https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=TBT_and_Imposex&feed=atom&action=historyTBT and Imposex - Revision history2024-03-29T15:29:30ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.31.7https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=TBT_and_Imposex&diff=77810&oldid=prevDronkers J at 14:42, 1 September 20202020-09-01T14:42:45Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====The Problem of Fouling in Vessels====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====The Problem of Fouling in Vessels====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Any submersed rigid structure can work as substrate and be colonized by several marine organisms. It is estimated that there are over 4000 marine fouling species <ref>Almeida, E., Diamantino, T. & Sousa, O. (2007). ”Marine Paints: the particular case of antifouling paints”. Progress in Organic Coatings, 59: 2-20. </ref>. In the case of vessels, the degree of fouling of the hull depends on the time of submersion, the time the vessel is immobilized or its speed, but mainly on the features of the marine environment. Without an antifouling protection, the fouling can reach 150 kg per square meter, in less than 6 months <ref>Bray S. (2006). “Tributyltin pollution on a global scale.  An overview of relevant and recent research: impacts and issues.” Langston, W.J. (Ed). </ref>. This phenomenon leads to an increase in the weight of the vessel and the drag resistance of the hull surface, which directly affect the speed, manoverability and the fuel consumption (increasing up to 40%), leading to more frequent maintenance operations, higher costs and higher emissions of polluting gases <ref name="omae">Omae, I. (2003). “Organotin antifouling paints and their alternatives”. Applied Organometallic Chemistry.17: 81-105. </ref>. Additionally, the hulls can work as vectors of translocation of organisms from one place to another, increasing the risks of introducing non-native, [[invasive species]] <ref name="champ">Champ, M. (2000). “A review of organotin regulatory strategies, pending actions, related costs and benefits”. The Science of the Total Environment, 258: 21-71. </ref>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Any submersed rigid structure can work as substrate and be colonized by several marine organisms. It is estimated that there are over 4000 marine fouling species <ref>Almeida, E., Diamantino, T. & Sousa, O. (2007). ”Marine Paints: the particular case of antifouling paints”. Progress in Organic Coatings, 59: 2-20. </ref>. In the case of vessels, the degree of fouling of the hull depends on the time of submersion, the time the vessel is immobilized or its speed, but mainly on the features of the marine environment. Without an antifouling protection, the fouling can reach 150 kg per square meter, in less than 6 months <ref>Bray S. (2006). “Tributyltin pollution on a global scale.  An overview of relevant and recent research: impacts and issues.” Langston, W.J. (Ed). </ref>. This phenomenon leads to an increase in the weight of the vessel and the drag resistance of the hull surface, which directly affect the speed, manoverability and the fuel consumption (increasing up to 40%), leading to more frequent maintenance operations, higher costs and higher emissions of polluting gases <ref name="omae">Omae, I. (2003). “Organotin antifouling paints and their alternatives”. Applied Organometallic Chemistry.17: 81-105. </ref>. Additionally, the hulls can work as vectors of translocation of organisms from one place to another, increasing the risks of introducing non-native, [[<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Non-native species invasions|</ins>invasive species]] <ref name="champ">Champ, M. (2000). “A review of organotin regulatory strategies, pending actions, related costs and benefits”. The Science of the Total Environment, 258: 21-71. </ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Fouling_boat.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Fouling on the hull of a small boat]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Fouling_boat.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Fouling on the hull of a small boat]]</div></td></tr>
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</table>Dronkers Jhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=TBT_and_Imposex&diff=77553&oldid=prevDronkers J at 11:33, 7 August 20202020-08-07T11:33:17Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===External Links===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===External Links===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[http://www.imo.org<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">| </del>International Maritime Organization]  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[http://www.imo.org<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">/en/OurWork/Environment/Anti-foulingSystems/Pages/Default.aspx </ins>International Maritime Organization<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">: Antifouling</ins>]  </div></td></tr>
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</table>Dronkers Jhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=TBT_and_Imposex&diff=75751&oldid=prevDronkers J at 07:24, 7 August 20192019-08-07T07:24:20Z<p></p>
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</table>Dronkers Jhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=TBT_and_Imposex&diff=74301&oldid=prevDronkers J at 20:57, 17 February 20192019-02-17T20:57:20Z<p></p>
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</table>Dronkers Jhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=TBT_and_Imposex&diff=74295&oldid=prevDronkers J at 19:16, 17 February 20192019-02-17T19:16:45Z<p></p>
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</table>Dronkers Jhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=TBT_and_Imposex&diff=74128&oldid=prevDronkers J at 19:27, 16 December 20182018-12-16T19:27:03Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Pollution laws and regulations]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Pollution laws and regulations]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">*[[Pollution indicators]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Differentiation of major algal groups by optical absorption signatures]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>*[[Differentiation of major algal groups by optical absorption signatures]]</div></td></tr>
