https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Roussel&feedformat=atomCoastal Wiki - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T08:38:01ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.31.7https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_indicators&diff=12879Sustainability indicators2007-10-29T14:28:18Z<p>Roussel: /* Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) indicators */</p>
<hr />
<div>==The sustainability concept==<br />
<br />
The concept of sustainability gathers together the various elements contributing to a human life support system on Earth and follows the seminal approach established by the '''Brundtland report on sustainable development''' [http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares42-187.htm (WCED (1987))] <ref>World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (1987), "Our common future", Oxford University Press, Oxford.</ref>. Traditionally, sustainability is associated with criteria such as efficiency or equity from an economic viewpoint and deals with intragenerational and intergenerational issues. Nevertheless, this concept is difficult to seize and ambiguities arise [https://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=25 (Roussel et al. (2007))] <ref>Roussel, S.; Crinquant, N. and Bourdat, E. (2007), "In search of coastal zone sustainability by means of social carrying capacity indicators construction: lessons learned from the Thau lagoon case study (Région Languedoc-Roussillon, France)", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 175-194.</ref>.<br />
<br />
Sustainable development and therefore sustainability are linked not only by the three-way relationship between the '''environmental, economic, and social pillars''' but also by the '''institutional dimension''' of sustainable development. Prominent interactions exist respectively between the environmental and economic dimensions regarding viability and between the economic and social dimensions denoting equity. Furthermore, the distinction is conventionally made between ''weak'' sustainability as opposed to ''strong'' sustainability, allowing for a description of different types of capital and a total stock perspective. These types are natural capital, manufactured capital, human capital, social capital, and their substitutability determines the position held between '''weak''' sustainability and '''strong''' sustainability.<br />
<br />
The Brundtland report and Agenda 21 identify the need for sustainable development within the coastal zone. '''Gallagher et al. (2004)''' <ref>Gallagher, A.; Johnson, D.; Glegg, G. and Trier, C. (2004), "Construct of sustainability in coastal zone management", ''Marine Policy'', 28: 249-255.</ref> identify '''key constructs''' or '''mobile concepts''' of sustainability in a context of coastal management surrounded by professional coastal practitioners. In this analysis, '''sustainability becomes a guiding principle''' that may be viewed as a dominant paradigm, and may represent both the aim of coastal management plans and the means by which success is measured.<br />
<br />
==Sustainable development indicators==<br />
<br />
Regarding the definition and the scope of '''indicators''', see the '''Coastal Wiki''' [[indicators]] page.<br />
<br />
Many works have been conducted by international organizations as well as by national agencies and governments in order to elaborate national sustainable development strategies. The aim has been to elaborate incentive tools for considering the multidimensional nature of sustainable development and for assessing related progress [https://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=25 (Rey-Valette et al. (2007))] <ref>Rey-Valette, H.; Damart, S. and Roussel, S., "A multicriteria participation-based methodology for selecting sustainable development indicators: an incentive tool for concerted decision making beyond the diagnosis framework", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 122-138</ref>.<br />
<br />
The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development led the way by implementing a work programme in April 1995 resulting in a first list of 134 indicators in 1996. After being tested in 22 countries in 2000, this list was reduced down to 59 so-called basic indicators for which a methodological guide was published in September 2001. From 1998, the OECD adopted the same approach based on an initial extensive list and several meetings among scientific experts until 2003, when a list of 69 reference indicators was published. EUROSTAT has employed a similar approach: a first test concerning the 134 United Nations indicators was carried out in 1997, and was then followed by the publication of list of a 69 indicators derived from basic United Nations indicators. After the Göteborg summit held in June 2001, a specific task-force resulted in a prioritized system consisting of 155 indicators which were validated in 2005: 12 so-called main indicators were to be used by high-ranking decision makers and a large public, 45 strategic indicators were related to sub-subjects, and finally, 98 so-called analytic indicators represented the various processes ('''Zuitnen (2004)''' <ref>Zuintnen, N. (2004), "Indicateurs pour un développement durable : aspects méthodologiques et développements en cours", Working Paper No. 4-04 of the Bureau Fédéral du Plan, Brussels, Belgium.</ref>, '''EUROSTAT (2005)''' <ref>EUROSTAT (2005), "Measuring progress towards a more sustainable Europe, sustainable development indicators for the European Union", Luxembourg: Office for official publications of the European Communities.</ref>).<br />
<br />
Although indicators were initially elaborated from the sustainable development pillars (environmental, economic, social, and institutional issues), the '''interactions between these pillars are mostly favored by issues''', thus enabling the introduction of values and priorities of relevant populations. The European Union has thus recently drawn up guidelines and indicators concerning sustainable development whilst taking into account issues at stake ('''EUROSTAT (2005)'''). The aim is to integrate knowledge and create transversal bridges in order to link pillars and to encourage commitment of the people.<br />
<br />
After their initial development at an international level, where sustainable development indicators essentially ensure a normative and educational function, these approaches were progressively implemented at other levels. They were then employed at national and local levels, where they were used for implementing sustainable management and decision support principles for managers. It is verified that interactions existing between the different pillars of sustainable development are best taken into account at a local scale where positive synergies between these dimensions are expressed most accurately.<br />
<br />
==Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) indicators==<br />
<br />
Sustainability indicators cover different areas of sustainable development. With regards to '''Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)''', sets of indicators have been developed both for measuring the sustainability of coastal zone development and the implementation of ICZM policies.<br />
'''In May 2002, the Recommendation concerning the implementation of an integrated management of coastal zones in Europe (ICZM)''' was approved by the<br />
European Parliament and the Council. Member States were requested to report to the Commission about the experience gained with its implementation.<br />
The European ICZM expert group, at that time composed of all 20 coastal member States and two candidate States, recognized the importance of indicators. Their '''indicators and data''' working group '''(WG-ID)''' led by the European Topic Centre Landuse and Spatial Information ETC_LUSI, proposed in 2003 the Member States and candidate Countries to employ '''two sets of indicators:'<br />
<br />
<br />
# An indicator set to measure the progress of implementation of ICZM '''(progress indicators)'''.<br />
# A core set of 27 indicators (composed of 44 measures) to measure sustainable development of the coastal zone '''(sustainability indicators).'''<br />
<br />
<br />
The indicators are divided into seven groups according to the seven goals of the EU ICZM Recommendation. Taken together, the indicators in each group will help the European Commission, Member States and coastal partnerships monitor progress towards '''achieving the goals for coastal sustainability''' set out in the EU Recommendation.<br />
<br />
[[image:Table 1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
===Indicator assessment===<br />
<br />
Since 2004 both sets of indicators are further tested. ''Regional'' testing of the core set of 27 SD indicators started with the initiative of [http://www.sailcoast.eu/ SAIL], The resulting report, an indicator based evaluation of sustainable development in the coastal zone of the Southern North Sea [http://www.vliz.be/vmdcdata/IMIS2/ref.php?show=html&refid=105200/ Lescrauwaet, A.-K.et al. (Ed.) (2006a)] <ref>Lescrauwaet, A.-K. et al. (Ed.) (2006). State of the coast of the Southern North Sea: an indicators-based approach to evaluating sustainable development in the coastal zone of the Southern North Sea . VLIZ Special Publication, 36. Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ): Oostende, Belgium. 140 pp. ISBN 90-810081-1-0.</ref> was welcomed by the Member States ICZM experts and lead to further ''national'' testing for the Dutch coast. The report on EU sustainable indicators for coastal zones in The Netherlands: a first inventory [http://www.vliz.be/nl/zeecijfers/Zeecijfers_RIKZ_rapport Lescrauwaet,A.-K. et al.(2006b)] <ref>Lescrauwaet,A.-K.et al. (2006). Europese duurzaamheidsindicatoren voor kustgebieden in Nederland: een eerste inventarisatie {European sustainability indicators for coastal zones in The Netherlands: a first inventory]. VLIZ special publication 31.Vlaams instituut voor de Zee (VLIZ): Oostende, België 128 pp. ISBN 90-81008-14-5 </ref> proves the feasibility of data assimilation for EU SD indicators at national level. <br />
In both publications is described per indicator what the measurement shows, why monitoring is needed and what are the implications for planning and managing the coast. <br />
The [http://www.deduce.eu/ DEDUCE] project (INTERREG IIIC - South) 2005-2007 is now further testing the methodological framework and in the [http://www.spicosa.eu/ SPICOSA] project (FP6) 2007-2011 integrated approaches to assess regional sustainability of coastal zones are undertaken.<br />
A technical report on the application of the sets of indicators based on the national reprorts further to the EU ICZM Recommendation has been presented by the working group on Indicators<ref> Report on the use of the ICZM indicators from the WG- ID, September 2006; http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2007/com2007_0308en01.pdf </ref>. The Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in Europe stated that the "economic and social parameters were underepresented" and asks that "all three principles of sustainability have to be considered in a balanced way.." <ref>Evaluation (2006). "Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Managemenin Europe". Final Report, 18. August 2006. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/pdf/evaluation_iczm_report.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
The role of the present EU sustainability indicators for coastal zones is still subject for further research and dialogue. <br />
Present challenges are to:<br />
<br />
* Investigate data-model integration possibilities in order to develop a set of sustainability indicators suitable for outlook reports. <br />
* Link to priority issues at regional and local level through stakeholders meetings.<br />
* Integrate with evaluation criteria of European legislation like Water Framework Directive and the Birds and Habitats Directives and coming EU regulations. <br />
* Use innovative studies on coastal science-policy processes to define next steps. <br />
* Discuss the application in ENCORA Theme 1.<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{author<br />
|AuthorID=14680<br />
|AuthorFullName=Roussel, Sébastien<br />
|AuthorName=Roussel}}<br />
[[Category:Theme_1]]<br />
[[Category:Tools & Methodologies]]</div>Rousselhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_indicators&diff=12878Sustainability indicators2007-10-29T14:27:38Z<p>Roussel: /* Sustainable development indicators */</p>
<hr />
<div>==The sustainability concept==<br />
<br />
The concept of sustainability gathers together the various elements contributing to a human life support system on Earth and follows the seminal approach established by the '''Brundtland report on sustainable development''' [http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares42-187.htm (WCED (1987))] <ref>World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (1987), "Our common future", Oxford University Press, Oxford.</ref>. Traditionally, sustainability is associated with criteria such as efficiency or equity from an economic viewpoint and deals with intragenerational and intergenerational issues. Nevertheless, this concept is difficult to seize and ambiguities arise [https://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=25 (Roussel et al. (2007))] <ref>Roussel, S.; Crinquant, N. and Bourdat, E. (2007), "In search of coastal zone sustainability by means of social carrying capacity indicators construction: lessons learned from the Thau lagoon case study (Région Languedoc-Roussillon, France)", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 175-194.</ref>.<br />
<br />
Sustainable development and therefore sustainability are linked not only by the three-way relationship between the '''environmental, economic, and social pillars''' but also by the '''institutional dimension''' of sustainable development. Prominent interactions exist respectively between the environmental and economic dimensions regarding viability and between the economic and social dimensions denoting equity. Furthermore, the distinction is conventionally made between ''weak'' sustainability as opposed to ''strong'' sustainability, allowing for a description of different types of capital and a total stock perspective. These types are natural capital, manufactured capital, human capital, social capital, and their substitutability determines the position held between '''weak''' sustainability and '''strong''' sustainability.<br />
<br />
The Brundtland report and Agenda 21 identify the need for sustainable development within the coastal zone. '''Gallagher et al. (2004)''' <ref>Gallagher, A.; Johnson, D.; Glegg, G. and Trier, C. (2004), "Construct of sustainability in coastal zone management", ''Marine Policy'', 28: 249-255.</ref> identify '''key constructs''' or '''mobile concepts''' of sustainability in a context of coastal management surrounded by professional coastal practitioners. In this analysis, '''sustainability becomes a guiding principle''' that may be viewed as a dominant paradigm, and may represent both the aim of coastal management plans and the means by which success is measured.<br />
<br />
==Sustainable development indicators==<br />
<br />
Regarding the definition and the scope of '''indicators''', see the '''Coastal Wiki''' [[indicators]] page.<br />
<br />
Many works have been conducted by international organizations as well as by national agencies and governments in order to elaborate national sustainable development strategies. The aim has been to elaborate incentive tools for considering the multidimensional nature of sustainable development and for assessing related progress [https://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=25 (Rey-Valette et al. (2007))] <ref>Rey-Valette, H.; Damart, S. and Roussel, S., "A multicriteria participation-based methodology for selecting sustainable development indicators: an incentive tool for concerted decision making beyond the diagnosis framework", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 122-138</ref>.<br />
<br />
The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development led the way by implementing a work programme in April 1995 resulting in a first list of 134 indicators in 1996. After being tested in 22 countries in 2000, this list was reduced down to 59 so-called basic indicators for which a methodological guide was published in September 2001. From 1998, the OECD adopted the same approach based on an initial extensive list and several meetings among scientific experts until 2003, when a list of 69 reference indicators was published. EUROSTAT has employed a similar approach: a first test concerning the 134 United Nations indicators was carried out in 1997, and was then followed by the publication of list of a 69 indicators derived from basic United Nations indicators. After the Göteborg summit held in June 2001, a specific task-force resulted in a prioritized system consisting of 155 indicators which were validated in 2005: 12 so-called main indicators were to be used by high-ranking decision makers and a large public, 45 strategic indicators were related to sub-subjects, and finally, 98 so-called analytic indicators represented the various processes ('''Zuitnen (2004)''' <ref>Zuintnen, N. (2004), "Indicateurs pour un développement durable : aspects méthodologiques et développements en cours", Working Paper No. 4-04 of the Bureau Fédéral du Plan, Brussels, Belgium.</ref>, '''EUROSTAT (2005)''' <ref>EUROSTAT (2005), "Measuring progress towards a more sustainable Europe, sustainable development indicators for the European Union", Luxembourg: Office for official publications of the European Communities.</ref>).<br />
<br />
Although indicators were initially elaborated from the sustainable development pillars (environmental, economic, social, and institutional issues), the '''interactions between these pillars are mostly favored by issues''', thus enabling the introduction of values and priorities of relevant populations. The European Union has thus recently drawn up guidelines and indicators concerning sustainable development whilst taking into account issues at stake ('''EUROSTAT (2005)'''). The aim is to integrate knowledge and create transversal bridges in order to link pillars and to encourage commitment of the people.<br />
<br />
After their initial development at an international level, where sustainable development indicators essentially ensure a normative and educational function, these approaches were progressively implemented at other levels. They were then employed at national and local levels, where they were used for implementing sustainable management and decision support principles for managers. It is verified that interactions existing between the different pillars of sustainable development are best taken into account at a local scale where positive synergies between these dimensions are expressed most accurately.<br />
<br />
==Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) indicators==<br />
<br />
Sustainability indicators cover different areas of sustainable development. With regards to Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), sets of indicators have been developed both for measuring the sustainability of coastal zone development and the implementation of ICZM policies.<br />
'''In May 2002, the Recommendation concerning the implementation of an integrated management of coastal zones in Europe (ICZM)''' was approved by the<br />
European Parliament and the Council. Member States were requested to report to the Commission about the experience gained with its implementation.<br />
The European ICZM expert group, at that time composed of all 20 coastal member States and two candidate States, recognized the importance of indicators. Their '''indicators and data''' working group '''(WG-ID)''' led by the European Topic Centre Landuse and Spatial Information ETC_LUSI, proposed in 2003 the Member States and candidate Countries to employ '''two sets of indicators:'<br />
<br />
<br />
# An indicator set to measure the progress of implementation of ICZM '''(progress indicators)'''.<br />
# A core set of 27 indicators (composed of 44 measures) to measure sustainable development of the coastal zone '''(sustainability indicators).'''<br />
<br />
<br />
The indicators are divided into seven groups according to the seven goals of the EU ICZM Recommendation. Taken together, the indicators in each group will help the European Commission, Member States and coastal partnerships monitor progress towards '''achieving the goals for coastal sustainability''' set out in the EU Recommendation.<br />
<br />
[[image:Table 1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
===Indicator assessment===<br />
<br />
Since 2004 both sets of indicators are further tested. ''Regional'' testing of the core set of 27 SD indicators started with the initiative of [http://www.sailcoast.eu/ SAIL], The resulting report, an indicator based evaluation of sustainable development in the coastal zone of the Southern North Sea [http://www.vliz.be/vmdcdata/IMIS2/ref.php?show=html&refid=105200/ Lescrauwaet, A.-K.et al. (Ed.) (2006a)] <ref>Lescrauwaet, A.-K. et al. (Ed.) (2006). State of the coast of the Southern North Sea: an indicators-based approach to evaluating sustainable development in the coastal zone of the Southern North Sea . VLIZ Special Publication, 36. Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ): Oostende, Belgium. 140 pp. ISBN 90-810081-1-0.</ref> was welcomed by the Member States ICZM experts and lead to further ''national'' testing for the Dutch coast. The report on EU sustainable indicators for coastal zones in The Netherlands: a first inventory [http://www.vliz.be/nl/zeecijfers/Zeecijfers_RIKZ_rapport Lescrauwaet,A.-K. et al.(2006b)] <ref>Lescrauwaet,A.-K.et al. (2006). Europese duurzaamheidsindicatoren voor kustgebieden in Nederland: een eerste inventarisatie {European sustainability indicators for coastal zones in The Netherlands: a first inventory]. VLIZ special publication 31.Vlaams instituut voor de Zee (VLIZ): Oostende, België 128 pp. ISBN 90-81008-14-5 </ref> proves the feasibility of data assimilation for EU SD indicators at national level. <br />
In both publications is described per indicator what the measurement shows, why monitoring is needed and what are the implications for planning and managing the coast. <br />
The [http://www.deduce.eu/ DEDUCE] project (INTERREG IIIC - South) 2005-2007 is now further testing the methodological framework and in the [http://www.spicosa.eu/ SPICOSA] project (FP6) 2007-2011 integrated approaches to assess regional sustainability of coastal zones are undertaken.<br />
A technical report on the application of the sets of indicators based on the national reprorts further to the EU ICZM Recommendation has been presented by the working group on Indicators<ref> Report on the use of the ICZM indicators from the WG- ID, September 2006; http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2007/com2007_0308en01.pdf </ref>. The Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in Europe stated that the "economic and social parameters were underepresented" and asks that "all three principles of sustainability have to be considered in a balanced way.." <ref>Evaluation (2006). "Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Managemenin Europe". Final Report, 18. August 2006. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/pdf/evaluation_iczm_report.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
The role of the present EU sustainability indicators for coastal zones is still subject for further research and dialogue. <br />
Present challenges are to:<br />
<br />
* Investigate data-model integration possibilities in order to develop a set of sustainability indicators suitable for outlook reports. <br />
* Link to priority issues at regional and local level through stakeholders meetings.<br />
* Integrate with evaluation criteria of European legislation like Water Framework Directive and the Birds and Habitats Directives and coming EU regulations. <br />
* Use innovative studies on coastal science-policy processes to define next steps. <br />
* Discuss the application in ENCORA Theme 1.<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{author<br />
|AuthorID=14680<br />
|AuthorFullName=Roussel, Sébastien<br />
|AuthorName=Roussel}}<br />
[[Category:Theme_1]]<br />
[[Category:Tools & Methodologies]]</div>Rousselhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_indicators&diff=12877Sustainability indicators2007-10-29T14:27:06Z<p>Roussel: /* Sustainable development indicators */</p>
<hr />
<div>==The sustainability concept==<br />
<br />
The concept of sustainability gathers together the various elements contributing to a human life support system on Earth and follows the seminal approach established by the '''Brundtland report on sustainable development''' [http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares42-187.htm (WCED (1987))] <ref>World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (1987), "Our common future", Oxford University Press, Oxford.</ref>. Traditionally, sustainability is associated with criteria such as efficiency or equity from an economic viewpoint and deals with intragenerational and intergenerational issues. Nevertheless, this concept is difficult to seize and ambiguities arise [https://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=25 (Roussel et al. (2007))] <ref>Roussel, S.; Crinquant, N. and Bourdat, E. (2007), "In search of coastal zone sustainability by means of social carrying capacity indicators construction: lessons learned from the Thau lagoon case study (Région Languedoc-Roussillon, France)", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 175-194.</ref>.<br />
<br />
Sustainable development and therefore sustainability are linked not only by the three-way relationship between the '''environmental, economic, and social pillars''' but also by the '''institutional dimension''' of sustainable development. Prominent interactions exist respectively between the environmental and economic dimensions regarding viability and between the economic and social dimensions denoting equity. Furthermore, the distinction is conventionally made between ''weak'' sustainability as opposed to ''strong'' sustainability, allowing for a description of different types of capital and a total stock perspective. These types are natural capital, manufactured capital, human capital, social capital, and their substitutability determines the position held between '''weak''' sustainability and '''strong''' sustainability.<br />
<br />
The Brundtland report and Agenda 21 identify the need for sustainable development within the coastal zone. '''Gallagher et al. (2004)''' <ref>Gallagher, A.; Johnson, D.; Glegg, G. and Trier, C. (2004), "Construct of sustainability in coastal zone management", ''Marine Policy'', 28: 249-255.</ref> identify '''key constructs''' or '''mobile concepts''' of sustainability in a context of coastal management surrounded by professional coastal practitioners. In this analysis, '''sustainability becomes a guiding principle''' that may be viewed as a dominant paradigm, and may represent both the aim of coastal management plans and the means by which success is measured.<br />
<br />
==Sustainable development indicators==<br />
<br />
Regarding the definition and the scope of '''indicators''', see the '''Coastal Wiki''' [[indicators]] page.<br />
<br />
Many works have been conducted by international organizations as well as by national agencies and governments in order to elaborate national sustainable development strategies. The aim has been to elaborate incentive tools for considering the multidimensional nature of sustainable development and for assessing related progress [https://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=25 (Rey-Valette et al. (2007))] <ref>Rey-Valette, H.; Damart, S. and Roussel, S., "A multicriteria participation-based methodology for selecting sustainable development indicators: an incentive tool for concerted decision making beyond the diagnosis framework", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 122-138</ref>.<br />
<br />
The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development led the way by implementing a work programme in April 1995 resulting in a first list of 134 indicators in 1996. After being tested in 22 countries in 2000, this list was reduced down to 59 so-called basic indicators for which a methodological guide was published in September 2001. From 1998, the OECD adopted the same approach based on an initial extensive list and several meetings among scientific experts until 2003, when a list of 69 reference indicators was published. EUROSTAT has employed a similar approach: a first test concerning the 134 United Nations indicators was carried out in 1997, and was then followed by the publication of list of a 69 indicators derived from basic United Nations indicators. After the Göteborg summit held in June 2001, a specific task-force resulted in a prioritized system consisting of 155 indicators which were validated in 2005: 12 so-called main indicators were to be used by high-ranking decision makers and a large public, 45 strategic indicators were related to sub-subjects, and finally, 98 so-called analytic indicators represented the various processes ('''Zuitnen (2004)''' <ref>Zuintnen, N. (2004), "Indicateurs pour un développement durable : aspects méthodologiques et développements en cours", Working Paper No. 4-04 of the Bureau Fédéral du Plan, Brussels, Belgium.</ref>, '''EUROSTAT (2005)''' <ref>EUROSTAT (2005), "Measuring progress towards a more sustainable Europe, sustainable development indicators for the European Union", Luxembourg: Office for official publications of the European Communities.</ref>).<br />
