https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Coastal_lagoon&feed=atom&action=historyCoastal lagoon - Revision history2024-03-29T05:07:54ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.31.7https://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Coastal_lagoon&diff=76447&oldid=prevDronkers J at 19:33, 27 February 20202020-02-27T19:33:27Z<p></p>
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</table>Dronkers Jhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Coastal_lagoon&diff=76445&oldid=prevDronkers J at 19:19, 27 February 20202020-02-27T19:19:55Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* c) geomorphic type, i.e. related to the water exchange with the sea  (chocked, restricted and leaky)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* c) geomorphic type, i.e. related to the water exchange with the sea  (chocked, restricted and leaky)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>They are also considered 'transitional water systems', term that was introduced by the European Union (European Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC) to include all types of waters which were neither freshwater nor marine but are brackish or hyperhaline, including rias, fjords, fjards, estuaries and lagoons <ref>Basset, A., Carrada, G.C. 2007. Editorial. Transitional Waters Bulletin 1: 1–2</ref><ref>McLusky, D. and Elliott, M. 2007. Transitional waters: A new approach, semantics or just muddying the waters?</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>They are also considered 'transitional water systems', term that was introduced by the European Union (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[https://ec.europa.eu/environment/water/water-framework/index_en.html </ins>European Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</ins>) to include all types of waters which were neither freshwater nor marine but are brackish or hyperhaline, including rias, fjords, fjards, estuaries and lagoons <ref>Basset, A., Carrada, G.C. 2007. Editorial. Transitional Waters Bulletin 1: 1–2</ref><ref>McLusky, D. and Elliott, M. 2007. Transitional waters: A new approach, semantics or just muddying the waters?</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 71(3):359-363</ref><ref>Elliott, M. and Whitfield, A.K. 2011. Challenging paradigms in estuarine ecology and management. Estuarine Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 94(4):306-314</ref>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 71(3):359-363</ref><ref>Elliott, M. and Whitfield, A.K. 2011. Challenging paradigms in estuarine ecology and management. Estuarine Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 94(4):306-314</ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Venice_lagoon_002.JPG|thumb|left|400px|Aerial view of marshes in the lagoon of Venice.]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Venice_lagoon_002.JPG|thumb|left|400px|Aerial view of marshes in the lagoon of Venice.]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coastal lagoon habitat is classified and under Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and wild flora and fauna (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'</del>Habitats Directive<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'</del>). Furthermore, numerous bird species breed in coastal lagoons. As a result, many lagoons are also protected under Directive 2009/147/EC on the conservation of birds (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'</del>Birds Directive<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'</del>).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coastal lagoon habitat is classified and under Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and wild flora and fauna (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm  </ins>Habitats Directive<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</ins>). Furthermore, numerous bird species breed in coastal lagoons. As a result, many lagoons are also protected under Directive 2009/147/EC on the conservation of birds (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/birdsdirective/index_en.htm </ins>Birds Directive<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]</ins>).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Euro-Mediterranean lagoons have been managed since recorded times enhancing their natural heritage while delivering economic and societal benefits, until the equilibrium was broken by increasingly strong anthropogenic pressures, social and cultural changes.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Euro-Mediterranean lagoons have been managed since recorded times enhancing their natural heritage while delivering economic and societal benefits, until the equilibrium was broken by increasingly strong anthropogenic pressures, social and cultural changes.</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In fact, lagoons are treasured ecosystems, being amongst the most productive and valuable environments in the Biosphere, and providing to the present society not only valuable ecosystem services, but also presenting very often an high cultural heritage value.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In fact, lagoons are treasured ecosystems, being amongst the most productive and valuable environments in the Biosphere, and providing to the present society not only valuable ecosystem services, but also presenting very often an high cultural heritage value.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Due to their transitional nature, coastal lagoons are considered naturally stressed systems that experience frequent environmental disturbances and fluctuations <ref>Barnes, R.S.K. 1980. Coastal lagoons. Cambridge Univ. Press</ref><ref>UNESCO, 1980. Coastal Lagoon Survey. Technical Papers in Marine Science 31</ref><ref name=K></ref><ref>Gamito, S. and Gilabert, J. 2005. Effects of changing environmental conditions on lagoon ecology. Diego, CM</ref>. Lagoons are now dramatically affected by habitat loss and modification, physical alteration, organic, chemical and biological pollution and overexploitation (as exogenic unmanaged pressures and endogenic managed pressures, sensu Borja <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">et al </del>2010<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>Marine Pollution Bulletin<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">)</del>. Pathways of vulnerability of lagoon ecosystems to anthropogenic drivers such as urbanisation and industrialisation are qualitatively well defined, even if the underlying mechanisms and the quantitative relationships are still unclear. Moreover, as ecotone ecosystems which are open and connected with both freshwater and marine ones, lagoons are among the most exposed aquatic ecosystems to current and foreseen climate changes.