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• Detached shore parallel breakwaters
  ...r the construction of the coastal structures, but also for the maintenance and lifetime service as well as the rebuilding or dismantling of structures whe ...n. The higher the [[crest]] [[freeboard]], the higher the aesthetic impact and the lower the wave transmission to the shoreline is. The LCSs for shoreline
  6 KB (878 words) - 20:33, 4 July 2020
• Definitions of coastal terms
  ...the living environment is given in the article '''[[Definitions of marine ecological terms]]'''. .../www.dhigroup.com/marine-water/ebook-shoreline-management-guidelines</ref> and from the USACE Coastal Engineering Manual <ref name=CEM> USACE, 2012. Coast
  79 KB (11,862 words) - 21:40, 1 April 2024
• Shoreline management
  ...gement are <ref name="Karsten">Mangor, K., Drønen, N. K., Kaergaard, K.H. and Kristensen, N.E. 2017. Shoreline management guidelines. DHI https://www.dhi ...development activities in the coastal area follow an overall land use plan and a general environmental policy
  38 KB (5,697 words) - 22:31, 2 July 2022
• Threats to the coastal zone
  ...cations to coastal [[ecosystem]]s in relation to specific human activities and introduces the various threats resulting from poorly managed activities. ...stimated to be due for more than 80% to increasing sea surface temperature and sea level.
  27 KB (4,061 words) - 18:28, 21 February 2024
• Coastal pollution and impacts
  ...l effects and subsequent economic effects and losses from marine pollution and degradations in marine environments: Implications from the literature. Mari ...he extreme complexity of biogeochemical cycles, especially at the sea-land and sea-atmosphere interfaces.
  26 KB (3,841 words) - 16:44, 20 February 2024
• Total economic value in coastal management practice
  ...coastal zones are a so-called 'scarce resource', with limited availability and competing uses. ...r negatively affects the value of the coastal zone. But what is that value and how can it be determined?
  11 KB (1,658 words) - 18:45, 3 March 2024
• Biotopes and classification systems
  ...s based on the concept of the '''[[biotope]]'''. They can be mapped easily and changes in time in their distribution can be recorded. ...logical zone, substratum, 'features' (e.g. crevices, overhangs, rockpools) and 'modifiers' (e.g. sand-scour, wave-surge, substratum mobility).
  17 KB (2,420 words) - 13:14, 6 March 2022
• Transport and dispersion of pollutants, nutrients, tracers in mixed nearshore water
  ...lutants, nutrients and tracers in mixed nearshore water''' can have direct and indirect consequences for the marine [[ecosystem]]s. ...tant]]s have been found along coastal regions far from the coastal source, and noticeable impacts have been detected even in deep sea regions.
  19 KB (2,775 words) - 16:03, 7 October 2021
• Blue carbon sequestration
  ...fers to the carbon sequestered by the world’s ocean or coastal vegetated ecosystems. }} ..., R., Craft, C. and Widney, S.E. 2018. Coastal wetland loss, consequences, and challenges for restoration. Anthropocene Coasts 1: 1–15</ref>.
  41 KB (6,267 words) - 13:40, 21 April 2024
• Nutrient conversion in the marine environment
  ...ses involved in the conversion of the main nutrients: nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon. ...<ref name=”Rendell1993”>Rendell, A. R., Ottley, C. J., Jickells, T. D. and Harrison, R. M. 1993. The atmospheric input of nitrogen species to the Nort
  26 KB (3,923 words) - 20:02, 4 August 2023
• Environmental risk assessment of marine activities
  ...ent (EcoRA) of Marine activities'''. We first describe the general aspects and steps of the ERA process that most risk assessments are confronted with. Th ...osystem]] in the economic impacts assessment, extinction or total catch in ecological risk assessment.
