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A list of all pages that have property "Definition" with value "0.5-<30 psu". Since there have been only a few results, also nearby values are displayed.

Showing below up to 244 results starting with #1.

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List of results

    • Traits:Oligohaline  + (0.5-<5 psu (included under MNCR Low, <18 psu))
    • Traits:ModeratelyStrong  + (1 to 3 knots (0.5-1.5 m/sec.))
    • Traits:Rockpools  + (1) A pool of water among rocks left behind by the ebbing tide. 2) a depression in the littoral zone of a rocky seashore where, at low tide, seawater is left behind (Hiscock, 1996).)
    • Traits:Iteroparous  + (1) Breeding several times per lifetime. 2) Organisms that have repeated reproductive cycles (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998).)
    • Traits:Exposed  + (1) Coasts which face the prevailing wind b1) Coasts which face the prevailing wind but which have a degree of shelter because of extensive shallow areas offshore, offshore obstructions, or a restricted (less than 90°) window to open water. These sites are not generally exposed to large waves or regular swell. 2) Open coasts facing away from prevailing winds but with a long fetch, and where strong winds are frequent.etch, and where strong winds are frequent.)
    • Traits:ForkLength  + (1) Length of a fish measured from the tip 1) Length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the posterior end of the middle caudal rays. This measurement is used instead of standard length for fishes on which it is difficult to ascertain the end of the vertebral column, and instead of total length in fish with stiff, forked tail, e.g., tuna. Mostly used in fishery biology and not in systematics. (FishBase)</br></br>2) Fork length (FL) refers to the length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the end of the middle caudal fin rays and is used in fishes in which it is difficult to tell where the vertebral column ends. (Wikipedia)</br></br>3) Fork length (FL) can be specified as:<ul><li>Maximum length: Size (in cm) of the largest male/unsexed or female specimen ever caught. (FishBase)<li>Common length: Size (in cm) at which male/unsexed or female specimen(s) are commonly caught or marketed. (FishBase)</ul>specimen(s) are commonly caught or marketed. (FishBase)</ul>)
    • Traits:VeryExposed  + (1) Open coasts which face into prevailing 1) Open coasts which face into prevailing winds and which receive wind-driven waves and oceanic swell without any offshore obstructions for several hundred kilometres, but where deep water is not close to the shore (50 m depth contour further than about 300 m). 2) Open coasts adjacent to extremely exposed sites but which face away from prevailing winds.but which face away from prevailing winds.)
    • Traits:Sand  + (1) Particle size 0.063 -4 mm (Hiscock 1996) 2) >90% sand (Long, 2006))
    • Traits:CoarseCleanSand  + (1) Particle size 0.5 - 4 mm (Hiscock, 1996))
    • Traits:GravelShingle  + (1) Particle size 4 -16 mm. 2) Clean stone or shell gravel including dead maerl (Hiscock, 1996) 3) >80% gravel (Long, 2006).)
    • Traits:Mud  + (1) Particle size <0.063 mm (silt / clay fraction) (Hiscock, 1996) 2) >90% mud (Long, 2006))
    • Traits:Viviparous  + (1) Producing live offspring from within the body of the parent (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). 2) Development of an embryo within the body of the parent, in part, resources passing directly from parent to embryo (Barnes ''et al.'', 2006).)
    • Traits:SexualReproduction  + (1) Reproduction involving the regular alte1) Reproduction involving the regular alternation of gamete formation by meiosis, and gamete fusion (karyogamy) to form a zygote (Lincoln ''et al.'',1998). 2) Reproduction where recombination of genetic material, derived from more than one parent is possible (Barnes ''et al''. 2006), true amphimixis involves random segregation of genes and random association of parental contribution (gametes).iation of parental contribution (gametes).)
    • Traits:Clay  + (1) Sediment particles less than 0.004 mm in size (Wentworth, 1922). 2) A soft very fine-grained sedimentary rock composed primarily of clay-sized particles (Hiscock, 1996).)
    • Traits:TotalLength  + (1) The greatest length of the whole body b1) The greatest length of the whole body between the most anterior point of the body and the most posterior point, in a straight line, not over the curve of the body. Sometimes, when there are two equal lobes, the caudal rays are squeezed together and their tip is taken as the most posterior point (excluding the caudal filaments), or the longest lobe is squeezed to the midline (maximum length or extreme tip length). Also an imaginary line may be drawn between the two lobe tips and length to its mid-point taken as the most posterior point (total auxiliary length or bilobular length). Usually the tip of the most posterior lobe of the fin in normal position is taken as the posteriormost point (total normal length or natural tip length). Total length is used by taxonomists in Myxini, Petromyzontiformes, usually in Elasmobranchii and sometimes in other fishes. Standard length is usually employed with Teleostei. Abbreviated TL. (FishBase)</br></br></br>2) Total length (TL) refers to the length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the tip of the longer lobe of the caudal fin, usually measured with the lobes compressed along the midline. It is a straight-line measure, not measured over the curve of the body. (Wikipedia)</br></br>Total length measurements are used in slot limit and minimum landing size regulations. (Wikipedia)</br></br>3) Total length (TL) can be specified as:<ul><li>Maximum length: Size (in cm) of the largest male/unsexed or female specimen ever caught. (FishBase)<li>Common length: Size (in cm) at which male/unsexed or female specimen(s) are commonly caught or marketed. (FishBase)</ul>specimen(s) are commonly caught or marketed. (FishBase)</ul>)
    • Traits:Supralittoral  + (1) The lower terrestrial zone, characteris1) The lower terrestrial zone, characteristically dominated by orange and white-to-grey lichens on hard substrata with scattered salt-tolerant higher plants and mosses (Hiscock, 1996). 2) The region of the shore directly above the highest water level and subject to wetting by spray or wave splash (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998).or wave splash (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998).)