<br />
Although indicators were initially elaborated from the sustainable development pillars (environmental, economic, social, and institutional issues), the '''interactions between these pillars are mostly favored by inputs per issue''', thus enabling the introduction of values and priorities of relevant populations. The European Union has thus recently drawn up guidelines and indicators concerning sustainable development whilst taking into account issues at stake ('''EUROSTAT (2005)'''). The aim is to integrate knowledge and create transversal bridges in order to link pillars and to encourage commitment of the people.<br />
<br />
After their initial development at an international level, where sustainable development indicators essentially ensure a normative and educational function, these approaches were progressively implemented at other levels. They were then employed at national and local levels, where they were used for implementing sustainable management and decision support principles for managers. It is verified that interactions existing between the different pillars of sustainable development are best taken into account at a local scale where positive synergies between these dimensions are expressed most accurately.<br />
<br />
==Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) indicators==<br />
<br />
Sustainability indicators cover different areas of sustainable development. With regards to Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), sets of indicators have been developed both for measuring the sustainability of coastal zone development and the implementation of ICZM policies.<br />
'''In May 2002, the Recommendation concerning the implementation of an integrated management of coastal zones in Europe (ICZM)''' was approved by the<br />
European Parliament and the Council. Member States were requested to report to the Commission about the experience gained with its implementation.<br />
The European ICZM expert group, at that time composed of all 20 coastal member States and two candidate States, recognized the importance of indicators. Their '''indicators and data''' working group '''(WG-ID)''' led by the European Topic Centre Landuse and Spatial Information ETC_LUSI, proposed in 2003 the Member States and candidate Countries to employ '''two sets of indicators:'<br />
<br />
<br />
# An indicator set to measure the progress of implementation of ICZM '''(progress indicators)'''.<br />
# A core set of 27 indicators (composed of 44 measures) to measure sustainable development of the coastal zone '''(sustainability indicators).'''<br />
<br />
<br />
The indicators are divided into seven groups according to the seven goals of the EU ICZM Recommendation. Taken together, the indicators in each group will help the European Commission, Member States and coastal partnerships monitor progress towards '''achieving the goals for coastal sustainability''' set out in the EU Recommendation.<br />
<br />
[[image:Table 1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
===Indicator assessment===<br />
<br />
Since 2004 both sets of indicators are further tested. ''Regional'' testing of the core set of 27 SD indicators started with the initiative of [http://www.sailcoast.eu/ SAIL], The resulting report, an indicator based evaluation of sustainable development in the coastal zone of the Southern North Sea [http://www.vliz.be/vmdcdata/IMIS2/ref.php?show=html&refid=105200/ Lescrauwaet, A.-K.et al. (Ed.) (2006a)] <ref>Lescrauwaet, A.-K. et al. (Ed.) (2006). State of the coast of the Southern North Sea: an indicators-based approach to evaluating sustainable development in the coastal zone of the Southern North Sea . VLIZ Special Publication, 36. Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ): Oostende, Belgium. 140 pp. ISBN 90-810081-1-0.</ref> was welcomed by the Member States ICZM experts and lead to further ''national'' testing for the Dutch coast. The report on EU sustainable indicators for coastal zones in The Netherlands: a first inventory [http://www.vliz.be/nl/zeecijfers/Zeecijfers_RIKZ_rapport Lescrauwaet,A.-K. et al.(2006b)] <ref>Lescrauwaet,A.-K.et al. (2006). Europese duurzaamheidsindicatoren voor kustgebieden in Nederland: een eerste inventarisatie {European sustainability indicators for coastal zones in The Netherlands: a first inventory]. VLIZ special publication 31.Vlaams instituut voor de Zee (VLIZ): Oostende, België 128 pp. ISBN 90-81008-14-5 </ref> proves the feasibility of data assimilation for EU SD indicators at national level. <br />
In both publications is described per indicator what the measurement shows, why monitoring is needed and what are the implications for planning and managing the coast. <br />
The [http://www.deduce.eu/ DEDUCE] project (INTERREG IIIC - South) 2005-2007 is now further testing the methodological framework and in the [http://www.spicosa.eu/ SPICOSA] project (FP6) 2007-2011 integrated approaches to assess regional sustainability of coastal zones are undertaken.<br />
A technical report on the application of the sets of indicators based on the national reprorts further to the EU ICZM Recommendation has been presented by the working group on Indicators<ref> Report on the use of the ICZM indicators from the WG- ID, September 2006; http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2007/com2007_0308en01.pdf </ref>. The Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in Europe stated that the "economic and social parameters were underepresented" and asks that "all three principles of sustainability have to be considered in a balanced way.." <ref>Evaluation (2006). "Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Managemenin Europe". Final Report, 18. August 2006. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/pdf/evaluation_iczm_report.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
The role of the present EU sustainability indicators for coastal zones is still subject for further research and dialogue. <br />
Present challenges are to:<br />
<br />
* Investigate data-model integration possibilities in order to develop a set of sustainability indicators suitable for outlook reports. <br />
* Link to priority issues at regional and local level through stakeholders meetings.<br />
* Integrate with evaluation criteria of European legislation like Water Framework Directive and the Birds and Habitats Directives and coming EU regulations. <br />
* Use innovative studies on coastal science-policy processes to define next steps. <br />
* Discuss the application in ENCORA Theme 1.<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{author<br />
|AuthorID=14680<br />
|AuthorFullName=Roussel, Sébastien<br />
|AuthorName=Roussel}}<br />
[[Category:Theme_1]]<br />
[[Category:Tools & Methodologies]]</div>Rousselhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Stakeholder_analysis&diff=12876Stakeholder analysis2007-10-29T14:25:12Z<p>Roussel: /* What do we mean by stakeholder ? */</p>
<hr />
<div>==What do we mean by stakeholder ?==<br />
<br />
A '''stakeholder''' is an individual or an institution who can be positively or negatively impacted by, or cause an impact on the success of a project or a planning process. When an Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) process is launched, this requires the involvement of any relevant institutions that have stakes regarding the issues underlying the ICZM process. This allows concerted actions and participation for the decision-making process in public policies, allowing that the decisions are shared and taken in an interactive manner enhancing their acceptability in a long-term view.<br />
<br />
Stakeholders can be classified into '''public and private stakeholders'''. Public stakeholders refer to public representatives at the municipal level (mayor, municipal council, etc.), the regional level (environmental department, etc.), the national level (State, ministry, etc.) and the international level (an international body as the FAO, OECD, UNEP, etc.), whereas private stakeholders refer to the sectoral level (tourism, fisheries, etc.) or the citizen level (a local resident organisation, a leisure / sport society, etc.). <br />
<br />
The word '''Actor''' can sometimes be used in the same way as '''Stakeholder'''.<br />
<br />
For other insights in the '''Coastal Wiki''', see also [[stakeholders]].<br />
<br />
==Tools for stakeholder analysis==<br />
<br />
Many (computer) tools exist, aimed at involving [[stakeholders]] in the decision-making process. A rough distinction can be made between qualitative and quantitative tools. Quantitative tools include Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) tools, which allow stakeholders to assign weights to certain variables and indicators. These tools are designed for well-defined, structured problems. However, in practice stakeholder consensus on the problem structure is usually lacking. Then, how to determine an appropriate set of variables and indicators? At this point, qualitative tools can be helpful. <br />
<br />
===The Quasta tool===<br />
Aim of this article is to explore the practical opportunities for the new so-called Quasta approach. The Quasta approach uses a qualitative tool in order to structure complex problems in a group setting. The tool is based on a combination of Cognitive Mapping and Qualitative Probabilistic Networks. For more technical information see the [http://ssrn.com/abstract=987006 full paper]. This paper discusses Quasta as an interactive problem structuring tool, that can be used to involve [[stakeholders]] in Integrated Coastal Zone Management. The Quasta tool comprehends a new type of computer system which is quite simple and flexible as well. Quasta allows ''scenario exploration'' with simple ''cause-and-effect diagrams''. [[Image:CognitiveMap.jpg|thumb|right|Figure 1. An example Cognitive Map. Regular arrows represent positive inluences, an arrow with a circle on its tip represents a negative influence.]]. In Figure 1 a simple Cognitive Map is shown, which captures some of the issues which are typical for the densely populated catchment areas in the Netherlands. Climate change may result in sea level rise and extreme rainfall. Both may lead to high peak water levels in rivers, which may harm the safety in the catchment areas (because of risk of flooding). To prevent this, the government may propose some commissioned areas which, in case of high water levels, are designated to flood. This may reduce the peak levels of the rivers and may therefore improve the safety of the catchment area as a whole. However, this measure would imply that inhabitants of these areas should move out; the spatial pressure, which is already very high in the Netherlands, would increase. Quasta allows such scenario analyses; directions can be given for the concepts in the diagrams (for instance: more safety in the catchment areas), and then Quasta explores scenarios which are ''consistent'' with these directions. By asking [[stakeholders]] for concepts, relationships and directions of change, Quasta can be used as a deliberation tool.<br />
<br />
===Testing Quasta===<br />
The tool is tested in two workshops in which various coastal management issues were discussed. The first workshop took place in September 2006 in Concepción, Chile. The symposium was organised by the [http://www.censor.name/pagev2/news/news-single-view/article/1/censor-pasarelas-symposium-workshop.html?cHash=f7ab6f69bb CENSOR INCO-project] ('Climate variability and El Niño Southern Oscillation: Implications for Natural Coastal Resources and Management') in combination with the Pasarelas project, which is about 'Interface Tools for Multi-stakeholder Knowledge Partnerships for the Sustainable Management of Marine Resources and Coastal Zones'. In the workshop 11 persons participated, from various backgrounds (scientists, executives from governmental departments in Peru and Chile, people from local fishing communities, etc.). The language was Spanish and the topic of discussion was restricted management areas for fisheries. The second workshop was part of the project 'Sustainable living in the Dutch coastal zone', which was an exploratory project about the Dutch coastal zone in 2080. Eight persons participated in this workshop, which was held in October 2006, in Delft, The Netherlands. The group of participants included researchers, consultants and policymakers. The language was Dutch and the topic of discussion was living in the Dutch coastal zone in 2080. This scenario was discussed with respect to the themes 'land use', 'economy', 'safety', 'energy', 'technology & innovation' and 'institutional aspects'.<br />
<br />
===Conclusions===<br />
Evaluations of these workshops show that (1) this system helps stakeholders to make them aware of causal relationships, (2) it is useful for a qualitative exploration of scenarios, (3) it identifies the quantitative knowledge gaps of the problem being discussed and (4) the treshold for non-technicians to use this tool is quite low. As such, these first results seem promising. In order to make Quasta most useful, it is recommended to do further research on the methodology and last but not least to have more practical applications. <br />
<br />
{{author<br />
|AuthorID=14680<br />
|AuthorFullName=Roussel, Sébastien<br />
|AuthorName=Roussel}}<br />
[[Category:Theme_1]]<br />
[[Category:Tools & Methodologies]]<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
|AuthorID=14626 <br />
|AuthorFullName=van Kouwen, Frank<br />
|AuthorName=Fakouwen}}<br />
<br />
[[Category:Theme_1]]<br />
[[Category:Tools & Methodologies]]</div>Rousselhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_indicators&diff=12875Sustainability indicators2007-10-29T14:21:40Z<p>Roussel: </p>
<hr />
<div>==The sustainability concept==<br />
<br />
The concept of sustainability gathers together the various elements contributing to a human life support system on Earth and follows the seminal approach established by the '''Brundtland report on sustainable development''' [http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares42-187.htm (WCED (1987))] <ref>World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (1987), "Our common future", Oxford University Press, Oxford.</ref>. Traditionally, sustainability is associated with criteria such as efficiency or equity from an economic viewpoint and deals with intragenerational and intergenerational issues. Nevertheless, this concept is difficult to seize and ambiguities arise [https://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=25 (Roussel et al. (2007))] <ref>Roussel, S.; Crinquant, N. and Bourdat, E. (2007), "In search of coastal zone sustainability by means of social carrying capacity indicators construction: lessons learned from the Thau lagoon case study (Région Languedoc-Roussillon, France)", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 175-194.</ref>.<br />
<br />
Sustainable development and therefore sustainability are linked not only by the three-way relationship between the '''environmental, economic, and social pillars''' but also by the '''institutional dimension''' of sustainable development. Prominent interactions exist respectively between the environmental and economic dimensions regarding viability and between the economic and social dimensions denoting equity. Furthermore, the distinction is conventionally made between ''weak'' sustainability as opposed to ''strong'' sustainability, allowing for a description of different types of capital and a total stock perspective. These types are natural capital, manufactured capital, human capital, social capital, and their substitutability determines the position held between '''weak''' sustainability and '''strong''' sustainability.<br />
<br />
The Brundtland report and Agenda 21 identify the need for sustainable development within the coastal zone. '''Gallagher et al. (2004)''' <ref>Gallagher, A.; Johnson, D.; Glegg, G. and Trier, C. (2004), "Construct of sustainability in coastal zone management", ''Marine Policy'', 28: 249-255.</ref> identify '''key constructs''' or '''mobile concepts''' of sustainability in a context of coastal management surrounded by professional coastal practitioners. In this analysis, '''sustainability becomes a guiding principle''' that may be viewed as a dominant paradigm, and may represent both the aim of coastal management plans and the means by which success is measured.<br />
<br />
==Sustainable development indicators==<br />
<br />
Regarding the definition and the scope of '''indicators''', see the '''Coastal Wiki''' [[indicators]] page.<br />
<br />
Many works have been conducted by international organizations as well as by national agencies and governments in order to elaborate national sustainable development strategies. The aim has been to elaborate incentive tools for considering the multidimensional nature of sustainable development and for assessing related progress [https://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=25 (Rey-Valette et al. (2007))] <ref>Rey-Valette, H.; Damart, S. and Roussel, S., "A multicriteria participation-based methodology for selecting sustainable development indicators: an incentive tool for concerted decision making beyond the diagnosis framework", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 122-138</ref>.<br />
<br />
The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development led the way by implementing a work programme in April 1995 resulting in a first list of 134 indicators in 1996. After being tested in 22 countries in 2000, this list was reduced down to 59 so-called basic indicators for which a methodological guide was published in September 2001. From 1998, the OECD adopted the same approach based on an initial extensive list and several meetings among scientific experts until 2003, when a list of 69 reference indicators was published. EUROSTAT has employed a similar approach: a first test concerning the 134 United Nations indicators was carried out in 1997, and was then followed by the publication of list of a 69 indicators derived from basic United Nations indicators. After the Göteborg summit held in June 2001, a specific task-force resulted in a prioritized system consisting of 155 indicators which were validated in 2005: 12 so-called main indicators were to be used by high-ranking decision makers and a large public, 45 strategic indicators were related to sub-subjects, and finally, 98 so-called analytic indicators represented the various processes ('''Zuitnen (2004)''' <ref>Zuintnen, N. (2004), "Indicateurs pour un développement durable : aspects méthodologiques et développements en cours", Working Paper No. 4-04 of the Bureau Fédéral du Plan, Brussels, Belgium.</ref>, '''EUROSTAT (2005)''' <ref>EUROSTAT (2005), "Measuring progress towards a more sustainable Europe, sustainable development indicators for the European Union", Luxembourg: Office for official publications of the European Communities.</ref>).<br />
<br />
Although indicators were initially elaborated from the sustainable development pillars (environmental, economic, social, and institutional issues), the '''interactions between these pillars are mostly favored by on one input per issue''', thus enabling the introduction of values and priorities of relevant populations. The European Union has thus recently drawn up guidelines and indicators concerning sustainable development whilst taking into account issues at stake ('''EUROSTAT (2005)'''). The aim is to integrate knowledge and create transversal bridges in order to link pillars and to encourage commitment of the people.<br />
<br />
After their initial development at an international level, where sustainable development indicators essentially ensure a normative and educational function, these approaches were progressively implemented at other levels. They were then employed at national and local levels, where they were used for implementing sustainable management and decision support principles for managers. It is verified that interactions existing between the different pillars of sustainable development are best taken into account at a local scale where positive synergies between these dimensions are expressed most accurately. <br />
<br />
==Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) indicators==<br />
<br />
Sustainability indicators cover different areas of sustainable development. With regards to Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), sets of indicators have been developed both for measuring the sustainability of coastal zone development and the implementation of ICZM policies.<br />
'''In May 2002, the Recommendation concerning the implementation of an integrated management of coastal zones in Europe (ICZM)''' was approved by the<br />
European Parliament and the Council. Member States were requested to report to the Commission about the experience gained with its implementation.<br />
The European ICZM expert group, at that time composed of all 20 coastal member States and two candidate States, recognized the importance of indicators. Their '''indicators and data''' working group '''(WG-ID)''' led by the European Topic Centre Landuse and Spatial Information ETC_LUSI, proposed in 2003 the Member States and candidate Countries to employ '''two sets of indicators:'<br />
<br />
<br />
# An indicator set to measure the progress of implementation of ICZM '''(progress indicators)'''.<br />
# A core set of 27 indicators (composed of 44 measures) to measure sustainable development of the coastal zone '''(sustainability indicators).'''<br />
<br />
<br />
The indicators are divided into seven groups according to the seven goals of the EU ICZM Recommendation. Taken together, the indicators in each group will help the European Commission, Member States and coastal partnerships monitor progress towards '''achieving the goals for coastal sustainability''' set out in the EU Recommendation.<br />
<br />
[[image:Table 1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
===Indicator assessment===<br />
<br />
Since 2004 both sets of indicators are further tested. ''Regional'' testing of the core set of 27 SD indicators started with the initiative of [http://www.sailcoast.eu/ SAIL], The resulting report, an indicator based evaluation of sustainable development in the coastal zone of the Southern North Sea [http://www.vliz.be/vmdcdata/IMIS2/ref.php?show=html&refid=105200/ Lescrauwaet, A.-K.et al. (Ed.) (2006a)] <ref>Lescrauwaet, A.-K. et al. (Ed.) (2006). State of the coast of the Southern North Sea: an indicators-based approach to evaluating sustainable development in the coastal zone of the Southern North Sea . VLIZ Special Publication, 36. Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ): Oostende, Belgium. 140 pp. ISBN 90-810081-1-0.</ref> was welcomed by the Member States ICZM experts and lead to further ''national'' testing for the Dutch coast. The report on EU sustainable indicators for coastal zones in The Netherlands: a first inventory [http://www.vliz.be/nl/zeecijfers/Zeecijfers_RIKZ_rapport Lescrauwaet,A.-K. et al.(2006b)] <ref>Lescrauwaet,A.-K.et al. (2006). Europese duurzaamheidsindicatoren voor kustgebieden in Nederland: een eerste inventarisatie {European sustainability indicators for coastal zones in The Netherlands: a first inventory]. VLIZ special publication 31.Vlaams instituut voor de Zee (VLIZ): Oostende, België 128 pp. ISBN 90-81008-14-5 </ref> proves the feasibility of data assimilation for EU SD indicators at national level. <br />
In both publications is described per indicator what the measurement shows, why monitoring is needed and what are the implications for planning and managing the coast. <br />
The [http://www.deduce.eu/ DEDUCE] project (INTERREG IIIC - South) 2005-2007 is now further testing the methodological framework and in the [http://www.spicosa.eu/ SPICOSA] project (FP6) 2007-2011 integrated approaches to assess regional sustainability of coastal zones are undertaken.<br />
A technical report on the application of the sets of indicators based on the national reprorts further to the EU ICZM Recommendation has been presented by the working group on Indicators<ref> Report on the use of the ICZM indicators from the WG- ID, September 2006; http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2007/com2007_0308en01.pdf </ref>. The Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in Europe stated that the "economic and social parameters were underepresented" and asks that "all three principles of sustainability have to be considered in a balanced way.." <ref>Evaluation (2006). "Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Managemenin Europe". Final Report, 18. August 2006. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/pdf/evaluation_iczm_report.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
The role of the present EU sustainability indicators for coastal zones is still subject for further research and dialogue. <br />
Present challenges are to:<br />
<br />
* Investigate data-model integration possibilities in order to develop a set of sustainability indicators suitable for outlook reports. <br />
* Link to priority issues at regional and local level through stakeholders meetings.<br />
* Integrate with evaluation criteria of European legislation like Water Framework Directive and the Birds and Habitats Directives and coming EU regulations. <br />
* Use innovative studies on coastal science-policy processes to define next steps. <br />
* Discuss the application in ENCORA Theme 1.<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{author<br />
|AuthorID=14680<br />
|AuthorFullName=Roussel, Sébastien<br />
|AuthorName=Roussel}}<br />
[[Category:Theme_1]]<br />
[[Category:Tools & Methodologies]]</div>Rousselhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_indicators&diff=12874Sustainability indicators2007-10-29T14:20:40Z<p>Roussel: </p>
<hr />
<div>==The sustainability concept==<br />
<br />
The concept of sustainability gathers together the various elements contributing to a human life support system on Earth and follows the seminal approach established by the '''Brundtland report on sustainable development''' [http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares42-187.htm (WCED (1987))] <ref>World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (1987), "Our common future", Oxford University Press, Oxford.</ref>. Traditionally, sustainability is associated with criteria such as efficiency or equity from an economic viewpoint and deals with intragenerational and intergenerational issues. Nevertheless, this concept is difficult to seize and ambiguities arise [https://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=25 (Roussel et al. (2007))] <ref>Roussel, S.; Crinquant, N. and Bourdat, E. (2007), "In search of coastal zone sustainability by means of social carrying capacity indicators construction: lessons learned from the Thau lagoon case study (Région Languedoc-Roussillon, France)", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 175-194.</ref>.<br />
<br />
Sustainable development and therefore sustainability are linked not only by the three-way relationship between the '''environmental, economic, and social pillars''' but also by the '''institutional dimension''' of sustainable development. Prominent interactions exist respectively between the environmental and economic dimensions regarding viability and between the economic and social dimensions denoting equity. Furthermore, the distinction is conventionally made between ''weak'' sustainability as opposed to ''strong'' sustainability, allowing for a description of different types of capital and a total stock perspective. These types are natural capital, manufactured capital, human capital, social capital, and their substitutability determines the position held between '''weak''' sustainability and '''strong''' sustainability.<br />
<br />
The Brundtland report and Agenda 21 identify the need for sustainable development within the coastal zone. '''Gallagher et al. (2004)''' <ref>Gallagher, A.; Johnson, D.; Glegg, G. and Trier, C. (2004), "Construct of sustainability in coastal zone management", ''Marine Policy'', 28: 249-255.</ref> identify '''key constructs''' or '''mobile concepts''' of sustainability in a context of coastal management surrounded by professional coastal practitioners. In this analysis, '''sustainability becomes a guiding principle''' that may be viewed as a dominant paradigm, and may represent both the aim of coastal management plans and the means by which success is measured.<br />
<br />
==Sustainable development indicators==<br />
<br />
