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BuccalOrgansAbsentThe buccal cavity lacks obvious differentiation of the wall and it is not eversible. Some species if buccal cavity present at all, is only a transient larval structure and becomes completely occluded.http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:BuccalOrgansAbsent28 May 2015 13:31:17
BuddingA form of asexual multiplication in which a new individual begins life as an outgrowth from the body of the parent. It may then separate to lead an independent existence or remain connected or otherwise associated to form a colonial organism (Barnes et al., 1993).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Budding3 June 2015 11:10:56
BullateSaccateBalloon or sac-like (Prescott, 1969).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:BullateSaccate7 November 2014 17:23:09
BurrowBuilderAn organism that constructs permanent or semi-permanent burrows through physical excavation or chemical action.http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:BurrowBuilder29 July 2015 11:57:04
BurrowDwellerOccupies or shares space in burrow constructed by other organisms.http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:BurrowDweller2 June 2015 13:11:34
BurrowerAn organism that moves through the substratum by burrowing or tunneling (e.g. earthworms, polychaetes).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Burrower14 May 2015 15:42:08
Bysso-PelagicUse of a length of byssus thread (e.g. micro-molluscs, juvenile molluscs) or mucus (e.g Nemertesia planulae) to be carried by water flowhttp://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Bysso-Pelagic14 May 2015 15:48:11
CITES

CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.

Appendices I, II and III to the Convention are lists of species afforded different levels or types of protection from over-exploitation.

http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:CITES5 December 2019 09:08:40
CITESAppendixIAppendix I lists species that are the most endangered among CITES-listed animals and plants (see Article II, paragraph 1 of the Convention). They are threatened with extinction and CITES prohibits international trade in specimens of these species except when the purpose of the import is not commercial (see Article III), for instance for scientific research. In these exceptional cases, trade may take place provided it is authorized by the granting of both an import permit and an export permit (or re-export certificate). Article VII of the Convention provides for a number of exemptions to this general prohibition.http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:CITESAppendixI5 December 2019 08:08:16
CITESAppendixIIAppendix II lists species that are not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may become so unless trade is closely controlled. It also includes so-called "look-alike species", i.e. species whose specimens in trade look like those of species listed for conservation reasons (see Article II, paragraph 2 of the Convention). International trade in specimens of Appendix-II species may be authorized by the granting of an export permit or re-export certificate. No import permit is necessary for these species under CITES (although a permit is needed in some countries that have taken stricter measures than CITES requires). Permits or certificates should only be granted if the relevant authorities are satisfied that certain conditions are met, above all that trade will not be detrimental to the survival of the species in the wild. (See Article IV of the Convention)http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:CITESAppendixII5 December 2019 08:09:31
CITESAppendixIIIAppendix III is a list of species included at the request of a Party that already regulates trade in the species and that needs the cooperation of other countries to prevent unsustainable or illegal exploitation (see Article II, paragraph 3, of the Convention). International trade in specimens of species listed in this Appendix is allowed only on presentation of the appropriate permits or certificates. (See Article V of the Convention)http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:CITESAppendixIII5 December 2019 08:10:32
CalcareousAn organism that constructs reefs or biogenic structures composed of the calcareous skeletons of individuals or colonies (e.g. corals)http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Calcareous20 January 2017 14:17:40
CalcareousSkeletonSkeleton composed of calcareous spicules (sponges/echinoderms), plates, spines, bones or other structureshttp://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:CalcareousSkeleton10 March 2017 13:48:46
Calcitecrystalline form of calcium carbonate, e. g. one of the constituents of mollusc shells and the skeletons of calcareous sponges.http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Calcite23 January 2017 12:28:39
Canals: natural range expansion through man-made canalsWhere a canal, by joining two bodies of water which were not originally naturally joined, becomes a conduit for invasive species migration to a new area/region.http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Canals: natural range expansion through man-made canals6 May 2015 11:30:00
CapitateClubbedEnlarged or swollen at the apex, with a ‘head’, clubbed (Prescott, 1969).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:CapitateClubbed14 May 2015 10:36:25
Captaculaspecialist - scaphopodshttp://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Captacula7 November 2014 15:20:38
CarnivoreAn organism that feeds on animal tissue/meat.http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Carnivore7 December 2015 15:29:25
CaveA hollow normally eroded in a cliff (or vertical rock) with the penetration being greater than the width of the entrance (Hiscock, 1996).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Cave17 July 2015 13:46:45
CementedAttachedThe surface or body part to which eggs are attached by the parenthttp://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:CementedAttached3 June 2015 11:08:47
CephalicSpinesspecialist - chaetognathshttp://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:CephalicSpines15 July 2015 16:02:51
ChainsForming chains of individualshttp://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Chains7 November 2014 17:23:51