    • Traits:StandardLength  + (1) The measurement from the most anterior 1) The measurement from the most anterior tip of the body to the midlateral posterior edge of the hypural plate (in fish with a hypural plate) or to the posterior end of the vertebral column (in fish lacking hypural plates). It may be restricted to the tip of the snout if the lower jaw projects. The base of the caudal fin (end of the vertebral column or posterior edge of the hypural plate) is determined by flexing the tail up while the caudal peduncle is held down. The resultant wrinkle or caudal flexure indicates the caudal base. It may also be determined by probing or dissection. Sometimes the posteriormost point is the last scale, the last pored scale or the beginning of the caudal fin rays. It is the usual scientific measurement for length of a fish except in Myxini, Petromyzontiformes, Elasmobranchii and Holocephali. This measurement is used because long-preserved fish often lose the tips of the caudal fin rays through breakage after the desiccation effect of alcohol. See total length and fork length. In Holocephali the length is usually taken from the tip of the snout to the origin of the upper caudal fin because the caudal filament breaks off frequently. In Scaridae it is taken back to the rear margin of the second to last lateral line scale, because the large scales obscure the point of caudal flexure. In small dead fish, the end point is detected by bending the caudal fin to one side. In fishery work, as a result of the use of the measuring board, standard-, fork- and total length are taken from the most anterior part of the head. Abbreviated as SL. (FishBase)</br></br>2) Standard length (SL) refers to the length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the posterior end of the last vertebra or to the posterior end of the midlateral portion of the hypural plate. Simply put, this measurement excludes the length of the caudal fin. (Wikipedia)</br></br>Standard length measurements are used with Teleostei (most bony fish), while total length measurements are used with Myxini (hagfish), Petromyzontiformes (lampreys), and (usually) Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays), as well as some other fishes. (Wikipedia)</br></br>3) Standard length (SL) can be specified as: a) Maximum length: Size (in cm) of the largest male/unsexed or female specimen ever caught. (FishBase); b) Common length: Size (in cm) at which male/unsexed or female specimen(s) are commonly caught or marketed. (FishBase).e commonly caught or marketed. (FishBase).)
    • Traits:Eulittoral  + (1) The region between the highest and lowest extent of the tide on the shore. 2) The shore zone between the lowest and highest seasonal water level in a lake (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998))
    • Traits:Sublittoral  + (1) The zone exposed to air only at its upp1) The zone exposed to air only at its upper limit by the lowest spring tides, although almost continuous wave action on extremely exposed coasts may extend the upper limit high into the intertidal region. The sublittoral extends from the upper limit of the large kelps and includes, for practical purposes in nearshore areas, all depths below the littoral. Various sub-zones are recognized (based on Hiscock, 1985). 2) The marine zone extending from the lowest limit of the intertidal to the outer edge of the continental slope (rephrased from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998).(rephrased from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998).)
    • Traits:AlphaMesohaline  + (10-<18 psu)
    • Traits:Pebbles  + (16-64 mm. May be rounded or flat. Substrata which are predominantly pebbles.)
    • Traits:BetaPolyhaline  + (18-<25 psu)
    • Traits:Polyhaline  + (18-<30 psu (included under MNCR Reduced, 18-30 psu))
    • Traits:BirdsDirectiveAnnex1  + (194 species and sub-species are particularly threatened. Member States must designate Special Protection Areas (SPAs) for their survival and all migratory bird species.)
    • Traits:AlphaPolyhaline  + (25-<30 psu)
    • Traits:SmallBoulders  + (256 -512 mm; may be unstable.)
    • Traits:Strong  + (3 to 6 knots (1.5-3 m/sec.))
    • Traits:AlphaOligohaline  + (3-<5 psu)
    • Traits:SandyGravel  + (30 -80% gravel with sand (see Long, 2006).)
    • Traits:BetaHaline  + (30-36 psu)
    • Traits:MarineSalinity  + (30-40 psu (equals MNCR Full))
    • Traits:AlphaHaline  + (36-40 psu)
    • Traits:BetaMesohaline  + (5-<10 psu)
    • Traits:Mesohaline  + (5-<18 psu (equals MNCR Low, <18 psu))
    • Traits:Cobbles  + (64-256 mm. May be rounded or flat. Substrata that are predominantly cobbles.)