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Due to their transitional nature, coastal lagoons are considered naturally stressed systems that experience frequent environmental disturbances and fluctuations <ref>Barnes, R.S.K. 1980. Coastal lagoons. Cambridge Univ. Press</ref><ref>UNESCO, 1980. Coastal Lagoon Survey. Technical Papers in Marine Science 31</ref><ref name=K></ref><ref>Gamito, S. and Gilabert, J. 2005. Effects of changing environmental conditions on lagoon ecology. Diego, CM</ref>. Lagoons are now dramatically affected by habitat loss and modification, physical alteration, organic, chemical and biological pollution and overexploitation (as exogenic unmanaged pressures and endogenic managed pressures, sensu <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref></ins>Borja<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, Á., Elliott, M., Carstensen, J., Heiskanen, A.-S. and van de Bund, W., </ins>2010<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Marinemanagement – towards an integrated implementation of the European marinestrategy framework and the water framework directives. </ins>Marine Pollution Bulletin <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">60: 2175–2186</ref></ins>. Pathways of vulnerability of lagoon ecosystems to anthropogenic drivers such as urbanisation and industrialisation are qualitatively well defined, even if the underlying mechanisms and the quantitative relationships are still unclear. Moreover, as ecotone ecosystems which are open and connected with both freshwater and marine ones, lagoons are among the most exposed aquatic ecosystems to current and foreseen climate changes.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coastal lagoons can be considered also as as 'Sentinel Systems' for climate change, i.e. systems that responds to particular stressor(s) with changes across geographic gradients (NOAA, 2009).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coastal lagoons can be considered also as as 'Sentinel Systems' for climate change, i.e. systems that responds to particular stressor(s) with changes across geographic gradients (NOAA, 2009).</div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Being more confined than other transitional waters, lagoons are particularly sensitive to these changing pressures, mainly in the most reactive transitional zones, which are located at interfaces, e.g. terrestrial-aquatic, freshwater-marine, sediment-water column, lagoon waters - atmosphere <ref>Ewel, K.C., Cressa, C., Kneib, R.T., Lake, P.S., Levin, L.A., Palmer, M.A., Snelgrove, P.  and Wall, D.H. 2001. Managing critical transition zones. Ecosystems 4: 452-460</ref>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Being more confined than other transitional waters, lagoons are particularly sensitive to these changing pressures, mainly in the most reactive transitional zones, which are located at interfaces, e.g. terrestrial-aquatic, freshwater-marine, sediment-water column, lagoon waters - atmosphere <ref>Ewel, K.C., Cressa, C., Kneib, R.T., Lake, P.S., Levin, L.A., Palmer, M.A., Snelgrove, P.  and Wall, D.H. 2001. Managing critical transition zones. Ecosystems 4: 452-460</ref>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''See also [[Morphology of estuaries]]</ins></div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''References'''</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>'''References'''</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references/></div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><references/></div></td></tr>
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</table>Dronkers Jhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Coastal_lagoon&diff=76444&oldid=prevDronkers J at 16:28, 27 February 20202020-02-27T16:28:57Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:28, 27 February 2020</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Coastal lagoons''' are transitional zones between land and sea: they are shallow inland water bodies, separated from the ocean by a barrier, connected to the ocean by one or more restricted inlets which remain open at least intermittently (Kjerfve 1994). </del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Image:Venice Lagoon 001.JPG]]Most of coastal </del>lagoons <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">formed as a result of the Late Quaternary marine transgression, which begun approximately 18.000 years ago </del>and <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">finished about 6.000 years ago</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">leaving </del>a <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mean sea level close </del>to the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">present</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">The building of the coastal barriers was due to the interaction of river sediments </del>(<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">transported in large quantity in the period of the melting of snowfields) with the marine processes (winds, currents and waves</del>).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''Coastal </ins>lagoons<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">''' are transitional zones between land </ins>and <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sea: they are shallow inland water bodies</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">separated from the ocean by </ins>a <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">barrier, connected </ins>to the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">ocean by one or more restricted inlets which remain open at least intermittently <ref name=K>Kjerfve, B</ins>. (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Editor</ins>) <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1994. Coastal Lagoon Processes. Elsevier Oceanographic Series 60</ref></ins>.