Regarding the definition and the scope of '''indicators''', see the '''Coastal Wiki''' [[indicators]] page.<br />
<br />
Many works have been conducted by international organizations as well as by national agencies and governments in order to elaborate national sustainable development strategies. The aim has been to elaborate incentive tools for considering the multidimensional nature of sustainable development and for assessing related progress [https://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=25 (Rey-Valette et al. (2007))] <ref>Rey-Valette, H.; Damart, S. and Roussel, S., "A multicriteria participation-based methodology for selecting sustainable development indicators: an incentive tool for concerted decision making beyond the diagnosis framework", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 122-138</ref>.<br />
<br />
The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development led the way by implementing a work programme in April 1995 resulting in a first list of 134 indicators in 1996. After being tested in 22 countries in 2000, this list was reduced down to 59 so-called basic indicators for which a methodological guide was published in September 2001. From 1998, the OECD adopted the same approach based on an initial extensive list and several meetings among scientific experts until 2003, when a list of 69 reference indicators was published. EUROSTAT has employed a similar approach: a first test concerning the 134 United Nations indicators was carried out in 1997, and was then followed by the publication of list of a 69 indicators derived from basic United Nations indicators. After the Göteborg summit held in June 2001, a specific task-force resulted in a prioritized system consisting of 155 indicators which were validated in 2005: 12 so-called main indicators were to be used by high-ranking decision makers and a large public, 45 strategic indicators were related to sub-subjects, and finally, 98 so-called analytic indicators represented the various processes ('''Zuitnen (2004)''' <ref>Zuintnen, N. (2004), "Indicateurs pour un développement durable : aspects méthodologiques et développements en cours", Working Paper No. 4-04 of the Bureau Fédéral du Plan, Brussels, Belgium.</ref>, '''EUROSTAT (2005)''' <ref>EUROSTAT (2005), "Measuring progress towards a more sustainable Europe, sustainable development indicators for the European Union", Luxembourg: Office for official publications of the European Communities.</ref>).<br />
<br />
Although indicators were initially elaborated from the sustainable development pillars (environmental, economic, social, and institutional issues), the '''interactions between these pillars are mostly favored by on one input per issue''', thus enabling the introduction of values and priorities of relevant populations. The European Union has thus recently drawn up guidelines and indicators concerning sustainable development whilst taking into account issues at stake ('''EUROSTAT (2005)'''). The aim is to integrate knowledge and create transversal bridges in order to link pillars and to encourage commitment of the people.<br />
<br />
After their initial development at an international level, where sustainable development indicators essentially ensure a normative and educational function, these approaches were progressively implemented at other levels. They were then employed at national and local levels, where they were used for implementing sustainable management and decision support principles for managers. It is verified that interactions existing between the different pillars of sustainable development are best taken into account at a local scale where positive synergies between these dimensions are expressed most accurately. <br />
<br />
==Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) indicators==<br />
<br />
Sustainability indicators cover different areas of sustainable development. With regards to Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), sets of indicators have been developed both for measuring the sustainability of coastal zone development and the implementation of ICZM policies.<br />
'''In May 2002, the Recommendation concerning the implementation of an integrated management of coastal zones in Europe (ICZM)''' was approved by the<br />
European Parliament and the Council. Member States were requested to report to the Commission about the experience gained with its implementation.<br />
The European ICZM expert group, at that time composed of all 20 coastal member States and two candidate States, recognized the importance of indicators. Their '''indicators and data''' working group '''(WG-ID)''' led by the European Topic Centre Landuse and Spatial Information ETC_LUSI, proposed in 2003 the Member States and candidate Countries to employ '''two sets of indicators:'<br />
<br />
<br />
# An indicator set to measure the progress of implementation of ICZM '''(progress indicators)'''<br />
# A core set of 27 indicators (composed of 44 measures) to measure sustainable development of the coastal zone '''(sustainability indicators).'''<br />
<br />
<br />
The indicators are divided into seven groups according to the seven goals of the EU ICZM Recommendation. Taken together, the indicators in each group will help the European Commission, Member States and coastal partnerships monitor progress towards '''achieving the goals for coastal sustainability''' set out in the EU Recommendation.<br />
<br />
[[image:Table 1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
===Indicator assessment===<br />
<br />
Since 2004 both sets of indicators are further tested. ''Regional'' testing of the core set of 27 SD indicators started with the initiative of [http://www.sailcoast.eu/ SAIL], The resulting report, an indicator based evaluation of sustainable development in the coastal zone of the Southern North Sea [http://www.vliz.be/vmdcdata/IMIS2/ref.php?show=html&refid=105200/ Lescrauwaet, A.-K.et al. (Ed.) (2006a)] <ref>Lescrauwaet, A.-K. et al. (Ed.) (2006). State of the coast of the Southern North Sea: an indicators-based approach to evaluating sustainable development in the coastal zone of the Southern North Sea . VLIZ Special Publication, 36. Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ): Oostende, Belgium. 140 pp. ISBN 90-810081-1-0.</ref> was welcomed by the Member States ICZM experts and lead to further ''national'' testing for the Dutch coast. The report on EU sustainable indicators for coastal zones in The Netherlands: a first inventory [http://www.vliz.be/nl/zeecijfers/Zeecijfers_RIKZ_rapport Lescrauwaet,A.-K. et al.(2006b)] <ref>Lescrauwaet,A.-K.et al. (2006). Europese duurzaamheidsindicatoren voor kustgebieden in Nederland: een eerste inventarisatie {European sustainability indicators for coastal zones in The Netherlands: a first inventory]. VLIZ special publication 31.Vlaams instituut voor de Zee (VLIZ): Oostende, België 128 pp. ISBN 90-81008-14-5 </ref> proves the feasibility of data assimilation for EU SD indicators at national level. <br />
In both publications is described per indicator what the measurement shows, why monitoring is needed and what are the implications for planning and managing the coast. <br />
The [http://www.deduce.eu/ DEDUCE] project (INTERREG IIIC - South) 2005-2007 is now further testing the methodological framework and in the [http://www.spicosa.eu/ SPICOSA] project (FP6) 2007-2011 integrated approaches to assess regional sustainability of coastal zones are undertaken.<br />
A technical report on the application of the sets of indicators based on the national reprorts further to the EU ICZM Recommendation has been presented by the working group on Indicators<ref> Report on the use of the ICZM indicators from the WG- ID, September 2006; http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2007/com2007_0308en01.pdf </ref>. The Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in Europe stated that the "economic and social parameters were underepresented" and asks that "all three principles of sustainability have to be considered in a balanced way.." <ref>Evaluation (2006). "Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Managemenin Europe". Final Report, 18. August 2006. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/pdf/evaluation_iczm_report.pdf</ref><br />
<br />
The role of the present EU sustainability indicators for coastal zones is still subject for further research and dialogue. <br />
Present challenges are to:<br />
<br />
* Investigate data-model integration possibilities in order to develop a set of sustainability indicators suitable for outlook reports. <br />
* Link to priority issues at regional and local level through stakeholders meetings.<br />
* Integrate with evaluation criteria of European legislation like Water Framework Directive and the Birds and Habitats Directives and coming EU regulations. <br />
* Use innovative studies on coastal science-policy processes to define next steps. <br />
* Discuss the application in ENCORA Theme 1.<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{author<br />
|AuthorID=14680<br />
|AuthorFullName=Roussel, Sébastien<br />
|AuthorName=Roussel}}<br />
[[Category:Theme_1]]<br />
[[Category:Tools & Methodologies]]</div>Rousselhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_indicators&diff=12873Sustainability indicators2007-10-29T14:19:07Z<p>Roussel: </p>
<hr />
<div>==The sustainability concept==<br />
<br />
The concept of sustainability gathers together the various elements contributing to a human life support system on Earth and follows the seminal approach established by the '''Brundtland report on sustainable development''' [http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares42-187.htm (WCED (1987))] <ref>World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (1987), "Our common future", Oxford University Press, Oxford.</ref>. Traditionally, sustainability is associated with criteria such as efficiency or equity from an economic viewpoint and deals with intragenerational and intergenerational issues. Nevertheless, this concept is difficult to seize and ambiguities arise [https://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=25 (Roussel et al. (2007))] <ref>Roussel, S.; Crinquant, N. and Bourdat, E. (2007), "In search of coastal zone sustainability by means of social carrying capacity indicators construction: lessons learned from the Thau lagoon case study (Région Languedoc-Roussillon, France)", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 175-194.</ref>.<br />
<br />
Sustainable development and therefore sustainability are linked not only by the three-way relationship between the '''environmental, economic, and social pillars''' but also by the '''institutional dimension''' of sustainable development. Prominent interactions exist respectively between the environmental and economic dimensions regarding viability and between the economic and social dimensions denoting equity. Furthermore, the distinction is conventionally made between ''weak'' sustainability as opposed to ''strong'' sustainability, allowing for a description of different types of capital and a total stock perspective. These types are natural capital, manufactured capital, human capital, social capital, and their substitutability determines the position held between '''weak''' sustainability and '''strong''' sustainability.<br />
<br />
The Brundtland report and Agenda 21 identify the need for sustainable development within the coastal zone. '''Gallagher et al. (2004)''' <ref>Gallagher, A.; Johnson, D.; Glegg, G. and Trier, C. (2004), "Construct of sustainability in coastal zone management", ''Marine Policy'', 28: 249-255.</ref> identify '''key constructs''' or '''mobile concepts''' of sustainability in a context of coastal management surrounded by professional coastal practitioners. In this analysis, '''sustainability becomes a guiding principle''' that may be viewed as a dominant paradigm, and may represent both the aim of coastal management plans and the means by which success is measured.<br />
<br />
==Sustainable development indicators==<br />
<br />
Regarding the definition and the scope of '''indicators''', see the '''Coastal Wiki''' [[indicators]] page.<br />
<br />
Many works have been conducted by international organizations as well as by national agencies and governments in order to elaborate national sustainable development strategies. The aim has been to elaborate incentive tools for considering the multidimensional nature of sustainable development and for assessing related progress [https://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=25 (Rey-Valette et al. (2007))] <ref>Rey-Valette, H.; Damart, S. and Roussel, S., "A multicriteria participation-based methodology for selecting sustainable development indicators: an incentive tool for concerted decision making beyond the diagnosis framework", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 122-138</ref>.<br />
<br />
The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development led the way by implementing a work programme in April 1995 resulting in a first list of 134 indicators in 1996. After being tested in 22 countries in 2000, this list was reduced down to 59 so-called basic indicators for which a methodological guide was published in September 2001. From 1998, the OECD adopted the same approach based on an initial extensive list and several meetings among scientific experts until 2003, when a list of 69 reference indicators was published. EUROSTAT has employed a similar approach: a first test concerning the 134 United Nations indicators was carried out in 1997, and was then followed by the publication of list of a 69 indicators derived from basic United Nations indicators. After the Göteborg summit held in June 2001, a specific task-force resulted in a prioritized system consisting of 155 indicators which were validated in 2005: 12 so-called main indicators were to be used by high-ranking decision makers and a large public, 45 strategic indicators were related to sub-subjects, and finally, 98 so-called analytic indicators represented the various processes ('''Zuitnen (2004)''' <ref>Zuintnen, N. (2004), "Indicateurs pour un développement durable : aspects méthodologiques et développements en cours", Working Paper No. 4-04 of the Bureau Fédéral du Plan, Brussels, Belgium.</ref>, '''EUROSTAT (2005)''' <ref>EUROSTAT (2005), "Measuring progress towards a more sustainable Europe, sustainable development indicators for the European Union", Luxembourg: Office for official publications of the European Communities.</ref>).<br />
<br />
Although indicators were initially elaborated from the sustainable development pillars (environmental, economic, social, and institutional issues), the '''interactions between these pillars are mostly favored by on one input per issue''', thus enabling the introduction of values and priorities of relevant populations. The European Union has thus recently drawn up guidelines and indicators concerning sustainable development whilst taking into account issues at stake ('''EUROSTAT (2005)'''). The aim is to integrate knowledge and create transversal bridges in order to link pillars and to encourage commitment of the people.<br />
<br />
After their initial development at an international level, where sustainable development indicators essentially ensure a normative and educational function, these approaches were progressively implemented at other levels. They were then employed at national and local levels, where they were used for implementing sustainable management and decision support principles for managers. It is verified that interactions existing between the different pillars of sustainable development are best taken into account at a local scale where positive synergies between these dimensions are expressed most accurately. <br />
<br />
==Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) indicators==<br />
<br />
Sustainability indicators cover different areas of sustainable development. With regards to Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), sets of indicators have been developed both for measuring the sustainability of coastal zone development and the implementation of ICZM policies.<br />
'''In May 2002, the Recommendation concerning the implementation of an integrated management of coastal zones in Europe (ICZM)''' was approved by the<br />
European Parliament and the Council. Member States were requested to report to the Commission about the experience gained with its implementation.<br />
The European ICZM expert group, at that time composed of all 20 coastal member States and two candidate States, recognized the importance of indicators. Their '''indicators and data''' working group '''(WG-ID)''' led by the European Topic Centre Landuse and Spatial Information ETC_LUSI, proposed in 2003 the Member States and candidate Countries to employ '''two sets of indicators:'<br />
<br />
<br />
# An indicator set to measure the progress of implementation of ICZM '''(progress indicators)'''<br />
# A core set of 27 indicators (composed of 44 measures) to measure sustainable development of the coastal zone '''(sustainability indicators).'''<br />
<br />
<br />
The indicators are divided into seven groups according to the seven goals of the EU ICZM Recommendation. Taken together, the indicators in each group will help the European Commission, Member States and coastal partnerships monitor progress towards '''achieving the goals for coastal sustainability''' set out in the EU Recommendation.<br />
<br />
[[image:Table 1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
===Indicator assessment===<br />
<br />
Since 2004 both sets of indicators are further tested. ''Regional'' testing of the core set of 27 SD indicators started with the initiative of [http://www.sailcoast.eu/ SAIL], The resulting report, an indicator based evaluation of sustainable development in the coastal zone of the Southern North Sea [http://www.vliz.be/vmdcdata/IMIS2/ref.php?show=html&refid=105200/ Lescrauwaet, A.-K.et al. (Ed.) (2006a)] <ref>Lescrauwaet, A.-K. et al. (Ed.) (2006). State of the coast of the Southern North Sea: an indicators-based approach to evaluating sustainable development in the coastal zone of the Southern North Sea . VLIZ Special Publication, 36. Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ): Oostende, Belgium. 140 pp. ISBN 90-810081-1-0.</ref> was welcomed by the Member States ICZM experts and lead to further ''national'' testing for the Dutch coast. The report on EU sustainable indicators for coastal zones in The Netherlands: a first inventory [http://www.vliz.be/nl/zeecijfers/Zeecijfers_RIKZ_rapport Lescrauwaet,A.-K. et al.(2006b)] <ref>Lescrauwaet,A.-K.et al. (2006). Europese duurzaamheidsindicatoren voor kustgebieden in Nederland: een eerste inventarisatie {European sustainability indicators for coastal zones in The Netherlands: a first inventory]. VLIZ special publication 31.Vlaams instituut voor de Zee (VLIZ): Oostende, België 128 pp. ISBN 90-81008-14-5 </ref> proves the feasibility of data assimilation for EU SD indicators at national level. <br />
In both publications is described per indicator what the measurement shows, why monitoring is needed and what are the implications for planning and managing the coast. <br />
The [http://www.deduce.eu/ DEDUCE] project (INTERREG IIIC - South) 2005-2007 is now further testing the methodological framework and in the [http://www.spicosa.eu/ SPICOSA] project (FP6) 2007-2011 integrated approaches to assess regional sustainability of coastal zones are undertaken.<br />
A technical report on the application of the sets of indicators based on the national reprorts further to the EU ICZM Recommendation has been presented by the working group on Indicators<ref> Report on the use of the ICZM indicators from the WG- ID, September 2006; http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2007/com2007_0308en01.pdf </ref>. The Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in Europe stated that the "economic and social parameters were underepresented" and asks that "all three principles of sustainability have to be considered in a balanced way.." <ref>Evaluation (2006). "Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Managemenin Europe. Final Report, 18. August 2006. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/pdf/evaluation_iczm_report.pdf"</ref><br />
<br />
The role of the present EU sustainability indicators for coastal zones is still subject for further research and dialogue. <br />
Present challenges are to:<br />
<br />
* Investigate data-model integration possibilities in order to develop a set of sustainability indicators suitable for outlook reports. <br />
* Link to priority issues at regional and local level through stakeholders meetings.<br />
* Integrate with evaluation criteria of European legislation like Water Framework Directive and the Birds and Habitats Directives and coming EU regulations. <br />
* Use innovative studies on coastal science-policy processes to define next steps. <br />
* Discuss the application in ENCORA Theme 1.<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{author<br />
|AuthorID=14680<br />
|AuthorFullName=Roussel, Sébastien<br />
|AuthorName=Roussel}}<br />
[[Category:Theme_1]]<br />
[[Category:Tools & Methodologies]]</div>Rousselhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_indicators&diff=12872Sustainability indicators2007-10-29T14:16:55Z<p>Roussel: </p>
<hr />
<div>==The sustainability concept==<br />
<br />
The concept of sustainability gathers together the various elements contributing to a human life support system on Earth and follows the seminal approach established by the '''Brundtland report on sustainable development''' [http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares42-187.htm (WCED (1987))] <ref>World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (1987), "Our common future", Oxford University Press, Oxford.</ref>. Traditionally, sustainability is associated with criteria such as efficiency or equity from an economic viewpoint and deals with intragenerational and intergenerational issues. Nevertheless, this concept is difficult to seize and ambiguities arise [https://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=25 (Roussel et al. (2007))] <ref>Roussel, S.; Crinquant, N. and Bourdat, E. (2007), "In search of coastal zone sustainability by means of social carrying capacity indicators construction: lessons learned from the Thau lagoon case study (Région Languedoc-Roussillon, France)", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 175-194.</ref>.<br />
<br />
Sustainable development and therefore sustainability are linked not only by the three-way relationship between the '''environmental, economic, and social pillars''' but also by the '''institutional dimension''' of sustainable development. Prominent interactions exist respectively between the environmental and economic dimensions regarding viability and between the economic and social dimensions denoting equity. Furthermore, the distinction is conventionally made between ''weak'' sustainability as opposed to ''strong'' sustainability, allowing for a description of different types of capital and a total stock perspective. These types are natural capital, manufactured capital, human capital, social capital, and their substitutability determines the position held between '''weak''' sustainability and '''strong''' sustainability.<br />
<br />
The Brundtland report and Agenda 21 identify the need for sustainable development within the coastal zone. '''Gallagher et al. (2004)''' <ref>Gallagher, A.; Johnson, D.; Glegg, G. and Trier, C. (2004), "Construct of sustainability in coastal zone management", ''Marine Policy'', 28: 249-255.</ref> identify '''key constructs''' or '''mobile concepts''' of sustainability in a context of coastal management surrounded by professional coastal practitioners. In this analysis, '''sustainability becomes a guiding principle''' that may be viewed as a dominant paradigm, and may represent both the aim of coastal management plans and the means by which success is measured.<br />
<br />
==Sustainable development indicators==<br />
<br />
Regarding the definition and the scope of '''indicators''', see the '''Coastal Wiki''' [[indicators]] page.<br />
<br />
Many works have been conducted by international organizations as well as by national agencies and governments in order to elaborate national sustainable development strategies. The aim has been to elaborate incentive tools for considering the multidimensional nature of sustainable development and for assessing related progress [https://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=25 (Rey-Valette et al. (2007))] <ref>Rey-Valette, H.; Damart, S. and Roussel, S., "A multicriteria participation-based methodology for selecting sustainable development indicators: an incentive tool for concerted decision making beyond the diagnosis framework", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 122-138</ref>.<br />
<br />
The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development led the way by implementing a work programme in April 1995 resulting in a first list of 134 indicators in 1996. After being tested in 22 countries in 2000, this list was reduced down to 59 so-called basic indicators for which a methodological guide was published in September 2001. From 1998, the OECD adopted the same approach based on an initial extensive list and several meetings among scientific experts until 2003, when a list of 69 reference indicators was published. EUROSTAT has employed a similar approach: a first test concerning the 134 United Nations indicators was carried out in 1997, and was then followed by the publication of list of a 69 indicators derived from basic United Nations indicators. After the Göteborg summit held in June 2001, a specific task-force resulted in a prioritized system consisting of 155 indicators which were validated in 2005: 12 so-called main indicators were to be used by high-ranking decision makers and a large public, 45 strategic indicators were related to sub-subjects, and finally, 98 so-called analytic indicators represented the various processes ('''Zuitnen (2004)''' <ref>Zuintnen, N. (2004), "Indicateurs pour un développement durable : aspects méthodologiques et développements en cours", Working Paper No. 4-04 of the Bureau Fédéral du Plan, Brussels, Belgium.</ref>, '''EUROSTAT (2005)''' <ref>EUROSTAT (2005), "Measuring progress towards a more sustainable Europe, sustainable development indicators for the European Union", Luxembourg: Office for official publications of the European Communities.</ref>).<br />
<br />
Although indicators were initially elaborated from the sustainable development pillars (environmental, economic, social, and institutional issues), the '''interactions between these pillars are mostly favored by on one input per issue''', thus enabling the introduction of values and priorities of relevant populations. The European Union has thus recently drawn up guidelines and indicators concerning sustainable development whilst taking into account issues at stake ('''EUROSTAT (2005)'''). The aim is to integrate knowledge and create transversal bridges in order to link pillars and to encourage commitment of the people.<br />
<br />
After their initial development at an international level, where sustainable development indicators essentially ensure a normative and educational function, these approaches were progressively implemented at other levels. They were then employed at national and local levels, where they were used for implementing sustainable management and decision support principles for managers. It is verified that interactions existing between the different pillars of sustainable development are best taken into account at a local scale where positive synergies between these dimensions are expressed most accurately. <br />
<br />
==Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) indicators==<br />
<br />
Sustainability indicators cover different areas of sustainable development. With regards to Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), sets of indicators have been developed both for measuring the sustainability of coastal zone development and the implementation of ICZM policies.<br />
'''In May 2002, the Recommendation concerning the implementation of an integrated management of coastal zones in Europe (ICZM)''' was approved by the<br />
European Parliament and the Council. Member States were requested to report to the Commission about the experience gained with its implementation.<br />
The European ICZM expert group, at that time composed of all 20 coastal member States and two candidate States, recognized the importance of indicators. Their '''indicators and data''' working group '''(WG-ID)''' led by the European Topic Centre Landuse and Spatial Information ETC_LUSI, proposed in 2003 the Member States and candidate Countries to employ '''two sets of indicators:'<br />
<br />
<br />
# An indicator set to measure the progress of implementation of ICZM '''(progress indicators)'''<br />
# A core set of 27 indicators (composed of 44 measures) to measure sustainable development of the coastal zone '''(sustainability indicators).'''<br />
<br />