ChangeInAverageTrophicLevelOfMarinePredatorsInTheBayOfBiscayCommon in OSPAR Region IVhttp://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:ChangeInAverageTrophicLevelOfMarinePredatorsInTheBayOfBiscay5 December 2019 12:52:48
ChangesInBiodiversityIndexCommon in OSPAR Region IIIhttp://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:ChangesInBiodiversityIndex5 December 2019 12:45:39
ChangesInPlanktonFunctionalTypesIndexRatioCommon in OSPAR Regions II, III, IVhttp://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:ChangesInPlanktonFunctionalTypesIndexRatio5 December 2019 12:16:13
ChemoautotrophAn organism that obtains metabolic energy from oxidation of inorganic substrates such as sulphur, nitrogen or iron (e.g. some micro-organisms) (Lincoln et al., 1998).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Chemoautotroph22 May 2015 13:28:34
Chitinouscomposed of chitin, a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine. It is the chief polysaccharide in fungal cell walls and in the exoskeleton of arthropods (derived form Lawrence, 2005).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Chitinous14 March 2017 08:07:51
ChoanocytesSpecial feeding cell of spongeshttp://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Choanocytes7 November 2014 14:38:34
CiliaFlagellaSwimming is effected by beating of cilia and or flagella; includes the fused cilia of Ctenophores.http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:CiliaFlagella29 July 2015 12:09:38
CircalittoralThe subzone of the rocky sublittoral below that dominated by algae (the infralittoral), and dominated by animals. No lower limit is defined, but species composition changes below about 40m to 80m depth, depending on depth of the seasonal thermocline. This subzone can be subdivided into the upper circalittoral where foliose algae are present and the lower circalittoral where they are not (see Hiscock, 1985). The term is also used by Glémarec (1973) to refer to two étages of the sediment benthos below the infralittoral: a "coastal circalittoral category with a eurythermal environment of weak seasonal amplitude (less than 10°C) varying slowly" and a "circalittoral category of the open sea with a stenothermal environment" (Hiscock, 1996).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Circalittoral6 May 2015 14:31:55
CircalittoralOffshoreTypically occurs below 50-70 metres away from the influence of wave action. Aphotic with animal communities in stable or stenothermal and stenohaline conditions. Open sea (Connor et al., 1997).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:CircalittoralOffshore28 May 2015 15:28:34
ClathrateLatticed (Holmes, 1979).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Clathrate7 November 2014 17:24:01
Clawede.g. Mammalshttp://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Clawed7 November 2014 15:04:04
Clay1) Sediment particles less than 0.004 mm in size (Wentworth, 1922). 2) A soft very fine-grained sedimentary rock composed primarily of clay-sized particles (Hiscock, 1996).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Clay1 June 2015 14:53:05
ClutchSizeNumber of eggs laid at one time - in organisms that may lay eggs in one or more batches.http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:ClutchSize3 June 2015 11:02:09
CoarseCleanSand1) Particle size 0.5 - 4 mm (Hiscock, 1996)http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:CoarseCleanSand2 June 2015 10:59:36
CoarseSedimentsSediments composed of gravel and sand; inc. gravel, gravelly sand and sandy gravel (Long, 2006)http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:CoarseSediments1 June 2015 15:53:20
Cobbles64-256 mm. May be rounded or flat. Substrata that are predominantly cobbles.http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Cobbles1 June 2015 16:39:14
Colonial (e.g. sea birds)Organisms that come together in large colonies (100 plus individuals) - often in the same area from season to season - usually for breeding purposeshttp://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Colonial (e.g. sea birds)20 May 2015 16:15:20
Commensal (with/on/in)Symbiosis (q.v.) in which one species derives benefit from a common food supply, whilst the other species is not adversely affected (Lincoln et al., 1998).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Commensal (with/on/in)20 May 2015 16:04:37
CommonA species with is abundant or present at moderate or relatively moderate densities.http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Common6 May 2015 11:31:01
Common to dominantA species which is found in relatively moderate to high densities (accounts for non-discrete nature of abundance terms/parameters described here).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Common to dominant6 May 2015 11:31:25
ConariaEarly larval stage in siphonophores, composed of a floating colony with disc-shaped float, and consists of a hollow sphere with aboral thickening (Stachowitsch, 1992).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Conaria30 June 2015 09:00:53
ConditionOfBenthicHabitatCommunitiesCommon in OSPAR Regions II, III, IVhttp://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:ConditionOfBenthicHabitatCommunities5 December 2019 12:10:26
ConeHalfSphereCone with a half sphere (Olenina et al., 2006).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:ConeHalfSphere14 May 2015 11:16:10
ConicalCone shaped e.g. limpet-shaped, patelliform (adapted from Stachowitsch, 1992).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Conical14 May 2015 10:44:43
Consumes native species (predator or herbivore)Where the species preys on native fauna or grazes on native flora.http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Consumes native species (predator or herbivore)6 May 2015 11:31:45
ContactDippinghttp://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:ContactDipping15 July 2015 15:47:55
CopepodidFree swimming larval stage, typically with five sub-stages, characterized by excretion through maxillary glands, and progressive increase in number of body segments and posterior appendages (see Stachowitsch, 1992).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Copepodid23 June 2015 11:41:29
CoralSandsDeposition of sands formed by the breakdown to the skeletons of living organismshttp://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:CoralSands14 May 2015 15:01:16
