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• Groynes
  ...harmful, causing instability and failure of the steel sheet pilings. Mixed massive structures, consisting of steel and concrete, are far more stable and durab ...re often mixed structures, strengthened inside by a sheet piling. They are massive, durable and impermeable. The rubble-mound groynes are advantageous compare
  8 KB (1,248 words) - 17:16, 5 October 2021
• Human causes of coastal erosion
  ...ection. The result is massive accretion at the updrift side and equivalent massive erosion at the downdrift side of the harbour. The sedimentation at the updr
  29 KB (4,651 words) - 22:27, 2 July 2022
• Seawall
  ...wave action and storm surge, such as flooding. Seawalls are normally very massive structures because they are designed to resist the full force of waves and
  3 KB (523 words) - 13:06, 30 December 2022
• Threats to the coastal zone
  ...ned. The increasingly observed worldwide bleaching of corals could lead to massive ecological changes for [[coral reefs]] and other marine [[ecosystems]]. See
  27 KB (4,061 words) - 18:28, 21 February 2024
• Real-time algae monitoring
  ...During bloom decline, the sedimentation of the large colonies may lead to massive mortality of benthic invertebrates via anoxia (Peperzak, 2002 <ref> Peperza
  8 KB (1,124 words) - 22:53, 1 September 2020
• Ballast water
  ...ed during the journey. Without special precautions, this practice causes a massive spread of marine organisms from their native habitats to areas where they d
  23 KB (3,270 words) - 21:49, 20 December 2023
• Contingent Valuation Method
  Another important benchmark in the history of the CVM is the massive [[oil spills|oil spill]] due to the grounding of the oil tanker [[North_Sea
  18 KB (2,682 words) - 23:08, 28 February 2022
• Coral reef
  |definition= A massive, wave-resistant structure, built largely by coral, and consisting of skelet
  447 bytes (55 words) - 10:15, 6 August 2019
• Experiences with beach nourishments in Portugal
  The coastline retreat is evident, massive and of immense concern. Between 1870 and 1966 the sand spit almost disappea
  37 KB (5,937 words) - 18:06, 18 January 2022
• European Sand Dune Distribution
  ...o the coast (Poland and Wadden Sea) are a predominant dune type. Elsewhere massive accumulations of sand are forced onshore under the action of the prevailing
  14 KB (2,160 words) - 17:37, 1 September 2020
• Seagrass recovery and restoration in the Wadden Sea
  ...seagrass the opportunistic green algae respond to nutrient overloads with massive growth. This had happened twenty years ago when algal mats covered 15-20 % ...expertise and provides information on the causes as well as the effects of massive green algal mats. Therefore, in the month of August, the entire region is s
  14 KB (2,227 words) - 21:36, 24 November 2020
• Sand dune types - Europe
  ...large as both dominant and prevailing winds blow sand inland in sometimes massive waves. On especially exposed sites coastal cliffs may be covered with a ven
  4 KB (687 words) - 15:53, 6 September 2020
• Coral reefs
  ...species. On the on the intermediate slopes of the reef front, dome-shaped, massive brain corals (''[http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=267
  27 KB (4,098 words) - 22:25, 5 April 2024
• Thermohaline circulation of the oceans
  23 KB (3,524 words) - 17:38, 22 December 2020
• Impact of tourism in coastal areas: Need of sustainable tourism strategy
  Massive influxes of tourists, often to a relatively small area, have a huge impact. In many areas, massive new tourist infrastructure has been built - including airports, marinas, re
  26 KB (3,689 words) - 17:28, 5 May 2023
• Arctic ocean
  ...nfronted with the low primary productivity and physical stress produced by massive riverine inflows. The productive waters of the Barents Sea host much higher
  14 KB (2,150 words) - 23:23, 22 February 2024
• Baltic Sea
  ...cation effect in the coastal zone. Here apart cyanobacterial and red tides massive development of filamentous algae – mainly Ectocarpaceae – forms awfully
  14 KB (2,085 words) - 15:24, 20 September 2020
• ICZM-Best practice case study in the Oder estuary
  The whole region of the Oder estuary is suffering from massive economic problems and high gradients between East and West as well as betwe
  11 KB (1,698 words) - 16:11, 24 August 2020
• Coastal cities and sea level rise
  ...come worse during the past decades due to rapid soil subsidence induced by massive groundwater extraction and due to the replacement of canals and urban water ...egacities in the world. This vulnerability is due, on the one hand, to the massive land conversions of rivers, canals, and wetlands, reducing flood retention
  51 KB (7,528 words) - 12:22, 22 January 2024
• Evolution
  ...global diversity showed little overall trend, but was marked by periodic, massive losses of diversity classified as [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_extinc
  20 KB (2,963 words) - 22:03, 2 March 2022
• Species extinction
  ...in the geological record are thought to have been brought about mainly by massive climatic or environmental shifts. Mass extinctions as a direct consequence
  25 KB (3,716 words) - 18:44, 23 February 2024
• Clean Water Act
  ...of point sources of pollution would lead to fishable and swimmable waters. Massive amounts of federal funds were directed to the states for construction of pu
  11 KB (1,629 words) - 10:10, 25 July 2020
• Marine Plankton
  ...fisheries went into decline as a result of this invasive species, causing massive socio-economic disruption in the region.
