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• Sampling tools for the marine environment
  ...rine environment. These relate to species occuring on the sea surface, the water column and on the seabed. ...towed, although lacking in devices for controlling its passage through the water column, which is otherwise determined by hydrodynamic forces generated natu
  21 KB (3,409 words) - 22:24, 20 August 2020
• Contingent Valuation Method
  ...urchase or sale. This yields their willing to pay (WTP) for the quality of quality of the good or service under question, or willingness to accept compensatio ...tools, economists are able assess the individual demand for environmental quality and thus quantify in monetary terms the underlying welfare changes. The typ
  18 KB (2,682 words) - 23:08, 28 February 2022
• Salinization adaptation and freshwater supply for agriculture in the Dutch Delta
  ...everal newly created freshwater basins provided opportunities for drinking water supply and agriculture. The hydraulic engineering projects have been execut ...rine dynamics in the Delta an important solution to restore the ecological quality (whilst preserving safety against flooding and transportation possibilities
  15 KB (2,136 words) - 12:58, 8 October 2021
• Impacts caused by increasing urbanization
  ...Ortega, J.A Cañas-Madueño, P. Ruiz-Aviles (2004) “Assessing the Visual Quality of Rural Landscapes.” Landscape and Urban Planning 69 115-125 :Luttik, J. (2000) “The Value of Trees, Water and Open Space as Reflected By House Prices in the Netherlands” Landscape
  16 KB (2,380 words) - 17:04, 15 July 2020
• Values of amenities in coastal zones
  ...hese characteristics increases. A scoring matrix was used to determine the quality of the ocean view for each site. They estimate that for the best views with ...nt land use regulations: houses with frontage, views and distance from the water. They find that the value of lost frontage, views and distance leads to a l
  28 KB (4,449 words) - 22:00, 1 September 2020
• Marine Spatial Planning - the need for a common language
  ...onal concerns about nature included direct impacts such as declining water quality, pollution or [[habitat]] loss. More recently, environmental concerns shift ...blic facilities and energy supplies, transport, supply of resources, water quality, prevention of noise and waste disposal, protection of the marine environme
  36 KB (5,342 words) - 18:20, 16 February 2024
• Eutrophication in coastal environments
  ...increased sedimentation and oxygen consumption, oxygen depletion in lower water layers and, sometimes, mortality of [[benthic]] animals and fish. Mitigatio *oxygen depletion in lower water layers (see [[Estuarine turbidity maximum]])
  18 KB (2,538 words) - 12:37, 30 March 2022
• Mangroves
  Mangroves are the only trees that are capable of thriving in salt water. They form unique [[intertidal]] forests at the edge of land and sea, see F ...rtially exposed network of roots that grow down from the branches into the water and sediment. They settle where there is little [[waves|wave action]] and w
  42 KB (6,310 words) - 17:09, 21 April 2024
• Seagrass meadows
  ...erranean Sea, the Canary Islands and the North African coast. It is a warm water seagrass. ...ution is restricted by the mixing zone of Mediterranean water and Atlantic water. Other species may successfully invade in European waters if seeds or fragm
  37 KB (5,414 words) - 20:23, 24 December 2023
• Ecological thresholds and regime shifts
  | Clear water, Benthic vegetation|| Turbid water, Blue-green algae |Seagrass beds|| Algae and muddy water
  13 KB (1,919 words) - 12:33, 2 March 2024
• Eutrophication related monitoring tasks and WFD for coastal waters in Greece
  .../EEC) addresses the major point sources, in particular the municipal waste water discharges. The Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC) deals with the diffuse poll ===Water Framework Directive (WFD)===
  26 KB (3,720 words) - 21:54, 1 August 2019
• Experiences with beach nourishments in Portugal
  ...sing the vulnerability to erosion of these cliffs is golf course watering. Water load due to watering increases the probability of landslides. ...n process between the Vale do Lobo beach resort management society and the Water Institute.