CoronateFree-swimming, lecithotrophic larva of Bryozoahttp://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Coronate30 June 2015 11:35:59
CrawlerWalkerClimberAn organism that moves across, up or down the substratum via movements of its legs, appendages or muscles (e.g. Carcinus).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:CrawlerWalkerClimber29 July 2015 11:45:16
CreeperAn organism that moves slowly or 'creeps' across the surface of the substratumhttp://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Creeper14 May 2015 15:45:52
CrevicesFissuresA narrow crack in hard substratum where penetration is deeper than the width at the entrance; a crevice is <10 mm wide at the entrance, while a fissure is >10 mm (Hiscock ,1996)http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:CrevicesFissures2 June 2015 13:42:48
CriticallyEndangeredA taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:CriticallyEndangered4 December 2019 14:25:47
Cruisingcopepod / zooplankton specific??http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Cruising7 November 2014 12:50:31
CrustoseHardForming or resembling a crust (Thompson, 1995) that is solid or resistant to touch or pressure e.g. encrusting coralline algae or sea mats such as Umbonula littoralis.http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:CrustoseHard14 May 2015 11:34:23
CrustoseSoftForming or resembling a crust (Thompson, 1995) that yields to the touch or pressure e.g. the gelatinous colonies of Botryllus schlosseri or soft cushions of sponges such as Halichondria sp.http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:CrustoseSoft14 May 2015 11:35:09
Ctenidiae.g bivalve molluscshttp://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Ctenidia7 November 2014 14:54:55
CushionA mass or pillow of soft material.http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Cushion7 November 2014 17:03:47
CydippidFree-swimming spherical larva, composed of a simple gastrovascular system and short comb-rows; resembles typical adult ctenophore (see Stachowitsch, 1992, Ruppert & Barnes, 1994).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Cydippid10 July 2015 11:42:14
CylindricalWith straight sides and a circular section (Thompson, 1995).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Cylindrical7 November 2014 17:24:49
CyphonautesFree-swimming bryozoan larva, the body is triangular, compressed and enclosed in a bivalve shell (see Ruppert & Barnes, 1994).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Cyphonautes15 December 2015 13:29:22
CyprisFinal lecithotrophic larval stage, characterized by bivalved carapace, compound eyes, prehensile antennules and thoraic appendages (cirri) (see Stachowitsch, 1992).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Cypris23 June 2015 11:07:16
DabblingSeabirds/waders?http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Dabbling11 November 2014 10:19:47
Damage to marine structures or archaeologyWhere the species degrades marine infrastructures or archaeological sites.http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Damage to marine structures or archaeology6 May 2015 11:32:08
DataDeficientA taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this category may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deficient is therefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this category indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the possibility that future research will show that threatened classification is appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever data are available. In many cases great care should be exercised in choosing between DD and a threatened status. If the range of a taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, and a considerable period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon, threatened status may well be justified.http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:DataDeficient4 December 2019 14:30:37
DeOxygenationToleranceMin Valuehttp://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:DeOxygenationTolerance7 November 2014 15:30:28
Debris: transport of species on human generated debrisWhere floating rafts of man-made materials become vectors for an invasive species.http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Debris: transport of species on human generated debris6 May 2015 11:32:26
DemersalLiving at or near the bottom of a sea or lake but having the capacity for active swimming (from Lincoln et al., 1998).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Demersal30 June 2015 14:38:43
DendroidBranching irregularly – similar to that of a root system (Prescott, 1969).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Dendroid7 November 2014 17:28:03
DependancyDescription of an organism's relationship with other organismshttp://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Dependancy29 July 2015 11:38:38
DepositFeederAn organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter within or on the substratum (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:DepositFeeder29 July 2015 11:20:57
DepthMaximum recorded depth below chart datum (expressed in metres).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Depth28 May 2015 14:09:35
DepthRangeMaximum to minimum recorded depth (expressed as metres below chart datum).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:DepthRange30 June 2015 13:53:45
DepthSubstratumThe depth within the substratum at which the organism is found (max recorded in metres).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:DepthSubstratum30 June 2015 13:56:29
Detected in invasion pathwaySpecies detected in invasion pathways for example in ballast water, or as a hull-fouling organism.http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Detected in invasion pathway6 May 2015 11:32:46
Detected in the wildSpecies that have been recorded as present in the wild with no further information.http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Detected in the wild6 May 2015 11:33:20
DetritivoreAn organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter (detritus) (Lincoln et al., 1998).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Detritivore22 May 2015 13:30:36
Diameter

The length of a straight line passing from side to side through the centre of a body or figure, especially a circle or sphere.

