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Shoreline management
Global, regional and local issues such as sea level rise, the concentration of populations and tourism on the * Degradation of coastal water and marine ecosystems from land-based pollution including sediment run-off, fertilizers and untreated sewage;

38 KB (5,697 words) - 22:31, 2 July 2022
Threats to the coastal zone
==Water quality/pollution== [[image:Grebe-with-oil.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Oil pollution victim.]]

27 KB (4,061 words) - 18:28, 21 February 2024
Temp Main Page
...er style="border-right:1px solid #a3b1bf"|[[Image:Theme04_40.png|Theme 4 : Pollution, prevention and mitigation.]]|| '''[[Theme 4]] - Pollution, prevention and mitigation.''' 

5 KB (584 words) - 14:05, 20 September 2007
DeCyDe for Sustainability Policy tool
...ators that had available data. Indicators were chosen to cover 24 distinct Issues within the four recognisable pillars of sustainability i.e. Governance, Eco ...is done through highly participatory workshops where discussion about the Issues, Indicators and data is as important as the numerical value obtained. 

25 KB (3,543 words) - 21:40, 7 August 2021
Transport and dispersion of pollutants, nutrients, tracers in mixed nearshore water
...e C., Mariano A.J., Ryan E.H., Shay L.K., Haller G. & Marsden J.E. (2005). Pollution release tied to invariant manifolds: a case study for the coast of Florida. ...e bondage between [[pollutant]]s (e.g. trace metals, among which [[mercury pollution|mercury]], major elements, various organic and inorganic chemicals, etc.) a

19 KB (2,775 words) - 16:03, 7 October 2021
Blue carbon sequestration
...nge impacts and their treatment in biogeochemical ecosystem models. Marine Pollution Bulletin 166: 112223</ref>. ...market for blue carbon projects and valuing the economic co-benefits. Key issues include monitoring and validating the amounts of carbon captured and the in

41 KB (6,267 words) - 13:40, 21 April 2024
Environmental risk assessment of marine activities
How likely will the receptors be exposed to the released pollution? ...tep is crucial in ERA. Initially the problem has to be defined and certain issues must be clear before the assessment starts:<ref name="Fairman">Fairman R.,

36 KB (5,430 words) - 20:20, 18 September 2023
North Sea pollution from shipping: legal framework
...rnational law, European law, regional law and national law govern marine [[pollution]] from ships. In this text, we discuss the applicable conventions of the In [[Pollution]] of the marine environment from ships is mainly governed by conventions co

52 KB (7,826 words) - 12:32, 12 July 2020
Global Forum of Oceans, Coasts and Islands
...already have limited capacity to manage those zones, and these management issues will only be compounded by [[climate change]]. ...|ecosystem]] for the past fifty years. It is now apparent that, aside from pollution and over fishing, climate variability and change, including [[acidification

16 KB (2,281 words) - 16:59, 1 August 2019
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)
...h and an interactive planning process in addressing the complex management issues in the coastal area <ref>Thia-Eng, C. 1993. Essential elements of integrate ...as occurred. These adjustments often focus on addressing the most pressing issues without a well-considered long-term strategy. Integrated Coastal Zone Manag

29 KB (3,962 words) - 20:24, 18 September 2023
River basin management, ICZM and spatial planning
...role is first of all a dynamic process which starts with identification of issues, facilitates dialog and awareness among stakeholders, supports and enhances ...resources, such as water; coastal resources are often threaten due to the pollution generated in upstream areas, while they provide space for settlement, indus

6 KB (906 words) - 13:43, 1 August 2019
Carrying capacity analysis
...ess is cyclical and repetitive comprising various steps (identification of issues, definition of critical factors, indicators, thresholds and desired levels, ...indicators reflecting pressures and state of key factors (e.g. water, sea pollution) may be used to identify the violation of the capacity limits.

6 KB (819 words) - 17:17, 1 September 2020
Integrated Coastal Zone Management and Integrated Water Resources Management
...role is first of all a dynamic process which starts with identification of issues, facilitates dialog and awareness among [[stakeholders]], and supports and ...esources, such as water; coastal resources are often threatened due to the pollution generated in upstream areas, while they provide space for settlement, indus

7 KB (991 words) - 12:30, 30 December 2020
Coastal Cities
...ase on demands for water resources and an increase of waste production and pollution <ref> Laboratory of Environment and Spatial Planning (2005)Towards an Urban ...an urban coast to offer a good quality environment for the users avoiding issues such us:

8 KB (1,192 words) - 11:48, 7 September 2020
UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
...ion of seas. Its objective is to fully eliminate the continuous sources of pollution from oil and other harmful elements and limit the risk of accidental releas ...o enforce laws in four specific fields: customs, taxation, immigration and pollution if the infringement started within their territory.