<br />
The indicators are divided into seven groups according to the seven goals of the EU ICZM Recommendation. Taken together, the indicators in each group will help the European Commission, Member States and coastal partnerships monitor progress towards '''achieving the goals for coastal sustainability''' set out in the EU Recommendation.<br />
<br />
[[image:Table 1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
===Indicator Evaluation===<br />
<br />
Since 2004 both sets of indicators are further tested. ''Regional'' testing of the core set of 27 SD indicators started with the initiative of [http://www.sailcoast.eu/ SAIL], The resulting report, an indicator based evaluation of sustainable development in the coastal zone of the Southern North Sea [http://www.vliz.be/vmdcdata/IMIS2/ref.php?show=html&refid=105200/ Lescrauwaet, A.-K.et al. (Ed.) (2006a)] <ref>Lescrauwaet, A.-K. et al. (Ed.) (2006). State of the coast of the Southern North Sea: an indicators-based approach to evaluating sustainable development in the coastal zone of the Southern North Sea . VLIZ Special Publication, 36. Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ): Oostende, Belgium. 140 pp. ISBN 90-810081-1-0.</ref> was welcomed by the Member States ICZM experts and lead to further ''national'' testing for the Dutch coast. The report on EU sustainable indicators for coastal zones in The Netherlands: a first inventory [http://www.vliz.be/nl/zeecijfers/Zeecijfers_RIKZ_rapport Lescrauwaet,A.-K. et al.(2006b)] <ref>Lescrauwaet,A.-K.et al. (2006). Europese duurzaamheidsindicatoren voor kustgebieden in Nederland: een eerste inventarisatie {European sustainability indicators for coastal zones in The Netherlands: a first inventory]. VLIZ special publication 31.Vlaams instituut voor de Zee (VLIZ): Oostende, België 128 pp. ISBN 90-81008-14-5 </ref> proves the feasibility of data assimilation for EU SD indicators at national level. <br />
In both publications is described per indicator what the measurement shows, why monitoring is needed and what are the implications for planning and managing the coast. <br />
The [http://www.deduce.eu/ DEDUCE] project (INTERREG IIIC - South) 2005-2007 is now further testing the methodological framework and in the [http://www.spicosa.eu/ SPICOSA] project (FP6) 2007-2011 integrated approaches to assess regional sustainability of coastal zones are undertaken.<br />
A technical report on the application of the sets of indicators based on the national reprorts further to the EU ICZM Recommendation has been presented by the working group on Indicators<ref> Report on the use of the ICZM indicators from the WG- ID, September 2006; http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2007/com2007_0308en01.pdf </ref>. The Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in Europe stated that the "economic and social parameters were underepresented" and asks that "all three principles of sustainability have to be considered in a balanced way.." <ref>Evaluation (2006). "Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Managemenin Europe. Final Report, 18. August 2006. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/pdf/evaluation_iczm_report.pdf"</ref><br />
<br />
The role of the present EU sustainability indicators for coastal zones is still subject for further research and dialogue. <br />
Present challenges are to:<br />
<br />
* Investigate data-model integration possibilities in order to develop a set of sustainability indicators suitable for outlook reports. <br />
* Link to priority issues at regional and local level through stakeholders meetings.<br />
* Integrate with evaluation criteria of European legislation like Water Framework Directive and the Birds and Habitats Directives and coming EU regulations. <br />
* Use innovative studies on coastal science-policy processes to define next steps. <br />
* Discuss the application in ENCORA Theme 1.<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{author<br />
|AuthorID=14680<br />
|AuthorFullName=Roussel, Sébastien<br />
|AuthorName=Roussel}}<br />
[[Category:Theme_1]]<br />
[[Category:Tools & Methodologies]]</div>Rousselhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_indicators&diff=12871Sustainability indicators2007-10-29T14:13:52Z<p>Roussel: </p>
<hr />
<div>==The sustainability concept==<br />
<br />
The concept of sustainability gathers together the various elements contributing to a human life support system on Earth and follows the seminal approach established by the '''Brundtland report on sustainable development''' [http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares42-187.htm (WCED (1987))] <ref>World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (1987), "Our common future", Oxford University Press, Oxford.</ref>. Traditionally, sustainability is associated with criteria such as efficiency or equity from an economic viewpoint and deals with intragenerational and intergenerational issues. Nevertheless, this concept is difficult to seize and ambiguities arise [https://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=25 (Roussel et al. (2007))] <ref>Roussel, S.; Crinquant, N. and Bourdat, E. (2007), "In search of coastal zone sustainability by means of social carrying capacity indicators construction: lessons learned from the Thau lagoon case study (Région Languedoc-Roussillon, France)", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 175-194.</ref>.<br />
<br />
Sustainable development and therefore sustainability are linked not only by the three-way relationship between the environmental, economic, and social pillars but also by the institutional dimension of sustainable development. Prominent interactions exist respectively between the environmental and economic dimensions regarding viability and between the economic and social dimensions denoting equity. Furthermore, the distinction is conventionally made between ''weak'' sustainability as opposed to ''strong'' sustainability, allowing for a description of different types of capital and a total stock perspective. These types are natural capital, manufactured capital, human capital, social capital, and their substitutability determines the position held between '''weak''' sustainability and '''strong''' sustainability.<br />
<br />
The Brundtland report and Agenda 21 identify the need for sustainable development within the coastal zone. '''Gallagher et al. (2004)''' <ref>Gallagher, A.; Johnson, D.; Glegg, G. and Trier, C. (2004), "Construct of sustainability in coastal zone management", ''Marine Policy'', 28: 249-255.</ref> identify '''key constructs''' or '''mobile concepts''' of sustainability in a context of coastal management surrounded by professional coastal practitioners. In this analysis, sustainability becomes a guiding principle that may be viewed as a dominant paradigm, and may represent both the aim of coastal management plans and the means by which success is measured.<br />
<br />
==Sustainable development indicators==<br />
<br />
Regarding the definition and the scope of '''indicators''', see the '''Coastal Wiki''' [[indicators]] page.<br />
<br />
Many works have been conducted by international organizations as well as by national agencies and governments in order to elaborate national sustainable development strategies. The aim has been to elaborate incentive tools for considering the multidimensional nature of sustainable development and for assessing related progress [https://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=25 (Rey-Valette et al. (2007))] <ref>Rey-Valette, H.; Damart, S. and Roussel, S., "A multicriteria participation-based methodology for selecting sustainable development indicators: an incentive tool for concerted decision making beyond the diagnosis framework", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 122-138</ref>.<br />
<br />
The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development led the way by implementing a work programme in April 1995 resulting in a first list of 134 indicators in 1996. After being tested in 22 countries in 2000, this list was reduced down to 59 so-called basic indicators for which a methodological guide was published in September 2001. From 1998, the OECD adopted the same approach based on an initial extensive list and several meetings among scientific experts until 2003, when a list of 69 reference indicators was published. EUROSTAT has employed a similar approach: a first test concerning the 134 United Nations indicators was carried out in 1997, and was then followed by the publication of list of a 69 indicators derived from basic United Nations indicators. After the Göteborg summit held in June 2001, a specific task-force resulted in a prioritized system consisting of 155 indicators which were validated in 2005: 12 so-called main indicators were to be used by high-ranking decision makers and a large public, 45 strategic indicators were related to sub-subjects, and finally, 98 so-called analytic indicators represented the various processes ('''Zuitnen (2004)''' <ref>Zuintnen, N. (2004), "Indicateurs pour un développement durable : aspects méthodologiques et développements en cours", Working Paper No. 4-04 of the Bureau Fédéral du Plan, Brussels, Belgium.</ref>, '''EUROSTAT (2005)''' <ref>EUROSTAT (2005), "Measuring progress towards a more sustainable Europe, sustainable development indicators for the European Union", Luxembourg: Office for official publications of the European Communities.</ref>).<br />
<br />
Although indicators were initially elaborated from the sustainable development pillars (environmental, economic, social, and institutional issues), the interactions between these pillars are mostly favored by on one input per issue, thus enabling the introduction of values and priorities of relevant populations. The European Union has thus recently drawn up guidelines and indicators concerning sustainable development whilst taking into account issues at stake ('''EUROSTAT (2005)''' <ref>EUROSTAT (2005), "Measuring progress towards a more sustainable Europe, sustainable development indicators for the European Union", Luxembourg: Office for official publications of the European Communities.</ref>). The aim is to integrate knowledge and create transversal bridges in order to link pillars and to encourage commitment of the people.<br />
<br />
After their initial development at an international level, where sustainable development indicators essentially ensure a normative and educational function, these approaches were progressively implemented at other levels. They were then employed at national and local levels, where they were used for implementing sustainable management and decision support principles for managers. It is verified that interactions existing between the different pillars of sustainable development are best taken into account at a local scale where positive synergies between these dimensions are expressed most accurately. <br />
<br />
==Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) indicators==<br />
<br />
Sustainability indicators cover different areas of sustainable development. With regards to Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), sets of indicators have been developed both for measuring the sustainability of coastal zone development and the implementation of ICZM policies.<br />
'''In May 2002, the Recommendation concerning the implementation of an integrated management of coastal zones in Europe (ICZM)''' was approved by the<br />
European Parliament and the Council. Member States were requested to report to the Commission about the experience gained with its implementation.<br />
The European ICZM expert group, at that time composed of all 20 coastal member States and two candidate States, recognized the importance of indicators. Their '''indicators and data''' working group '''(WG-ID)''' led by the European Topic Centre Landuse and Spatial Information ETC_LUSI, proposed in 2003 the Member States and candidate Countries to employ '''two sets of indicators:'<br />
<br />
<br />
# An indicator set to measure the progress of implementation of ICZM '''(progress indicators)'''<br />
# A core set of 27 indicators (composed of 44 measures) to measure sustainable development of the coastal zone '''(sustainability indicators).'''<br />
<br />
<br />
The indicators are divided into seven groups according to the seven goals of the EU ICZM Recommendation. Taken together, the indicators in each group will help the European Commission, Member States and coastal partnerships monitor progress towards '''achieving the goals for coastal sustainability''' set out in the EU Recommendation.<br />
<br />
[[image:Table 1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
===Indicator Evaluation===<br />
<br />
Since 2004 both sets of indicators are further tested. ''Regional'' testing of the core set of 27 SD indicators started with the initiative of [http://www.sailcoast.eu/ SAIL], The resulting report, an indicator based evaluation of sustainable development in the coastal zone of the Southern North Sea [http://www.vliz.be/vmdcdata/IMIS2/ref.php?show=html&refid=105200/ Lescrauwaet, A.-K.et al. (Ed.) (2006a)] <ref>Lescrauwaet, A.-K. et al. (Ed.) (2006). State of the coast of the Southern North Sea: an indicators-based approach to evaluating sustainable development in the coastal zone of the Southern North Sea . VLIZ Special Publication, 36. Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ): Oostende, Belgium. 140 pp. ISBN 90-810081-1-0.</ref> was welcomed by the Member States ICZM experts and lead to further ''national'' testing for the Dutch coast. The report on EU sustainable indicators for coastal zones in The Netherlands: a first inventory [http://www.vliz.be/nl/zeecijfers/Zeecijfers_RIKZ_rapport Lescrauwaet,A.-K. et al.(2006b)] <ref>Lescrauwaet,A.-K.et al. (2006). Europese duurzaamheidsindicatoren voor kustgebieden in Nederland: een eerste inventarisatie {European sustainability indicators for coastal zones in The Netherlands: a first inventory]. VLIZ special publication 31.Vlaams instituut voor de Zee (VLIZ): Oostende, België 128 pp. ISBN 90-81008-14-5 </ref> proves the feasibility of data assimilation for EU SD indicators at national level. <br />
In both publications is described per indicator what the measurement shows, why monitoring is needed and what are the implications for planning and managing the coast. <br />
The [http://www.deduce.eu/ DEDUCE] project (INTERREG IIIC - South) 2005-2007 is now further testing the methodological framework and in the [http://www.spicosa.eu/ SPICOSA] project (FP6) 2007-2011 integrated approaches to assess regional sustainability of coastal zones are undertaken.<br />
A technical report on the application of the sets of indicators based on the national reprorts further to the EU ICZM Recommendation has been presented by the working group on Indicators<ref> Report on the use of the ICZM indicators from the WG- ID, September 2006; http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2007/com2007_0308en01.pdf </ref>. The Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in Europe stated that the "economic and social parameters were underepresented" and asks that "all three principles of sustainability have to be considered in a balanced way.." <ref>Evaluation (2006). "Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Managemenin Europe. Final Report, 18. August 2006. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/pdf/evaluation_iczm_report.pdf"</ref><br />
<br />
The role of the present EU sustainability indicators for coastal zones is still subject for further research and dialogue. <br />
Present challenges are to:<br />
<br />
* Investigate data-model integration possibilities in order to develop a set of sustainability indicators suitable for outlook reports. <br />
* Link to priority issues at regional and local level through stakeholders meetings.<br />
* Integrate with evaluation criteria of European legislation like Water Framework Directive and the Birds and Habitats Directives and coming EU regulations. <br />
* Use innovative studies on coastal science-policy processes to define next steps. <br />
* Discuss the application in ENCORA Theme 1.<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
{{author<br />
|AuthorID=14680<br />
|AuthorFullName=Roussel, Sébastien<br />
|AuthorName=Roussel}}<br />
[[Category:Theme_1]]<br />
[[Category:Tools & Methodologies]]</div>Rousselhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_indicators&diff=12870Sustainability indicators2007-10-29T14:07:45Z<p>Roussel: </p>
<hr />
<div>==The sustainability concept==<br />
<br />
The concept of sustainability gathers together the various elements contributing to a human life support system on Earth and follows the seminal approach established by the '''Brundtland report on sustainable development''' [http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares42-187.htm (WCED (1987))] <ref>World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (1987), "Our common future", Oxford University Press, Oxford.</ref>. Traditionally, sustainability is associated with criteria such as efficiency or equity from an economic viewpoint and deals with intragenerational and intergenerational issues. Nevertheless, this concept is difficult to seize and ambiguities arise [https://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=25 (Roussel et al. (2007))] <ref>Roussel, S.; Crinquant, N. and Bourdat, E. (2007), "In search of coastal zone sustainability by means of social carrying capacity indicators construction: lessons learned from the Thau lagoon case study (Région Languedoc-Roussillon, France)", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 175-194.</ref>.<br />
<br />
Sustainable development and therefore sustainability are linked not only by the three-way relationship between the environmental, economic, and social pillars but also by the institutional dimension of sustainable development. Prominent interactions exist respectively between the environmental and economic dimensions regarding viability and between the economic and social dimensions denoting equity. Furthermore, the distinction is conventionally made between ''weak'' sustainability as opposed to ''strong'' sustainability, allowing for a description of different types of capital and a total stock perspective. These types are natural capital, manufactured capital, human capital, social capital, and their substitutability determines the position held between '''weak''' sustainability and '''strong''' sustainability.<br />
<br />
The Brundtland report and Agenda 21 identify the need for sustainable development within the coastal zone. Gallagher et al. (2004) identify ''key constructs'' or ''mobile concepts'' of sustainability in a context of coastal management surrounded by professional coastal practitioners. In this analysis, sustainability becomes a guiding principle that may be viewed as a dominant paradigm, and may represent both the aim of coastal management plans and the means by which success is measured.<br />
<br />
==Sustainable development indicators==<br />
<br />
Regarding the definition and the scope of '''indicators''', see the '''Coastal Wiki''' [[indicators]] page.<br />
<br />
Many works have been conducted by international organizations as well as by national agencies and governments in order to elaborate national sustainable development strategies. The aim has been to elaborate incentive tools for considering the multidimensional nature of sustainable development and for assessing related progress [https://www.inderscience.com/browse/index.php?journalID=25 (Rey-Valette et al. (2007))] <ref>Rey-Valette, H.; Damart, S. and Roussel, S., "A multicriteria participation-based methodology for selecting sustainable development indicators: an incentive tool for concerted decision making beyond the diagnosis framework", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 122-138</ref>.<br />
<br />
The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development led the way by implementing a work programme in April 1995 resulting in a first list of 134 indicators in 1996. After being tested in 22 countries in 2000, this list was reduced down to 59 so-called basic indicators for which a methodological guide was published in September 2001. From 1998, the OECD adopted the same approach based on an initial extensive list and several meetings among scientific experts until 2003, when a list of 69 reference indicators was published. EUROSTAT has employed a similar approach: a first test concerning the 134 United Nations indicators was carried out in 1997, and was then followed by the publication of list of a 69 indicators derived from basic United Nations indicators. After the Göteborg summit held in June 2001, a specific task-force resulted in a prioritized system consisting of 155 indicators which were validated in 2005: 12 so-called main indicators were to be used by high-ranking decision makers and a large public, 45 strategic indicators were related to sub-subjects, and finally, 98 so-called analytic indicators represented the various processes (Zuitnen, 2004; EUROSTAT, 2005).<br />
<br />
Although indicators were initially elaborated from the sustainable development pillars (environmental, economic, social, and institutional issues), the interactions between these pillars are mostly favored by on one input per issue, thus enabling the introduction of values and priorities of relevant populations. The European Union has thus recently drawn up guidelines and indicators concerning sustainable development whilst taking into account issues at stake (EUROSTAT, 2005). The aim is to integrate knowledge and create transversal bridges in order to link pillars and to encourage commitment of the people.<br />
<br />
After their initial development at an international level, where sustainable development indicators essentially ensure a normative and educational function, these approaches were progressively implemented at other levels. They were then employed at national and local levels, where they were used for implementing sustainable management and decision support principles for managers. It is verified that interactions existing between the different pillars of sustainable development are best taken into account at a local scale where positive synergies between these dimensions are expressed most accurately. <br />
<br />
==Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) indicators==<br />
<br />
Sustainability indicators cover different areas of sustainable development. With regards to Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM), sets of indicators have been developed both for measuring the sustainability of coastal zone development and the implementation of ICZM policies.<br />
'''In May 2002, the Recommendation concerning the implementation of an integrated management of coastal zones in Europe (ICZM)''' was approved by the<br />
European Parliament and the Council. Member States were requested to report to the Commission about the experience gained with its implementation.<br />
The European ICZM expert group, at that time composed of all 20 coastal member States and two candidate States, recognized the importance of indicators. Their '''indicators and data''' working group '''(WG-ID)''' led by the European Topic Centre Landuse and Spatial Information ETC_LUSI, proposed in 2003 the Member States and candidate Countries to employ '''two sets of indicators:'<br />
<br />
<br />
# An indicator set to measure the progress of implementation of ICZM '''(progress indicators)'''<br />
# A core set of 27 indicators (composed of 44 measures) to measure sustainable development of the coastal zone '''(sustainability indicators).'''<br />
<br />
<br />
The indicators are divided into seven groups according to the seven goals of the EU ICZM Recommendation. Taken together, the indicators in each group will help the European Commission, Member States and coastal partnerships monitor progress towards '''achieving the goals for coastal sustainability''' set out in the EU Recommendation.<br />
<br />
[[image:Table 1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
===Indicator Evaluation===<br />
<br />
Since 2004 both sets of indicators are further tested. ''Regional'' testing of the core set of 27 SD indicators started with the initiative of [http://www.sailcoast.eu/ SAIL], The resulting report, an indicator based evaluation of sustainable development in the coastal zone of the Southern North Sea [http://www.vliz.be/vmdcdata/IMIS2/ref.php?show=html&refid=105200/ Lescrauwaet, A.-K.et al. (Ed.) (2006a)] <ref>Lescrauwaet, A.-K. et al. (Ed.) (2006). State of the coast of the Southern North Sea: an indicators-based approach to evaluating sustainable development in the coastal zone of the Southern North Sea . VLIZ Special Publication, 36. Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ): Oostende, Belgium. 140 pp. ISBN 90-810081-1-0.</ref> was welcomed by the Member States ICZM experts and lead to further ''national'' testing for the Dutch coast. The report on EU sustainable indicators for coastal zones in The Netherlands: a first inventory [http://www.vliz.be/nl/zeecijfers/Zeecijfers_RIKZ_rapport Lescrauwaet,A.-K. et al.(2006b)] <ref>Lescrauwaet,A.-K.et al. (2006). Europese duurzaamheidsindicatoren voor kustgebieden in Nederland: een eerste inventarisatie {European sustainability indicators for coastal zones in The Netherlands: a first inventory]. VLIZ special publication 31.Vlaams instituut voor de Zee (VLIZ): Oostende, België 128 pp. ISBN 90-81008-14-5 </ref> proves the feasibility of data assimilation for EU SD indicators at national level. <br />
In both publications is described per indicator what the measurement shows, why monitoring is needed and what are the implications for planning and managing the coast. <br />
The [http://www.deduce.eu/ DEDUCE] project (INTERREG IIIC - South) 2005-2007 is now further testing the methodological framework and in the [http://www.spicosa.eu/ SPICOSA] project (FP6) 2007-2011 integrated approaches to assess regional sustainability of coastal zones are undertaken.<br />
A technical report on the application of the sets of indicators based on the national reprorts further to the EU ICZM Recommendation has been presented by the working group on Indicators<ref> Report on the use of the ICZM indicators from the WG- ID, September 2006; http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2007/com2007_0308en01.pdf </ref>. The Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in Europe stated that the "economic and social parameters were underepresented" and asks that "all three principles of sustainability have to be considered in a balanced way.." <ref>Evaluation (2006). "Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Managemenin Europe. Final Report, 18. August 2006. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/pdf/evaluation_iczm_report.pdf"</ref><br />
<br />
The role of the present EU sustainability indicators for coastal zones is still subject for further research and dialogue. <br />
Present challenges are to:<br />
<br />
* Investigate data-model integration possibilities in order to develop a set of sustainability indicators suitable for outlook reports. <br />
* Link to priority issues at regional and local level through stakeholders meetings.<br />
* Integrate with evaluation criteria of European legislation like Water Framework Directive and the Birds and Habitats Directives and coming EU regulations. <br />
* Use innovative studies on coastal science-policy processes to define next steps. <br />
* Discuss the application in ENCORA Theme 1.<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
* '''EUROSTAT''' (2005), "Measuring progress towards a more sustainable Europe, sustainable development indicators for the European Union", Luxembourg: Office for official publications of the European Communities.<br />
<br />
* '''Gallagher, A.; Johnson, D.; Glegg, G. and Trier, C.''' (2004), "Construct of sustainability in coastal zone management", ''Marine Policy'', 28: 249-255.<br />
<br />
* '''Zuintnen, N.''' (2004), "Indicateurs pour un développement durable : aspects méthodologiques et développements en cours", Working Paper No. 4-04 of the Bureau Fédéral du Plan, Brussels, Belgium.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
|AuthorID=14680<br />
|AuthorFullName=Roussel, Sébastien<br />
|AuthorName=Roussel}}<br />
[[Category:Theme_1]]<br />
[[Category:Tools & Methodologies]]</div>Rousselhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_indicators&diff=12869Sustainability indicators2007-10-29T13:58:18Z<p>Roussel: </p>
<hr />
<div>==The sustainability concept==<br />
<br />
The concept of sustainability gathers together the various elements contributing to a human life support system on Earth and follows the seminal approach established by the '''Brundtland report on sustainable development''' [http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares42-187.htm (WCED (1987))] <ref>World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (1987), "Our common future", Oxford University Press, Oxford.</ref>. Traditionally, sustainability is associated with criteria such as efficiency or equity from an economic viewpoint and deals with intragenerational and intergenerational issues. Nevertheless, this concept is difficult to seize and ambiguities arise (Roussel et al. (2007)).<br />