  37 KB (5,937 words) - 18:06, 18 January 2022
• Turbidity sensors
  ...on). Turbidity is not, however, a direct measure of suspended particles in water, but a measure of the scattering effect such particles have on light. ...ogeneous system that only attenuates the radiation that goes through it. A water sample that contains undissolved particles attenuates the incident light an
  14 KB (2,148 words) - 15:04, 22 August 2020
• Data processing and output of Lidar
  ===Data quality check === ...n internal quality check of the raw data and b) an external quality check. Quality checking mainly means making sure of three points: the data density (to ens
  12 KB (1,887 words) - 13:22, 7 December 2023
• HyMap: Hyperspectral seafloor mapping and direct bathymetry calculation in littoral zones
  ...e corrected as well as the optical properties of water constituents in the water bulk. The physics based modular inversion and processing system MIP enables ...the mineral exploration market, but has since conquered many other areas, water remote sensing being one of them. It allows airborne RS data to be collecte
  19 KB (2,865 words) - 13:10, 7 December 2023
• Model validation
  | definition= Model validation is the formal confirmation of the model quality criteria achieved in [[model calibration]]. For model validation a set of i This definition is based on practical experience in modelling surface water behaviour. See also [[Reduction of uncertainties through Data Model Integra
  498 bytes (70 words) - 16:37, 6 December 2007
• Optical measurements in coastal waters
  Optical sensor data allows the assessment of in-water properties, such as suspended matter or [[phytoplankton]] concentration, [[ ...of seawater can be considered as the sum of the partial contributions from water itself and a number of optically significant constituents. Four classes of
  16 KB (2,211 words) - 21:29, 24 February 2024
• Pollution prevention, detection and mitigation in European coastal waters
  ...lutions. The issue of observing the state of pollution and improving water quality near coastal zones has been addressed in different ways in most coastal cou ...in medias, accidental pollutions only stand for a small part of the whole water pollution which is mostly caused by chronic pollutions and waste discharge
  26 KB (3,940 words) - 16:24, 20 February 2024
• European Context of Nutrient Dynamics
  ...hart (1995), Nutrient dynamics in the North Sea: Fluxes and budgets in the water derived from ERSEM, Netherlands Journal of Sea Research 33, 301-335.</ref> ...Billen, G., J. Garnier, and V. Rousseau (2005), Nutrient fluxes and water quality in the drainage network of the Scheldt basin over the last 50 years. Ecolog
  8 KB (1,173 words) - 11:43, 4 February 2021
• Mariculture
  ...sh water and include culture methods that take place in salty and brackish water that is situated in the coastal zone (CBD, 2004<ref name="CBD">Secretariat Some forms of mariculture provide good quality food and the production is more efficient than that of terrestrial animals;
  46 KB (6,591 words) - 18:12, 4 May 2024
• Current status of public participation in ICZM
  # European law provides legislation, like the Water Framework Directive and the Århus Convention, that requires the member sta '''National implementation of the Water Framework Directive and the Århus Convention'''
  93 KB (13,500 words) - 15:11, 7 October 2021
• SeaWiFS
  ...ity and ecological characteristics such as chlorophyll-a concentration and water clarity. For this purpose, the sensor records information in the following
  1 KB (149 words) - 12:21, 7 September 2020
• Tidal flats from space
  ...tidal phase. They play an important role as a cleansing site for North Sea water, as a nursery for young fish and as a feeding ground for many bird species. ...to the expanse of the tidal flat of nearly 10,000 km2, the variability of water cover and the variability of the sediment, remote sensing has become an ind
  14 KB (2,127 words) - 11:32, 17 February 2024
• Seagrass recovery and restoration in the Wadden Sea
  To measure ecological quality in the environment, powerful indicators are needed. In coastal waters seagr ...ke, K. Laursen, G. Lüerßen, H. Marencic, W. Wiersinga (Eds.), Wadden Sea Quality Status Report 2004, Wadden Sea Ecosystem 19 (pp. 201-207). Wilhelmshaven: C
  14 KB (2,227 words) - 21:36, 24 November 2020
• Large scale mapping of intertidal areas
  ...assessment and development of monitoring strategies with respect to the EU-Water Framework Directive. The measured values were restricted to sediment cores (grain size and water content of sediments, macrofauna species) and shear strength.