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Once formed, lagoons are modified by erosion and deposition</del>. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Some of the coastal lagoons known in historical times have been infilled by accumulation of inwashed sediments and organic deposits (e.g. in the Anzio district, and along the Adriatic coastline, </del>in <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Italy). Elsewhere, the marine erosion of the seaward barrier reduced former lagoons to marine bays. Coastal lagoons have a transitory “natural” character, being subjected to rapid geomorphologic evolution. The main drivers of this evolution are the rates of sediment supply and the relative sea-level rise. The actual sea-level depends on the  combined effect of eustatism (rising of </del>the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">mean sea level) and subsidence (lowering </del>of <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">the basin bottom)</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Image:Venice Lagoon 001</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">JPG|thumb|left|400px|Marshes </ins>in the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">lagoon </ins>of <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Venice</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coastal lagoons present a great variety of dimensions, from 10<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del>000 sq m to 10<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del>000 sq km (Lagoa dos Patos, Brazil). The largest in the Mediterranean Sea is the Lagoon of Venice (600 sq km), while in the Baltic Sea the <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">largets </del>is the Curonian lagoon is 1<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del>600 sq km. They show a wide range of ecological variation, too.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Most of coastal lagoons formed as a result of the Late Quaternary marine transgression, which begun approximately 18,000 years ago and finished about 3,000 years ago, leaving a mean sea level close to the present. The building of the coastal barriers was due to the interaction of river sediments (transported in large quantity in the period of the melting of snowfields) with the marine processes (winds, currents and waves).</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Once formed, lagoons are modified by erosion and deposition. Some of the coastal lagoons known in historical times have been infilled by accumulation of inwashed sediments and organic deposits (e.g. in the Anzio district, and along the Adriatic coastline, in Italy). Elsewhere, the marine erosion of the seaward barrier reduced former lagoons to marine bays. Coastal lagoons have a transitory 'natural' character, being subjected to rapid geomorphologic evolution. The main drivers of this evolution are the rates of sediment supply and the relative sea-level rise. The actual sea-level depends on the  combined effect of eustatism (rising of the mean sea level) and subsidence (lowering of the basin bottom).</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coastal lagoons present a great variety of dimensions, from 10<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins>000 sq m to 10<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins>000 sq km (Lagoa dos Patos, Brazil). The largest in the Mediterranean Sea is the Lagoon of Venice (600 sq km), while in the Baltic Sea the <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">largest </ins>is the Curonian lagoon is 1<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,</ins>600 sq km. They show a wide range of ecological variation, too.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coastal lagoons can be classified in different ways, according to their:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coastal lagoons can be classified in different ways, according to their:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l13" >Line 13:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* c) geomorphic type, i.e. related to the water exchange with the sea  (chocked, restricted and leaky)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* c) geomorphic type, i.e. related to the water exchange with the sea  (chocked, restricted and leaky)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>They are also considered <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“transitional </del>water <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">systems”</del>, term that was introduced by the European Union (European Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC) to include all types of waters which were neither freshwater nor marine but are brackish or hyperhaline, including rias, fjords, fjards, estuaries and lagoons <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>Basset <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and </del>Carrada, 2007<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; </del>McLusky and Elliott, 2007<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; </del>Elliott and Whitfield, 2011).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>They are also considered <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'transitional </ins>water <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">systems'</ins>, term that was introduced by the European Union (European Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC) to include all types of waters which were neither freshwater nor marine but are brackish or hyperhaline, including rias, fjords, fjards, estuaries and lagoons <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref></ins>Basset<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, A., </ins>Carrada, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">G.C. </ins>2007<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Editorial. Transitional Waters Bulletin 1: 1–2</ref><ref></ins>McLusky<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, D. </ins>and Elliott, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">M. </ins>2007<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Transitional waters: A new approach, semantics or just muddying the waters?