30 KB (4,800 words) - 16:57, 1 February 2024
Computable general equilibrium
...nvironmental policies impacts such as taxes on CO2/energy and [[pollution|polluting]] emissions trading schemes. CGE are relevant when willing to eva # externalities, such as [[pollution]]

9 KB (1,259 words) - 14:06, 1 August 2019
Sustainability indicators
...environmental, economic or social conditions. For instance in the field of pollution, the state of organisms particularly sensible to environmental changes can ...l importance. This is particularly important in the coastal zone where the issues and ecosystems are complex and integrating policy formulation, decision mak

17 KB (2,404 words) - 21:49, 7 August 2021
Measurements of biodiversity
...rg, R. 1978. Macrobenthic succession in relation to organic enrichment and pollution of the marine environment. Oceanogr. Mar. Biol. Ann. Rev. 16: 229-311</ref> ...versa<ref name=MW/>. The variance also reflects ecosystem disturbance and pollution<ref>Dornelas, M., Moonen, A.C., Magurran, A.E. and Barberi, P. 2009. Specie

49 KB (7,689 words) - 12:26, 4 March 2024
Baltic Monitoring Programme
...ral complementary programmes aimed at understanding the issues surrounding pollution and taking measures to combat their environmental effects.}} ...ks to protect the marine environment of the Baltic Sea from all sources of pollution through intergovernmental co-operation between Denmark, Estonia, the Europe

825 bytes (115 words) - 13:44, 12 December 2007
Pollution prevention, detection and mitigation in European coastal waters
...tection and mitigation''' are listed in the [[:Category:Coastal and marine pollution]]. ...ques for the mitigation of pollutions. The issue of observing the state of pollution and improving water quality near coastal zones has been addressed in differ

26 KB (3,940 words) - 16:24, 20 February 2024
Mariculture
...mental impact of marine fish culture: Towards a sustainable future; Marine Pollution Bulletin 31, p. 159-166</ref>). Many of these problems can be mitigated wit ====Nutrient pollution / Eutrophication====

46 KB (6,591 words) - 18:12, 4 May 2024
The Tragedy of the Commons - The Tuna Example
It should be noted that alongside these factors others such as water pollution in particular with heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, nutrients f technological issues. Proceedings of the Tuna 2002 Kuala Lumpur, 7th INFOFISH World Tuna Trade C

11 KB (1,683 words) - 13:58, 27 December 2020
Thermohaline circulation of the oceans
...undance]] and distribution of fish stocks and wildlife are just one of the issues facing fishermen, Arctic communities and the indigenous people. The Polar Regions annually accumulate pollution, including [[Portal:Ecotox|Persistent Organic Pollutants]] (POPs), which ha

23 KB (3,524 words) - 17:38, 22 December 2020
Impact of tourism in coastal areas: Need of sustainable tourism strategy
...rticle discusses the current status of coastal [[tourism]], the associated issues and impacts. The article further provides recommendations for future manage ...sts, often to a relatively small area, have a huge impact. They add to the pollution, waste, and water needs of the local population, putting local infrastructu

26 KB (3,689 words) - 17:28, 5 May 2023
PEGASO case study North Adriatic Sea
'''Main coastal issues''' In our view, the identified coastal issues relate at least to seven specific ICZM protocol articles: art. 7 (Coordinat

9 KB (1,260 words) - 13:07, 16 February 2024
Non-native species invasions
...semi-enclosed seas where the communities are weakened by various types of pollution (Elton, 1958<ref>Elton, C. S. 1958. The Ecology of Invasions by Animals and ...or the introduction and spread of alien species with marine litter. Marine Pollution Bulletin 191, 114913</ref>). Plastics, which enter the oceans in the millio

27 KB (3,914 words) - 12:54, 21 February 2024
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
There is a range of restrictions in MPAs. The typical ones take the following issues under consideration: ...three screen doors: can marine “protected” areas be effective? Marine Pollution Bulletin 44: 1177-1183</ref>