    • Traits:BirdsDirectiveAnnex2  + (82 bird species can be hunted. However, the hunting periods are limited and hunting is forbidden when birds are at their most vulnerable: during their return migration to nesting areas, reproduction and the raising of their chicks.)
    • Traits:FreshwaterSalinity  + (<0.5 psu)
    • Traits:Weak  + (<1 knot (<0.5 m/sec))
    • Traits:HyperSaline  + (>40 psu)
    • Traits:LargeBoulders  + (>512 mm; likely to be stable (Hiscock, 1996).)
    • Traits:VeryStrong  + (>6 knots (>3 m/sec))
    • Traits:ExternalTube  + (A built-structure inhabited by an organismA built-structure inhabited by an organism and essential to its survival, but not part of its body, composed of hardened (either rigid or flexible) secretions, with or without the addition of embedded particles, with those particles either selectively collected from the environment or passively becoming glued during formation (pers. comm. Read, G.).d during formation (pers. comm. Read, G.).)
    • Traits:Planula  + (A ciliated, free swimming larva; lacks a mouth but in older stages may include a gastrovascular cavity (Stachowitsch, 1992))
    • Traits:Protandrous  + (A condition of hermaphroditism in plants and animals where male gametes mature and are shed before female gametes mature (Holmes, 1979).)
    • Traits:Protogynous  + (A condition of hermaphroditism in plants and animals where female gametes mature and are shed before male gametes mature (Holmes 1979).)
    • Traits:Mat  + (A dense mass which blankets the substratum.)
    • Traits:Forest  + (A dense stand of large plants in which the upper branches (trees) or laminae (macroalgae) overlap to form a canopy that shades the under story of flora and fauna.)
    • Traits:FeedingMethodBehaviour  + (A description of how the oganism gathers food, and from where)
    • Traits:LarvalSttlementSubstratum  + (A description of the preferred substratum for larval settlement)
    • Traits:ReproductiveSeason  + (A description of the season(s) or months of the year during which reproduction occurs)
    • Traits:VerticalBiologicalZone  + (A description of the vertical biological zone or zonation in which an organism resides. The zone is determined by depth, physical, chemical and biological factors.)
    • Traits:Saltmarsh  + (A flat, poorly drained coastal swamp inundated by most high tides (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998).)
    • Traits:Budding  + (A form of asexual multiplication in which A form of asexual multiplication in which a new individual begins life as an outgrowth from the body of the parent. It may then separate to lead an independent existence or remain connected or otherwise associated to form a colonial organism (Barnes ''et al.'', 1993).lonial organism (Barnes ''et al.'', 1993).)
    • Traits:Fission  + (A form of asexual multiplication involving division of the body into two or more parts each or all of which can grow into new individuals (Barnes ''et al.'', 1993).)
    • Traits:Veliger  + (A free-swimming molluscan larva, characterized by lobed extensions of the peroral trochus (velum), larval shell and rudimentary foot (Stachowitsch, 1992).)
    • Traits:AscidianTadpole  + (A free-swimming tadpole-like larva of ascidians, characterized by a head (bearing internal organs and adhesive papilla) and tail (with notochord and neural tube) (Stachowitsch, 1992).)
    • Traits:HabitatModification  + (A general term to describe how the organism lives in or interacts with its habitat (adapted from BIOTIC, Bolam ''et al.'', 2013).)
    • Traits:Cave  + (A hollow normally eroded in a cliff (or vertical rock) with the penetration being greater than the width of the entrance (Hiscock, 1996).)
    • Traits:Pediveliger  + (A late veliger that is able to use its foot to crawl and provide temporary attachment)
    • Traits:Rataria  + (A later larval stage in siphonophores, composed of a floating colony with a disc-shaped float, and an elongated body surrounded by the rim of the growing disc (Stachowitsch, 1992))
    • Traits:Diplontic  + (A life cycle characterized by a diploid adult stage producing haploid gametes by meiosis, the zygote forming by fusion of a pair of gametes (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998).)
    • Traits:Haplontic  + (A life cycle in which meiosis occurs in the zygote to produce the haploid phase but in which only the zygote is diploid (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998).)
    • Traits:Strandline  + (A line on the shore composing debris deposited by a receding tide; commonly used to denote the line of debris at the level of extreme high water (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998).)
    • Traits:EnclosedCoast  + (A marine inlet or harbour fully enclosed from the open sea except at the entrance, not normally open to the sea at two ends. The connection with the open sea is normally less restricted than is the case with lagoons (Hiscock, 1996).)
    • Traits:Cushion  + (A mass or pillow of soft material.)
    • Traits:Elevation  + (A measure of height above chart datum, recorded in metres)
    • Traits:BodySize  + (A measurement of the size of the organism.A measurement of the size of the organism. Note - the measurement used to express body size varies within taxonomic groups. For example, some disciplines measure diameter, others carapace length, total body length or wing span. Also body size can vary with gender and life stage. size can vary with gender and life stage.)
    • Traits:Width  + (A measurement or extent of something from side to side; the lesser of two or the least of three dimensions of a body (OED) Note: For width you can specify the measurement type (minimum, maximum, average), gender (male, female) and life stage.)