</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 71(3):359-363</ref><ref></ins>Elliott<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, M. </ins>and Whitfield, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">A.K. </ins>2011<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Challenging paradigms in estuarine ecology and management. Estuarine Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science 94(4</ins>)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">:306-314</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Venice_lagoon_002.JPG]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:Venice_lagoon_002.JPG<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">|thumb|left|400px|Aerial view of marshes in the lagoon of Venice.</ins>]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coastal lagoon habitat is classified and under Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and wild flora and fauna (<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">‘Habitats </del>Directive'). Furthermore, numerous bird species breed in coastal lagoons. As a result, many lagoons are also protected under Directive 2009/147/EC on the conservation of birds ('Birds Directive').</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coastal lagoon habitat is classified and under Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and wild flora and fauna (<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'Habitats </ins>Directive'). Furthermore, numerous bird species breed in coastal lagoons. As a result, many lagoons are also protected under Directive 2009/147/EC on the conservation of birds ('Birds Directive').</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Euro-Mediterranean lagoons have been managed since recorded times enhancing their natural heritage while delivering economic and societal benefits, until the equilibrium was broken by increasingly strong anthropogenic pressures, social and cultural changes.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Euro-Mediterranean lagoons have been managed since recorded times enhancing their natural heritage while delivering economic and societal benefits, until the equilibrium was broken by increasingly strong anthropogenic pressures, social and cultural changes.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l22" >Line 22:</td>
<td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 27:</td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In fact, lagoons are treasured ecosystems, being amongst the most productive and valuable environments in the Biosphere, and providing to the present society not only valuable ecosystem services, but also presenting very often an high cultural heritage value.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In fact, lagoons are treasured ecosystems, being amongst the most productive and valuable environments in the Biosphere, and providing to the present society not only valuable ecosystem services, but also presenting very often an high cultural heritage value.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Due to their transitional nature, coastal lagoons are considered naturally stressed systems that experience frequent environmental disturbances and fluctuations <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>Barnes, 1980<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">; </del>UNESCO, 1980, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1981; Kjerfve</del>, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1994; Gamito et al</del>., <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">2005)</del>. Lagoons are now dramatically affected by habitat loss and modification, physical alteration, organic, chemical and biological pollution and overexploitation (as exogenic unmanaged pressures and endogenic managed pressures, sensu Borja et al 2010, Marine Pollution Bulletin). Pathways of vulnerability of lagoon ecosystems to anthropogenic drivers such as urbanisation and industrialisation are qualitatively well defined, even if the underlying mechanisms and the quantitative relationships are still unclear. Moreover, as ecotone ecosystems which are open and connected with both freshwater and marine ones, lagoons are among the most exposed aquatic ecosystems to current and foreseen climate changes.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Due to their transitional nature, coastal lagoons are considered naturally stressed systems that experience frequent environmental disturbances and fluctuations <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref></ins>Barnes, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">R.S.K. </ins>1980<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Coastal lagoons. Cambridge Univ. Press</ref><ref></ins>UNESCO, 1980<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Coastal Lagoon Survey. Technical Papers in Marine Science 31</ref><ref name=K></ref><ref>Gamito</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">S. and Gilabert</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">J. 2005. Effects of changing environmental conditions on lagoon ecology</ins>. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Diego</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">CM</ref></ins>. Lagoons are now dramatically affected by habitat loss and modification, physical alteration, organic, chemical and biological pollution and overexploitation (as exogenic unmanaged pressures and endogenic managed pressures, sensu Borja et al 2010, Marine Pollution Bulletin). Pathways of vulnerability of lagoon ecosystems to anthropogenic drivers such as urbanisation and industrialisation are qualitatively well defined, even if the underlying mechanisms and the quantitative relationships are still unclear. Moreover, as ecotone ecosystems which are open and connected with both freshwater and marine ones, lagoons are among the most exposed aquatic ecosystems to current and foreseen climate changes.  </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coastal lagoons can be considered also as as <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">“Sentinel Systems” </del>for climate change , i.e. <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">one </del>that responds to particular stressor(s) with changes across geographic gradients <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">,in ecosystem function </del>(NOAA, 2009)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coastal lagoons can be considered also as as <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'Sentinel Systems' </ins>for climate change, i.e. <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">systems </ins>that responds to particular stressor(s) with changes across geographic gradients (NOAA, 2009)<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>   </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Climate change will have several effects on lagoon ecosystems, including changes in water temperature, freshwater inputs and their temporal patterns, and seawater inputs <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">(</del>Eisenreich 2005<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, </del>Climate Change and the European Water Dimension<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">)</del>. Low water discharges, in Southern Europe, and flash-flooding events, in North-Eastern Europe, are expected to increase changes in species distribution and abundance, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and process rates </del>are expected in transitional and lagoon ecosystems <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">as the main outcomes of the </del>adaptation to climate changes <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">of </del>critical environmental <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">niche dimensions</del>, such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, element concentrations, <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">hydrology</del>.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Climate change will have several effects on lagoon ecosystems, including changes in water temperature, freshwater inputs and their temporal patterns, and seawater inputs <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><ref></ins>Eisenreich<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">, S.J., Bernasconi, C. and Campostrini, P. </ins>2005 Climate Change and the European Water Dimension <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Climate change and the European water dimension. Editor: European CommissionISBN: 92-894-9005-5</ref></ins>. Low water discharges, in Southern Europe, and flash-flooding events, in North-Eastern Europe, are expected to increase changes in species distribution and abundance, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">. Further changes </ins>are expected in transitional and lagoon ecosystems <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">resulting from </ins>adaptation to climate changes <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">that affect </ins>critical environmental <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">conditions</ins>, such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, element concentrations <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">and hydrology.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Being more confined than other transitional waters, lagoons are particularly sensitive to these changing pressures, mainly in the most reactive transitional zones, which are located at interfaces, e.g. terrestrial-aquatic, freshwater-marine, sediment-water column, lagoon waters - atmosphere <ref>Ewel, K.C., Cressa, C., Kneib, R.T., Lake, P.S., Levin</ins>, <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">L.A., Palmer, M.A., Snelgrove, P.  and Wall, D.H. 2001. Managing critical transition zones. Ecosystems 4: 452-460</ref></ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Being more confined than other transitional waters, lagoons are particularly sensitive to these changing pressures, mainly in the most reactive transitional zones, which are located at interfaces, e.g. terrestrial-aquatic, freshwater-marine, sediment-water column, lagoon waters - atmosphere (Ewel et al, 2002, Ecosystems, 4).</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">'''References'''</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline"><references/></ins></div></td></tr>
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</table>Dronkers Jhttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Coastal_lagoon&diff=53688&oldid=prevPcampo at 19:54, 6 September 20122012-09-06T19:54:09Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:54, 6 September 2012</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Once formed, lagoons are modified by erosion and deposition. Some of the coastal lagoons known in historical times have been infilled by accumulation of inwashed sediments and organic deposits (e.g. in the Anzio district, and along the Adriatic coastline, in Italy). Elsewhere, the marine erosion of the seaward barrier reduced former lagoons to marine bays. Coastal lagoons have a transitory “natural” character, being subjected to rapid geomorphologic evolution. The main drivers of this evolution are the rates of sediment supply and the relative sea-level rise. The actual sea-level depends on the  combined effect of eustatism (rising of the mean sea level) and subsidence (lowering of the basin bottom).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Once formed, lagoons are modified by erosion and deposition. Some of the coastal lagoons known in historical times have been infilled by accumulation of inwashed sediments and organic deposits (e.g. in the Anzio district, and along the Adriatic coastline, in Italy). Elsewhere, the marine erosion of the seaward barrier reduced former lagoons to marine bays. Coastal lagoons have a transitory “natural” character, being subjected to rapid geomorphologic evolution. The main drivers of this evolution are the rates of sediment supply and the relative sea-level rise. The actual sea-level depends on the  combined effect of eustatism (rising of the mean sea level) and subsidence (lowering of the basin bottom).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coastal lagoons present a great variety of dimensions, from 10.000 sq m to <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">1</del>.