  10 KB (1,456 words) - 18:47, 28 April 2009
• Economic Value
  ...which is desirable or worthy of esteem for its own sake; something or some quality having intrinsic worth”. ...ly or indirectly. The individual has to arbitrate between variation of the quality of the environmental element and a variation of income in a given set of op
  8 KB (1,237 words) - 21:07, 2 March 2024
• Monitoring coastal morphodynamics using high-precision multibeam technology
  ...achieved using real-time kinematic global positioning (GPS-RTK) and a high quality gyro compass. ...and a high quality of the GPS signals. This constrains the range for high-quality mappings to distances of 10 to 20 km away from the land-based GPS- referenc
  11 KB (1,692 words) - 15:37, 20 September 2020
• Remote sensing of zooplankton
  ...f zooplankton species is important, but limited. Physical gradients in the water may separate communities and thus cause heterogeneous vertical distributio ...d the imaged volume needs to be short, as floating particles detract image quality. High magnifications at short distances also result in a small depth-of-fie
  10 KB (1,457 words) - 17:56, 18 February 2024
• Socio-economic evaluation
  ...een as positive (proximity to a recreational area, nice view) or negative (water pollution, risk of flooding). It may be to do with differences in time (tim ...se relationship into a counter value for the environment effect (the water quality).
  10 KB (1,533 words) - 18:38, 3 March 2024
• Salt marshes
  ...one between the land and the sea and that are covered by salty or brackish water for part of the time. They can be considered, in some way, as the analogue ...ed sediments and sheltered locations where particles can settle out of the water column.
  28 KB (4,120 words) - 21:17, 24 April 2024
• Human activities and nature conservation conflicts at the Kenyan coastline
  ...l formations are predominantly sedimentary in origin, with marine, shallow water and lacustrine fluviodeltaic characteristics. They form a strip of 50 km wi ...not well documented alien species are on the rise probably due to ballast water and human introduction, the effect of this is yet to be known.
  16 KB (2,479 words) - 14:59, 9 September 2020
• Thermohaline circulation of the oceans
  ...for salt, which constitute the [[Seawater density|density of water]]. The water masses transport both energy (heat) and matter (solids, dissolved substance ...byssal plain| abyssal plains]] of the Atlantic toward Antarctica where the water mass joins the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Flow from the Arctic Ocean Ba
  23 KB (3,524 words) - 17:38, 22 December 2020
• Impact of tourism in coastal areas: Need of sustainable tourism strategy
  ...vely small area, have a huge impact. They add to the pollution, waste, and water needs of the local population, putting local infrastructure and [[habitats] ...re. Some tourist resorts empty their sewage and other wastes directly into water surrounding coral reefs and other sensitive marine [[habitats]].
  26 KB (3,689 words) - 17:28, 5 May 2023
• PEGASO case study North Adriatic Sea
  - Water quality assessment (particularly concerning bathing and tourism) Climate change impacts and water quality assessment imply an interdisciplinary scientific research which aims to def
  9 KB (1,260 words) - 13:07, 16 February 2024
• Non-native species invasions
  ...are chiefly associated with shipment activities (hull fouling and ballast water) and marine aquaculture (Bax ''et al.'', 2003<ref name=Bax>Bax, N., William ...s hull or contained within their [[Ballast water|ballast waters]]. Ballast water has been extensively used since 1870s and certain species are able to compl
  27 KB (3,914 words) - 12:54, 21 February 2024
• Principles of conservation, rehabilitation and restoration of estuarine and coastal habitats
  ...terials and organisms. They perform various functions, including mediating water flows, accumulating [[sediments]] and organic matter, processing [[nutrient ...ve socio-ecological assessment procedures, tools for evaluating ecological quality, and well-built monitoring programmes based upon pertinent indicators.
