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• Natural variability and change in coastal ecosystems
  ...lems that managers face because of the constant change taking place within coastal systems. ...and at different levels of coastal and marine ecosystems. The way in which natural variation is influenced by issues relating to [[climate change]], water cat
  28 KB (4,152 words) - 12:34, 6 March 2022

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• Threats to the coastal zone
  ...nd pressures. It discusses generic modifications to coastal [[ecosystem]]s in relation to specific human activities and introduces the various threats re ...re and acidity and the increase of the estimated cumulative impact for the coastal zones was estimated to be due for more than 80% to increasing sea surface t
  27 KB (4,061 words) - 18:28, 21 February 2024
• Coastal pollution and impacts
  ...sequent economic effects and losses from marine pollution and degradations in marine environments: Implications from the literature. Marine Pollution Bul .... The sensitivity of the [[coastal zone]] to watershed impacts is examined in relation to land-derived pollution and water quality.
  26 KB (3,841 words) - 16:44, 20 February 2024
• Biotopes and classification systems
  References not cited in the text ...pt of the '''[[biotope]]'''. They can be mapped easily and changes in time in their distribution can be recorded.
  17 KB (2,420 words) - 13:14, 6 March 2022
• Global Forum of Oceans, Coasts and Islands
  ...rld Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg, South Africa in September 2002. The Global Forum is intended to advance the interests of oc ...participants included: Ambassador Gunnar Pálsson, Director, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Iceland;
  16 KB (2,281 words) - 16:59, 1 August 2019
• Convention on Biological Diversity
  ...[[Biodiversity]] is the fruit of billions of years of evolution, shaped by natural processes and, increasingly, by the influence of humans. It forms the web o ...ical processes, functions or characteristics). [[Biodiversity]] provides [[ecosystems|ecosystem]] goods and services that sustain our lives.
  7 KB (1,039 words) - 17:08, 27 February 2022
• Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)
  {{Definition|title=Integrated Coastal Zone Management ...1993. Essential elements of integrated coastal zone management. Ocean and Coastal Management 21:81-108</ref>.
  29 KB (3,962 words) - 20:24, 18 September 2023
• Light fields and optics in coastal waters
  ...easurement of light fields, see also the article [[Optical measurements in coastal waters]]. ...r light fields in coastal waters and shelf seas has important applications in ecology, engineering and [[remote sensing]]. Underwater light fields:
  26 KB (3,866 words) - 20:41, 19 August 2020
• Effects of global climate change on European marine biodiversity
  ...Impacts of climate change on the European marine and coastal environment: ecosystems approach.'' European Science Foundation, Marine Board: Strasbourg, France.' ...Impacts of climate change on the European marine and coastal environment: ecosystems approach.'' European Science Foundation, Marine Board: Strasbourg, France.'
  16 KB (2,428 words) - 13:04, 21 February 2024
• Habitat
  ...here an organism ''is found'' – i.e. a wave-cut platform, as for example in the EU species and habitats Directive; ...ifferent types of habitats are listed in the article [[Marine habitats and ecosystems]].'''
  2 KB (241 words) - 13:56, 2 March 2023
• Measurements of biodiversity
  A variety of 'objective' measures have been developed in order to estimate biodiversity from field observations. This article discus ...is to obtain a quantitative estimate of biological variability in space or in time that can be used to compare biological entities, composed of diverse c
  49 KB (7,689 words) - 12:26, 4 March 2024
• Salt marsh
  |definition= A densely vegetated coastal ecosystem situated in the upper coastal [[#Intertidal zone|intertidal zone]] between land and [[#Tidal flat|interti ....jpg|left|thumb|350px|caption| Example of a salt-marsh: Land of Saeftinghe in the Western Scheldt estuary.]]
  2 KB (328 words) - 18:22, 7 March 2023
• Seagrass meadows
  ...on, biota, threats, functioning and adaptations of the organisms that live in seagrass meadows. ...to the sea. This return needs several adaptations that allow them to live in submerged ocean regions. The sediments where they settle on can be [[mud|mu
  37 KB (5,414 words) - 20:23, 24 December 2023
• Spatial and temporal variability of salt marshes
  ...ntertidal zone between salty or brackish water. They replace [[mangroves]] in temperate and arctic regions. Their flora is dominated by [[Halophytic_plan ...us]], dissolved [[nutrients]], [[plankton]] and small fishes to be flushed in and out the salt marshes<ref name="Salt marsh"/>. Salt marshes protect the
  18 KB (2,451 words) - 18:54, 7 March 2023
• Mariculture
  Mariculture is often defined as aquaculture in marine environments. Some limit mariculture to culture of marine plants and animals in the ocean itself (EEA, 2008<ref>European Environmental agency; https://www.