8 KB (1,190 words) - 11:09, 25 September 2021
Principles of conservation, rehabilitation and restoration of estuarine and coastal habitats
...lish a dialogue with managers and stakeholders on technical and management issues relating to the conservation of coastal ecosystems. ...ssors that impede natural regeneration (e.g., altered physical conditions, pollution, eutrophication), (3) clearly defined criteria for the measurement of resto

23 KB (3,205 words) - 17:00, 2 March 2023
Black Sea
== Specific biodiversity issues == ...nutrient enrichment from plant matter) and [[Coastal pollution and impacts|pollution]] from agriculture, industry and sewage.

2 KB (357 words) - 17:24, 10 March 2021
ICZM-Best practice case study in the Oder estuary
...ism development and nature conservation, which are most important regional issues in the project region (Dolch, 2004<ref>Dolch, T., 2004. Die Auswirkungen de ...uence beyond their function. They were able to fund and organise important issues of ICZM in the region.

11 KB (1,698 words) - 16:11, 24 August 2020
Analysis of the ICZM process in Belgium
...ement and administrations in Belgium, second, special developments of ICZM issues, namely a coordination point, sustainability indicators and sea-land intera ...residual waste; number of motor vehicles on the roads; number of observed pollution incidents (oil etc.)/flight hour; fish stocks that are not being over fishe

13 KB (1,874 words) - 16:13, 24 August 2020
Coastal cities and sea level rise
...ce is a major problem in developing countries. Steering the aforementioned issues is an enormous challenge, in particular the issue of rapid population growt ...ion. www.iied.org/pubs/display.php?o=10549IIED </ref>. A broad spectrum of issues is related to urban water management (see Fig. 7); therefore, an integrated

51 KB (7,528 words) - 12:22, 22 January 2024
Overview of Coastal Habitat Protection and Restoration in the United States
...he national interest - such as defense and interstate commerce. But other issues and resources in which there is a national interest must be approached in a ...types of development are permitted were adopted long before environmental issues were a concern. Shorefront property is especially valuable and was often z

15 KB (2,251 words) - 12:40, 8 October 2021
Rhode Island Salt Pond Special Area Management Plan – Case Study
...s of traditional sectoral planning by establishing boundaries based on the issues and coastal ecosystem rather than on administrative boundaries. ==Issues==

13 KB (1,954 words) - 10:13, 25 July 2020
US Coastal Zone Management Program
...ted several times and found to be effective in addressing numerous coastal issues, many areas of US coastline continue to be degraded by population growth, o ...h and education and providing a forum for public participation on relevant issues.

13 KB (1,909 words) - 10:16, 25 July 2020
Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary – Case Study
...y 25, 2005</ref>. This was a highly controversial process that raised many issues between the fishing community and the agencies with responsibility for fish ...overall health since 1980 <ref name="een"/>. Most of this is due to water pollution and fishing pressure. Data shows decreases in landings for several categori

12 KB (1,771 words) - 10:09, 25 July 2020
Cultural value variation
...y marine biodiversity: Implications for the ecosystem approach.” Marine Pollution Bulletin 54 (2007) 253–265. </ref>. ....g. Ruitenbeek and Cartier 1999<ref> Ruitenbeek, J. and C. Cartier. 1999. Issues in Applied Coral Reef Biodiversity Valuation: Results for Montego Bay, Jama

9 KB (1,311 words) - 21:21, 11 September 2020
Chesepeake Bay Program
...rich freshwater from six tributaries. Nutrients and other non-point source pollution from his large area enters the bay as run off, and is then concentrated int ...Federal [[Clean Water Act]] which mandated reductions in point sources of pollution. Section 117 of the Act provided significant funding for developing the Che

14 KB (2,018 words) - 10:10, 25 July 2020
Clean Water Act
Covers point sources of pollution discharging into a surface water body. Addresses oil spill pollution by providing EPA and the Coast Guard with authority to prevent and respond

11 KB (1,629 words) - 10:10, 25 July 2020
US National Estuary Program
...short term projects. NEPs support rather than replace existing controls on pollution. ...cture to serve as the forum for bringing stakeholders together to identify issues and develop the Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan. This govern

8 KB (1,140 words) - 18:07, 2 January 2021
US National Marine Sanctuaries
...ver the economic-values in using the resources. Also, vessel groundings or pollution that destroyed sanctuary resources would be liable for response and clean-u ...conservation goals. Policies are often developed for specific conservation issues such as invasive species.