<del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">0000 </del>sq km(Lagoa dos Patos, Brazil). The largest in the Mediterranean Sea is the Lagoon of Venice (600 sq km), while in the Baltic Sea the largets is the Curonian lagoon is 1.600 sq km. They show a wide range of ecological variation, too.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coastal lagoons present a great variety of dimensions, from 10.000 sq m to <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">10</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">000 </ins>sq km (Lagoa dos Patos, Brazil). The largest in the Mediterranean Sea is the Lagoon of Venice (600 sq km), while in the Baltic Sea the largets is the Curonian lagoon is 1.600 sq km. They show a wide range of ecological variation, too.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coastal lagoons can be classified in different ways, according to their:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coastal lagoons can be classified in different ways, according to their:</div></td></tr>
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</table>Pcampohttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Coastal_lagoon&diff=53687&oldid=prevPcampo at 19:50, 6 September 20122012-09-06T19:50:53Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:50, 6 September 2012</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Once formed, lagoons are modified by erosion and deposition. Some of the coastal lagoons known in historical times have been infilled by accumulation of inwashed sediments and organic deposits (e.g. in the Anzio district, and along the Adriatic coastline, in Italy). Elsewhere, the marine erosion of the seaward barrier reduced former lagoons to marine bays. Coastal lagoons have a transitory “natural” character, being subjected to rapid geomorphologic evolution. The main drivers of this evolution are the rates of sediment supply and the relative sea-level rise. The actual sea-level depends on the  combined effect of eustatism (rising of the mean sea level) and subsidence (lowering of the basin bottom).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Once formed, lagoons are modified by erosion and deposition. Some of the coastal lagoons known in historical times have been infilled by accumulation of inwashed sediments and organic deposits (e.g. in the Anzio district, and along the Adriatic coastline, in Italy). Elsewhere, the marine erosion of the seaward barrier reduced former lagoons to marine bays. Coastal lagoons have a transitory “natural” character, being subjected to rapid geomorphologic evolution. The main drivers of this evolution are the rates of sediment supply and the relative sea-level rise. The actual sea-level depends on the  combined effect of eustatism (rising of the mean sea level) and subsidence (lowering of the basin bottom).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coastal lagoons present a great variety of dimensions, from 10.000 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">m2 </del>to 1.0000 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">km2 </del>(Lagoa dos Patos, Brazil). The largest in the Mediterranean Sea is the Lagoon of Venice (600 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">km2</del>), while in the Baltic Sea the largets is the Curonian lagoon is 1.600 <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">km2 </del>. They show a wide range of ecological variation, too.</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coastal lagoons present a great variety of dimensions, from 10.000 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sq m </ins>to 1.0000 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sq km</ins>(Lagoa dos Patos, Brazil). The largest in the Mediterranean Sea is the Lagoon of Venice (600 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sq km</ins>), while in the Baltic Sea the largets is the Curonian lagoon is 1.600 <ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">sq km</ins>. They show a wide range of ecological variation, too.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coastal lagoons can be classified in different ways, according to their:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coastal lagoons can be classified in different ways, according to their:</div></td></tr>
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</table>Pcampohttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Coastal_lagoon&diff=53686&oldid=prevPcampo at 19:49, 6 September 20122012-09-06T19:49:00Z<p></p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coastal lagoons can be classified in different ways, according to their:</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coastal lagoons can be classified in different ways, according to their:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>a) mean salinity ( freshwater, oligo- meso-, poly-, eu-haline, hypersaline)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>b) tidal regime ( non-, micro- meso- macro- tidal) <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">.</del></div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">* </ins>a) mean salinity ( freshwater, oligo- meso-, poly-, eu-haline, hypersaline)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>c) geomorphic type, i.e. related to the water exchange with the sea  (chocked, restricted and leaky)</div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">* </ins>b) tidal regime ( non-, micro- meso- macro- tidal)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">* </ins>c) geomorphic type, i.e. related to the water exchange with the sea  (chocked, restricted and leaky)</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>They are also considered “transitional water systems”, term that was introduced by the European Union (European Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC) to include all types of waters which were neither freshwater nor marine but are brackish or hyperhaline, including rias, fjords, fjards, estuaries and lagoons (Basset and Carrada, 2007; McLusky and Elliott, 2007; Elliott and Whitfield, 2011).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>They are also considered “transitional water systems”, term that was introduced by the European Union (European Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC) to include all types of waters which were neither freshwater nor marine but are brackish or hyperhaline, including rias, fjords, fjards, estuaries and lagoons (Basset and Carrada, 2007; McLusky and Elliott, 2007; Elliott and Whitfield, 2011).</div></td></tr>
