]> 2026-04-20T21:41:46+02:00 Traits:AccessoryFeedingStructures 200 en Accessory feeding structures Other structures such as palps, tentacles or a radiolar crown ("grooved palps"). There are forms of single pair of grooved palps nearly always attached dorsally or near the junction of the prostomium and peristomium, or multiple grooved palps sometimes forming a crown. Dorso lateral ciliated folds in the roof of the buccal cavity may be present in some polychaetes. Traits:Accretion 200 en Accretion An organism that constructs reefs or raised beds of accreted materials, e.g. bound sand in ''Sabellaria'' spp. Traits:AerialDipping 200 en Aerial dipping Traits:AerialHawking 200 en Aerial hawking Traits:Aggregations 200 en Aggregations An organism that constructs reefs and raised beds due to aggregation of large numbers of individuals via permanent or semi-permanent attachment e.g. mussels, oysters and ''Crepidula'' beds. Traits:AlgalGravel 200 en Algal gravel Constructs deep beds of calcareous algal nodules, e.g. maerl beds Traits:Ambusher 200 en Ambusher Sedentary or sessile predators, that wait for prey to come to them, and may or may not use a final pounce, traps or lures (e.g. sea anemones, large hydroids, spiders) Traits:AmorphousCaCO3 200 en Amorphous CaCO3 calcium carbonate that lacks a crystalline structure, or whose internal is so irregular that there is no characteristic external form. The term does not preclude the existence of any degree of order (Derived from Neuendorf et al. 2005) Traits:AnchorShaped 200 en Anchor-shaped E.g. ''Ceratium'' spp. Traits:AppendagesPaddles 200 en Appendages (paddles) Swimming is effected one or more pairs of appendages (legs or paddles) e.g. the pleiopods of Isopod, Amphipod or Decapod crustaceans, or the legs of amphibious vertebrates. Traits:Aragonite 200 en Aragonite a crystalline form of calcium carbonate, e.g. one of the constituents of mollusc shells. Traits:ArborescentArbuscular 200 en Arborescent/Arbuscular Having the shape or characteristics of a tree. Traits:AristolesLantern 200 en Aristotle's lantern Specialist - sea urchins Traits:ArmsAppendages 200 en Arms or appendages Traits that describe specialized limbs or appendages used to catch or process food items. Traits:Articulate 200 en Articulate Jointed, arthrous (Holmes, 1979). Traits:Autotroph 200 en Autotroph Self-feeding. An organism capable of synthesizing complex organic substances from simple inorganic substrates (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). Traits:BallooningKiting 200 en Ballooning/Kiting Use of a length of silk to be carried by the wind (e.g. spiders) Traits:Beak 200 en Beak e.g. birds / cephalopods Traits:BedForming 200 en Bed forming An organism that lives in large aggregations or beds (e.g. brittlestars, mussels, oysters, ''Crepidula'' etc, sea squirts) Traits:Biodiffusor 200 en Biodiffusor Organisms whose activities that cause constant and random local sediment biomixing over short distances resulting in transport of sediment particles, analogous to molecular or eddy diffusion (from Kristensen ''et al.'', 2012). Includes epifaunal biodiffusers e.g. fiddler crabs; surficial biodiffusers e.g. ''Echinocardium''; and gallery biodiffusers e.g. ''Nereis (Hediste) diversicolor''. Traits:Biogenic 200 en Bio-genic Habitat features created by living things Traits:BitingMacerating 200 en Biting or macerating Mouth parts designed to grasp and macerate food before swallowing (e.g. most vertebrates) Traits:BitingPiercing 200 en Piercing or suctorial Mouth parts designed to pierce outside of food or prey and feed on internal fluids or tissues Traits:Bivalved 200 en Bivalved Characteristically a shell of two calcareous valves joined by a flexible ligament. Traits:BlindEndedVentilation 200 en Blind-ended ventilation Organisms that live in 'I' or 'J' shaped burrows open at only one end where water is drawn through or diffuses out of the sediment e.g. ''Arenicola marina'' (adapted from Kristensen ''et al.'', 2012). Traits:BodyAccretion 200 en Accretion Build up or accumulation of sediment. Traits:BodyAlgalGravel 200 en Algal gravel Maerl; twig-like unattached (free-living) calcareous red algae, often a mixture of species and including species which form a spiky cover on loose small stones - 'hedgehog stones'. Traits:BodyForm 200 en Body form Traits relating to the form, shape and structure of the species Traits:BodyShape 200 en Body shape Overall shape of the individual or colony (modular forms) Traits:Browser 200 en Browser Feeding on parts of plants (e.g. shoots, leaves, twigs) or parts of other organisms (e.g. siphon nipping by fish). (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). Traits:BuccalOrgansAbsent 200 en Buccal organ absent or occluded The buccal cavity lacks obvious differentiation of the wall and it is not eversible. Some species if buccal cavity present at all, is only a transient larval structure and becomes completely occluded. Traits:BullateSaccate 200 en Bullate/Saccate Balloon or sac-like (Prescott, 1969). Traits:BurrowBuilder 200 en Burrow builder An organism that constructs permanent or semi-permanent burrows through physical