    • Traits:CrevicesFissures  + (A narrow crack in hard substratum where penetration is deeper than the width at the entrance; a crevice is <10 mm wide at the entrance, while a fissure is >10 mm (Hiscock ,1996))
    • Traits:Epifloral  + (A plant living on the surface of the substratum.)
    • Traits:Endophytic  + (A plant living within another plant (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998))
    • Traits:Nectochaeta  + (A polychaete larval stage where the first set of chaetal bundles and parapodia develop, although the ciliary girdle remains for swimming (see Stachowitsch, 1992).)
    • Traits:Parenchymella  + (A poriferan larva composed of a ciliated ball of cells (blastula), with a brief swimming phase (Ruppert & Barnes, 1994).)
    • Traits:Amphiblastula  + (A poriferan larva, composed of a hollow ball of cells, with one hemisphere ciliated (Ruppert & Barnes, 1994).)
    • Traits:Fragility  + (A qualitative estimate of the susceptibility of a species to physical damage.)
    • Traits:Exoskeleton  + (A rigid external structure that supports and/or protects the body of an organism and that is mainly completely secreted by the epidermis (derived from Lawrence 2005).)
    • Traits:SimpleAxialProboscis  + (A sac-like proboscis relying on fluid presA sac-like proboscis relying on fluid pressure from the coelom for eversion. There is no particular development of musculature or glands. The worms tend to have reduced septa in the anterior part of the body allowing the contruction of the posterior part of the body to exert considerable force on the proboscis because of the free movement of the coelomic contents. Muscles associated with a thickened first septum (gular membrane) and the proboscis are used for retraction.and the proboscis are used for retraction.)
    • Traits:SeasonalFeeding  + (A seasonal migration for the purpose of following food or moving to suitable feeding grounds)
    • Traits:SeasonalEnvironment  + (A seasonal migration in order to remain within suitable environmental conditions.)
    • Traits:SeasonalReproduction  + (A seasonal migration in order to reproduce.)
    • Traits:Tentacles  + (A slender, flexible limb or appendage in an animal, especially around the mouth of an invertebrate, used for grasping or moving about, or bearing sense organs (OED).)
    • Traits:SpecialisedStage  + (A specialised dormancy or diapause stage in the life cycle of the organism)
    • Traits:Fluctuating  + (A species which exhibits fluctuating densities (either undefined in the literature or otherwise not mentioned in the abundance terms/parameters described here).)
    • Traits:Monoculture  + (A species which exists to the exclusion of all other species including dense mats or in 100% of survey counts.)
    • Traits:Rare to dominant  + (A species which is fluctuates between relatively low to high densities (accounts for such phenomena as population explosions).)
    • Traits:Rare to common  + (A species which is found in relatively low to moderate densities (accounts for non-discrete nature of abundance terms/parameters described here).)
    • Traits:Common to dominant  + (A species which is found in relatively moderate to high densities (accounts for non-discrete nature of abundance terms/parameters described here).)
    • Traits:Locally common  + (A species which is observed to have a patchy distribution in terms of being common only at some locations.)
    • Traits:Rare  + (A species which is present at low or relatively low densities; used to describe single occurrences of the species where appropriate.)
    • Traits:Dominant  + (A species which is very abundant or present at high densities or relatively high densities.)
    • Traits:Invasiveness Not specified  + (A species whose 'invasiveness' has not been specified in its introduced range. The species is known to be present and has been reported but there is no comment on its invasiveness.)
    • Traits:Common  + (A species with is abundant or present at moderate or relatively moderate densities.)
    • Traits:Sphere  + (A sphere or globe)
    • Traits:Infralittoral  + (A subzone of the sublittoral in which upwaA subzone of the sublittoral in which upward-facing rocks are dominated by erect algae, typically kelps; it can be further subdivided into the upper and lower infralittoral (based on Hiscock, 1985). The term is also used by Glémarec (1973) to refer to areas (étages) with a eurythermal environment of great seasonal and also daily and tidal amplitude. 1) lower The part of the infralittoral subzone which, on hard substrata, supports scattered kelp plants (a kelp park) or from which kelps are absent altogether and the seabed is dominated by foliose red and brown algae. It may be difficult to distinguish the lower infralittoralwhere grazing pressure prevents the establishment of foliose algae. 2) upper The part of the infralittoral subzone which, on hardsubstrata, is dominated by Laminariales forming a dense canopy, or kelp forest (based on Hiscock, 1985)., or kelp forest (based on Hiscock, 1985).)
    • Traits:Inquilinist  + (A symbiotic association in which one symbiont lives in close association with another, generally in the tube or burrow or actually within a body chamber of the host (Brusca, 1980).)
    • Traits:CriticallyEndangered  + (A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.)
    • Traits:DataDeficient  + (A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inA taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this category may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deficient is therefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this category indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the possibility that future research will show that threatened classification is appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever data are available. In many cases great care should be exercised in choosing between DD and a threatened status. If the range of a taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, and a considerable period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon, threatened status may well be justified., threatened status may well be justified.)
    • Traits:Endangered  + (A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild.)
    • Traits:ExtinctInTheWild  + (A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wild when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.e to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.)