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</table>Dronkers Jhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=TBT_and_Imposex&diff=32077&oldid=prevSimon at 10:49, 29 July 20092009-07-29T10:49:22Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:49, 29 July 2009</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This article describes the use of Tributyltin (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</del>TBT]]<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">) </del>in aquatic antifouling paints, its behaviour in the marine environment and one of its powerful negative effects in non-target species - the phenomenon of imposex in marine [[Gastropod|gastropods]] - which have led to the partial ban of this compound.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This article describes the use of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[TBT|</ins>Tributyltin (TBT<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">)</ins>]] in aquatic antifouling paints, its behaviour in the marine environment and one of its powerful negative effects in non-target species - the phenomenon of imposex in marine [[Gastropod|gastropods]] - which have led to the partial ban of this compound.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
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</table>Simonhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=TBT_and_Imposex&diff=32076&oldid=prevSimon at 10:48, 29 July 20092009-07-29T10:48:42Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:48, 29 July 2009</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This article describes the use of Tributyltin (TBT) in aquatic antifouling paints, its behaviour in the marine environment and one of its powerful negative effects in non-target species - the phenomenon of imposex in marine [[Gastropod|gastropods]] - which have led to the partial ban of this compound.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>This article describes the use of Tributyltin (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[</ins>TBT<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins>) in aquatic antifouling paints, its behaviour in the marine environment and one of its powerful negative effects in non-target species - the phenomenon of imposex in marine [[Gastropod|gastropods]] - which have led to the partial ban of this compound.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Introduction===</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Introduction===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Tributyltin (TBT) is a biocide compound which integrates certain antifouling paints used on the hulls of vessels to prevent biological fouling - a phenomenon which has considerable economic costs and environmental risks. Although very efficient, TBT has been subject to restrictions due to its [[Ecotoxicity|toxic effects]] in non-target species, detected at the end of the 1970s. One of this harmful effects is imposex – the masculinisation of females of certain marine snails in response of the exposure to TBT concentration, in the magnitude of ng.l-1. So far this phenomenon has been described for over 150 species. The sensitiveness and high correlation between the intensity of this phenomenon and the environmental concentrations of TBT allow the use of certain [[Gastropod|gastropod]] species as indicators of the degree of contamination in coastal zones. Though the use of TBT has been forbidden in many countries for vessels smaller than 25 m, the contamination levels are still a concern, particularly close to areas of intense boating and associated activities, such as fishing and commercial ports, marinas and dry-docks.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[TBT|</ins>Tributyltin (TBT)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]] </ins>is a biocide compound which integrates certain antifouling paints used on the hulls of vessels to prevent biological fouling - a phenomenon which has considerable economic costs and environmental risks. Although very efficient, TBT has been subject to restrictions due to its [[Ecotoxicity|toxic effects]] in non-target species, detected at the end of the 1970s. One of this harmful effects is imposex – the masculinisation of females of certain marine snails in response of the exposure to TBT concentration, in the magnitude of ng.l-1. So far this phenomenon has been described for over 150 species. The sensitiveness and high correlation between the intensity of this phenomenon and the environmental concentrations of TBT allow the use of certain [[Gastropod|gastropod]] species as indicators of the degree of contamination in coastal zones. Though the use of TBT has been forbidden in many countries for vessels smaller than 25 m, the contamination levels are still a concern, particularly close to areas of intense boating and associated activities, such as fishing and commercial ports, marinas and dry-docks.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