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</table>Pcampohttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Coastal_lagoon&diff=53685&oldid=prevPcampo at 19:46, 6 September 20122012-09-06T19:46:33Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:46, 6 September 2012</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l14" >Line 14:</td>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>They are also considered “transitional water systems”, term that was introduced by the European Union (European Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC) to include all types of waters which were neither freshwater nor marine but are brackish or hyperhaline, including rias, fjords, fjards, estuaries and lagoons (Basset and Carrada, 2007; McLusky and Elliott, 2007; Elliott and Whitfield, 2011).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>They are also considered “transitional water systems”, term that was introduced by the European Union (European Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC) to include all types of waters which were neither freshwater nor marine but are brackish or hyperhaline, including rias, fjords, fjards, estuaries and lagoons (Basset and Carrada, 2007; McLusky and Elliott, 2007; Elliott and Whitfield, 2011).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Image:Venice_lagoon_002.JPG]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coastal lagoon habitat is classified and under Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and wild flora and fauna (‘Habitats Directive'). Furthermore, numerous bird species breed in coastal lagoons. As a result, many lagoons are also protected under Directive 2009/147/EC on the conservation of birds ('Birds Directive').</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Coastal lagoon habitat is classified and under Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and wild flora and fauna (‘Habitats Directive'). Furthermore, numerous bird species breed in coastal lagoons. As a result, many lagoons are also protected under Directive 2009/147/EC on the conservation of birds ('Birds Directive').</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
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</table>Pcampohttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Coastal_lagoon&diff=53683&oldid=prevPcampo at 19:41, 6 September 20122012-09-06T19:41:16Z<p></p>
<table class="diff diff-contentalign-left" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #222; text-align: center;">Revision as of 19:41, 6 September 2012</td>
</tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1" >Line 1:</td>
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<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Coastal lagoons''' are transitional zones between land and sea: they are shallow inland water bodies, separated from the ocean by a barrier, connected to the ocean by one or more restricted inlets which remain open at least intermittently (Kjerfve 1994). </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Coastal lagoons are transitional zones between land and sea</del>: <del class="diffchange diffchange-inline">they are shallow inland water bodies, separated from the ocean by a barrier, connected to the ocean by one or more restricted inlets which remain open at least intermittently (Kjerfve 1994)</del>.  </div></td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">[[Image</ins>:<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">Venice Lagoon 001</ins>.<ins class="diffchange diffchange-inline">JPG]]</ins>Most of coastal lagoons formed as a result of the Late Quaternary marine transgression, which begun approximately 18.000 years ago and finished about 6.000 years ago, leaving a mean sea level close to the present. The building of the coastal barriers was due to the interaction of river sediments (transported in large quantity in the period of the melting of snowfields) with the marine processes (winds, currents and waves).</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Most of coastal lagoons formed as a result of the Late Quaternary marine transgression, which begun approximately 18.000 years ago and finished about 6.000 years ago, leaving a mean sea level close to the present. The building of the coastal barriers was due to the interaction of river sediments (transported in large quantity in the period of the melting of snowfields) with the marine processes (winds, currents and waves).</div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Once formed, lagoons are modified by erosion and deposition. Some of the coastal lagoons known in historical times have been infilled by accumulation of inwashed sediments and organic deposits (e.g. in the Anzio district, and along the Adriatic coastline, in Italy). Elsewhere, the marine erosion of the seaward barrier reduced former lagoons to marine bays. Coastal lagoons have a transitory “natural” character, being subjected to rapid geomorphologic evolution. The main drivers of this evolution are the rates of sediment supply and the relative sea-level rise. The actual sea-level depends on the  combined effect of eustatism (rising of the mean sea level) and subsidence (lowering of the basin bottom).</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Once formed, lagoons are modified by erosion and deposition. Some of the coastal lagoons known in historical times have been infilled by accumulation of inwashed sediments and organic deposits (e.g. in the Anzio district, and along the Adriatic coastline, in Italy). Elsewhere, the marine erosion of the seaward barrier reduced former lagoons to marine bays. Coastal lagoons have a transitory “natural” character, being subjected to rapid geomorphologic evolution. The main drivers of this evolution are the rates of sediment supply and the relative sea-level rise. The actual sea-level depends on the  combined effect of eustatism (rising of the mean sea level) and subsidence (lowering of the basin bottom).</div></td></tr>