<br />
Sustainable development and therefore sustainability are linked not only by the three-way relationship between the environmental, economic, and social pillars but also by the institutional dimension of sustainable development. Prominent interactions exist respectively between the environmental and economic dimensions regarding viability and between the economic and social dimensions denoting equity. Furthermore, the distinction is conventionally made between ''weak'' sustainability as opposed to ''strong'' sustainability, allowing for a description of different types of capital and a total stock perspective. These types are natural capital, manufactured capital, human capital, social capital, and their substitutability determines the position held between '''weak''' sustainability and '''strong''' sustainability.<br />
<br />
The Brundtland report and Agenda 21 identify the need for sustainable development within the coastal zone. Gallagher et al. (2004) identify ''key constructs'' or ''mobile concepts'' of sustainability in a context of coastal management surrounded by professional coastal practitioners. In this analysis, sustainability becomes a guiding principle that may be viewed as a dominant paradigm, and may represent both the aim of coastal management plans and the means by which success is measured.<br />
<br />
==Sustainable development indicators==<br />
<br />
Regarding the definition and the scope of '''indicators''', see the '''Coastal Wiki''' [[indicators]] page.<br />
<br />
Many works have been conducted by international organizations as well as by national agencies and governments in order to elaborate national sustainable development strategies. The aim has been to elaborate incentive tools for considering the multidimensional nature of sustainable development and for assessing related progress (Rey-Valette et al. (2007)).<br />
<br />
The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development led the way by implementing a work programme in April 1995 resulting in a first list of 134 indicators in 1996. After being tested in 22 countries in 2000, this list was reduced down to 59 so-called basic indicators for which a methodological guide was published in September 2001. From 1998, the OECD adopted the same approach based on an initial extensive list and several meetings among scientific experts until 2003, when a list of 69 reference indicators was published. EUROSTAT has employed a similar approach: a first test concerning the 134 United Nations indicators was carried out in 1997, and was then followed by the publication of list of a 69 indicators derived from basic United Nations indicators. After the Göteborg summit held in June 2001, a specific task-force resulted in a prioritized system consisting of 155 indicators which were validated in 2005: 12 so-called main indicators were to be used by high-ranking decision makers and a large public, 45 strategic indicators were related to sub-subjects, and finally, 98 so-called analytic indicators represented the various processes (Zuitnen, 2004; EUROSTAT, 2005).<br />
<br />
Although indicators were initially elaborated from the sustainable development pillars (environmental, economic, social, and institutional issues), the interactions between these pillars are mostly favored by on one input per issue, thus enabling the introduction of values and priorities of relevant populations. The European Union has thus recently drawn up guidelines and indicators concerning sustainable development whilst taking into account issues at stake (EUROSTAT, 2005). The aim is to integrate knowledge and create transversal bridges in order to link pillars and to encourage commitment of the people.<br />
<br />
After their initial development at an international level, where sustainable development indicators essentially ensure a normative and educational function, these approaches were progressively implemented at other levels. They were then employed at national and local levels, where they were used for implementing sustainable management and decision support principles for managers. It is verified that interactions existing between the different pillars of sustainable development are best taken into account at a local scale where positive synergies between these dimensions are expressed most accurately. <br />
<br />
==ICZM indicators==<br />
<br />
Sustainability indicators cover different areas of sustainable development. With regards to integrated coastal zone management, sets of indicators have been developed both for measuring the sustainability of coastal zone development and the implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) policies.<br />
'''In May 2002, the Recommendation concerning the implementation of an integrated management of coastal zones in Europe (ICZM)''' was approved by the<br />
European Parliament and the Council. Member States were requested to report to the Commission about the experience gained with its implementation.<br />
The European ICZM expert group, at that time composed of all 20 coastal member States and two candidate States, recognized the importance of indicators. Their '''indicators and data''' working group '''(WG-ID)''' led by the European Topic Centre Landuse and Spatial Information ETC_LUSI, proposed in 2003 the Member States and candidate Countries to employ '''two sets of indicators:'<br />
<br />
<br />
# An indicator set to measure the progress of implementation of ICZM '''(progress indicators)'''<br />
# A core set of 27 indicators (composed of 44 measures) to measure sustainable development of the coastal zone '''(sustainability indicators).'''<br />
<br />
<br />
The indicators are divided into seven groups according to the seven goals of the EU ICZM Recommendation. Taken together, the indicators in each group will help the European Commission, Member States and coastal partnerships monitor progress towards '''achieving the goals for coastal sustainability''' set out in the EU Recommendation.<br />
<br />
[[image:Table 1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
===Indicator Evaluation===<br />
<br />
Since 2004 both sets of indicators are further tested. ''Regional'' testing of the core set of 27 SD indicators started with the initiative of [http://www.sailcoast.eu/ SAIL], The resulting report, an indicator based evaluation of sustainable development in the coastal zone of the Southern North Sea [http://www.vliz.be/vmdcdata/IMIS2/ref.php?show=html&refid=105200/ Lescrauwaet, A.-K.et al. (Ed.) (2006a)] <ref>Lescrauwaet, A.-K. et al. (Ed.) (2006). State of the coast of the Southern North Sea: an indicators-based approach to evaluating sustainable development in the coastal zone of the Southern North Sea . VLIZ Special Publication, 36. Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ): Oostende, Belgium. 140 pp. ISBN 90-810081-1-0.</ref> was welcomed by the Member States ICZM experts and lead to further ''national'' testing for the Dutch coast. The report on EU sustainable indicators for coastal zones in The Netherlands: a first inventory [http://www.vliz.be/nl/zeecijfers/Zeecijfers_RIKZ_rapport Lescrauwaet,A.-K. et al.(2006b)] <ref>Lescrauwaet,A.-K.et al. (2006). Europese duurzaamheidsindicatoren voor kustgebieden in Nederland: een eerste inventarisatie {European sustainability indicators for coastal zones in The Netherlands: a first inventory]. VLIZ special publication 31.Vlaams instituut voor de Zee (VLIZ): Oostende, België 128 pp. ISBN 90-81008-14-5 </ref> proves the feasibility of data assimilation for EU SD indicators at national level. <br />
In both publications is described per indicator what the measurement shows, why monitoring is needed and what are the implications for planning and managing the coast. <br />
The [http://www.deduce.eu/ DEDUCE] project (INTERREG IIIC - South) 2005-2007 is now further testing the methodological framework and in the [http://www.spicosa.eu/ SPICOSA] project (FP6) 2007-2011 integrated approaches to assess regional sustainability of coastal zones are undertaken.<br />
A technical report on the application of the sets of indicators based on the national reprorts further to the EU ICZM Recommendation has been presented by the working group on Indicators<ref> Report on the use of the ICZM indicators from the WG- ID, September 2006; http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2007/com2007_0308en01.pdf </ref>. The Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in Europe stated that the "economic and social parameters were underepresented" and asks that "all three principles of sustainability have to be considered in a balanced way.." <ref>Evaluation (2006). "Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Managemenin Europe. Final Report, 18. August 2006. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/pdf/evaluation_iczm_report.pdf"</ref><br />
<br />
The role of the present EU sustainability indicators for coastal zones is still subject for further research and dialogue. <br />
Present challenges are to:<br />
<br />
* Investigate data-model integration possibilities in order to develop a set of sustainability indicators suitable for outlook reports. <br />
* Link to priority issues at regional and local level through stakeholders meetings.<br />
* Integrate with evaluation criteria of European legislation like Water Framework Directive and the Birds and Habitats Directives and coming EU regulations. <br />
* Use innovative studies on coastal science-policy processes to define next steps. <br />
* Discuss the application in ENCORA Theme 1.<br />
<br />
===References===<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* '''EUROSTAT''' (2005), "Measuring progress towards a more sustainable Europe, sustainable development indicators for the European Union", Luxembourg: Office for official publications of the European Communities.<br />
<br />
* '''Gallagher, A.; Johnson, D.; Glegg, G. and Trier, C.''' (2004), "Construct of sustainability in coastal zone management", ''Marine Policy'', 28: 249-255.<br />
<br />
* '''Rey-Valette, H.; Damart, S. and Roussel, S.''' (2007), "A multicriteria participation based methodology for selecting sustainable development indicators: an incentive tool for concerted decision-making beyond the diagnosis framework", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 122-138.<br />
<br />
* '''Roussel, S.; Crinquant, N. and Bourdat, E.''' (2007), "In search of coastal zone sustainability by means of social carrying capacity indicators construction: lessons learned from the Thau lagoon case study (Région Languedoc-Roussillon, France)", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 175-194.<br />
<br />
* '''Zuintnen, N.''' (2004), "Indicateurs pour un développement durable : aspects méthodologiques et développements en cours", Working Paper No. 4-04 of the Bureau Fédéral du Plan, Brussels, Belgium.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
|AuthorID=14680<br />
|AuthorFullName=Roussel, Sébastien<br />
|AuthorName=Roussel}}<br />
[[Category:Theme_1]]<br />
[[Category:Tools & Methodologies]]</div>Rousselhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_indicators&diff=12860Sustainability indicators2007-10-29T11:10:09Z<p>Roussel: </p>
<hr />
<div>==The sustainability concept==<br />
<br />
The concept of sustainability gathers together the various elements contributing to a human life support system on Earth and follows the seminal approach established by the Brundtland report on sustainable development (WCED, 1987). Traditionally, sustainability is associated with criteria such as efficiency or equity from an economic viewpoint and deals with intragenerational and intergenerational issues. Nevertheless, this concept is difficult to seize and ambiguities arise (Roussel et al., 2007).<br />
<br />
Sustainable development and therefore sustainability are linked not only by the three-way relationship between the environmental, economic, and social pillars but also by the institutional dimension of sustainable development. Prominent interactions exist respectively between the environmental and economic dimensions regarding viability and between the economic and social dimensions denoting equity. Furthermore, the distinction is conventionally made between ''weak'' sustainability as opposed to ''strong'' sustainability, allowing for a description of different types of capital and a total stock perspective. These types are natural capital, manufactured capital, human capital, social capital, and their substitutability determines the position held between ''weak'' sustainability and ''strong'' sustainability.<br />
<br />
The Brundtland report and Agenda 21 identify the need for sustainable development within the coastal zone. Gallagher et al. (2004) identify ''key constructs'' or ''mobile concepts'' of sustainability in a context of coastal management surrounded by professional coastal practitioners. In this analysis, sustainability becomes a guiding principle that may be viewed as a dominant paradigm, and may represent both the aim of coastal management plans and the means by which success is measured.<br />
<br />
==Sustainable development indicators==<br />
<br />
Many works have been conducted by international organizations as well as by national agencies and governments in order to elaborate national sustainable development strategies. The aim has been to elaborate incentive tools for considering the multidimensional nature of sustainable development and for assessing related progress (Rey-Valette et al., 2007).<br />
<br />
The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development led the way by implementing a work programme in April 1995 resulting in a first list of 134 indicators in 1996. After being tested in 22 countries in 2000, this list was reduced down to 59 so-called basic indicators for which a methodological guide was published in September 2001. From 1998, the OECD adopted the same approach based on an initial extensive list and several meetings among scientific experts until 2003, when a list of 69 reference indicators was published. EUROSTAT has employed a similar approach: a first test concerning the 134 United Nations indicators was carried out in 1997, and was then followed by the publication of list of a 69 indicators derived from basic United Nations indicators. After the Göteborg summit held in June 2001, a specific task-force resulted in a prioritized system consisting of 155 indicators which were validated in 2005: 12 so-called main indicators were to be used by high-ranking decision makers and a large public, 45 strategic indicators were related to sub-subjects, and finally, 98 so-called analytic indicators represented the various processes (Zuitnen, 2004; EUROSTAT, 2005).<br />
<br />
Although indicators were initially elaborated from the sustainable development pillars (environmental, economic, social, and institutional issues), the interactions between these pillars are mostly favored by on one input per issue, thus enabling the introduction of values and priorities of relevant populations. The European Union has thus recently drawn up guidelines and indicators concerning sustainable development whilst taking into account issues at stake (EUROSTAT, 2005). The aim is to integrate knowledge and create transversal bridges in order to link pillars and to encourage commitment of the people.<br />
<br />
After their initial development at an international level, where sustainable development indicators essentially ensure a normative and educational function, these approaches were progressively implemented at other levels. They were then employed at national and local levels, where they were used for implementing sustainable management and decision support principles for managers. It is verified that interactions existing between the different pillars of sustainable development are best taken into account at a local scale where positive synergies between these dimensions are expressed most accurately. <br />
<br />
Regarding ICZM and the DEDUCE project initiative see [[indicators]].<br />
<br />
==ICZM indicators==<br />
Sustainability indicators cover different areas of sustainable development. With regards to integrated coastal zone management, sets of indicators have been developed both for measuring the sustainability of coastal zone development and the implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) policies.<br />
'''In May 2002, the Recommendation concerning the implementation of an integrated management of coastal zones in Europe (ICZM)''' was approved by the<br />
European Parliament and the Council. Member States were requested to report to the Commission about the experience gained with its implementation.<br />
The European ICZM expert group, at that time composed of all 20 coastal member States and two candidate States, recognized the importance of indicators. Their '''indicators and data''' working group '''(WG-ID)''' led by the European Topic Centre Landuse and Spatial Information ETC_LUSI, proposed in 2003 the Member States and candidate Countries to employ '''two sets of indicators:'<br />
<br />
<br />
# An indicator set to measure the progress of implementation of ICZM '''(progress indicators)'''<br />
# A core set of 27 indicators (composed of 44 measures) to measure sustainable development of the coastal zone '''(sustainability indicators).'''<br />
<br />
<br />
The indicators are divided into seven groups according to the seven goals of the EU ICZM Recommendation. Taken together, the indicators in each group will help the European Commission, Member States and coastal partnerships monitor progress towards '''achieving the goals for coastal sustainability''' set out in the EU Recommendation.<br />
<br />
[[image:Table 1.jpg]]<br />
<br />
===Indicator Evaluation===<br />
<br />
Since 2004 both sets of indicators are further tested. ''Regional'' testing of the core set of 27 SD indicators started with the initiative of [http://www.sailcoast.eu/ SAIL], The resulting report, an indicator based evaluation of sustainable development in the coastal zone of the Southern North Sea [http://www.vliz.be/vmdcdata/IMIS2/ref.php?show=html&refid=105200/ Lescrauwaet, A.-K.et al. (Ed.) (2006a)] <ref>Lescrauwaet, A.-K. et al. (Ed.) (2006). State of the coast of the Southern North Sea: an indicators-based approach to evaluating sustainable development in the coastal zone of the Southern North Sea . VLIZ Special Publication, 36. Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ): Oostende, Belgium. 140 pp. ISBN 90-810081-1-0.</ref> was welcomed by the Member States ICZM experts and lead to further ''national'' testing for the Dutch coast. The report on EU sustainable indicators for coastal zones in The Netherlands: a first inventory [http://www.vliz.be/nl/zeecijfers/Zeecijfers_RIKZ_rapport Lescrauwaet,A.-K. et al.(2006b)] <ref>Lescrauwaet,A.-K.et al. (2006). Europese duurzaamheidsindicatoren voor kustgebieden in Nederland: een eerste inventarisatie {European sustainability indicators for coastal zones in The Netherlands: a first inventory]. VLIZ special publication 31.Vlaams instituut voor de Zee (VLIZ): Oostende, België 128 pp. ISBN 90-81008-14-5 </ref> proves the feasibility of data assimilation for EU SD indicators at national level. <br />
In both publications is described per indicator what the measurement shows, why monitoring is needed and what are the implications for planning and managing the coast. <br />
The [http://www.deduce.eu/ DEDUCE] project (INTERREG IIIC - South) 2005-2007 is now further testing the methodological framework and in the [http://www.spicosa.eu/ SPICOSA] project (FP6) 2007-2011 integrated approaches to assess regional sustainability of coastal zones are undertaken.<br />
A technical report on the application of the sets of indicators based on the national reprorts further to the EU ICZM Recommendation has been presented by the working group on Indicators<ref> Report on the use of the ICZM indicators from the WG- ID, September 2006; http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/site/en/com/2007/com2007_0308en01.pdf </ref>. The Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) in Europe stated that the "economic and social parameters were underepresented" and asks that "all three principles of sustainability have to be considered in a balanced way.." <ref>Evaluation (2006). "Evaluation of Integrated Coastal Zone Managemenin Europe. Final Report, 18. August 2006. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/iczm/pdf/evaluation_iczm_report.pdf"</ref><br />
<br />
The role of the present EU sustainability indicators for coastal zones is still subject for further research and dialogue. <br />
Present challenges are to:<br />
<br />
* Investigate data-model integration possibilities in order to develop a set of sustainability indicators suitable for outlook reports. <br />
* Link to priority issues at regional and local level through stakeholders meetings.<br />
* Integrate with evaluation criteria of European legislation like Water Framework Directive and the Birds and Habitats Directives and coming EU regulations. <br />
* Use innovative studies on coastal science-policy processes to define next steps. <br />
* Discuss the application in ENCORA Theme 1.<br />
<br />
===References===<br />
<references/><br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* '''EUROSTAT''' (2005), "Measuring progress towards a more sustainable Europe, sustainable development indicators for the European Union", Luxembourg: Office for official publications of the European Communities.<br />
<br />
* '''Gallagher, A.; Johnson, D.; Glegg, G. and Trier, C.''' (2004), "Construct of sustainability in coastal zone management", ''Marine Policy'', 28: 249-255.<br />
<br />
* '''Rey-Valette, H.; Damart, S. and Roussel, S.''' (2007), "A multicriteria participation based methodology for selecting sustainable development indicators: an incentive tool for concerted decision-making beyond the diagnosis framework", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 122-138.<br />
<br />
* '''Roussel, S.; Crinquant, N. and Bourdat, E.''' (2007), "In search of coastal zone sustainability by means of social carrying capacity indicators construction: lessons learned from the Thau lagoon case study (Région Languedoc-Roussillon, France)", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 175-194.<br />
<br />
* '''World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)''' (1987), "Our common future", Oxford University Press, Oxford.<br />
<br />
* '''Zuintnen, N.''' (2004), "Indicateurs pour un développement durable : aspects méthodologiques et développements en cours", Working Paper No. 4-04 of the Bureau Fédéral du Plan, Brussels, Belgium.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
|AuthorID=14680<br />
|AuthorFullName=Roussel, Sébastien<br />
|AuthorName=Roussel}}<br />
[[Category:Theme_1]]<br />
[[Category:Tools & Methodologies]]</div>Rousselhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_indicators&diff=10825Sustainability indicators2007-07-14T21:14:30Z<p>Roussel: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>==The sustainability concept==<br />
<br />
The concept of sustainability gathers together the various elements contributing to a human life support system on Earth and follows the seminal approach established by the Brundtland report on sustainable development (WCED, 1987). Traditionally, sustainability is associated with criteria such as efficiency or equity from an economic viewpoint and deals with intragenerational and intergenerational issues. Nevertheless, this concept is difficult to seize and ambiguities arise (Roussel et al., 2007).<br />
<br />
Sustainable development and therefore sustainability are linked not only by the three-way relationship between the environmental, economic, and social pillars but also by the institutional dimension of sustainable development. Prominent interactions exist respectively between the environmental and economic dimensions regarding viability and between the economic and social dimensions denoting equity. Furthermore, the distinction is conventionally made between ''weak'' sustainability as opposed to ''strong'' sustainability, allowing for a description of different types of capital and a total stock perspective. These types are natural capital, manufactured capital, human capital, social capital, and their substitutability determines the position held between ''weak'' sustainability and ''strong'' sustainability.<br />
<br />
The Brundtland report and Agenda 21 identify the need for sustainable development within the coastal zone. Gallagher et al. (2004) identify ''key constructs'' or ''mobile concepts'' of sustainability in a context of coastal management surrounded by professional coastal practitioners. In this analysis, sustainability becomes a guiding principle that may be viewed as a dominant paradigm, and may represent both the aim of coastal management plans and the means by which success is measured.<br />
<br />
==Sustainable development indicators==<br />
<br />
Many works have been conducted by international organizations as well as by national agencies and governments in order to elaborate national sustainable development strategies. The aim has been to elaborate incentive tools for considering the multidimensional nature of sustainable development and for assessing related progress (Rey-Valette et al., 2007).<br />
<br />
The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development led the way by implementing a work programme in April 1995 resulting in a first list of 134 indicators in 1996. After being tested in 22 countries in 2000, this list was reduced down to 59 so-called basic indicators for which a methodological guide was published in September 2001. From 1998, the OECD adopted the same approach based on an initial extensive list and several meetings among scientific experts until 2003, when a list of 69 reference indicators was published. EUROSTAT has employed a similar approach: a first test concerning the 134 United Nations indicators was carried out in 1997, and was then followed by the publication of list of a 69 indicators derived from basic United Nations indicators. After the Göteborg summit held in June 2001, a specific task-force resulted in a prioritized system consisting of 155 indicators which were validated in 2005: 12 so-called main indicators were to be used by high-ranking decision makers and a large public, 45 strategic indicators were related to sub-subjects, and finally, 98 so-called analytic indicators represented the various processes (Zuitnen, 2004; EUROSTAT, 2005).<br />
<br />
Although indicators were initially elaborated from the sustainable development pillars (environmental, economic, social, and institutional issues), the interactions between these pillars are mostly favored by on one input per issue, thus enabling the introduction of values and priorities of relevant populations. The European Union has thus recently drawn up guidelines and indicators concerning sustainable development whilst taking into account issues at stake (EUROSTAT, 2005). The aim is to integrate knowledge and create transversal bridges in order to link pillars and to encourage commitment of the people.<br />
<br />
After their initial development at an international level, where sustainable development indicators essentially ensure a normative and educational function, these approaches were progressively implemented at other levels. They were then employed at national and local levels, where they were used for implementing sustainable management and decision support principles for managers. It is verified that interactions existing between the different pillars of sustainable development are best taken into account at a local scale where positive synergies between these dimensions are expressed most accurately. <br />
<br />
Regarding ICZM and the DEDUCE project initiative see [[indicators]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* '''EUROSTAT''' (2005), "Measuring progress towards a more sustainable Europe, sustainable development indicators for the European Union", Luxembourg: Office for official publications of the European Communities.<br />
<br />
* '''Gallagher, A.; Johnson, D.; Glegg, G. and Trier, C.''' (2004), "Construct of sustainability in coastal zone management", ''Marine Policy'', 28: 249-255.<br />
<br />
* '''Rey-Valette, H.; Damart, S. and Roussel, S.''' (2007), "A multicriteria participation based methodology for selecting sustainable development indicators: an incentive tool for concerted decision-making beyond the diagnosis framework", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 122-138.<br />
<br />
* '''Roussel, S.; Crinquant, N. and Bourdat, E.''' (2007), "In search of coastal zone sustainability by means of social carrying capacity indicators construction: lessons learned from the Thau lagoon case study (Région Languedoc-Roussillon, France)", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 175-194.<br />
<br />
* '''World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)''' (1987), "Our common future", Oxford University Press, Oxford.<br />