  34 KB (5,059 words) - 17:27, 25 April 2024
• Posidonia oceanica (Linnaeus) Delile
  ...shoots flowering in meadows is generally lower than 3 % per year. However, massive flowering events (more than 10% shoots flowering) have been observed associ
  10 KB (1,588 words) - 12:12, 7 September 2020
• Sand dune - Country Report, Poland
  ...ey represent a much impoverished nature conservation resource. Despite the massive and long-term commitment to stabilisation, the dunes continue to erode, sug
  33 KB (5,282 words) - 09:26, 30 July 2019
• Sand dune - Country Report, Spain
  ...and dunes are abundant like in the next bay to the north called Carnota, a massive dune of white fine sand that arcs its way around a large open bay. More to ...ent for sand deposition so, opposite to the Galician coast there are a few massive sand dunes. However we can mention the dunes of El Espartal that in the pas
  29 KB (4,726 words) - 09:39, 30 July 2019
• Pollution and pelagic fish
  ...he pesticides tended to end up in large doses in nearby bays, resulting in massive local fish mortalities. This caused fisheries for instance in Laguna Madre,
  3 KB (459 words) - 16:33, 14 February 2024
• MacroBen
  ...ver. By combining the small datasets obtained by such individual projects, massive databases can be created that make large scale analyses possible. Such data
  7 KB (1,115 words) - 22:39, 10 September 2020
• The Baltic Algae Watch System - a remote sensing application for monitoring cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea
  *The cyanobacterial blooms showed large inter-annual variability. Years with massive blooms can be followed by years with only minor blooms.
  25 KB (3,748 words) - 23:00, 21 August 2020
• Cienaga Grande de Santa Marta
  The increasing salinity of the Ciénaga Grande led to a massive die off of the mangroves (Cardona & Botero 1998). In 1966 the area still co ...cyanobacteria blooms could be, among others, the reason for the occasional massive dying of fish that occur in the Ciénaga (Mancera & Vidal 1994).
  24 KB (3,723 words) - 14:47, 3 August 2019
• Deteriorated groynes
  ...ose measures insufficient, so apart from harbor sediment bypassing system, massive artificial beach fills, extending up to 20 km from the root, were initiated
  25 KB (3,878 words) - 17:18, 3 September 2020
• Biogenic reefs of Europe and temporal variability
  ...ccasional, F = frequent, C = common, A = abundant and SA = super-abundant (massive reefs). P = recorded as present but abundance not known. From Cunningham ''
  26 KB (3,875 words) - 18:26, 7 March 2023
• What is genomics?
  *'''An economic area:''' a competitive Europe The oceans are a massive economic resource area including fisheries, aquaculture, food, health and m
  6 KB (893 words) - 16:04, 29 June 2020
• The Ocean as a unique laboratory
  ...f adaptive genetic diversity. In the North Sea cod stocks have experienced massive depletions in numbers with a migration from traditional spawning grounds to
  8 KB (1,265 words) - 12:12, 8 August 2019
• Possible consequences of eutrophication
  ...de and out-compete original inhabitants. Examples are macroalgae and their massive biomass which inhibits the growth of other aquatic plants and algal blooms The enrichment of nutrients to an ecosystem can result in a massive growth of macroalgae. The existence of such dense algal growth areas can in
  19 KB (2,819 words) - 11:05, 20 February 2024
• ICZM training and capacity building: important links
  ...United Nations Education and Environment Program offers a large number of Massive Open Online Courses on critical environmental issues. The courses are inten
  8 KB (1,124 words) - 22:42, 18 February 2024
• Case studies eutrophication
  ...rom dying due to paralysis of the lungs. The event, presumably caused by a massive Alexandrium <ref>WoRMS (2012). Alexandrium Halim, 1960 emend. Balech, 1989.
  7 KB (1,140 words) - 12:17, 16 February 2024
• Climate adaptation measures for the coastal zone
  [[File:Zandmotor2012.jpg|400px|thumbnail|left|Figure 4. A massive foreshore nourishment increases the strength of the narrow dune system prot
  30 KB (4,609 words) - 12:46, 15 November 2023
• Diverse applications of macroalgae
  ...biofuels instead of competing with it. Macroalgae are already farmed on a massive scale in Asian countries, to a lesser extent in Europe (particularly in Fra
  11 KB (1,651 words) - 13:38, 20 February 2024
• Rocky shore morphology
  Cliff retreat depends on many factors: rock structure (massive, bedding, faulted, granular), rock lithology (permeability, solubility, har
  11 KB (1,732 words) - 17:10, 24 June 2022
• Sand dune - Country Report, Turkey
  ...lace. Nowadays, many projects are carried out and they are continuing on a massive scale. Between 1961 and 1990, 10,672 ha of coastal dune (29% of the Turkish ...of dune systems have suffered from road construction, especially since the massive tourism and residential building boom in the 1980s. At least 5,000 ha have
  10 KB (1,423 words) - 09:29, 30 July 2019
• Shallow-water wave theory
  ...ilter layers. More recently, rock has been replaced by numerous shapes of massive concrete blocks (for example, dolos, tetrapod and cob). The necessary size
  86 KB (13,927 words) - 12:36, 3 May 2023
• Nature-based shore protection
  ...ver, patch size and number of patches decline with increasing wave energy. Massive defoliation can occur when strong drag forces are breaking the leaves. Seag
  69 KB (10,397 words) - 17:04, 17 April 2024
• Shoreline retreat and recovery
  ...l the occurrence of a high storm surge that inundates the subaerial beach. Massive erosion then occurs due to the combination of reflecting waves on the cliff
  29 KB (4,526 words) - 12:45, 24 April 2024
• Seaweed (macro-algae) ecosystem services
  ...nutrients away from wild food webs. This will be especially the case when massive seaweed cultivation is deployed to fulfil the global bioenergy demands<ref
  35 KB (5,044 words) - 17:21, 16 February 2024