    • Traits:Extinct  + (A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonA taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.e to the taxon’s life cycle and life form.)
    • Traits:LeastConcern  + (A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category.)
    • Traits:NearThreatened  + (A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future.)
    • Traits:NotEvaluated  + (A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been evaluated against the criteria.)
    • Traits:Vulnerable  + (A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.)
    • Traits:Mitraria  + (A type of polychaete larva characterized by numerous long flotation bristles (Stachowitsch, 1992).)
    • Traits:Benthopelagic  + (A zone of open water extending ca 100 m above the surface of the sea bed at all depths below the edge of the continental shelf.)
    • Traits:Abundance  + (Abundance and population trends of species populations have been recorded where this information was available.)
    • Traits:SearcherForager  + (Active foragers that seek out prey usually of lower mobility (than themselves) e.g. arthropods (crabs, spiders) gastropods, starfish)
    • Traits:Nekton  + (Active swimming organisms that live in the water column and are able to move independently of the water mass (adapted from Lincoln <i>et al.</i>, 1998).)
    • Traits:AgeAtMaturity  + (Age recorded in days, months, years.)
    • Traits:Aquaculture: deliberate  + (Alien and potentially invasive species that have been intentionally introduced for aquaculture.)
    • Traits:Aquaculture: accidental  + (Alien and potentially invasive species that have accidentally escaped from containment/ aquaculture facility into the wild.)
    • Traits:Pouncing  + (An ambush predator that uses a sudden, rapid movement to 'pounce on, grab or swallow' its prey once the prey in within short range.)
    • Traits:Epifaunal  + (An animal living on the surface of the substratum.)
    • Traits:Symbiotic  + (An association between two organisms. The term may bused to describe all associations between organisms of the same or different species. It is usually reserved for associations that are mutually beneficial (adapted from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998))
    • Traits:BiogenicReef  + (An elevated structure on the seabed built by calcareous or other concretion-forming organisms, or by chemical precipitation (Hiscock, 1996); for example by ''Modiolus modiolus'' or ''Sabellaria alveolata'')
    • Traits:OvalCylinder  + (An ellipsoid on an elliptic base (Olenina ''et al.'', 2006))
    • Traits:Larva  + (An independent, motile, developmental stagAn independent, motile, developmental stage of an organism, that differs in morphology and ecology from the juvenile or adult stage, and undergoes a metamorphosis to become the juvenile or adult (adapted from Ruppert & Barnes, 1994; Barnes <em>et al.</em>, 2006).; Barnes, 1994; Barnes <em>et al.</em>, 2006).)
    • Traits:Flexibility  + (An indication of how far an organism can bend/flex without breaking or suffering damage - High (>45°) / Low (10 – 45°) / None (<10°))
    • Traits:FlyerFlight  + (An organism able to propel itself though the air e.g. using wings, such as winged insects, birds)
    • Traits:Parasitoid  + (An organism intermediate between a parasite and a predator; e.g. hymenopterans where the larvae feed within the tissue of a living host, leading to the death of the host (adapted from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998).)
    • Traits:TemporaryAttachment  + (An organism that can temporarily attach to a substratum but is able to release its attachment, and move across (or through) it (i.e. sedentary) (e.g. ''Actinia'').)
    • Traits:PursuitHunterIndividual  + (An organism that chases after, catches and subdues mobile prey (e.g. predatory polychaetes, squid, fish, otter, seal, seabirds))
    • Traits:BurrowBuilder  + (An organism that constructs permanent or semi-permanent burrows through physical excavation or chemical action.)
    • Traits:Aggregations  + (An organism that constructs reefs and raised beds due to aggregation of large numbers of individuals via permanent or semi-permanent attachment e.g. mussels, oysters and ''Crepidula'' beds.)
    • Traits:Calcareous  + (An organism that constructs reefs or biogenic structures composed of the calcareous skeletons of individuals or colonies (e.g. corals))
    • Traits:Accretion  + (An organism that constructs reefs or raised beds of accreted materials, e.g. bound sand in ''Sabellaria'' spp.)
    • Traits:Mixotroph  + (An organism that exhibts both autotrophy and heterotrophy)
    • Traits:Carnivore  + (An organism that feeds on animal tissue/meat.)
    • Traits:Scavenger  + (An organism that feeds on carrion and organic refuse (e.g. crabs, whelks) (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998).)
    • Traits:Saprophage  + (An organism that feeds on dead or decaying organic material (see Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998).)
    • Traits:Detritivore  + (An organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter (detritus) (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998).)
    • Traits:SubsurfaceDepositFeeder  + (An organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter within the substratum (e.g. ''Echinocardium cordatum'') (adapted from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998).)
    • Traits:SurfaceDepositFeeder  + (An organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter on the surface of the substratum (e.g. ''Corophium volutator'') (adapted from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998).)
    • Traits:DepositFeeder  + (An organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter within or on the substratum (adapted from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998).)
    • Traits:ForestForming  + (An organism that forms a large area of close individuals forming a canopy (e.g. trees, large kelps).)