<br />
* '''Zuintnen, N.''' (2004), "Indicateurs pour un développement durable : aspects méthodologiques et développements en cours", Working Paper No. 4-04 of the Bureau Fédéral du Plan, Brussels, Belgium.<br />
<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
|AuthorID=186<br />
|AuthorName=Roussel, Sébastien}}<br />
[[Category:Theme_1]]<br />
[[Category:Tools & Methodologies]]</div>Rousselhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_indicators&diff=10824Sustainability indicators2007-07-14T21:04:11Z<p>Roussel: /* Sustainable development indicators */</p>
<hr />
<div>==The sustainability concept==<br />
<br />
The concept of sustainability gathers together the various elements contributing to a human life support system on Earth and follows the seminal approach established by the Brundtland report on sustainable development (WCED, 1987). Traditionally, sustainability is associated with criteria such as efficiency or equity from an economic viewpoint and deals with intragenerational and intergenerational issues. Nevertheless, this concept is difficult to seize and ambiguities arise (Roussel et al., 2007).<br />
<br />
Sustainable development and therefore sustainability are linked not only by the three-way relationship between the environmental, economic, and social pillars but also by the institutional dimension of sustainable development. Prominent interactions exist respectively between the environmental and economic dimensions regarding viability and between the economic and social dimensions denoting equity. Furthermore, the distinction is conventionally made between ''weak'' sustainability as opposed to ''strong'' sustainability, allowing for a description of different types of capital and a total stock perspective. These types are natural capital, manufactured capital, human capital, social capital, and their substitutability determines the position held between ''weak'' sustainability and ''strong'' sustainability.<br />
<br />
The Brundtland report and Agenda 21 identify the need for sustainable development within the coastal zone. Gallagher et al. (2004) identify ''key constructs'' or ''mobile concepts'' of sustainability in a context of coastal management surrounded by professional coastal practitioners. In this analysis, sustainability becomes a guiding principle that may be viewed as a dominant paradigm, and may represent both the aim of coastal management plans and the means by which success is measured.<br />
<br />
==Sustainable development indicators==<br />
<br />
Many works have been conducted by international organizations as well as by national agencies and governments in order to elaborate national sustainable development strategies. The aim has been to elaborate incentive tools for considering the multidimensional nature of sustainable development and for assessing related progress (Rey-Valette et al., 2007).<br />
<br />
The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development led the way by implementing a work programme in April 1995 resulting in a first list of 134 indicators in 1996. After being tested in 22 countries in 2000, this list was reduced down to 59 so-called basic indicators for which a methodological guide was published in September 2001. From 1998, the OECD adopted the same approach based on an initial extensive list and several meetings among scientific experts until 2003, when a list of 69 reference indicators was published. EUROSTAT has employed a similar approach: a first test concerning the 134 United Nations indicators was carried out in 1997, and was then followed by the publication of list of a 69 indicators derived from basic United Nations indicators. After the Göteborg summit held in June 2001, a specific task-force resulted in a prioritized system consisting of 155 indicators which were validated in 2005: 12 so-called main indicators were to be used by high-ranking decision makers and a large public, 45 strategic indicators were related to sub-subjects, and finally, 98 so-called analytic indicators represented the various processes (Zuitnen, 2004; EUROSTAT, 2005).<br />
<br />
Although indicators were initially elaborated from the sustainable development pillars (environmental, economic, social, and institutional issues), the interactions between these pillars are mostly favored by on one input per issue, thus enabling the introduction of values and priorities of relevant populations. The European Union has thus recently drawn up guidelines and indicators concerning sustainable development whilst taking into account issues at stake (EUROSTAT, 2005). The aim is to integrate knowledge and create transversal bridges in order to link pillars and to encourage commitment of the people.<br />
<br />
After their initial development at an international level, where sustainable development indicators essentially ensure a normative and educational function, these approaches were progressively implemented at other levels. They were then employed at national and local levels, where they were used for implementing sustainable management and decision support principles for managers. It is verified that interactions existing between the different pillars of sustainable development are best taken into account at a local scale where positive synergies between these dimensions are expressed most accurately. <br />
<br />
Regarding ICZM and the DEDUCE project initiative see [[indicators]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* '''EUROSTAT''' (2005), "Measuring progress towards a more sustainable Europe, sustainable development indicators for the European Union", Luxembourg: Office for official publications of the European Communities.<br />
<br />
* '''Gallagher, A.; Johnson, D.; Glegg, G. and Trier, C.''' (2004), "Construct of sustainability in coastal zone management", ''Marine Policy'', 28: 249-255.<br />
<br />
* '''Rey-Valette, H.; Damart, S. and Roussel, S.''' (2007), "A multicriteria participation based methodology for selecting sustainable development indicators: an incentive tool for concerted decision-making beyond the diagnosis framework", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 122-138.<br />
<br />
* '''Roussel, S.; Crinquant, N. and Bourdat, E.''' (2007), "In search of coastal zone sustainability by means of social carrying capacity indicators construction: lessons learned from the Thau lagoon case study (Région Languedoc-Roussillon, France)", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 175-194.<br />
<br />
* '''World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)''' (1987), "Our common future", Oxford University Press, Oxford.<br />
<br />
* '''Zuintnen, N.''' (2004), "Indicateurs pour un développement durable : aspects méthodologiques et développements en cours", Working Paper No. 4-04 of the Bureau Fédéral du Plan, Brussels, Belgium.</div>Rousselhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_indicators&diff=10823Sustainability indicators2007-07-14T21:03:31Z<p>Roussel: /* The sustainability concept */</p>
<hr />
<div>==The sustainability concept==<br />
<br />
The concept of sustainability gathers together the various elements contributing to a human life support system on Earth and follows the seminal approach established by the Brundtland report on sustainable development (WCED, 1987). Traditionally, sustainability is associated with criteria such as efficiency or equity from an economic viewpoint and deals with intragenerational and intergenerational issues. Nevertheless, this concept is difficult to seize and ambiguities arise (Roussel et al., 2007).<br />
<br />
Sustainable development and therefore sustainability are linked not only by the three-way relationship between the environmental, economic, and social pillars but also by the institutional dimension of sustainable development. Prominent interactions exist respectively between the environmental and economic dimensions regarding viability and between the economic and social dimensions denoting equity. Furthermore, the distinction is conventionally made between ''weak'' sustainability as opposed to ''strong'' sustainability, allowing for a description of different types of capital and a total stock perspective. These types are natural capital, manufactured capital, human capital, social capital, and their substitutability determines the position held between ''weak'' sustainability and ''strong'' sustainability.<br />
<br />
The Brundtland report and Agenda 21 identify the need for sustainable development within the coastal zone. Gallagher et al. (2004) identify ''key constructs'' or ''mobile concepts'' of sustainability in a context of coastal management surrounded by professional coastal practitioners. In this analysis, sustainability becomes a guiding principle that may be viewed as a dominant paradigm, and may represent both the aim of coastal management plans and the means by which success is measured.<br />
<br />
==Sustainable development indicators==<br />
<br />
Many works have been conducted by international organizations as well as by national agencies and governments in order to elaborate national sustainable development strategies. The aim has been to elaborate incentive tools for considering the multidimensional nature of sustainable development and for assessing related progress.<br />
<br />
The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development led the way by implementing a work programme in April 1995 resulting in a first list of 134 indicators in 1996. After being tested in 22 countries in 2000, this list was reduced down to 59 so-called basic indicators for which a methodological guide was published in September 2001. From 1998, the OECD adopted the same approach based on an initial extensive list and several meetings among scientific experts until 2003, when a list of 69 reference indicators was published. EUROSTAT has employed a similar approach: a first test concerning the 134 United Nations indicators was carried out in 1997, and was then followed by the publication of list of a 69 indicators derived from basic United Nations indicators. After the Göteborg summit held in June 2001, a specific task-force resulted in a prioritized system consisting of 155 indicators which were validated in 2005: 12 so-called main indicators were to be used by high-ranking decision makers and a large public, 45 strategic indicators were related to sub-subjects, and finally, 98 so-called analytic indicators represented the various processes (Zuitnen, 2004; EUROSTAT, 2005).<br />
<br />
Although indicators were initially elaborated from the sustainable development pillars (environmental, economic, social, and institutional issues), the interactions between these pillars are mostly favored by on one input per issue, thus enabling the introduction of values and priorities of relevant populations. The European Union has thus recently drawn up guidelines and indicators concerning sustainable development whilst taking into account issues at stake (EUROSTAT, 2005). The aim is to integrate knowledge and create transversal bridges in order to link pillars and to encourage commitment of the people.<br />
<br />
After their initial development at an international level, where sustainable development indicators essentially ensure a normative and educational function, these approaches were progressively implemented at other levels. They were then employed at national and local levels, where they were used for implementing sustainable management and decision support principles for managers. It is verified that interactions existing between the different pillars of sustainable development are best taken into account at a local scale where positive synergies between these dimensions are expressed most accurately. <br />
<br />
Regarding ICZM and the DEDUCE project initiative see [[indicators]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* '''EUROSTAT''' (2005), "Measuring progress towards a more sustainable Europe, sustainable development indicators for the European Union", Luxembourg: Office for official publications of the European Communities.<br />
<br />
* '''Gallagher, A.; Johnson, D.; Glegg, G. and Trier, C.''' (2004), "Construct of sustainability in coastal zone management", ''Marine Policy'', 28: 249-255.<br />
<br />
* '''Rey-Valette, H.; Damart, S. and Roussel, S.''' (2007), "A multicriteria participation based methodology for selecting sustainable development indicators: an incentive tool for concerted decision-making beyond the diagnosis framework", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 122-138.<br />
<br />
* '''Roussel, S.; Crinquant, N. and Bourdat, E.''' (2007), "In search of coastal zone sustainability by means of social carrying capacity indicators construction: lessons learned from the Thau lagoon case study (Région Languedoc-Roussillon, France)", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 175-194.<br />
<br />
* '''World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)''' (1987), "Our common future", Oxford University Press, Oxford.<br />
<br />
* '''Zuintnen, N.''' (2004), "Indicateurs pour un développement durable : aspects méthodologiques et développements en cours", Working Paper No. 4-04 of the Bureau Fédéral du Plan, Brussels, Belgium.</div>Rousselhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_indicators&diff=10822Sustainability indicators2007-07-14T21:02:20Z<p>Roussel: </p>
<hr />
<div>==The sustainability concept==<br />
<br />
The concept of sustainability gathers together the various elements contributing to a human life support system on Earth and follows the seminal approach established by the Brundtland report on sustainable development (WCED, 1987). Traditionally, sustainability is associated with criteria such as efficiency or equity from an economic viewpoint and deals with intragenerational and intergenerational issues. Nevertheless, this concept is difficult to seize and ambiguities arise.<br />
<br />
Sustainable development and therefore sustainability are linked not only by the three-way relationship between the environmental, economic, and social pillars but also by the institutional dimension of sustainable development. Prominent interactions exist respectively between the environmental and economic dimensions regarding viability and between the economic and social dimensions denoting equity. Furthermore, the distinction is conventionally made between ''weak'' sustainability as opposed to ''strong'' sustainability, allowing for a description of different types of capital and a total stock perspective. These types are natural capital, manufactured capital, human capital, social capital, and their substitutability determines the position held between ''weak'' sustainability and ''strong'' sustainability.<br />
<br />
The Brundtland report and Agenda 21 identify the need for sustainable development within the coastal zone. Gallagher et al. (2004) identify ''key constructs'' or ''mobile concepts'' of sustainability in a context of coastal management surrounded by professional coastal practitioners. In this analysis, sustainability becomes a guiding principle that may be viewed as a dominant paradigm, and may represent both the aim of coastal management plans and the means by which success is measured.<br />
<br />
==Sustainable development indicators==<br />
<br />
Many works have been conducted by international organizations as well as by national agencies and governments in order to elaborate national sustainable development strategies. The aim has been to elaborate incentive tools for considering the multidimensional nature of sustainable development and for assessing related progress.<br />
<br />
The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development led the way by implementing a work programme in April 1995 resulting in a first list of 134 indicators in 1996. After being tested in 22 countries in 2000, this list was reduced down to 59 so-called basic indicators for which a methodological guide was published in September 2001. From 1998, the OECD adopted the same approach based on an initial extensive list and several meetings among scientific experts until 2003, when a list of 69 reference indicators was published. EUROSTAT has employed a similar approach: a first test concerning the 134 United Nations indicators was carried out in 1997, and was then followed by the publication of list of a 69 indicators derived from basic United Nations indicators. After the Göteborg summit held in June 2001, a specific task-force resulted in a prioritized system consisting of 155 indicators which were validated in 2005: 12 so-called main indicators were to be used by high-ranking decision makers and a large public, 45 strategic indicators were related to sub-subjects, and finally, 98 so-called analytic indicators represented the various processes (Zuitnen, 2004; EUROSTAT, 2005).<br />
<br />
Although indicators were initially elaborated from the sustainable development pillars (environmental, economic, social, and institutional issues), the interactions between these pillars are mostly favored by on one input per issue, thus enabling the introduction of values and priorities of relevant populations. The European Union has thus recently drawn up guidelines and indicators concerning sustainable development whilst taking into account issues at stake (EUROSTAT, 2005). The aim is to integrate knowledge and create transversal bridges in order to link pillars and to encourage commitment of the people.<br />
<br />
After their initial development at an international level, where sustainable development indicators essentially ensure a normative and educational function, these approaches were progressively implemented at other levels. They were then employed at national and local levels, where they were used for implementing sustainable management and decision support principles for managers. It is verified that interactions existing between the different pillars of sustainable development are best taken into account at a local scale where positive synergies between these dimensions are expressed most accurately. <br />
<br />
Regarding ICZM and the DEDUCE project initiative see [[indicators]].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* '''EUROSTAT''' (2005), "Measuring progress towards a more sustainable Europe, sustainable development indicators for the European Union", Luxembourg: Office for official publications of the European Communities.<br />
<br />
* '''Gallagher, A.; Johnson, D.; Glegg, G. and Trier, C.''' (2004), "Construct of sustainability in coastal zone management", ''Marine Policy'', 28: 249-255.<br />
<br />
* '''Rey-Valette, H.; Damart, S. and Roussel, S.''' (2007), "A multicriteria participation based methodology for selecting sustainable development indicators: an incentive tool for concerted decision-making beyond the diagnosis framework", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 122-138.<br />
<br />
* '''Roussel, S.; Crinquant, N. and Bourdat, E.''' (2007), "In search of coastal zone sustainability by means of social carrying capacity indicators construction: lessons learned from the Thau lagoon case study (Région Languedoc-Roussillon, France)", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 175-194.<br />
<br />
* '''World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)''' (1987), "Our common future", Oxford University Press, Oxford.<br />
<br />
* '''Zuintnen, N.''' (2004), "Indicateurs pour un développement durable : aspects méthodologiques et développements en cours", Working Paper No. 4-04 of the Bureau Fédéral du Plan, Brussels, Belgium.</div>Rousselhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_indicators&diff=10821Sustainability indicators2007-07-14T18:43:24Z<p>Roussel: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>==The sustainability concept==<br />
<br />
The concept of sustainability gathers together the various elements contributing to a human life support system on Earth and follows the seminal approach established by the Brundtland report on sustainable development (WCED, 1987). Traditionally, sustainability is associated with criteria such as efficiency or equity from an economic viewpoint and deals with intragenerational and intergenerational issues. Nevertheless, this concept is difficult to seize and ambiguities arise. Sustainable development and therefore sustainability are linked not only by the three-way relationship between the environmental, economic, and social pillars but also by the institutional dimension of sustainable development. Prominent interactions exist respectively between the environmental and economic dimensions regarding viability and between the economic and social dimensions denoting equity. Furthermore, the distinction is conventionally made between ''weak sustainability'' as opposed to ''strong sustainability'', allowing for a description of different types of capital and a total stock perspective. These types are natural capital, manufactured capital, human capital, social capital, and their substitutability determines the position held between ''weak sustainability'' and ''strong sustainability'' (e.g., the extent of replacement of degraded or destroyed natural capital by manufactured capital).<br />
<br />
The Brundtland report and Agenda 21 identify the need for sustainable development within the coastal zone. Gallagher et al. (2004) identify ''key constructs'' or ''mobile concepts'' of sustainability in a context of coastal management surrounded by professional coastal practitioners. In this analysis, sustainability becomes a guiding principle that may be viewed as a dominant paradigm, and may represent both the aim of coastal management plans and the means by which success is measured.<br />
<br />
==Sustainable development indicators==<br />
<br />
We must emphasise a shift in initiatives where indicators are constructed by pillars based on issues at stake. The European Union has thus recently drawn up guidelines and indicators concerning sustainable development whilst taking into account issues at stake (EUROSTAT, 2005). The aim is to integrate knowledge and create transversal bridges in order to link pillars and to encourage commitment of the people.<br />
<br />
Many works will be conducted by international organizations as well as by national agencies and governments in order to explain and account for these new principles, for example by elaborating national sustainable development strategies. In particular, the number of sustainable development indicator elaboration initiatives will increase. The aim is to elaborate incentive tools for considering the multidimensional nature of sustainable development and for assessing related progress. <br />
The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development led the way by implementing a work programme in April 1995 resulting in a first list of 134 indicators in 1996. After being tested in 22 countries, in the year 2000, this list was reduced down to 59 so-called basic indicators for which a methodological guide was published in September 2001. From 1998, the OECD adopted the same approach based on an initial extensive list and several meetings among scientific experts until 2003, when a list of 69 reference indicators was published. EUROSTAT has employed a similar approach: a first test concerning the 134 United Nations indicators was carried out in 1997, and was then followed by the publication of list of a 69 indicators derived from basic United Nations indicators. After the Göteborg summit held in June 2001, a specific task-force resulted in a prioritized system consisting of 155 indicators which were validated in 2005: 12 so-called main indicators were to be used by high-ranking decision makers and a large public, 45 strategic indicators were related to sub-subjects, and finally, 98 so-called analytic indicators represented the various processes (Zuitnen, 2004; EUROSTAT, 2005). Although indicators were initially elaborated from the sustainable development pillars, (Environmental, Economic, Social, then Institutional issues), nowadays, the interactions between these pillars are mostly favored by on one input per issue, thus enabling the introduction of values and priorities of relevant populations.<br />
<br />
After their initial development at an international level, where sustainable development indicators essentially ensure a normative and educational function, these approaches were progressively implemented at other levels. They were then employed at national and local levels, where they were used as an incentive tool for implementing sustainable management and decision support principles for managers. It is verified that interactions existing between the different pillars of sustainable development are best taken into account at a local scale where positive synergies between these dimensions are expressed most accurately. <br />
<br />
[[indicators]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* '''EUROSTAT''' (2005), "Measuring progress towards a more sustainable Europe, sustainable development indicators for the European Union", Luxembourg: Office for official publications of the European Communities.<br />
<br />
* '''Gallagher, A.; Johnson, D.; Glegg, G. and Trier, C.''' (2004), "Construct of sustainability in coastal zone management", ''Marine Policy'', 28: 249-255.<br />
<br />
* '''World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED)''' (1987), "Our common future", Oxford University Press, Oxford.<br />
<br />
* '''Roussel, S.; Crinquant, N. and Bourdat, E.''' (2007), "In search of coastal zone sustainability by means of social carrying capacity indicators construction: lessons learned from the Thau lagoon case study (Région Languedoc-Roussillon, France)", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 122-138.<br />
<br />
* '''Rey-Valette, H.; Damart, S. and Roussel, S.''' (2007), "A multicriteria participation based methodology for selecting sustainable development indicators: an incentive tool for concerted decision-making beyond the diagnosis framework", ''International Journal of Sustainable Development'', 10 (1/2): 175-194.</div>Rousselhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_indicators&diff=10820Sustainability indicators2007-07-14T18:31:27Z<p>Roussel: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>==The sustainability concept==<br />
<br />
The concept of sustainability gathers together the various elements contributing to a human life support system on Earth and follows the seminal approach established by the Brundtland report on sustainable development (WCED, 1987). Traditionally, sustainability is associated with criteria such as efficiency or equity from an economic viewpoint and deals with intragenerational and intergenerational issues. Nevertheless, this concept is difficult to seize and ambiguities arise. Sustainable development and therefore sustainability are linked not only by the three-way relationship between the environmental, economic, and social pillars but also by the institutional dimension of sustainable development. Prominent interactions exist respectively between the environmental and economic dimensions regarding viability and between the economic and social dimensions denoting equity. Furthermore, the distinction is conventionally made between ''weak sustainability'' as opposed to ''strong sustainability'', allowing for a description of different types of capital and a total stock perspective. These types are natural capital, manufactured capital, human capital, social capital, and their substitutability determines the position held between ''weak sustainability'' and ''strong sustainability'' (e.g., the extent of replacement of degraded or destroyed natural capital by manufactured capital).<br />
<br />
The Brundtland report and Agenda 21 identify the need for sustainable development within the coastal zone. Gallagher et al. (2004) identify ''key constructs'' or ''mobile concepts'' of sustainability in a context of coastal management surrounded by professional coastal practitioners. In this analysis, sustainability becomes a guiding principle that may be viewed as a dominant paradigm, and may represent both the aim of coastal management plans and the means by which success is measured.<br />
<br />
==Sustainable development indicators==<br />
<br />
We must emphasise a shift in initiatives where indicators are constructed by pillars based on issues at stake. The European Union has thus recently drawn up guidelines and indicators concerning sustainable development whilst taking into account issues at stake (EUROSTAT, 2005). The aim is to integrate knowledge and create transversal bridges in order to link pillars and to encourage commitment of the people.<br />
<br />
Many works will be conducted by international organizations as well as by national agencies and governments in order to explain and account for these new principles, for example by elaborating national sustainable development strategies. In particular, the number of sustainable development indicator elaboration initiatives will increase. The aim is to elaborate incentive tools for considering the multidimensional nature of sustainable development and for assessing related progress. <br />