  36 KB (5,430 words) - 20:20, 18 September 2023
• Land-ocean interaction in the coastal zone
  ...core project of the International Geosphere and Biosphere Programme (IGBP) and the International Human Dimensions Programme on Global Environmental Change ...ed decision making or, in other words, to protect coasts and coastal goods and services for future generations. The goal of LOICZ was:
  13 KB (1,995 words) - 17:08, 20 September 2020
• Global Forum of Oceans, Coasts and Islands
  ...common goal of encouraging the sustainable development of oceans, coasts, and islands. ==Third Global Conference on Oceans, Coasts and Islands==
  16 KB (2,281 words) - 16:59, 1 August 2019
• Convention on Biological Diversity
  ...uence of humans. It forms the web of life of which we are an integral part and upon which we so fully depend. ...characteristics). [[Biodiversity]] provides [[ecosystems|ecosystem]] goods and services that sustain our lives.
  7 KB (1,039 words) - 17:08, 27 February 2022
• The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)
  ...ique and especially fragile ecosystems, being areas of great environmental and aesthetic value. ...habitats listed in the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora Directive are coastal. Approximately a third of the Union's wetlands
  10 KB (1,378 words) - 13:00, 14 July 2020
• Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)
  ..., C. 1993. Essential elements of integrated coastal zone management. Ocean and Coastal Management 21:81-108</ref>. ...he terrestrial and marine components of the target territory, in both time and space”<ref>[http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:200
  29 KB (3,962 words) - 20:24, 18 September 2023
• River basin management, ICZM and spatial planning
  ==Integrated Coastal Zone Management and Integrated Water Resources Management== ===The rise of Integrated Coastal Zone Management and Integrated Coastal Area and River Basin Management===
  6 KB (906 words) - 13:43, 1 August 2019
• Integrated Coastal Zone Management and Integrated Water Resources Management
  ...elated physical and biological processes as they operate across the marine and coastal/terestrial boundaries is central to the development of sensitive ma ===The rise of Integrated Coastal Zone Management and Integrated Coastal Area and River Basin Management===
  7 KB (991 words) - 12:30, 30 December 2020
• UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
  ...on= This Convention lays down the general obligations of states to protect and preserve the marine environment. The [http://www.un.org/Depts/los/index.htm ...political stakes, regulations about its use have been established for ages and the corpus of laws is now covering a lot of different topics.
  30 KB (4,800 words) - 16:57, 1 February 2024
• Estuary
  ..., water quality and morphology – for example: import of marine sediments and organisms, generation of a high turbidity zone, sedimentation/erosion of in ...presence of tides and a prominent system of channels and shoals (open bays and enclosed coastal seas such as the Bohai Sea or North Sea therefore do not q
  4 KB (540 words) - 13:40, 20 January 2024
• Harmful algal bloom
  ...uce biotoxins. Harmful algal blooms (HABs) can occur in marine, estuarine, and fresh waters.<br> ...algal blooms: effects, environmental conditions, factors that promote HABs and management measures.
  23 KB (3,458 words) - 22:27, 12 February 2024
• Coupled hydrodynamic - water quality - ecological modelling
  ...the 'effect chain' approach for modelling marine and coastal water quality and ecology. ...re complete food chain model, including pelagic fish, demersal fish, birds and marine mammals.
  7 KB (1,046 words) - 17:21, 7 September 2020
• Consultation on Maritime Policy: the issue of Capacity Building
  ...rope with a dynamic maritime economy, responsive to sustainable principles and in harmony with the marine environment. ...place a heavy burden on the existing educational and training institutions and resources.
  31 KB (4,532 words) - 15:32, 6 October 2021
• Functional diversity in marine ecosystems
  ...., 24: 505-514</ref>.<br> Functional group: Groups of species with similar ecological roles/functions.}} Functional diversity refers to the variety of biological processes, functions or characteristics of a particular ecosystem in this case the [[
  11 KB (1,570 words) - 12:30, 4 March 2024
• Effects of global climate change on European marine biodiversity
  This article discusses global warming and the range of effects on marine systems. ...Impacts of climate change on the European marine and coastal environment: ecosystems approach.'' European Science Foundation, Marine Board: Strasbourg, France.'