  46 KB (6,591 words) - 18:12, 4 May 2024
• The Tragedy of the Commons - The Tuna Example
  ...he expression as a metaphor for the problems of overuse and degradation of natural resources including the destruction of fisheries, the over harvesting of ti ...s locked into a system that compels him to increase his herd without limit-in a world that is limited"<ref>Garrett Hardin, (1968) The Tragedy of the Comm
  11 KB (1,683 words) - 13:58, 27 December 2020
• Seagrass recovery and restoration in the Wadden Sea
  ...intertidal of the Northfrisian Wadden Sea as estimated from aerial surveys in August or September between 1978 and 2007.]] ...ecological quality in the environment, powerful indicators are needed. In coastal waters seagrass has been suggested as a sensitive indicator for an overload
  14 KB (2,227 words) - 21:36, 24 November 2020
• Salt marshes
  ...ion]], succession, biota, functions and threats of the organisms that live in saltmarshes. In 2008 the European Union commissioned a series of Habitat Management Models
  28 KB (4,120 words) - 21:17, 24 April 2024
• Coral reefs
  ...ries within the section dealing with biodiversity of [[marine habitats and ecosystems]]. ...deep water corals that live in dark cold waters and soft corals that live in shallow, cold waters. Corals are wave resistant rock structures, created by
  27 KB (4,098 words) - 22:25, 5 April 2024
• Thermohaline circulation of the oceans
  ...atter (solids, dissolved substances and gasses) around the globe. Changes in the Thermohaline Circulation alter the global ocean heat transport and affe ...p Water (NADW), fills the basin and moves southwards through the crevasses in the submarine sills that connect Greenland, Iceland and Great Britain. Fro
  23 KB (3,524 words) - 17:38, 22 December 2020
• Baltic Sea
  ...Atlantic climate in south-west end to harsh continental – boreal climate in Bothnian Bay area. It is connected with Atlantic Ocean through system of v ...& K. Arnio, 2002, Some ecological properties in relation to eutrophication in the Baltic Sea. ''Hydrobiologia'' 475/476, pp 371-377</ref>).
  14 KB (2,085 words) - 15:24, 20 September 2020
• Resilience and resistance
  ...Climate change and ecosystems. Procs. Sackler Forum on Climate Change and Ecosystems, Washington, DC, November 8-9, 2018, organized by the National Academy of S ...15(4): 20</ref>; Scheffer 2009<ref>Scheffer, M. 2009. Critical transitions in nature and society. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey, USA<
  27 KB (3,924 words) - 20:34, 18 September 2023
• Species extinction
  ...tition, disease, or predation. However, there have been dramatic increases in extinction rates since humans have become Earth's dominant large animal and ...release of carbon dioxide and methane. This mass extinction first started in the deep ocean area, and then moved up to the upper layers of ocean, killin
  25 KB (3,716 words) - 18:44, 23 February 2024
• Sampling
  ...to be carefully analysed and selected so as to take into account this high variability of most marine systems. The steps in designing a field sampling program include:
  10 KB (1,410 words) - 20:14, 31 August 2020
• Marine Plankton
  ...living organisms that spend at least a part of their life cycle suspended in water. The term [[plankton]] is actually a Greek word, meaning ''that which ...'''Holoplankton''' refers to those organisms that spend their entire life in the plankton, as opposed to the '''meroplankton''', which are only plankton
  34 KB (5,059 words) - 17:27, 25 April 2024
• Mediterranean seagrass ecosystem
  ...s species. ''P. oceanica'' beds cover between 25,000 and 50,000 km2 of the coastal areas of the Mediterranean, corresponding to 25% of the sea bottom at depth ...the coastline. This process also reduces the amount of sediment suspended in the water, helping to maintain the clear water conditions P. oceanica requi
  37 KB (5,390 words) - 17:55, 24 February 2023
• A review of biodiversity-ecosystem function research
  ...s in biodiversity, not only in marine, but also terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems <ref name = "Sala"> Sala, O.E., Chapin, F.S., Armesto, J.J., Berlow, E., Bl ...old, J.A. (2008). Marine benthic biodiversity-ecosystem function relations in complex systems. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Aberdeen.]]