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</table>Simonhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=TBT_and_Imposex&diff=32066&oldid=prevJMVeiga: /* The case of the Bay of Arcachon (France) */2009-07-29T10:17:36Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">The case of the Bay of Arcachon (France)</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:17, 29 July 2009</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====The case of the Bay of Arcachon (France)====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====The case of the Bay of Arcachon (France)====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During the period when TBT was being widely used as antifouling, the production of oisters in the Bay of Arcachon (France) almost collapsed. This coastal area is sumultaneasly a place of production of this shellfish and an area of intense recreative boating <ref name="terlizzi">Terlizzi, A., Fraschetti, S., Gianguzza, P., Faimali, M. & Boero F. (2001). "Environmental impact of antifouling technologies: state of the art and perspectives". Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 11: 311-317. </ref>. Although the knowledge of TBT was very limited at the time, the French Authorities restricted the use of the compound in antifouling paints in the region, in a rare example of precautionary principle <ref>Ruiz, J. M., Bachelet, G., Caumette, P. & Donard, O. F.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>1996. Three decades of tributyltin in the coastal environment with emphasis on Arcachon Bay, France. Environmental Pollution, 93: 195-203. </ref>. Later on, it became clear that TBT was responsible for the failures in the reproduction  and abnormal shell development of the oisters.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During the period when TBT was being widely used as antifouling, the production of oisters in the Bay of Arcachon (France) almost collapsed. This coastal area is sumultaneasly a place of production of this shellfish and an area of intense recreative boating <ref name="terlizzi">Terlizzi, A., Fraschetti, S., Gianguzza, P., Faimali, M. & Boero F. (2001). "Environmental impact of antifouling technologies: state of the art and perspectives". Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 11: 311-317. </ref>. Although the knowledge of TBT was very limited at the time, the French Authorities restricted the use of the compound in antifouling paints in the region, in a rare example of precautionary principle <ref>Ruiz, J. M., Bachelet, G., Caumette, P. & Donard, O. F. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</ins>1996<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">)</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</ins>Three decades of tributyltin in the coastal environment with emphasis on Arcachon Bay, France<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</ins>. Environmental Pollution, 93: 195-203. </ref>. Later on, it became clear that TBT was responsible for the failures in the reproduction  and abnormal shell development of the oisters.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Dog_whelk_nucella_lapillus.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Dog whelk ''Nucella lapillus'']]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Dog_whelk_nucella_lapillus.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Dog whelk ''Nucella lapillus'']]</div></td></tr>
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</table>JMVeigahttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=TBT_and_Imposex&diff=32065&oldid=prevJMVeiga: /* The case of the Bay of Arcachon (France) */2009-07-29T10:16:59Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">The case of the Bay of Arcachon (France)</span></span></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 10:16, 29 July 2009</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l29" >Line 29:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====The case of the Bay of Arcachon (France)====</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>====The case of the Bay of Arcachon (France)====</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During the period when TBT was being widely used as antifouling, the production of oisters in the Bay of Arcachon (France) almost collapsed. This coastal area is sumultaneasly a place of production of this shellfish and an area of intense recreative boating <ref name="terlizzi">Terlizzi, A., Fraschetti, S., Gianguzza, P., Faimali, M. & Boero F.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>2001. Environmental impact of antifouling technologies: state of the art and perspectives. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 11: 311-317. </ref>. Although the knowledge of TBT was very limited at the time, the French Authorities restricted the use of the compound in antifouling paints in the region, in a rare example of precautionary principle <ref>Ruiz, J. M., Bachelet, G., Caumette, P. & Donard, O. F., 1996. Three decades of tributyltin in the coastal environment with emphasis on Arcachon Bay, France. Environmental Pollution, 93: 195-203. </ref>. Later on, it became clear that TBT was responsible for the failures in the reproduction  and abnormal shell development of the oisters.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>During the period when TBT was being widely used as antifouling, the production of oisters in the Bay of Arcachon (France) almost collapsed. This coastal area is sumultaneasly a place of production of this shellfish and an area of intense recreative boating <ref name="terlizzi">Terlizzi, A., Fraschetti, S., Gianguzza, P., Faimali, M. & Boero F. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</ins>2001<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">)</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</ins>Environmental impact of antifouling technologies: state of the art and perspectives<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">"</ins>. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 11: 311-317. </ref>. Although the knowledge of TBT was very limited at the time, the French Authorities restricted the use of the compound in antifouling paints in the region, in a rare example of precautionary principle <ref>Ruiz, J. M., Bachelet, G., Caumette, P. & Donard, O. F., 1996. Three decades of tributyltin in the coastal environment with emphasis on Arcachon Bay, France. Environmental Pollution, 93: 195-203. </ref>. Later on, it became clear that TBT was responsible for the failures in the reproduction  and abnormal shell development of the oisters.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Dog_whelk_nucella_lapillus.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Dog whelk ''Nucella lapillus'']]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Dog_whelk_nucella_lapillus.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Dog whelk ''Nucella lapillus'']]</div></td></tr>
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</table>JMVeiga