12 KB (1,614 words) - 12:39, 6 September 2020
Tampa Bay Estuary Program
...ntly contains 28 estuaries) in 1991. As an urban watershed confronted with pollution, habitat loss and increasing development, the [https://www.tbep.org/ Tampa ...or Tampa Bay. This was the first organized effort to address water quality issues in the Bay, and it laid the groundwork for entry to the [https://www.epa.go

10 KB (1,451 words) - 18:08, 2 January 2021
A review of biodiversity-ecosystem function research
..., R. (1978). Macrobenthic succession in relation to organic enrichment and pollution of the marine environment. ''Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Rev ...affaelli"> Raffaelli, D.G. (2006). Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: issues of scale and trophic complexity. ''Marine Ecology Progress Series 311:285-2

23 KB (3,263 words) - 12:54, 6 September 2020
Sand dune - Country Report, Portugal
...ion of the [[sand dunes|sand dune vegetation]], sites and [[conservation]] issues throughout Europe including Scandinavia, the Atlantic coast and in the Medi ...bsence of adequate wastewater drainage and sewage disposal can cause local pollution.

17 KB (2,536 words) - 09:38, 30 July 2019
Pollution and scavengers
...f relatedness, bait damage and hunger. Journal of Sea Research, Volume 36, Issues 3-4, P. 267-273 </ref> They feed primary on decaying organic matter, which ...gh they both (unlike [[pollution and marine mammals|marine mammals]] and [[pollution and sea birds|sea birds]]) also acquire a large part of their pollutants th

2 KB (320 words) - 18:44, 5 November 2019
ENCORA portal
...der-right:1px solid #23297A"|[[Image:Theme04_40.png|link=Theme 4|Theme 4 : Pollution, prevention and mitigation.]]|| '''[[Theme 4]] - Pollution, prevention and mitigation.''' 

7 KB (825 words) - 17:09, 19 March 2013
Future marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning research issues
==Future issues== ...cientists have focused on and identified many critical marine biodiversity issues, which are now much clearer than before, but MarBEF has also revealed areas

15 KB (2,229 words) - 18:36, 22 February 2021
MarBEF outreach
...used to obtain an understanding of the level of awareness of environmental issues within the community and this, in turn, helped to refine MarBEF’s communi ...tely the information conveyed through the media is frequently limited to [[pollution]] incidents (e.g., [[Impacts_from_maritime_transport#The_Prestige_incident|

10 KB (1,454 words) - 22:58, 10 September 2020
Danube Delta
'''Main coastal issues''' '''Relation between the coastal issues and the ICZM protocol principles and articles'''

5 KB (683 words) - 12:24, 8 October 2021
Sand dune - Country Report, Italy
...ion of the [[sand dunes|sand dune vegetation]], sites and [[conservation]] issues throughout Europe including Scandinavia, the Atlantic coast and in the Medi ...and vegetation of the dunes. Although these forests are very sensitive to pollution and fire-prone they are conserved for their high scenic value.

11 KB (1,768 words) - 09:37, 30 July 2019
Al Hoceima coast
'''Main coastal issues''' '''Relation between coastal issues and the ICZM protocol principles and articles.'''

11 KB (1,586 words) - 12:49, 6 August 2019
Bouches du RhÃ´ne
'''Main coastal issues''' * Urban growth issues: urban density is growing;

5 KB (826 words) - 11:13, 15 July 2013
North Lebanon Coastal Zone
'''Main coastal issues''' '''Relation between the coastal issues and the ICZM protocol principles and articles'''

4 KB (537 words) - 12:51, 6 August 2019
Sevastopol Bay
...onsequences can be traced to study the effects of anthropogenic/industrial pollution and water exchange. The outer part of the bay is still rather clean and can '''Main coastal issues'''

3 KB (518 words) - 15:37, 13 March 2013
Bouches du Rhone
'''Main coastal issues''' * Urban growth issues: urban density is growing;

5 KB (826 words) - 13:11, 12 July 2020
Policy instruments for integrated coastal zone management
...lem areas towards broader and more integrated assessments of environmental issues. Environmental policies have subsequently included more preventive measures ...ing processes” or communication for raising and collectively considering issues. It refers to different kinds of decision-making. It involves the gathering

24 KB (3,649 words) - 16:22, 2 September 2020
PEGASO CASES
...vel rise inundation), other with anthropogenic impacts (e.g. urban sprawl, pollution) and different conflicts among land uses. ...CASE. As stated before, the 10 PEGASO CASES have different scales, coastal issues and ICZM experience.