The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development led the way by implementing a work programme in April 1995 resulting in a first list of 134 indicators in 1996. After being tested in 22 countries, in the year 2000, this list was reduced down to 59 so-called basic indicators for which a methodological guide was published in September 2001. From 1998, the OECD adopted the same approach based on an initial extensive list and several meetings among scientific experts until 2003, when a list of 69 reference indicators was published. EUROSTAT has employed a similar approach: a first test concerning the 134 United Nations indicators was carried out in 1997, and was then followed by the publication of list of a 69 indicators derived from basic United Nations indicators. After the Göteborg summit held in June 2001, a specific task-force resulted in a prioritized system consisting of 155 indicators which were validated in 2005: 12 so-called main indicators were to be used by high-ranking decision makers and a large public, 45 strategic indicators were related to sub-subjects, and finally, 98 so-called analytic indicators represented the various processes (Zuitnen, 2004; EUROSTAT, 2005). Although indicators were initially elaborated from the sustainable development pillars, (Environmental, Economic, Social, then Institutional issues), nowadays, the interactions between these pillars are mostly favored by on one input per issue, thus enabling the introduction of values and priorities of relevant populations.<br />
<br />
After their initial development at an international level, where sustainable development indicators essentially ensure a normative and educational function, these approaches were progressively implemented at other levels. They were then employed at national and local levels, where they were used as an incentive tool for implementing sustainable management and decision support principles for managers. It is verified that interactions existing between the different pillars of sustainable development are best taken into account at a local scale where positive synergies between these dimensions are expressed most accurately. <br />
<br />
[[indicators]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
* '''EUROSTAT''' (2005), "[Measuring progress towards a more sustainable Europe, sustainable development indicators for the European Union]", Luxembourg: Office for official publications of the European Communities.<br />
<br />
Gallagher et al. 2004<br />
Rey-Valette et al. 2007<br />
Roussel et al. 2007<br />
WCED 1987</div>Rousselhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_indicators&diff=10819Sustainability indicators2007-07-14T18:24:13Z<p>Roussel: </p>
<hr />
<div>==The sustainability concept==<br />
<br />
The concept of sustainability gathers together the various elements contributing to a human life support system on Earth and follows the seminal approach established by the Brundtland report on sustainable development (WCED, 1987). Traditionally, sustainability is associated with criteria such as efficiency or equity from an economic viewpoint and deals with intragenerational and intergenerational issues. Nevertheless, this concept is difficult to seize and ambiguities arise. Sustainable development and therefore sustainability are linked not only by the three-way relationship between the environmental, economic, and social pillars but also by the institutional dimension of sustainable development. Prominent interactions exist respectively between the environmental and economic dimensions regarding viability and between the economic and social dimensions denoting equity. Furthermore, the distinction is conventionally made between ''weak sustainability'' as opposed to ''strong sustainability'', allowing for a description of different types of capital and a total stock perspective. These types are natural capital, manufactured capital, human capital, social capital, and their substitutability determines the position held between ''weak sustainability'' and ''strong sustainability'' (e.g., the extent of replacement of degraded or destroyed natural capital by manufactured capital).<br />
<br />
The Brundtland report and Agenda 21 identify the need for sustainable development within the coastal zone. Gallagher et al. (2004) identify ''key constructs'' or ''mobile concepts'' of sustainability in a context of coastal management surrounded by professional coastal practitioners. In this analysis, sustainability becomes a guiding principle that may be viewed as a dominant paradigm, and may represent both the aim of coastal management plans and the means by which success is measured.<br />
<br />
==Sustainable development indicators==<br />
<br />
We must emphasise a shift in initiatives where indicators are constructed by pillars based on issues at stake. The European Union has thus recently drawn up guidelines and indicators concerning sustainable development whilst taking into account issues at stake (EUROSTAT, 2005). The aim is to integrate knowledge and create transversal bridges in order to link pillars and to encourage commitment of the people.<br />
<br />
Many works will be conducted by international organizations as well as by national agencies and governments in order to explain and account for these new principles, for example by elaborating national sustainable development strategies. In particular, the number of sustainable development indicator elaboration initiatives will increase. The aim is to elaborate incentive tools for considering the multidimensional nature of sustainable development and for assessing related progress. <br />
The United Nations Commission on Sustainable Development led the way by implementing a work programme in April 1995 resulting in a first list of 134 indicators in 1996. After being tested in 22 countries, in the year 2000, this list was reduced down to 59 so-called basic indicators for which a methodological guide was published in September 2001. From 1998, the OECD adopted the same approach based on an initial extensive list and several meetings among scientific experts until 2003, when a list of 69 reference indicators was published. EUROSTAT has employed a similar approach: a first test concerning the 134 United Nations indicators was carried out in 1997, and was then followed by the publication of list of a 69 indicators derived from basic United Nations indicators. After the Göteborg summit held in June 2001, a specific task-force resulted in a prioritized system consisting of 155 indicators which were validated in 2005: 12 so-called main indicators were to be used by high-ranking decision makers and a large public, 45 strategic indicators were related to sub-subjects, and finally, 98 so-called analytic indicators represented the various processes (Zuitnen, 2004; EUROSTAT, 2005). Although indicators were initially elaborated from the sustainable development pillars, (Environmental, Economic, Social, then Institutional issues), nowadays, the interactions between these pillars are mostly favored by on one input per issue, thus enabling the introduction of values and priorities of relevant populations.<br />
<br />
After their initial development at an international level, where sustainable development indicators essentially ensure a normative and educational function, these approaches were progressively implemented at other levels. They were then employed at national and local levels, where they were used as an incentive tool for implementing sustainable management and decision support principles for managers. It is verified that interactions existing between the different pillars of sustainable development are best taken into account at a local scale where positive synergies between these dimensions are expressed most accurately. <br />
<br />
[[indicators]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
EUROSTAT 2005<br />
Gallagher et al. 2004<br />
Rey-Valette et al. 2007<br />
Roussel et al. 2007<br />
WCED 1987</div>Rousselhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_indicators&diff=10818Sustainability indicators2007-07-14T18:12:27Z<p>Roussel: /* The sustainability concept */</p>
<hr />
<div>==The sustainability concept==<br />
<br />
The concept of sustainability gathers together the various elements contributing to a human life support system on Earth and follows the seminal approach established by the Brundtland report on sustainable development (WCED, 1987). Traditionally, sustainability is associated with criteria such as efficiency or equity from an economic viewpoint and deals with intragenerational and intergenerational issues. Nevertheless, this concept is difficult to seize and ambiguities arise. Sustainable development and therefore sustainability are linked not only by the three-way relationship between the environmental, economic, and social pillars but also by the institutional dimension of sustainable development. Prominent interactions exist respectively between the environmental and economic dimensions regarding viability and between the economic and social dimensions denoting equity. Furthermore, the distinction is conventionally made between ''weak sustainability'' as opposed to ''strong sustainability'', allowing for a description of different types of capital and a total stock perspective. These types are natural capital, manufactured capital, human capital, social capital, and their substitutability determines the position held between ''weak sustainability'' and ''strong sustainability'' (e.g., the extent of replacement of degraded or destroyed natural capital by manufactured capital).<br />
<br />
The Brundtland report and Agenda 21 identify the need for sustainable development within the coastal zone. Gallagher et al. (2004) identify ''key constructs'' or ''mobile concepts'' of sustainability in a context of coastal management surrounded by professional coastal practitioners. In this analysis, sustainability becomes a guiding principle that may be viewed as a dominant paradigm, and may represent both the aim of coastal management plans and the means by which success is measured.<br />
<br />
==Sustainable development indicators==<br />
<br />
We must emphasise a shift in initiatives where indicators are constructed by pillars based on issues at stake. The European Union has thus recently drawn up guidelines and indicators concerning sustainable development whilst taking into account issues at stake (EUROSTAT, 2005). The aim is to integrate knowledge and create transversal bridges in order to link pillars and to encourage commitment of the people.</div>Rousselhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainability_indicators&diff=10817Sustainability indicators2007-07-14T18:07:31Z<p>Roussel: </p>
<hr />
<div>==The sustainability concept==<br />
<br />
The concept of sustainability gathers together the various elements contributing to a human life support system on Earth and follows the seminal approach established by the Brundtland report on sustainable development (WCED, 1987). Traditionally, sustainability is associated with criteria such as efficiency or equity from an economic viewpoint and deals with intragenerational and intergenerational issues. Nevertheless, this concept is difficult to seize and ambiguities arise. Sustainable development and therefore sustainability are linked not only by the three-way relationship between the environmental, economic, and social pillars but also by the institutional dimension of sustainable development. Prominent interactions exist respectively between the environmental and economic dimensions regarding viability and between the economic and social dimensions denoting equity. Furthermore, the distinction is conventionally made between ''weak sustainability'' as opposed to ''strong sustainability'', allowing for a description of different types of capital and a total stock perspective. These types are natural capital, manufactured capital, human capital, social capital, and their substitutability determines the position held between ''weak sustainability'' and ''strong sustainability'' (e.g., the extent of replacement of degraded or destroyed natural capital by manufactured capital).<br />
The Brundtland report and Agenda 21 identify the need for sustainable development within the coastal zone. Gallagher et al. (2004) identify “key constructs” or “mobile concepts” of sustainability in a context of coastal management surrounded by professional coastal practitioners. In this analysis, sustainability becomes a guiding principle that may be viewed as a dominant paradigm, and may represent both the aim of coastal management plans and the means by which success is measured.<br />
<br />
==Sustainable development indicators==<br />
<br />
We must emphasise a shift in initiatives where indicators are constructed by pillars based on issues at stake. The European Union has thus recently drawn up guidelines and indicators concerning sustainable development whilst taking into account issues at stake (EUROSTAT, 2005). The aim is to integrate knowledge and create transversal bridges in order to link pillars and to encourage commitment of the people.</div>Rousselhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Stakeholder_analysis&diff=10816Stakeholder analysis2007-07-14T17:47:15Z<p>Roussel: /* What do we mean by stakeholder ? */</p>
<hr />
<div>==What do we mean by stakeholder ?==<br />
<br />
A '''stakeholder''' is an individual or an institution who can be positively or negatively impacted by, or cause an impact on the success of a project or a planning process. When an Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) process is launched, this requires the involvement of any relevant institutions that have stakes regarding the issues underlying the ICZM process. This allows concerted actions and participation for the decision-making process in public policies, allowing that the decisions are shared and taken in an interactive manner enhancing their acceptability in a long-term view.<br />
<br />
Stakeholders can be classified into public and private stakeholders. Public stakeholders refer to public representatives at the municipal level (mayor, municipal council, etc.), the regional level (environmental department, etc.), the national level (State, ministry, etc.) and the international level (an international body as the FAO, OECD, UNEP, etc.), whereas private stakeholders refer to the sectoral level (tourism, fisheries, etc.) or the citizen level (a local resident organisation, a leisure / sport society, etc.). <br />
<br />
The word '''Actor''' can sometimes be used in the same way as '''Stakeholder'''.<br />
<br />
For other insights in the CoastalWiki, see also [[stakeholders]].<br />
<br />
==Tools for stakeholder analysis==<br />
<br />
Many (computer) tools exist, aimed at involving [[stakeholders]] in the decision-making process. A rough distinction can be made between qualitative and quantitative tools. Quantitative tools include Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) tools, which allow stakeholders to assign weights to certain variables and indicators. These tools are designed for well-defined, structured problems. However, in practice stakeholder consensus on the problem structure is usually lacking. Then, how to determine an appropriate set of variables and indicators? At this point, qualitative tools can be helpful. <br />
<br />
===The Quasta tool===<br />
Aim of this article is to explore the practical opportunities for the new so-called Quasta approach. The Quasta approach uses a qualitative tool in order to structure complex problems in a group setting. The tool is based on a combination of Cognitive Mapping and Qualitative Probabilistic Networks. For more technical information see the [http://ssrn.com/abstract=987006 full paper]. This paper discusses Quasta as an interactive problem structuring tool, that can be used to involve [[stakeholders]] in Integrated Coastal Zone Management. The Quasta tool comprehends a new type of computer system which is quite simple and flexible as well. Quasta allows ''scenario exploration'' with simple ''cause-and-effect diagrams''. [[Image:CognitiveMap.jpg|thumb|right|Figure 1. An example Cognitive Map. Regular arrows represent positive inluences, an arrow with a circle on its tip represents a negative influence.]]. In Figure 1 a simple Cognitive Map is shown, which captures some of the issues which are typical for the densely populated catchment areas in the Netherlands. Climate change may result in sea level rise and extreme rainfall. Both may lead to high peak water levels in rivers, which may harm the safety in the catchment areas (because of risk of flooding). To prevent this, the government may propose some commissioned areas which, in case of high water levels, are designated to flood. This may reduce the peak levels of the rivers and may therefore improve the safety of the catchment area as a whole. However, this measure would imply that inhabitants of these areas should move out; the spatial pressure, which is already very high in the Netherlands, would increase. Quasta allows such scenario analyses; directions can be given for the concepts in the diagrams (for instance: more safety in the catchment areas), and then Quasta explores scenarios which are ''consistent'' with these directions. By asking [[stakeholders]] for concepts, relationships and directions of change, Quasta can be used as a deliberation tool.<br />
<br />
===Testing Quasta===<br />
The tool is tested in two workshops in which various coastal management issues were discussed. The first workshop took place in September 2006 in Concepción, Chile. The symposium was organised by the [http://www.censor.name/pagev2/news/news-single-view/article/1/censor-pasarelas-symposium-workshop.html?cHash=f7ab6f69bb CENSOR INCO-project] ('Climate variability and El Niño Southern Oscillation: Implications for Natural Coastal Resources and Management') in combination with the Pasarelas project, which is about 'Interface Tools for Multi-stakeholder Knowledge Partnerships for the Sustainable Management of Marine Resources and Coastal Zones'. In the workshop 11 persons participated, from various backgrounds (scientists, executives from governmental departments in Peru and Chile, people from local fishing communities, etc.). The language was Spanish and the topic of discussion was restricted management areas for fisheries. The second workshop was part of the project 'Sustainable living in the Dutch coastal zone', which was an exploratory project about the Dutch coastal zone in 2080. Eight persons participated in this workshop, which was held in October 2006, in Delft, The Netherlands. The group of participants included researchers, consultants and policymakers. The language was Dutch and the topic of discussion was living in the Dutch coastal zone in 2080. This scenario was discussed with respect to the themes 'land use', 'economy', 'safety', 'energy', 'technology & innovation' and 'institutional aspects'.<br />
<br />
===Conclusions===<br />
Evaluations of these workshops show that (1) this system helps stakeholders to make them aware of causal relationships, (2) it is useful for a qualitative exploration of scenarios, (3) it identifies the quantitative knowledge gaps of the problem being discussed and (4) the treshold for non-technicians to use this tool is quite low. As such, these first results seem promising. In order to make Quasta most useful, it is recommended to do further research on the methodology and last but not least to have more practical applications. <br />
<br />
{{author<br />
|AuthorID=186<br />
|AuthorName=Roussel, Sébastien}}<br />
[[Category:Theme_1]]<br />
[[Category:Tools & Methodologies]]<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
|AuthorID=14626<br />
|AuthorName=van Kouwen, Frank}}<br />
[[Category:Theme_1]]<br />
[[Category:Tools & Methodologies]]</div>Rousselhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Stakeholder_analysis&diff=10815Stakeholder analysis2007-07-14T17:44:41Z<p>Roussel: /* What do we mean by stakeholder ? */</p>
<hr />
<div>==What do we mean by stakeholder ?==<br />
<br />
A '''stakeholder''' is an individual or an institution who can be positively or negatively impacted by, or cause an impact on the success of a project or a planning process. When an Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) process is launched, this requires the involvement of any relevant institutions that have stakes regarding the issues underlying the ICZM process. This allows concerted actions and participation for the decision-making process in public policies, allowing that the decisions are shared and taken in an interactive manner enhancing their acceptability and in a long-term view.<br />
<br />
Stakeholders can be classified into public and private stakeholders. Public stakeholders refer to public representatives at the municipal level (mayor, municipal council, etc.), the regional level (environmental department, etc.), the national level (State, ministry, etc.) and the international level (an international body as the FAO, OECD, UNEP, etc.), whereas private stakeholders refer to the sectoral level (tourism, fisheries, etc.) or the citizen level (a local resident organisation, a leisure / sport society, etc.). <br />
<br />
The word '''Actor''' can sometimes be used in the same way as '''Stakeholder'''.<br />
<br />
For other insights in the CoastalWiki, see also [[stakeholders]].<br />
<br />
==Tools for stakeholder analysis==<br />
<br />
Many (computer) tools exist, aimed at involving [[stakeholders]] in the decision-making process. A rough distinction can be made between qualitative and quantitative tools. Quantitative tools include Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) tools, which allow stakeholders to assign weights to certain variables and indicators. These tools are designed for well-defined, structured problems. However, in practice stakeholder consensus on the problem structure is usually lacking. Then, how to determine an appropriate set of variables and indicators? At this point, qualitative tools can be helpful. <br />
<br />
===The Quasta tool===<br />
Aim of this article is to explore the practical opportunities for the new so-called Quasta approach. The Quasta approach uses a qualitative tool in order to structure complex problems in a group setting. The tool is based on a combination of Cognitive Mapping and Qualitative Probabilistic Networks. For more technical information see the [http://ssrn.com/abstract=987006 full paper]. This paper discusses Quasta as an interactive problem structuring tool, that can be used to involve [[stakeholders]] in Integrated Coastal Zone Management. The Quasta tool comprehends a new type of computer system which is quite simple and flexible as well. Quasta allows ''scenario exploration'' with simple ''cause-and-effect diagrams''. [[Image:CognitiveMap.jpg|thumb|right|Figure 1. An example Cognitive Map. Regular arrows represent positive inluences, an arrow with a circle on its tip represents a negative influence.]]. In Figure 1 a simple Cognitive Map is shown, which captures some of the issues which are typical for the densely populated catchment areas in the Netherlands. Climate change may result in sea level rise and extreme rainfall. Both may lead to high peak water levels in rivers, which may harm the safety in the catchment areas (because of risk of flooding). To prevent this, the government may propose some commissioned areas which, in case of high water levels, are designated to flood. This may reduce the peak levels of the rivers and may therefore improve the safety of the catchment area as a whole. However, this measure would imply that inhabitants of these areas should move out; the spatial pressure, which is already very high in the Netherlands, would increase. Quasta allows such scenario analyses; directions can be given for the concepts in the diagrams (for instance: more safety in the catchment areas), and then Quasta explores scenarios which are ''consistent'' with these directions. By asking [[stakeholders]] for concepts, relationships and directions of change, Quasta can be used as a deliberation tool.<br />
<br />
===Testing Quasta===<br />
The tool is tested in two workshops in which various coastal management issues were discussed. The first workshop took place in September 2006 in Concepción, Chile. The symposium was organised by the [http://www.censor.name/pagev2/news/news-single-view/article/1/censor-pasarelas-symposium-workshop.html?cHash=f7ab6f69bb CENSOR INCO-project] ('Climate variability and El Niño Southern Oscillation: Implications for Natural Coastal Resources and Management') in combination with the Pasarelas project, which is about 'Interface Tools for Multi-stakeholder Knowledge Partnerships for the Sustainable Management of Marine Resources and Coastal Zones'. In the workshop 11 persons participated, from various backgrounds (scientists, executives from governmental departments in Peru and Chile, people from local fishing communities, etc.). The language was Spanish and the topic of discussion was restricted management areas for fisheries. The second workshop was part of the project 'Sustainable living in the Dutch coastal zone', which was an exploratory project about the Dutch coastal zone in 2080. Eight persons participated in this workshop, which was held in October 2006, in Delft, The Netherlands. The group of participants included researchers, consultants and policymakers. The language was Dutch and the topic of discussion was living in the Dutch coastal zone in 2080. This scenario was discussed with respect to the themes 'land use', 'economy', 'safety', 'energy', 'technology & innovation' and 'institutional aspects'.<br />
<br />
===Conclusions===<br />
Evaluations of these workshops show that (1) this system helps stakeholders to make them aware of causal relationships, (2) it is useful for a qualitative exploration of scenarios, (3) it identifies the quantitative knowledge gaps of the problem being discussed and (4) the treshold for non-technicians to use this tool is quite low. As such, these first results seem promising. In order to make Quasta most useful, it is recommended to do further research on the methodology and last but not least to have more practical applications. <br />
<br />
{{author<br />
|AuthorID=186<br />
|AuthorName=Roussel, Sébastien}}<br />
[[Category:Theme_1]]<br />
[[Category:Tools & Methodologies]]<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
|AuthorID=14626<br />
|AuthorName=van Kouwen, Frank}}<br />
[[Category:Theme_1]]<br />
[[Category:Tools & Methodologies]]</div>Rousselhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Stakeholder_analysis&diff=10814Stakeholder analysis2007-07-14T17:39:34Z<p>Roussel: /* Stakeholder analysis */</p>
<hr />
<div>==What do we mean by stakeholder ?==<br />
<br />
A '''stakeholder''' is an individual or an institution who can be positively or negatively impacted by, or cause an impact on the success of a project or a planning process. When an Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) process is launched, this requires the involvement of any relevant institutions that have stakes regarding the issues underlying the ICZM process. This allows concerted actions and participation for the decision-making process in public policies, allowing that the decisions are shared and taken in an interactive manner enhancing their acceptability and in a long-term view.<br />
<br />
Stakeholders can be classified into public and private stakeholders. Public stakeholders refer to public representatives at the municipal level (mayor, municipal council, etc.), the regional level (environmental department, etc.), the national level (State, ministry, etc.) and the international level (an international body as the FAO, OECD, UNEP, etc.), whereas private stakeholders refer to the sectoral level (tourism, fisheries, etc.) or the citizen level (a local resident organisation, a leisure / sport society, etc.). <br />
<br />
The word '''Actor''' can sometimes be used in the same way as '''Stakeholder'''.<br />
<br />
==Tools for stakeholder analysis==<br />
<br />
Many (computer) tools exist, aimed at involving [[stakeholders]] in the decision-making process. A rough distinction can be made between qualitative and quantitative tools. Quantitative tools include Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) tools, which allow stakeholders to assign weights to certain variables and indicators. These tools are designed for well-defined, structured problems. However, in practice stakeholder consensus on the problem structure is usually lacking. Then, how to determine an appropriate set of variables and indicators? At this point, qualitative tools can be helpful. <br />
<br />
===The Quasta tool===<br />