  23 KB (3,263 words) - 12:54, 6 September 2020
• Introduction to MarBEF research
  ...s extremely high and that tens of thousands of ‘[[species]]’ may occur in a single litre of sea water. The estimates of the number of marine species Many species of coastal plankton are active for a short time and remain in the sediments as resting stages, sometimes for very long periods.</div>]]
  8 KB (1,124 words) - 21:10, 21 February 2024
• Future marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning research issues
  ..._biodiversity_and_ecosystem_functioning_research_issues#Coastal management|Coastal management]] ...[[Effects_of_global_climate_change_on_European_marine_biodiversity|changes in the global climate]], the medium term and long-term effects on the [[Marine
  15 KB (2,229 words) - 18:36, 22 February 2021
• The ICZM Process - a Roadmap towards Coastal Sustainability - Introduction
  ...ss will contribute to a wider discussion on the sustainable development of coastal zones. ...arcelona Convention on Integrated Coastal Zone Management, now drives ICZM in the Mediterranean.
  9 KB (1,300 words) - 12:32, 14 July 2020
• Integrated Coastal Zone Management: analysis of the environmental condition of the coastal area of the Northern Range of Trinidad
  ==Analysis of the environmental condition of the coastal area of the Northern Range of Trinidad== ...al Management]] section and the subcategory [[Evaluation and assessment in Coastal Management]].
  20 KB (2,944 words) - 10:35, 10 August 2019
• Setting the Direction in ICZM
  ...describes in simple terms the condition of the coastal area in the future, in a time-span of 10 to 30 years and even beyond, if the strategy, plan or pro ...ge, including rising sea levels, warming and drought; resilient to climate variability such as extreme storms, floods, waves, etc; resilient to earthquakes and er
  13 KB (1,876 words) - 11:54, 25 July 2020
• Deep ocean observatories
  ...nic nutrient inventories with adverse effects on the functioning of marine ecosystems and global circulation patterns. We need to monitor closely the changing pr This Fact Sheet introduces the importance of deep ocean observatories in the current international effort to monitor the oceans. The EUR-OCEANS netw
  10 KB (1,459 words) - 14:43, 7 November 2013
• Biogenic reefs of Europe and temporal variability
  ...distribution of the threatened and/or declining coastal and shelf habitats in Europe.]] ...center|250px|Figure 3: Current OBIS distribution data for ''S. alveolata'' in Europe (data from OBIS, July 2012) showing distributions and unconfirmed re
  26 KB (3,875 words) - 18:26, 7 March 2023
• Monitoring changes in North Atlantic plankton communities
  ...nerating and analyzing testable hypotheses. Over the last decade, interest in long-term plankton sampling has increased. However, long timeseries are st * distinguish between the effects of human activities and natural variability
  7 KB (1,087 words) - 12:44, 6 March 2022
• Dynamics, threats and management of dunes
  ==Processes and mechanisms driving natural dynamics & ecosystem development== ...of different environments in which dune formation may occur, as described in the article [[Dune development]].
  15 KB (2,195 words) - 12:23, 8 October 2021
• Shore protection vegetation
  ...and the more stable backshore. These are species that can grow and thrive in shifting sands, that have a strong sand-binding capacity due to an extensiv .... The selection is probably biased towards species that are well described in the literature and may ignore some important less common and less-studied s
  76 KB (10,699 words) - 12:24, 15 November 2023
• Dynamics, threats and management of salt marshes
  ==Processes and mechanisms driving natural dynamics and ecosystem development== ...oastal vegetation, like [[salt marsh]] vegetation, are ecosystem engineers in that they can strongly attenuate hydrodynamic energy from tidal current and
  43 KB (6,451 words) - 18:31, 7 March 2023
• Dynamics, threats and management of biogenic reefs
  ==PROCESSES AND MECHANISMS DRIVING NATURAL DYNAMICS & ECOSYSTEM DEVELOPMENT == ...s and ecosystem development of biogenic reefs are discussed for each group in turn.