  16 KB (2,428 words) - 13:04, 21 February 2024
• Marine Spatial Planning - the need for a common language
  ...we need marine [[spatial planning]], how it can be defined appropriately, and what benefits it can offer. It also briefly discusses some international ex ...es including recreation, mineral extraction, and more recently wind energy and offshore marine aquaculture, have started to claim their own spaces in the
  36 KB (5,342 words) - 18:20, 16 February 2024
• Eutrophication in coastal environments
  |name=Job Dronkers and Justus van Beusekom|AuthorID=120| ...gative effects of eutrophication requires reduction of [[nutrient]] inputs and an ecosystem-based management strategy. The bio-geochemical cycles of nutri
  18 KB (2,538 words) - 12:37, 30 March 2022
• Mangroves
  ...roduction is given to management aspects, discussing threats, conservation and [[Ecosystem rehabilitation|rehabilitation]] of mangrove forests. ...ropical coasts, i.e. North and South America, Africa and Middle-East, Asia and Oceania (incl. Australia). <ref name="vliz">http://www.vliz.be/vmdcdata/man
  42 KB (6,310 words) - 17:09, 21 April 2024
• Seagrass meadows
  ...stics, distribution, [[zonation]], succession, biota, threats, functioning and adaptations of the organisms that live in seagrass meadows. Seagrass communities are highly productive and dynamic [[ecosystems]]. Seagrasses are not true grasses but rooted vascular (flowering) plants o
  37 KB (5,414 words) - 20:23, 24 December 2023
• Sea ice ecosystem
  ...ckmann, G. S., Sea ice. An introduction to its physics, chemistry, biology and geology. Blackwell Science, pp 1-21</ref>. ...nology, and methodology. Polar Biol 12:417-427</ref>. Land-fast ice forms and remains fast along the coast, attached to the shore or grounded to a shallo
  17 KB (2,538 words) - 23:36, 22 February 2024
• Ecological thresholds and regime shifts
  ==What are ecological thresholds?== ...heffer, 2009<ref name=S9>Scheffer, M. 2009. Critical transitions in nature and society. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA</ref>). Th
  13 KB (1,919 words) - 12:33, 2 March 2024
• The Ecosystem Approach
  ==Background and definition== ...goods and services provided to people by [[biodiversity]] and [[Ecosystem| ecosystems]] (Secretariat of the Convention for Biological Diversity, 2000). According
  20 KB (2,938 words) - 17:27, 15 February 2024
• Pollution prevention, detection and mitigation in European coastal waters
  ...vention, detection and mitigation''' are listed in the [[:Category:Coastal and marine pollution]]. ...most coastal countries, through regulations and the organisation of alert and protection systems.
  26 KB (3,940 words) - 16:24, 20 February 2024
• Potential Impacts of Sea Level Rise on Mangroves
  ...cal and subtropical coastline (McLeod & Salm, 2006<ref name="M">McLeod, E. and R.V. Salm. 2006. Managing Mangroves for Resilience to Climate Change. IUCN, ===[http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/j1533e/J1533E00.htm '''Status and Trends''']===
  15 KB (2,216 words) - 16:51, 3 September 2020
• Effects of fisheries on marine biodiversity
  ...tion]] is required to sustain fisheries in many intensively fished coastal ecosystems. ...gs1998">Jennings, S. and Kaiser, M. 1998. The effects of fishing on marine ecosystems. Adv. Mar. Biol. 34: 201-352</ref>.
  33 KB (4,853 words) - 13:29, 1 February 2024
• Sand dune - Country Report, Great Britain
  ...rvation issues throughout Europe including Scandinavia, the Atlantic coast and in the Mediterranean. ...Sand Dune Inventory of Europe, 2nd Edition''. National Coastal Consultants and EUCC - The Coastal Union, in association with the IGU Coastal Commission.</
  30 KB (4,524 words) - 12:53, 23 June 2022
• Thresholds and Marine Policies
  ==Thresholds and Marine Policies== ...ways that are unpredictable and that defy the best intentions of policies and policy makers.
  9 KB (1,369 words) - 15:54, 7 October 2021
• Kelp forests
  ...the articles [[Seaweed (macro-algae) ecosystem services]] and [[Diversity and classification of marine benthic algae]]. ...erg, T., Krumhansl, K., Filbee-Dexter, K. and Pedersen, M. F. 2019. Status and trends for the world’s kelp forests, in World seas: An environmental eval
  8 KB (1,235 words) - 18:37, 18 February 2024
• Salt marshes
  ...bution, evolution, adaptations, [[zonation]], succession, biota, functions and threats of the organisms that live in saltmarshes. ...s]], dissolved [[nutrient]]s, [[plankton]] and small fishes are flushed in and out the saltmarshes.