Aim of this article is to explore the practical opportunities for the new so-called Quasta approach. The Quasta approach uses a qualitative tool in order to structure complex problems in a group setting. The tool is based on a combination of Cognitive Mapping and Qualitative Probabilistic Networks. For more technical information see the [http://ssrn.com/abstract=987006 full paper]. This paper discusses Quasta as an interactive problem structuring tool, that can be used to involve [[stakeholders]] in Integrated Coastal Zone Management. The Quasta tool comprehends a new type of computer system which is quite simple and flexible as well. Quasta allows ''scenario exploration'' with simple ''cause-and-effect diagrams''. [[Image:CognitiveMap.jpg|thumb|right|Figure 1. An example Cognitive Map. Regular arrows represent positive inluences, an arrow with a circle on its tip represents a negative influence.]]. In Figure 1 a simple Cognitive Map is shown, which captures some of the issues which are typical for the densely populated catchment areas in the Netherlands. Climate change may result in sea level rise and extreme rainfall. Both may lead to high peak water levels in rivers, which may harm the safety in the catchment areas (because of risk of flooding). To prevent this, the government may propose some commissioned areas which, in case of high water levels, are designated to flood. This may reduce the peak levels of the rivers and may therefore improve the safety of the catchment area as a whole. However, this measure would imply that inhabitants of these areas should move out; the spatial pressure, which is already very high in the Netherlands, would increase. Quasta allows such scenario analyses; directions can be given for the concepts in the diagrams (for instance: more safety in the catchment areas), and then Quasta explores scenarios which are ''consistent'' with these directions. By asking [[stakeholders]] for concepts, relationships and directions of change, Quasta can be used as a deliberation tool.<br />
<br />
===Testing Quasta===<br />
The tool is tested in two workshops in which various coastal management issues were discussed. The first workshop took place in September 2006 in Concepción, Chile. The symposium was organised by the [http://www.censor.name/pagev2/news/news-single-view/article/1/censor-pasarelas-symposium-workshop.html?cHash=f7ab6f69bb CENSOR INCO-project] ('Climate variability and El Niño Southern Oscillation: Implications for Natural Coastal Resources and Management') in combination with the Pasarelas project, which is about 'Interface Tools for Multi-stakeholder Knowledge Partnerships for the Sustainable Management of Marine Resources and Coastal Zones'. In the workshop 11 persons participated, from various backgrounds (scientists, executives from governmental departments in Peru and Chile, people from local fishing communities, etc.). The language was Spanish and the topic of discussion was restricted management areas for fisheries. The second workshop was part of the project 'Sustainable living in the Dutch coastal zone', which was an exploratory project about the Dutch coastal zone in 2080. Eight persons participated in this workshop, which was held in October 2006, in Delft, The Netherlands. The group of participants included researchers, consultants and policymakers. The language was Dutch and the topic of discussion was living in the Dutch coastal zone in 2080. This scenario was discussed with respect to the themes 'land use', 'economy', 'safety', 'energy', 'technology & innovation' and 'institutional aspects'.<br />
<br />
===Conclusions===<br />
Evaluations of these workshops show that (1) this system helps stakeholders to make them aware of causal relationships, (2) it is useful for a qualitative exploration of scenarios, (3) it identifies the quantitative knowledge gaps of the problem being discussed and (4) the treshold for non-technicians to use this tool is quite low. As such, these first results seem promising. In order to make Quasta most useful, it is recommended to do further research on the methodology and last but not least to have more practical applications. <br />
<br />
{{author<br />
|AuthorID=186<br />
|AuthorName=Roussel, Sébastien}}<br />
[[Category:Theme_1]]<br />
[[Category:Tools & Methodologies]]<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
|AuthorID=14626<br />
|AuthorName=van Kouwen, Frank}}<br />
[[Category:Theme_1]]<br />
[[Category:Tools & Methodologies]]</div>Rousselhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Stakeholder_analysis&diff=10813Stakeholder analysis2007-07-14T17:32:42Z<p>Roussel: /* Stakeholder analysis */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Stakeholder analysis==<br />
<br />
A '''stakeholder''' is an individual or an institution who can be positively or negatively impacted by, or cause an impact on the success of a project or a planning process. When an Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) process is launched, this requires the involvement of any relevant institutions that have stakes regarding the issues underlying the ICZM process. This allows concerted actions and participation for public policies in an interactive manner and a long-term view.<br />
<br />
Stakeholders can be classified into public and private stakeholders. Public stakeholders refer to public representatives at the municipal level (mayor, municipal council, etc.), the regional level (environmental department, etc.), the national level (State, ministry, etc.) and the international level (an international body as the FAO, OECD, UNEP, etc.), whereas private stakeholders refer to the sectoral level (tourism, fisheries, etc.) or the citizen level (a local resident organisation, a leisure / sport society, etc.). <br />
<br />
The word '''Actor''' can sometimes be used in the same way as '''Stakeholder'''.<br />
<br />
==Tools for stakeholder analysis==<br />
<br />
Many (computer) tools exist, aimed at involving [[stakeholders]] in the decision-making process. A rough distinction can be made between qualitative and quantitative tools. Quantitative tools include Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) tools, which allow stakeholders to assign weights to certain variables and indicators. These tools are designed for well-defined, structured problems. However, in practice stakeholder consensus on the problem structure is usually lacking. Then, how to determine an appropriate set of variables and indicators? At this point, qualitative tools can be helpful. <br />
<br />
===The Quasta tool===<br />
Aim of this article is to explore the practical opportunities for the new so-called Quasta approach. The Quasta approach uses a qualitative tool in order to structure complex problems in a group setting. The tool is based on a combination of Cognitive Mapping and Qualitative Probabilistic Networks. For more technical information see the [http://ssrn.com/abstract=987006 full paper]. This paper discusses Quasta as an interactive problem structuring tool, that can be used to involve [[stakeholders]] in Integrated Coastal Zone Management. The Quasta tool comprehends a new type of computer system which is quite simple and flexible as well. Quasta allows ''scenario exploration'' with simple ''cause-and-effect diagrams''. [[Image:CognitiveMap.jpg|thumb|right|Figure 1. An example Cognitive Map. Regular arrows represent positive inluences, an arrow with a circle on its tip represents a negative influence.]]. In Figure 1 a simple Cognitive Map is shown, which captures some of the issues which are typical for the densely populated catchment areas in the Netherlands. Climate change may result in sea level rise and extreme rainfall. Both may lead to high peak water levels in rivers, which may harm the safety in the catchment areas (because of risk of flooding). To prevent this, the government may propose some commissioned areas which, in case of high water levels, are designated to flood. This may reduce the peak levels of the rivers and may therefore improve the safety of the catchment area as a whole. However, this measure would imply that inhabitants of these areas should move out; the spatial pressure, which is already very high in the Netherlands, would increase. Quasta allows such scenario analyses; directions can be given for the concepts in the diagrams (for instance: more safety in the catchment areas), and then Quasta explores scenarios which are ''consistent'' with these directions. By asking [[stakeholders]] for concepts, relationships and directions of change, Quasta can be used as a deliberation tool.<br />
<br />
===Testing Quasta===<br />
The tool is tested in two workshops in which various coastal management issues were discussed. The first workshop took place in September 2006 in Concepción, Chile. The symposium was organised by the [http://www.censor.name/pagev2/news/news-single-view/article/1/censor-pasarelas-symposium-workshop.html?cHash=f7ab6f69bb CENSOR INCO-project] ('Climate variability and El Niño Southern Oscillation: Implications for Natural Coastal Resources and Management') in combination with the Pasarelas project, which is about 'Interface Tools for Multi-stakeholder Knowledge Partnerships for the Sustainable Management of Marine Resources and Coastal Zones'. In the workshop 11 persons participated, from various backgrounds (scientists, executives from governmental departments in Peru and Chile, people from local fishing communities, etc.). The language was Spanish and the topic of discussion was restricted management areas for fisheries. The second workshop was part of the project 'Sustainable living in the Dutch coastal zone', which was an exploratory project about the Dutch coastal zone in 2080. Eight persons participated in this workshop, which was held in October 2006, in Delft, The Netherlands. The group of participants included researchers, consultants and policymakers. The language was Dutch and the topic of discussion was living in the Dutch coastal zone in 2080. This scenario was discussed with respect to the themes 'land use', 'economy', 'safety', 'energy', 'technology & innovation' and 'institutional aspects'.<br />
<br />
===Conclusions===<br />
Evaluations of these workshops show that (1) this system helps stakeholders to make them aware of causal relationships, (2) it is useful for a qualitative exploration of scenarios, (3) it identifies the quantitative knowledge gaps of the problem being discussed and (4) the treshold for non-technicians to use this tool is quite low. As such, these first results seem promising. In order to make Quasta most useful, it is recommended to do further research on the methodology and last but not least to have more practical applications. <br />
<br />
{{author<br />
|AuthorID=186<br />
|AuthorName=Roussel, Sébastien}}<br />
[[Category:Theme_1]]<br />
[[Category:Tools & Methodologies]]<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
|AuthorID=14626<br />
|AuthorName=van Kouwen, Frank}}<br />
[[Category:Theme_1]]<br />
[[Category:Tools & Methodologies]]</div>Rousselhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Stakeholder_analysis&diff=10812Stakeholder analysis2007-07-14T17:24:33Z<p>Roussel: /* Stakeholder analysis */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Stakeholder analysis==<br />
<br />
A '''stakeholder''' is an individual or an institution who can be positively or negatively impacted by, or cause an impact on the success of a project. When an Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) process is launched, this requires the involvement of any relevant institutions that have stakes regarding the issues underlying the ICZM process. Stakeholders can be classified into public and private stakeholders. Public stakeholders refer to public representatives at the municipal level (mayor, municipal council, etc.), the regional level (environmental department, etc.), the national level (State, ministry, etc.) and the international level (international body as the FAO, OECD, UNEP, etc.), whereas private stakeholders refer to the sectoral level (tourism, fisheries, etc.) or the citizen level (a local resident organisation, a leisure / sport society, etc.). <br />
<br />
A stakeholder analysis is performed when there is a need to clarify the consequences of envisaged changes, or at the start of new projects and in connection with organizational changes generally.<br />
<br />
The word '''Actor''' can sometimes be used in the same way as '''Stakeholder'''.<br />
<br />
==Tools for stakeholder analysis==<br />
<br />
Many (computer) tools exist, aimed at involving [[stakeholders]] in the decision-making process. A rough distinction can be made between qualitative and quantitative tools. Quantitative tools include Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) tools, which allow stakeholders to assign weights to certain variables and indicators. These tools are designed for well-defined, structured problems. However, in practice stakeholder consensus on the problem structure is usually lacking. Then, how to determine an appropriate set of variables and indicators? At this point, qualitative tools can be helpful. <br />
<br />
===The Quasta tool===<br />
Aim of this article is to explore the practical opportunities for the new so-called Quasta approach. The Quasta approach uses a qualitative tool in order to structure complex problems in a group setting. The tool is based on a combination of Cognitive Mapping and Qualitative Probabilistic Networks. For more technical information see the [http://ssrn.com/abstract=987006 full paper]. This paper discusses Quasta as an interactive problem structuring tool, that can be used to involve [[stakeholders]] in Integrated Coastal Zone Management. The Quasta tool comprehends a new type of computer system which is quite simple and flexible as well. Quasta allows ''scenario exploration'' with simple ''cause-and-effect diagrams''. [[Image:CognitiveMap.jpg|thumb|right|Figure 1. An example Cognitive Map. Regular arrows represent positive inluences, an arrow with a circle on its tip represents a negative influence.]]. In Figure 1 a simple Cognitive Map is shown, which captures some of the issues which are typical for the densely populated catchment areas in the Netherlands. Climate change may result in sea level rise and extreme rainfall. Both may lead to high peak water levels in rivers, which may harm the safety in the catchment areas (because of risk of flooding). To prevent this, the government may propose some commissioned areas which, in case of high water levels, are designated to flood. This may reduce the peak levels of the rivers and may therefore improve the safety of the catchment area as a whole. However, this measure would imply that inhabitants of these areas should move out; the spatial pressure, which is already very high in the Netherlands, would increase. Quasta allows such scenario analyses; directions can be given for the concepts in the diagrams (for instance: more safety in the catchment areas), and then Quasta explores scenarios which are ''consistent'' with these directions. By asking [[stakeholders]] for concepts, relationships and directions of change, Quasta can be used as a deliberation tool.<br />
<br />
===Testing Quasta===<br />
The tool is tested in two workshops in which various coastal management issues were discussed. The first workshop took place in September 2006 in Concepción, Chile. The symposium was organised by the [http://www.censor.name/pagev2/news/news-single-view/article/1/censor-pasarelas-symposium-workshop.html?cHash=f7ab6f69bb CENSOR INCO-project] ('Climate variability and El Niño Southern Oscillation: Implications for Natural Coastal Resources and Management') in combination with the Pasarelas project, which is about 'Interface Tools for Multi-stakeholder Knowledge Partnerships for the Sustainable Management of Marine Resources and Coastal Zones'. In the workshop 11 persons participated, from various backgrounds (scientists, executives from governmental departments in Peru and Chile, people from local fishing communities, etc.). The language was Spanish and the topic of discussion was restricted management areas for fisheries. The second workshop was part of the project 'Sustainable living in the Dutch coastal zone', which was an exploratory project about the Dutch coastal zone in 2080. Eight persons participated in this workshop, which was held in October 2006, in Delft, The Netherlands. The group of participants included researchers, consultants and policymakers. The language was Dutch and the topic of discussion was living in the Dutch coastal zone in 2080. This scenario was discussed with respect to the themes 'land use', 'economy', 'safety', 'energy', 'technology & innovation' and 'institutional aspects'.<br />
<br />
===Conclusions===<br />
Evaluations of these workshops show that (1) this system helps stakeholders to make them aware of causal relationships, (2) it is useful for a qualitative exploration of scenarios, (3) it identifies the quantitative knowledge gaps of the problem being discussed and (4) the treshold for non-technicians to use this tool is quite low. As such, these first results seem promising. In order to make Quasta most useful, it is recommended to do further research on the methodology and last but not least to have more practical applications. <br />
<br />
{{author<br />
|AuthorID=186<br />
|AuthorName=Roussel, Sébastien}}<br />
[[Category:Theme_1]]<br />
[[Category:Tools & Methodologies]]<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
|AuthorID=14626<br />
|AuthorName=van Kouwen, Frank}}<br />
[[Category:Theme_1]]<br />
[[Category:Tools & Methodologies]]</div>Rousselhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Stakeholder_analysis&diff=10811Stakeholder analysis2007-07-14T16:57:12Z<p>Roussel: </p>
<hr />
<div>==Stakeholder analysis==<br />
<br />
A stakeholder is any person or organisation who can be positively or negatively impacted by, or cause an impact on the success of the project.<br />
<br />
The stakeholder analysis aims at identifying who is affected by the results of a project simultaneously with the result’s success depending on the cooperation between the stakeholder and the project. It is important to identify all stakeholders . <br />
<br />
A stakeholder analysis is performed when there is a need to clarify the consequences of envisaged changes, or at the start of new projects and in connection with organizational changes generally.<br />
<br />
==Tools for stakeholder analysis==<br />
<br />
Many (computer) tools exist, aimed at involving [[stakeholders]] in the decision-making process. A rough distinction can be made between qualitative and quantitative tools. Quantitative tools include Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) tools, which allow stakeholders to assign weights to certain variables and indicators. These tools are designed for well-defined, structured problems. However, in practice stakeholder consensus on the problem structure is usually lacking. Then, how to determine an appropriate set of variables and indicators? At this point, qualitative tools can be helpful. <br />
<br />
===The Quasta tool===<br />
Aim of this article is to explore the practical opportunities for the new so-called Quasta approach. The Quasta approach uses a qualitative tool in order to structure complex problems in a group setting. The tool is based on a combination of Cognitive Mapping and Qualitative Probabilistic Networks. For more technical information see the [http://ssrn.com/abstract=987006 full paper]. This paper discusses Quasta as an interactive problem structuring tool, that can be used to involve [[stakeholders]] in Integrated Coastal Zone Management. The Quasta tool comprehends a new type of computer system which is quite simple and flexible as well. Quasta allows ''scenario exploration'' with simple ''cause-and-effect diagrams''. [[Image:CognitiveMap.jpg|thumb|right|Figure 1. An example Cognitive Map. Regular arrows represent positive inluences, an arrow with a circle on its tip represents a negative influence.]]. In Figure 1 a simple Cognitive Map is shown, which captures some of the issues which are typical for the densely populated catchment areas in the Netherlands. Climate change may result in sea level rise and extreme rainfall. Both may lead to high peak water levels in rivers, which may harm the safety in the catchment areas (because of risk of flooding). To prevent this, the government may propose some commissioned areas which, in case of high water levels, are designated to flood. This may reduce the peak levels of the rivers and may therefore improve the safety of the catchment area as a whole. However, this measure would imply that inhabitants of these areas should move out; the spatial pressure, which is already very high in the Netherlands, would increase. Quasta allows such scenario analyses; directions can be given for the concepts in the diagrams (for instance: more safety in the catchment areas), and then Quasta explores scenarios which are ''consistent'' with these directions. By asking [[stakeholders]] for concepts, relationships and directions of change, Quasta can be used as a deliberation tool.<br />
<br />
===Testing Quasta===<br />
The tool is tested in two workshops in which various coastal management issues were discussed. The first workshop took place in September 2006 in Concepción, Chile. The symposium was organised by the [http://www.censor.name/pagev2/news/news-single-view/article/1/censor-pasarelas-symposium-workshop.html?cHash=f7ab6f69bb CENSOR INCO-project] ('Climate variability and El Niño Southern Oscillation: Implications for Natural Coastal Resources and Management') in combination with the Pasarelas project, which is about 'Interface Tools for Multi-stakeholder Knowledge Partnerships for the Sustainable Management of Marine Resources and Coastal Zones'. In the workshop 11 persons participated, from various backgrounds (scientists, executives from governmental departments in Peru and Chile, people from local fishing communities, etc.). The language was Spanish and the topic of discussion was restricted management areas for fisheries. The second workshop was part of the project 'Sustainable living in the Dutch coastal zone', which was an exploratory project about the Dutch coastal zone in 2080. Eight persons participated in this workshop, which was held in October 2006, in Delft, The Netherlands. The group of participants included researchers, consultants and policymakers. The language was Dutch and the topic of discussion was living in the Dutch coastal zone in 2080. This scenario was discussed with respect to the themes 'land use', 'economy', 'safety', 'energy', 'technology & innovation' and 'institutional aspects'.<br />
<br />
===Conclusions===<br />
Evaluations of these workshops show that (1) this system helps stakeholders to make them aware of causal relationships, (2) it is useful for a qualitative exploration of scenarios, (3) it identifies the quantitative knowledge gaps of the problem being discussed and (4) the treshold for non-technicians to use this tool is quite low. As such, these first results seem promising. In order to make Quasta most useful, it is recommended to do further research on the methodology and last but not least to have more practical applications. <br />
<br />
{{author<br />
|AuthorID=186<br />
|AuthorName=Roussel, Sébastien}}<br />
[[Category:Theme_1]]<br />
[[Category:Tools & Methodologies]]<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
|AuthorID=14626<br />
|AuthorName=van Kouwen, Frank}}<br />
[[Category:Theme_1]]<br />
[[Category:Tools & Methodologies]]</div>Rousselhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Stakeholder_analysis&diff=10810Stakeholder analysis2007-07-14T16:54:45Z<p>Roussel: /* Tools for stakeholder analysis */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Stakeholder analysis==<br />
<br />
A stakeholder is any person or organisation who can be positively or negatively impacted by, or cause an impact on the success of the project.<br />
<br />
The stakeholder analysis aims at identifying who is affected by the results of a project simultaneously with the result’s success depending on the cooperation between the stakeholder and the project. It is important to identify all stakeholders . <br />
<br />
A stakeholder analysis is performed when there is a need to clarify the consequences of envisaged changes, or at the start of new projects and in connection with organizational changes generally.<br />
<br />
==Tools for stakeholder analysis==<br />
<br />
Many (computer) tools exist, aimed at involving [[stakeholders]] in the decision-making process. A rough distinction can be made between qualitative and quantitative tools. Quantitative tools include Multi-Criteria Analysis (MCA) tools, which allow stakeholders to assign weights to certain variables and indicators. These tools are designed for well-defined, structured problems. However, in practice stakeholder consensus on the problem structure is usually lacking. Then, how to determine an appropriate set of variables and indicators? At this point, qualitative tools can be helpful. <br />
<br />
===The Quasta tool===<br />
Aim of this article is to explore the practical opportunities for the new so-called Quasta approach. The Quasta approach uses a qualitative tool in order to structure complex problems in a group setting. The tool is based on a combination of Cognitive Mapping and Qualitative Probabilistic Networks. For more technical information see the [http://ssrn.com/abstract=987006 full paper]. This paper discusses Quasta as an interactive problem structuring tool, that can be used to involve [[stakeholders]] in Integrated Coastal Zone Management. The Quasta tool comprehends a new type of computer system which is quite simple and flexible as well. Quasta allows ''scenario exploration'' with simple ''cause-and-effect diagrams''. [[Image:CognitiveMap.jpg|thumb|right|Figure 1. An example Cognitive Map. Regular arrows represent positive inluences, an arrow with a circle on its tip represents a negative influence.]]. In Figure 1 a simple Cognitive Map is shown, which captures some of the issues which are typical for the densely populated catchment areas in the Netherlands. Climate change may result in sea level rise and extreme rainfall. Both may lead to high peak water levels in rivers, which may harm the safety in the catchment areas (because of risk of flooding). To prevent this, the government may propose some commissioned areas which, in case of high water levels, are designated to flood. This may reduce the peak levels of the rivers and may therefore improve the safety of the catchment area as a whole. However, this measure would imply that inhabitants of these areas should move out; the spatial pressure, which is already very high in the Netherlands, would increase. Quasta allows such scenario analyses; directions can be given for the concepts in the diagrams (for instance: more safety in the catchment areas), and then Quasta explores scenarios which are ''consistent'' with these directions. By asking [[stakeholders]] for concepts, relationships and directions of change, Quasta can be used as a deliberation tool.<br />
<br />
===Testing Quasta===<br />
The tool is tested in two workshops in which various coastal management issues were discussed. The first workshop took place in September 2006 in Concepción, Chile. The symposium was organised by the [http://www.censor.name/pagev2/news/news-single-view/article/1/censor-pasarelas-symposium-workshop.html?cHash=f7ab6f69bb CENSOR INCO-project] ('Climate variability and El Niño Southern Oscillation: Implications for Natural Coastal Resources and Management') in combination with the Pasarelas project, which is about 'Interface Tools for Multi-stakeholder Knowledge Partnerships for the Sustainable Management of Marine Resources and Coastal Zones'. In the workshop 11 persons participated, from various backgrounds (scientists, executives from governmental departments in Peru and Chile, people from local fishing communities, etc.). The language was Spanish and the topic of discussion was restricted management areas for fisheries. The second workshop was part of the project 'Sustainable living in the Dutch coastal zone', which was an exploratory project about the Dutch coastal zone in 2080. Eight persons participated in this workshop, which was held in October 2006, in Delft, The Netherlands. The group of participants included researchers, consultants and policymakers. The language was Dutch and the topic of discussion was living in the Dutch coastal zone in 2080. This scenario was discussed with respect to the themes 'land use', 'economy', 'safety', 'energy', 'technology & innovation' and 'institutional aspects'.<br />
<br />
===Conclusions===<br />
Evaluations of these workshops show that (1) this system helps stakeholders to make them aware of causal relationships, (2) it is useful for a qualitative exploration of scenarios, (3) it identifies the quantitative knowledge gaps of the problem being discussed and (4) the treshold for non-technicians to use this tool is quite low. As such, these first results seem promising. In order to make Quasta most useful, it is recommended to do further research on the methodology and last but not least to have more practical applications. <br />
<br />
{{author<br />
|AuthorID=<br />
|AuthorName=Roussel, Sébastien}}<br />
[[Category:Theme_1]]<br />
[[Category:Tools & Methodologies]]<br />
<br />
{{author<br />
|AuthorID=14626<br />
|AuthorName=van Kouwen, Frank}}<br />
[[Category:Theme_1]]<br />
[[Category:Tools & Methodologies]]</div>Roussel