4 KB (572 words) - 13:10, 16 February 2024
Groundwater management in low-lying coastal zones
...d Tanji, K.K. 2000. Soil salinization in the Nile Delta and related policy issues in Egypt. Agricultural Water Management 43: 239-261 </ref>. Because the irr ...ironmental policy, agricultural policy, and spatial policy that tackle the pollution issue are prerequisite for sustainable groundwater management. The effectiv

42 KB (6,275 words) - 21:00, 30 March 2023
The ICZM Process - a Roadmap towards Coastal Sustainability - Introduction
* '''Healthy''' - free from pollution from land and marine-based sources, with clean fresh and marine waters and ...M_planning_process.pdf climate change], certainly one of the most critical issues many coastal areas are facing today. The findings of that document may be c

9 KB (1,300 words) - 12:32, 14 July 2020
Integrated Coastal Zone Management: analysis of the environmental condition of the coastal area of the Northern Range of Trinidad
...Range of Trinidad and Tobago in order to identify the major environmental issues, their correlation and possible solutions. The DPSIR framework was used as ...arine environmental management: an example for offshore wind power. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44: iii–vii</ref>. Therefore, the coastal zone of the Northern R

20 KB (2,944 words) - 10:35, 10 August 2019
OSPAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) and OSPAR Commission
...waste at sea and the 1974 Paris Convention on land-based sources of marine pollution. ...d by one of the Contracting Parties. Additional meetings concerning urgent issues can be forced by at least 3 of the Contracting Parties together. In between

10 KB (1,538 words) - 15:23, 1 August 2019
HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) and Helsinki Convention
...to protect the marine environment of the Baltic Sea from all sources of [[pollution]], and to restore and safeguard its ecological balance through intergovernm ...f this year was the first agreement taking into account all the sources of pollution to the Baltic Sea at once. It entered into force on 3 May 1980.

8 KB (1,182 words) - 20:16, 2 September 2020
Building the Evidence: Diagnostic Report for ICZM
* Analyzing in greater detail the key problems and issues and, then, summarizing the existing conditions of the area and root causes, ...ith wider area's issues such as erosion, land husbandry, deforestation and pollution (both point sources and diffuse).

5 KB (756 words) - 17:16, 12 July 2020
Setting the Direction in ICZM
'''Healthy''' - free from pollution from land and marine-based sources, with clean fresh and marine waters and ...making a review of their relevance and implications in the content of ICZM issues in the Mediterranean and Black Sea Basins.

13 KB (1,876 words) - 11:54, 25 July 2020
ICZM Scoping Risks
...them to be “distilled” into a manageable and refined set of “core” issues later in the Process. ...expectations of other pressures. Examples include severe flooding, acute pollution from watershed or marine sources, or enhanced disaster risk as a result of

3 KB (389 words) - 11:27, 25 July 2020
The Ocean provides a social and cultural space
...ments. However, these numbers are considered insufficient to tackle global issues of sustainability. Marine Genomic Europe bundles a sizeable percentage of t ...s has been increasingly detectable. Effects are measurable at the level of pollution, infections, overfishing and poor returns in aquaculture. The impact of an

5 KB (749 words) - 12:16, 8 August 2019
Ecological restoration of estuaries in North Western Europe
...f name="MazikElliot2000">Mazik K, Elliott M (2000) The effects of chemical pollution on the bioturbation potential of estuarine intertidal mudflats. Helgol Mar ...e assimilative capacity of ecosystems might be overrun and signs such as [[pollution]] show that their ecological functioning is affected <ref name="Arrow">Arro

36 KB (5,283 words) - 14:03, 2 March 2023
Marine Biotechnology in Baltic Sea basin
...hydrological and biological features, in turn making it very sensitive to pollution and overuse. Geographically the Baltic Sea it is a longitudinally stretched ...e EU aimed at protecting the Baltic marine environment from all sources of pollution. These and other positive regional experiences have evolved and found expre