    • Traits:ReefBuilding  + (An organism that forms large areas of hard substratum for other organisms due to the scale of its aggregations (e.g. horse mussels), accretions (e.g. ''Sabellaria'') or its skeleton (e.g. corals).)
    • Traits:PursuitHunterCooperative  + (An organism that hunts in a team, pack, pod, flock, swarm etc)
    • Traits:Glider  + (An organism that is able to glide through the air (e.g. using some form of membrane) but cannot propel itself through the air (e.g. flying fish))
    • Traits:ParasiticFeeding  + (An organism that is intimately associated with, and metabolically dependant on another living organism, for completion of its life cycle, and which is detrimental to the host to a lesser or greater extent.)
    • Traits:Parasite  + (An organism that is intimately associated with, and metabolically dependent on, another organism (termed the host) for completion of its life cycle and which is detrimental to the host (see Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998))
    • Traits:Tubicolous  + (An organism that lives in a tube of its own construction (e.g. mucus, bound sand grains, Calcium carbonate etc).)
    • Traits:BedForming  + (An organism that lives in large aggregations or beds (e.g. brittlestars, mussels, oysters, ''Crepidula'' etc, sea squirts))
    • Traits:CrawlerWalkerClimber  + (An organism that moves across, up or down the substratum via movements of its legs, appendages or muscles (e.g. ''Carcinus'').)
    • Traits:Epipelic  + (An organism that moves over the surface of sediment or lives at the sediment / water interface.)
    • Traits:Creeper  + (An organism that moves slowly or 'creeps' across the surface of the substratum)
    • Traits:Burrower  + (An organism that moves through the substratum by burrowing or tunneling (e.g. earthworms, polychaetes).)
    • Traits:Swimmer  + (An organism that moves through the water column via movements of its cilia, flagella, fins, legs or appendages, via undulatory movements of the body or via jet propulsion (e.g. ''Gadus'', ''Loligo'').)
    • Traits:Photoautotroph  + (An organism that obtains metabolic energy from light by a photochemical process such as photosynthesis (e.g. seaweeds, phytoplankton) (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998).)
    • Traits:Chemoautotroph  + (An organism that obtains metabolic energy from oxidation of inorganic substrates such as sulphur, nitrogen or iron (e.g. some micro-organisms) (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998).)
    • Traits:Heterotroph  + (An organism that obtains nourishment from exogenous (external) organic material (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998).)
    • Traits:Substratum  + (An organism that provide substratum for specific other organisms, rarely found on other organisms, a ubiquitous relationship.)
    • Traits:Support  + (An organism that provides 'support' for other organisms, either as a host for a symbiote or parasite, or as substratum for epibiota.)
    • Traits:Host  + (An organism that provides food or shelter for another organisms, e.g. the inhabited symbiont. May be a definitive host infected by an adult stage or an intermediate host infected by life stages (see Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998).)
    • Traits:Lures  + (An organism that uses a lure to attract prey within range of its 'pounce' attack)
    • Traits:StunAttack  + (An organism that uses pulses of electricity or sound to stun prey (e.g. pistol shrimp))
    • Traits:Traps  + (An organism that uses traps such as sticky threads or webbing (e.g. spiders))
    • Traits:Omnivore  + (An organism which feeds on a mixed diet including plant and animal material (from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998).)
    • Traits:Herbivore  + (An organism which only feeds on plants, including phytoplankton.)
    • Traits:Drifter  + (An organism whose movement is dependent on wind or water currents (e.g. ''Aurelia'').)
    • Traits:Overhangs  + (An overhanging part of a rock formation. Typically the surface of the rock below the overhang receives some cover or shade from the overhang.)
    • Traits:GrazerSurfaceSubstratum  + (Animals that rasp benthic algae (or sessile animals, such as bryozoan crusts) from the substratum (MarLIN; Hiscock ''et al.'', 1999).)
    • Traits:GrazerGrainsParticles  + (Animals that rasp benthic algae (or sessile animals, such as bryozoan crusts) from inorganic particles e.g. sand grains (MarLIN; Hiscock ''et al.'', 1999).)
    • Traits:GrazerFrondsBlades  + (Animals that rasp benthic algae (or sessile animals, such as bryozoan crusts) from the surface of macroalgal fronds and blades (Hiscock ''et al.'', 1999).)
    • Traits:HabitatsDirectiveAnnexII  + (Annex II species (about 900): core areas of their habitat are designated as sites of Community importance (SCIs) and included in the Natura 2000 network. These sites must be managed in accordance with the ecological needs of the species.)
    • Traits:HabitatsDirectiveAnnexIV  + (Annex IV species (over 400, including many annex II species): a strict protection regime must be applied across their entire natural range within the EU, both within and outside Natura 2000 sites.)
    • Traits:HabitatsDirectiveAnnexV  + (Annex V species (over 90): Member States must ensure that their exploitation and taking in the wild is compatible with maintaining them in a favourable conservation status.)
    • Traits:Instar  + (Any intermoult stage in the development of an arthropod (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998))
    • Traits:OpenCoast  + (Any part of the coast not within a marine inlet, strait or lagoon, including offshore rocks and small islands. This includes MNCR types; linear coast, islands / rocks and semi-enclosed coast.)
