuation in coastal zones: introduction
  ...n making processes and help coastal zone managers to consider the requests and needs originating from the variety of functions in [[coastal zone]]s. ...ses which belong to different economic and social areas. As both resources and space in coastal zones are limited, conflicts are frequently generated betw
  15 KB (2,274 words) - 18:44, 21 February 2024
• Introduction to biodiversity of coastal and marine habitats and ecosystems
  ...tion and assessment of biodiversity|restoration and preservation of marine biodiversity]]. ...oastal and marine processes]. Key areas for the categorization of habitats and ecosystems are:
  8 KB (1,167 words) - 19:01, 21 February 2024
• Application of Land and Ecosystem Accounts (LEAC)
  ...he development of the United Nation’s System of integrated Environmental and Economic Accounts ([https://seea.un.org/ SEEA1]).<br/> ...[[Marine_Protected_Areas MPAs)|protected area]], in the form of statistics and maps.
  27 KB (3,989 words) - 16:53, 26 December 2020
• The backbarrier tidal flats in the southern North Sea - A multidisciplinary approach to reveal the main driving forces shaping the system
  ...rtant role in global biogeochemical cycles. Tidal areas not only provide a habitat for many species of birds, but are also the nursery for a wide variety of m ...on the vulnerable coastal ecosystem. Knowledge of the ecological processes and the health status of the flats, which can be derived from this knowledge, i
  22 KB (3,418 words) - 22:48, 2 July 2023
• Restoration of estuarine and coastal ecosystems
  ...and [[:Category:Evaluation and assessment in coastal management|Evaluation and assessment in coastal management]]. ...here illustrate the political and administrative value placed on the goods and services provided by this ecosystem.
  14 KB (2,089 words) - 19:14, 7 March 2023
• Definitions of marine ecological terms
  ...05.pdf </ref>) and Blackart et al. (2006<ref>Blackhart, K., Stanton, D. G. and Shimada, A. M. 2006. NOAA Fisheries Glossary. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMF ...an be found in the Wikipedia, although not always for the specific coastal and marine context.
  39 KB (5,335 words) - 13:31, 6 March 2022
• Governance policies for a blue bio-economy
  ...ue bio-economy aims to optimize the development and utilization of coastal and marine ecosystem services for the benefit of society in a market context. T ...enefit a specific group of users can (and in most cases will) be developed and enhanced through market mechanisms, to the extent that user value exceeds t
  15 KB (2,228 words) - 12:39, 21 April 2024
• Seaweed (macro-algae) ecosystem services
  ...e. Seaweeds are phototrophs, deriving their energy from [[photosynthesis]] and live in shallow seawater where light can penetrate. There are many differen ...unlocking their potential in global aquaculture development. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1229. Rome, FAO</ref>:
  35 KB (5,044 words) - 17:21, 16 February 2024