21 KB (2,953 words) - 11:19, 9 August 2019
Marine Biotechnology in Black Sea basin
...g on marine biotechnology research and development. General marine science issues are considered by organisations such the Black Sea Commission <ref name="bs Key research issues:

11 KB (1,563 words) - 12:48, 9 March 2021
Past EU-funded coastal research projects
* [[BEEP]] Biological effects of environmental pollution ...elopment of simple video-derived parameters directly related to management issues

7 KB (873 words) - 11:50, 17 February 2024
Marine Biotechnology international regional infrastructures summary
...ine biotechnology and nanotechnology for control of ship ballast water bio-pollution; marine biomolecules for chemistry, health, cosmetics, flavours and fragran ...hnology advances. It held a workshop on Marine microorganisms and research issues for biotechnology in 1996 in Brussels and another in collaboration with CIE

19 KB (2,772 words) - 09:56, 10 August 2019
Marine Biotechnology in Mediterranean Sea basin
...g on marine biotechnology research and development. General marine science issues are considered by organisations such as CIESM and projects such as the SEAS ...ine biotechnology and nanotechnology for control of ship ballast water bio-pollution; marine biomolecules for chemistry, health, cosmetics, flavours and fragran

11 KB (1,641 words) - 11:32, 9 August 2019
Coastal hydrodynamic and morphodynamic processes and engineering
* [[Index of vulnerability of littorals to oil pollution]] * [[ICZM issues in estuaries]]

20 KB (2,422 words) - 12:26, 20 February 2024
Ecosystem services
...ed by marine biodiversity: Implications for the ecosystem approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin 54: 253–265</ref> ...ystem Services (CICES), is an ongoing effort to standardize classification issues, focuses only on final services <ref name=HP></ref>. The current version is

28 KB (4,079 words) - 22:20, 6 April 2024
European Platform for Biodiversity Research Strategy: Recommendations 2005 meeting
...y are summarized below to provide a comprehensive overview of biodiversity issues. *Determine the impacts of industry, commercial fishing, and pollution on deep-sea environments;

8 KB (1,083 words) - 17:18, 1 August 2019
European Action Plan Theme Pollution prevention, detection and mitigation
...ques for the mitigation of pollutions. The issue of observing the state of pollution and improving water quality near coastal zones has been addressed in differ ...te better warning procedures and reliable tools to mitigate the impacts of pollution.

27 KB (4,006 words) - 18:23, 23 February 2019
Oil spill pollution impact and recovery
The effects of hydrocarbon pollution also depend on the species impacted. Gastropods and polychaetes are usually ...lopment National Risk Management Research Laboratory. Land Remediation and Pollution Control Division, Cincinnati, USA</ref> and 2004<ref>Zhu, X., Venosa, A.D.

32 KB (4,859 words) - 16:36, 15 February 2024
Introduction to biodiversity of coastal and marine habitats and ecosystems
...g of entire ecosystems. These issues are described in [[Coastal and marine pollution]]. At the same time increased exploitation of coastal and marine resources, ...ing the restoration of damage caused by human activities. Addressing these issues in a balanced way calls for [[Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)|int

8 KB (1,167 words) - 19:01, 21 February 2024
Natural variability and change in coastal ecosystems
...and marine ecosystems. The way in which natural variation is influenced by issues relating to [[climate change]], water catchments and human activity is also ...e ecosystems and whether they are due to local disturbances (for example [[pollution]]) and to global climatic (oceanic) changes.

28 KB (4,152 words) - 12:34, 6 March 2022
Governance policies for a blue bio-economy
...an ecosystem service driven by market demand (see [[Ecosystem services]]). Pollution and habitat degradation are examples of negative externalities. Evaluating ...Bulletin 167, 112321</ref> for eutrophication reduction and carbon storage issues. These principles can also be applied for other ecosystem services. They di

15 KB (2,228 words) - 12:39, 21 April 2024
Seaweed (macro-algae) ecosystem services
Macro-algae are sensitive to marine pollution, disease outbreaks, epiphytic infestation, algal parasites, periodic storms *Food safety issues related to pollution of nearshore waters. Seaweeds are efficient nutrient extractors and may acc

35 KB (5,044 words) - 17:21, 16 February 2024

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