  28 KB (4,120 words) - 21:17, 24 April 2024
• Flood risk analysis study at the German Bight Coast
  ...and to define specific risk zones, the estimation of the expected damages and its spatial distribution is crucial in addition to the hazard analysis. Thi ...hes have been developed for hazard analysis, [[vulnerability]] assessment, and flood risk management. In order to apply some of these new methodologies, a
  25 KB (3,734 words) - 11:46, 17 February 2024
• Ecosystem functioning
  ..., Montoya, J.M. and Woodward, G. 2009. Emerging horizons in biodiversity and ecosystem functioning research. Trends Ecol. Evol., 24: 505-514</ref>; ...ning Natural Life Support Processes. Issues in Ecology 4. Published by the Ecological Society of America.</ref>.}}
  1 KB (215 words) - 12:30, 4 March 2024
• Habitat destruction and fragmentation
  ...s in Europe, such as kelp forests, support a high diversity of marine life and are threatened by human activity. Photo © BIOMAR]] ...their applications in conservation. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 366, 8-15
  9 KB (1,382 words) - 16:45, 24 September 2022
• Non-native species invasions
  ...e the structure and function of marine ecosystems by changing biodiversity and eliminating vital components of the [[food chain]]. ...genic species (Carlton, 1996 <ref>Carlton, J.T. 1996. Biological invasions and cryptogenic species. Ecology 77(6): 1653-1655.</ref>)
  27 KB (3,914 words) - 12:54, 21 February 2024
• Principles of conservation, rehabilitation and restoration of estuarine and coastal habitats
  ...2004<ref>SER. 2004. The SER primer on ecological restoration. Society for Ecological Restoration, Science & Policy Working Group, Tucson, Arizona, USA</ref>). H ...jectives (Cooke, 2005<ref>Cooke, G.D. 2005. Ecosystem Rehabilitation. Lake and Reservoir Management 21(2): 218-221</ref>).}}
  23 KB (3,205 words) - 17:00, 2 March 2023
• Baltic Sea
  ===Definition and basic facts=== ...nd_cover_baltic_sea_region_balans__001.jpg|thumb|left |Figure 1:Baltic Sea and its Drainage area<ref>http://maps.grida.no/go/graphic/land_cover_baltic_sea
  14 KB (2,085 words) - 15:24, 20 September 2020
• Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM)
  ...as between air, land and sea; and integrates ecological, social, economic and institutional perspectives, recognizing their strong interdependences. ...dress these challenges. It considers the whole ecosystem, including humans and the environment, rather than managing one issue or resource in isolation [h
  2 KB (266 words) - 17:30, 15 February 2024
• Resilience and resistance
  ..., P.S. 2013. Resistance, Resilience and Restoration. Ecological Management and Restoration 14: 20-24</ref>). }} ...ton, DC, November 8-9, 2018, organized by the National Academy of Sciences and The Royal Society</ref>);
  27 KB (3,924 words) - 20:34, 18 September 2023
• Rhode Island Salt Pond Special Area Management Plan – Case Study
  ...anagement in collaborating institutions <ref name="hen">Hennessey, Timothy and Mark T. Imperial, ''Rhode Island’s Salt Ponds: Using a Special Area Manag ...y susceptible to [[coastal erosion]] and storm damage during winter storms and summer hurricanes <ref name="hen"/>.
  13 KB (1,954 words) - 10:13, 25 July 2020
• Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary – Case Study
  ...regulatory agencies at state and federal levels with overlapping interests and jurisdictions can successfully coordinate their activities. ...d recreational fishers, recreational boaters and divers, maritime shipping and researchers.
  12 KB (1,771 words) - 10:09, 25 July 2020
• Cultural value variation
  ...zycki, 2007. “Identification, definition and quantification of goods and services provided by marine biodiversity: Implications for the ecosystem ap .... dk </ref> Sociocultural valuation is distinct from economic importance and economic valuation.
  9 KB (1,311 words) - 21:21, 11 September 2020

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