    • Traits:Bedrock  + (Any stable hard substratum, not separated into boulders or smaller sediment units. Includes soft rock-types such as chalk, peat and clay. (Hiscock ''et al.'', 1999; MarLIN))
    • Traits:Setose  + (Appendages (arms, specialisted mothparts) used to capture suspended particulates)
    • Traits:GraspingClaws  + (Appendages bear grasping claws (chelae) - e.g. arthropods, crabs, scorpions)
    • Traits:Papillae  + (Appendages bear mucus laden papilae or tube feet (e.g. suspension feeding echinoderns, brittlestars, crinoids).)
    • Traits:Suctorial  + (Appendages that bear suckers on muscular arms to hold and subdue prey (e.g cephalopods))
    • Traits:CITESAppendixI  + (Appendix I lists species that are the mostAppendix I lists species that are the most endangered among CITES-listed animals and plants (see Article II, paragraph 1 of the Convention). They are threatened with extinction and CITES prohibits international trade in specimens of these species except when the purpose of the import is not commercial (see Article III), for instance for scientific research. In these exceptional cases, trade may take place provided it is authorized by the granting of both an import permit and an export permit (or re-export certificate). Article VII of the Convention provides for a number of exemptions to this general prohibition.of exemptions to this general prohibition.)
    • Traits:CITESAppendixII  + (Appendix II lists species that are not necAppendix II lists species that are not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may become so unless trade is closely controlled. It also includes so-called "look-alike species", i.e. species whose specimens in trade look like those of species listed for conservation reasons (see Article II, paragraph 2 of the Convention). International trade in specimens of Appendix-II species may be authorized by the granting of an export permit or re-export certificate. No import permit is necessary for these species under CITES (although a permit is needed in some countries that have taken stricter measures than CITES requires). Permits or certificates should only be granted if the relevant authorities are satisfied that certain conditions are met, above all that trade will not be detrimental to the survival of the species in the wild. (See Article IV of the Convention)e wild. (See Article IV of the Convention))
    • Traits:CITESAppendixIII  + (Appendix III is a list of species includedAppendix III is a list of species included at the request of a Party that already regulates trade in the species and that needs the cooperation of other countries to prevent unsustainable or illegal exploitation (see Article II, paragraph 3, of the Convention). International trade in specimens of species listed in this Appendix is allowed only on presentation of the appropriate permits or certificates. (See Article V of the Convention)ficates. (See Article V of the Convention))
    • Traits:Globose  + (Approximately spherical, ovoid or globular (Brusca, 1980).)
    • Traits:Stellate  + (Arranged like a star.)
    • Traits:Vegetative  + (Asexual reproduction via somatic growth processes, fragmentation, fission, or budding (adapted from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998))
    • Traits:AdultBody  + (Attached or stuck to adult but not held in specialised appendage / receptacle)
    • Traits:HardSubstrata  + (Attached or stuck to hard substrata, e.g. dog whelk capsules)
    • Traits:Vegetation  + (Attached or stuck to vegetation, e.g. opistobranchs, mermaid purses, cephalopod eggs etc.)
    • Traits:AttachedSediment  + (Attached to the sediment surface e.g. by mucilagenous sheath such as used by necklace shells, and opistobranchs)
    • Traits:MutualistMutualism  + (A symbiosis in which both organisms benefit; frequently a relationship of complete dependence. (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998) (cf.symbiosis, commensalism, parasite).)
    • Traits:BullateSaccate  + (Balloon or sac-like (Prescott, 1969).)
    • Traits:MidEulittoral  + (Barnacle - limpet dominated, sometimes mussels, with ''Fucus vesiculosus'' and ''Ascophyllum nodosum. Mastocarpus stellatus'' and ''Palmaria palmata'' patchy in lower part. Usually quite a wide belt (Hiscock, 1996).)
    • Traits:UpperEulittoral  + (Barnacles and limpets present in quantity with ''Fucus vesiculosus'' and ''Ascophyllum'' although often this belt has only sparse algal cover compared with the lower eulittoral (Hiscock, 1996).)
    • Traits:Tolerance  + (Based on AMBI)
    • Traits:Foliose  + (Bearing leaves or leaf-like structures; having the appearance of a leaf.)
    • Traits:Infaunal  + (Benthic animals which live within the seabed.)
    • Traits:Hovering  + (Bird/insect specific)
    • Traits:QuantitativeBodySize  + (Body size measured in numerical values.)
    • Traits:QualitativeBodySize  + (Body size measured in terms of mega, macro, meio/meso and micro.)
    • Traits:Broadcast  + (Both gametes are expelled (spawned) from the confines of the adult body or tissues, into the external fluid medium (water/air))
    • Traits:HaploidDiploid  + (Both haploid and diploid forms, with gametophytes giving rise to haploid gametes, and sporophytes giving rise to haploid spores by meiosis)
    • Traits:Monoecious  + (Both male and female reproductive organs in a single individual (animals) or flower (plants) (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998).)