  69 KB (10,049 words) - 18:34, 7 March 2023
• Integrating Climate Change into the ICZM planning process - Analysis and Future
  # Identify the main elements of climate variability and change in the short- (10-20 years), mid- (30-40 years), and long-term (60+ years) per # The impacts of this variability on key sectors and the risks associated with them.
  23 KB (3,668 words) - 16:05, 5 February 2020
• Ecological restoration of estuaries in North Western Europe
  ...ly based on Ducrotoy, J-P. 2010. Ecological restoration of tidal estuaries in North Western ...diversity of wet land, including intertidal flats and salt marshes. In all ecosystems, there has been a parallel decrease of fresh water tidal habitats for fish,
  36 KB (5,283 words) - 14:03, 2 March 2023
• Coral Molecular Biomarkers
  ...al. We summarize the major cellular stress-response pathways characterized in corals, as well as the effects of major stress-inducing agents on coral are ...coral health at a sublethal level, since stress response, such as changes in protein production and gene expression, usually occurs before physiological
  50 KB (7,106 words) - 12:42, 14 September 2020
• Coastal hydrodynamic and morphodynamic processes and engineering
  ...geomorphological change, climate impacts and coastal engineering (articles in blue). This content was initiated by the ENCORA themes 5 and 8. The article also indicates missing topics (articles in red).
  20 KB (2,422 words) - 12:26, 20 February 2024
• Harbour porpoise in the Belgian part of the North Sea
  ...mation about the distribution, biology and ecology of the harbour porpoise in the BPNS and adjacent areas. Although information on the harbour porpoise i ...in the Belgian part of the North Sea. This information is highly relevant in the context of conservation, monitoring and evaluation of harbour porpoise
  77 KB (11,773 words) - 16:58, 17 February 2024
• Open ocean habitat
  ...ries within the section dealing with biodiversity of [[marine habitats and ecosystems]]. It gives an overview about the characteristics, [[zonation]], biology an ...l the biological activities and lead to substantial geographic variability in production.
  14 KB (2,153 words) - 13:08, 23 February 2021
• Characteristics of sedimentary shores
  ...nding article) as well as coasts strongly modified by human interventions. Coastal morphological characteristics are related to geological setting, sediment t ...hort (1984)<ref name=WS>Wright, L. D. and Short, A. D. 1984. Morphodynamic variability of surf zones and beaches: a synthesis. Marine Geology, 56: 93-118.</ref>,
  24 KB (3,854 words) - 16:00, 30 June 2020
• European Platform for Biodiversity Research Strategy: Recommendations 2005 meeting
  ...list of research priorities, which will be presented at the EPBRS meeting in Porto on November 7 to 9, 2007. Results there will be presented to the EU ( *Analyse the genetic and morphological diversity in multiple marine communities and combine these with the analysis of long-ter
  8 KB (1,083 words) - 17:18, 1 August 2019
• EU workshop (2007) on climate change and eutrophication
  ...e scientific knowledge on climate change and eutrophication for marine and coastal waters. ...activity following the workshop, and discussion of regional implementation in the north Atlantic and Baltic region. These comments draw on this workshop
  11 KB (1,645 words) - 20:28, 27 June 2020
• Nature-based shore protection
  ...ng shorelines that generate in addition many other [[ecosystem services]]. In this article, under the general term 'living shorelines' the following will ...nes. Mangroves are dealt with in the article [[Mangroves]] and coral reefs in the article [[Coral reefs]].
  69 KB (10,397 words) - 17:04, 17 April 2024
• Biogeomorphology of coastal systems
  ...rd and soft substratum including the role in which plants and animals play in stabilizing and de-stabilizing these aquatic systems is also explored. ...are important for fish and birds and serve as a vital part of our natural coastal defence against storm surges and [[sea level rise]].
  15 KB (2,154 words) - 18:43, 7 March 2023
• Natural variability and change in coastal ecosystems
  ...lems that managers face because of the constant change taking place within coastal systems. ...and at different levels of coastal and marine ecosystems. The way in which natural variation is influenced by issues relating to [[climate change]], water cat
  28 KB (4,152 words) - 12:34, 6 March 2022

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