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</table>Pcampohttps://www.coastalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Coastal_lagoon&diff=53680&oldid=prevPcampo: New page: Coastal lagoons are transitional zones between land and sea: they are shallow inland water bodies, separated from the ocean by a barrier, connected to the ocean by one or more restricted ...2012-09-06T19:22:18Z<p>New page: Coastal lagoons are transitional zones between land and sea: they are shallow inland water bodies, separated from the ocean by a barrier, connected to the ocean by one or more restricted ...</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div><br />
Coastal lagoons are transitional zones between land and sea: they are shallow inland water bodies, separated from the ocean by a barrier, connected to the ocean by one or more restricted inlets which remain open at least intermittently (Kjerfve 1994). <br />
<br />
Most of coastal lagoons formed as a result of the Late Quaternary marine transgression, which begun approximately 18.000 years ago and finished about 6.000 years ago, leaving a mean sea level close to the present. The building of the coastal barriers was due to the interaction of river sediments (transported in large quantity in the period of the melting of snowfields) with the marine processes (winds, currents and waves).<br />
<br />
Once formed, lagoons are modified by erosion and deposition. Some of the coastal lagoons known in historical times have been infilled by accumulation of inwashed sediments and organic deposits (e.g. in the Anzio district, and along the Adriatic coastline, in Italy). Elsewhere, the marine erosion of the seaward barrier reduced former lagoons to marine bays. Coastal lagoons have a transitory “natural” character, being subjected to rapid geomorphologic evolution. The main drivers of this evolution are the rates of sediment supply and the relative sea-level rise. The actual sea-level depends on the combined effect of eustatism (rising of the mean sea level) and subsidence (lowering of the basin bottom).<br />
<br />
Coastal lagoons present a great variety of dimensions, from 10.000 m2 to 1.0000 km2 (Lagoa dos Patos, Brazil). The largest in the Mediterranean Sea is the Lagoon of Venice (600 km2), while in the Baltic Sea the largets is the Curonian lagoon is 1.600 km2 . They show a wide range of ecological variation, too.<br />
<br />
Coastal lagoons can be classified in different ways, according to their:<br />
a) mean salinity ( freshwater, oligo- meso-, poly-, eu-haline, hypersaline)<br />
b) tidal regime ( non-, micro- meso- macro- tidal) .<br />
c) geomorphic type, i.e. related to the water exchange with the sea (chocked, restricted and leaky)<br />
<br />
They are also considered “transitional water systems”, term that was introduced by the European Union (European Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC) to include all types of waters which were neither freshwater nor marine but are brackish or hyperhaline, including rias, fjords, fjards, estuaries and lagoons (Basset and Carrada, 2007; McLusky and Elliott, 2007; Elliott and Whitfield, 2011).<br />
<br />
Coastal lagoon habitat is classified and under Directive 92/43/EEC on the conservation of natural habitats and wild flora and fauna (‘Habitats Directive'). Furthermore, numerous bird species breed in coastal lagoons. As a result, many lagoons are also protected under Directive 2009/147/EC on the conservation of birds ('Birds Directive').<br />
<br />
Euro-Mediterranean lagoons have been managed since recorded times enhancing their natural heritage while delivering economic and societal benefits, until the equilibrium was broken by increasingly strong anthropogenic pressures, social and cultural changes.<br />
<br />
In fact, lagoons are treasured ecosystems, being amongst the most productive and valuable environments in the Biosphere, and providing to the present society not only valuable ecosystem services, but also presenting very often an high cultural heritage value.<br />
<br />
Due to their transitional nature, coastal lagoons are considered naturally stressed systems that experience frequent environmental disturbances and fluctuations (Barnes, 1980; UNESCO, 1980, 1981; Kjerfve, 1994; Gamito et al., 2005). Lagoons are now dramatically affected by habitat loss and modification, physical alteration, organic, chemical and biological pollution and overexploitation (as exogenic unmanaged pressures and endogenic managed pressures, sensu Borja et al 2010, Marine Pollution Bulletin). Pathways of vulnerability of lagoon ecosystems to anthropogenic drivers such as urbanisation and industrialisation are qualitatively well defined, even if the underlying mechanisms and the quantitative relationships are still unclear. Moreover, as ecotone ecosystems which are open and connected with both freshwater and marine ones, lagoons are among the most exposed aquatic ecosystems to current and foreseen climate changes. <br />
<br />
Coastal lagoons can be considered also as as “Sentinel Systems” for climate change , i.e. one that responds to particular stressor(s) with changes across geographic gradients ,in ecosystem function (NOAA, 2009)<br />
<br />
Climate change will have several effects on lagoon ecosystems, including changes in water temperature, freshwater inputs and their temporal patterns, and seawater inputs (Eisenreich 2005, Climate Change and the European Water Dimension). Low water discharges, in Southern Europe, and flash-flooding events, in North-Eastern Europe, are expected to increase changes in species distribution and abundance, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning and process rates are expected in transitional and lagoon ecosystems as the main outcomes of the adaptation to climate changes of critical environmental niche dimensions, such as temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, element concentrations, hydrology.<br />
<br />
Being more confined than other transitional waters, lagoons are particularly sensitive to these changing pressures, mainly in the most reactive transitional zones, which are located at interfaces, e.g. terrestrial-aquatic, freshwater-marine, sediment-water column, lagoon waters - atmosphere (Ewel et al, 2002, Ecosystems, 4).</div>Pcampo