    • Traits:PinnateBranching  + (Branched tentacles, used as filtration mechanism)
    • Traits:Dendroid  + (Branching irregularly – similar to that of a root system (Prescott, 1969).)
    • Traits:Pinnate  + (Branching like a feather – an elongate main axis with lateral branches or lobes (Prescott, 1969).)
    • Traits:Semelparous  + (Breeding once per lifetime, or breeding only once then dying (Barnes ''et al.'', 2006). Organisms that only have one brood during their lifetime (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998).)
    • Traits:BiannualEpisodic  + (Breeds every second year but in one or more discrete periods initiated by some trigger (for example a lunar cycle).)
    • Traits:AnnualEpisodic  + (Breeds every year but in one or more discrete periods initiated by some trigger (for example a lunar cycle).)
    • Traits:AnnualProtracted  + (Breeds every year over an extended or drawn out period.)
    • Traits:Biannual  + (Breeds less frequently than every two years.)
    • Traits:BiannualProtracted  + (Breeds once every two years over an extended or drawn out period.)
    • Traits:Environment  + (Broad descriptors of the major environmental regions)
    • Traits:Penicillate  + (Brush like (Prescott ,1969).)
    • Traits:BodyAccretion  + (Build up or accumulation of sediment.)
    • Traits:Massive  + (Bulky (Homes, 1979).)
    • Traits:CITES  + (CITES (the Convention on International TraCITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.</br></br>Appendices I, II and III to the Convention are lists of species afforded different levels or types of protection from over-exploitation.ypes of protection from over-exploitation.)
    • Traits:HighMagnesiumCalcite  + (Calcite where more then 8wt.% CaCO3 is substituted by MgCO3.)
    • Traits:Mobile  + (Capable of movement)
    • Traits:PermanentHermaphrodite  + (Capable of producing both ova and spermatozoa either at the same time (Barnes ''et al.'', 1993).)
    • Traits:SelfFertilizing  + (Capable of self-fertilization)
    • Traits:Passive  + (Catching food on a filter held into flowing water (e.g. hydroids, sea fans, sea pens), or collecting the 'rain' of detritus on sticky apparatus other than a filter (e.g. Cucumaria frondosa, proboscis of echinurans) (MarLIN; Hiscock et al. 1999).)
    • Traits:StraitSound  + (Channels between the mainland and an island or between two islands which are open at both ends to the open coast (it does not refer to similar features or narrows within marine inlets).)
    • Traits:Bivalved  + (Characteristically a shell of two calcareous valves joined by a flexible ligament.)
    • Traits:Physiography  + (Coastal geomorphology and physical features.)
    • Traits:AnchialineCaves  + (Coastal salt water habitats with no surface connection to the sea.)
    • Traits:VerySheltered  + (Coasts with a fetch less than about 3 km where they face prevailing winds or about 20 km where they face away from prevailing winds, or which have offshore obstructions such as reefs or a narrow (<30°) open water window.)
    • Traits:Sheltered  + (Coasts with a restricted fetch and/or open water window. Coasts can face prevailing winds but with a short fetch (< 20 km) or extensive shallow area offshore, or may face away from prevailing winds.)
    • Traits:Ecological Descriptors  + (Collection of traits relating to species ecology)
    • Traits:SealAbundanceAndDistribution  + (Common in OSPAR Region II)
    • Traits:MarineMammalBycatch  + (Common in OSPAR Region II)
    • Traits:RecoveryInThePopulationAbundanceOfSensitiveFishSpecies  + (Common in OSPAR Region II, III)
    • Traits:ChangesInBiodiversityIndex  + (Common in OSPAR Region III)
    • Traits:TypicalSpeciesComposition  + (Common in OSPAR Region IV)
    • Traits:ChangeInAverageTrophicLevelOfMarinePredatorsInTheBayOfBiscay  + (Common in OSPAR Region IV)
    • Traits:GreySealPupProduction  + (Common in OSPAR Regions II, III)
    • Traits:ProportionOfLargeFish  + (Common in OSPAR Regions II, III)
    • Traits:AbundanceAndDistributionOfMarineMammals  + (Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV)
    • Traits:MarineBirdAbundance  + (Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV)
    • Traits:MarineBirdBreedingSuccessFailure  + (Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV)
    • Traits:ConditionOfBenthicHabitatCommunities  + (Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV)
    • Traits:ExtentOfPhysicalDamageToPredominantAndSpecialHabitats  + (Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV)
    • Traits:ChangesInPlanktonFunctionalTypesIndexRatio  + (Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV)
    • Traits:PlanktonBiomassAndOrAbundance  + (Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV)
    • Traits:TrendsInNewRecordsOfNonIndigenousSpeciesIntroducedByHumanActivities  + (Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV)
    • Traits:SizeCompositionInFishCommunities  + (Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV)
    • Traits:Conical  + (Cone shaped e.g. limpet-shaped, patelliform (adapted from Stachowitsch, 1992).)
    • Traits:ConeHalfSphere  + (Cone with a half sphere (Olenina ''et al.'', 2006).)
    • Traits:TruncatedCone  + (Cone with flattended top (Olenina ''et al.'', 2006))