  23 KB (3,205 words) - 17:00, 2 March 2023
• ICZM-Best practice case study in the Oder estuary
  ...Dolch (Editors), The Oder estuary - against the background of the European Water Framework Directive. Meereswissenschaftliche Berichte No. 57. Baltic Sea Re ...ble development of the coastal region. Therefore tourism and environmental quality should be regarded in the context of all other regional activities and util
  11 KB (1,698 words) - 16:11, 24 August 2020
• ICZM-Best practice case study in Western Zeelandic-Flanders
  ...elements, nature development, recreation and tourism, as well as integral water management (Maya, 2005<ref>Maya, 2005. Marina and Yachting in the Lower Nor
  11 KB (1,569 words) - 16:12, 24 August 2020
• Analysis of the ICZM process in Belgium
  3. Quality improvement of the residential and social environment: surface area of prot ...otected areas; surface area of dedicated coastal habitat; quality of beach water; residual waste; number of motor vehicles on the roads; number of observed
  13 KB (1,874 words) - 16:13, 24 August 2020
• Analysis of the ICZM process in The Netherlands
  ...ir policy. Nevertheless, the Dutch Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (‘Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat’, MinVenW) has writte ...ncreasing storm damages in seafront settlements and aims at more resilient water systems of coastal zones.
  7 KB (1,104 words) - 22:27, 6 September 2020
• Resilience and resistance
  ...eady stable state. Due to the energy flow through the system (food, light, water motion), it moves cyclically or stochastically around stable states (so-cal ...h quality' habitats that harbour healthy mature communities, but also 'low quality' and disturbed habitats that are required for those species that contribute
  27 KB (3,924 words) - 20:34, 18 September 2023
• Coastal cities and sea level rise
  ...</ref>. Flood risks are not limited to urban areas situated below the high water level at sea; more inland situated areas are also affected because an incre ...re often below the high-water level of the nearby sea or river and collect water from the surrounding higher grounds in the event of heavy rainfall. They ar
  51 KB (7,528 words) - 12:22, 22 January 2024
• Rhode Island Salt Pond Special Area Management Plan – Case Study
  ...he installation of individual house sewage systems, and alterations of the quality and quantity of freshwater inflow resulting from development activities. Th ...activities. The state’s shoreline buffers and setbacks are linked to the water use categories. RICRMC has developed SAMPs to address cumulative and second
  13 KB (1,954 words) - 10:13, 25 July 2020
• US Coastal Zone Management Program
  ...shows the impacts of climate change to the shoreline, fisheries, and water quality. ...ibilities include developing and enforcing local regulations over land and water uses, coordinating local interagency activities, supporting outreach and ed
  13 KB (1,909 words) - 10:16, 25 July 2020
• Species extinction
  ...e biodiversity|climate change]] such as global warming has increased local water temperatures beyond the suitable range of many species. Such changes have m ...algal blooms]] (e.g. ‘red tide’), oxygen depletion and declining water quality. Moreover, the loss of coastal habitats has also resulted in historical los
  25 KB (3,716 words) - 18:44, 23 February 2024
• Eutrophication and climate change
  ...growth and may result in undesirable ecological balance and degraded water quality. Impacts of increased water temperatures may increase productivity, leading to higher phytoplankton bio
  4 KB (534 words) - 12:30, 20 February 2024
• Essential Fish Habitat
  ..., breeding, feeding, or growth to maturity.” EFH may consist of both the water column and the bottom habitat of a particular area. Several sources of dat ...conduct an activity in an EFH that could have an impact on the quantity or quality of habitat must work with NMFS to identify impacts. Based on such findings,
  5 KB (799 words) - 10:12, 25 July 2020
• Chesepeake Bay Program
  ...esapeake Bay region in the 1970s after decades of steadily declining water quality. The Chesapeake Bay Program evolved from a well-funded scientific study to ...effort. This time period coincided with the passage of the Federal [[Clean Water Act]] which mandated reductions in point sources of pollution. Section 117
  14 KB (2,018 words) - 10:10, 25 July 2020
• Clean Water Act
  ...of fish, shellfish and wildlife and provides for recreation in and on the water”, wherever attainable. The fundamental purpose of the CWA has been widely Covers point sources of pollution discharging into a surface water body.
  11 KB (1,629 words) - 10:10, 25 July 2020
• US National Estuary Program
  ...ary Program (US NEP https://www.epa.gov/nep), as an element of the [[Clean Water Act]] (CWA), to restore and maintain the integrity of estuaries of national ...y individual states and use a holistic ecosystem-based approach to address water pollution and related environmental issues of concern to stakeholders. The
  8 KB (1,140 words) - 18:07, 2 January 2021

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