Note: For diameter you can specify the measurement type (minimum, maximum, average), gender (male, female) and life stage.

http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Diameter7 June 2016 11:47:57
DiapauseStageDescription of dormant stagehttp://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:DiapauseStage3 June 2015 11:44:46
DielDaily, pertaining to a 24 hour period.http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Diel7 November 2014 16:10:06
DigitateHaving parts arranged like fingers on a hand (Holmes, 1979).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Digitate7 November 2014 17:28:44
DiplonticA life cycle characterized by a diploid adult stage producing haploid gametes by meiosis, the zygote forming by fusion of a pair of gametes (Lincoln et al., 1998).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Diplontic2 June 2015 14:54:40
Dippingseabird specific?http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Dipping29 July 2015 11:49:35
DippingToSurfacehttp://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:DippingToSurface29 July 2015 11:26:01
DirectDevelopmentDevelopment without a larval stagehttp://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:DirectDevelopment3 June 2015 11:19:31
DispersalPotentialPotential for dispersal provided by one or more larval/juvenile stages, recorded in m, km.http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:DispersalPotential3 June 2015 11:53:38
DispersalPotentialAdultThe distance over which the adult organism is able to roam, travel or disperse; the greatest potnetial or recorded distance. Does not acknowledge limitations due to geography, hydrography, or behavioural (territorial) constraints.http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:DispersalPotentialAdult29 July 2015 12:07:55
Distribution DescriptorsFields and traits that describe the distribution of the species.http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Distribution Descriptors27 July 2015 14:06:39
DivingSeabird specific?http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Diving29 July 2015 11:49:57
DoliolariaSecond free-swimming larvae (after the auricularia) in the Holothuroidea. It is characterized by a series of flagellated rings around a barrel-shaped body (Ruppert & Barnes, 1994; Stachowitsch, 1992).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Doliolaria23 June 2015 11:42:29
DominantA species which is very abundant or present at high densities or relatively high densities.http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Dominant6 May 2015 11:38:57
DoubleConeDouble cone (Olenina et al., 2006)http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:DoubleCone14 May 2015 11:17:04
DownwardConveyorOrganisms that live vertically in the sediment, typically heads-up at the surface, and that ingest particles at the surface and egest them as faeces at depth in the sediment (adapted from Kristensen et al., 2012).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:DownwardConveyor28 May 2015 08:51:52
DrifterAn organism whose movement is dependent on wind or water currents (e.g. Aurelia).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Drifter14 May 2015 15:46:22
DrivingFishForwardseabird, cetaceans?http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:DrivingFishForward29 July 2015 11:50:23
EchinopluteusFree-swimming larva of Echinoidea, distinguished by six pairs of arms, supported by skeletal rods (see Ruppert & Barnes, 1994; Stachowitsch, 1992).http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Echinopluteus23 June 2015 11:47:03
Ecological DescriptorsCollection of traits relating to species ecologyhttp://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:Ecological Descriptors26 September 2014 12:39:07
EcologicalInteractionTraits relating to how a species interacts with it's surrounding environment and other associated species.http://www.marinespecies.org/traits/wiki/Traits:EcologicalInteraction29 July 2015 11:55:41