excavation or chemical action. Traits:Burrower 200 en Burrower An organism that moves through the substratum by burrowing or tunneling (e.g. earthworms, polychaetes). Traits:Bysso-Pelagic 200 en Bysso-pelagic Use of a length of byssus thread (e.g. micro-molluscs, juvenile molluscs) or mucus (e.g ''Nemertesia'' planulae) to be carried by water flow Traits:Calcareous 200 en Calcareous An organism that constructs reefs or biogenic structures composed of the calcareous skeletons of individuals or colonies (e.g. corals) Traits:CalcareousSkeleton 200 en Calcareous Skeleton composed of calcareous spicules (sponges/echinoderms), plates, spines, bones or other structures Traits:Calcite 200 en Calcite crystalline form of calcium carbonate, e. g. one of the constituents of mollusc shells and the skeletons of calcareous sponges. Traits:CapitateClubbed 200 en Capitate/Clubbed Enlarged or swollen at the apex, with a ‘head’, clubbed (Prescott, 1969). Traits:Captacula 200 en Captacula specialist - scaphopods Traits:Carnivore 200 en Carnivore An organism that feeds on animal tissue/meat. Traits:CephalicSpines 200 en Cephalic spines specialist - chaetognaths Traits:Chains 200 en Chains Forming chains of individuals Traits:Chemoautotroph 200 en Chemoautotroph An organism that obtains metabolic energy from oxidation of inorganic substrates such as sulphur, nitrogen or iron (e.g. some micro-organisms) (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). Traits:Chitinous 200 en Chitinous composed of chitin, a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine. It is the chief polysaccharide in fungal cell walls and in the exoskeleton of arthropods (derived form Lawrence, 2005). Traits:Choanocytes 200 en Choanocytes Special feeding cell of sponges Traits:CiliaFlagella 200 en Cilia/Flagella Swimming is effected by beating of cilia and or flagella; includes the fused cilia of Ctenophores. Traits:Clathrate 200 en Clathrate Latticed (Holmes, 1979). Traits:Clawed 200 en Clawed e.g. Mammals Traits:Colonial (e.g. sea birds) 200 en Colonial (e.g. sea birds) Organisms that come together in large colonies (100 plus individuals) - often in the same area from season to season - usually for breeding purposes Traits:Commensal (with/on/in) 200 en Commensal (with/on/in) Symbiosis (q.v.) in which one species derives benefit from a common food supply, whilst the other species is not adversely affected (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). Traits:ConeHalfSphere 200 en Cone with half sphere Cone with a half sphere (Olenina ''et al.'', 2006). Traits:Conical 200 en Cone (Conical) Cone shaped e.g. limpet-shaped, patelliform (adapted from Stachowitsch, 1992). Traits:ContactDipping 200 en Contact dipping Traits:CoralSands 200 en Coral (or similar) sands Deposition of sands formed by the breakdown to the skeletons of living organisms Traits:CrawlerWalkerClimber 200 en Crawler/Walker/Climber An organism that moves across, up or down the substratum via movements of its legs, appendages or muscles (e.g. ''Carcinus''). Traits:Creeper 200 en Creeper An organism that moves slowly or 'creeps' across the surface of the substratum Traits:Cruising 200 en Cruising copepod / zooplankton specific?? Traits:CrustoseHard 200 en Crustose hard Forming or resembling a crust (Thompson, 1995) that is solid or resistant to touch or pressure e.g. encrusting coralline algae or sea mats such as ''Umbonula littoralis''. Traits:CrustoseSoft 200 en Crustose soft Forming or resembling a crust (Thompson, 1995) that yields to the touch or pressure e.g. the gelatinous colonies of ''Botryllus schlosseri'' or soft cushions of sponges such as ''Halichondria'' sp. Traits:Ctenidia 200 en Ctenidia e.g bivalve molluscs Traits:Cushion 200 en Cushion A mass or pillow of soft material. Traits:Cylindrical 200 en Cylindrical With straight sides and a circular section (Thompson, 1995). Traits:Dabbling 200 en Dabbling Seabirds/waders? Traits:DeOxygenationTolerance 200 en De-Oxygenation Tolerance Min Value Traits:Dendroid 200 en Dendroid Branching irregularly – similar to that of a root system (Prescott, 1969). Traits:Dependancy 200 en Dependency Description of an organism's relationship with other organisms Traits:DepositFeeder 200 en Deposit Feeder An organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter within or on the substratum (adapted from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). Traits:Detritivore 200 en Detritivore An organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter (detritus) (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). Traits:Diel 200 en Diel Daily, pertaining to a 24 hour period. Traits:Digitate 200 en Digitate Having parts arranged like fingers on a hand (Holmes, 1979). Traits:Dipping 200 en Dipping seabird specific? Traits:DippingToSurface 200 en Dipping to surface Traits:DispersalPotentialAdult 200 en Dispersal potential (adult) The distance over which the adult organism is able to roam, travel or disperse; the greatest potnetial or recorded distance. Does not acknowledge limitations due to geography, hydrography, or behavioural (territorial) constraints. Traits:Diving 200 en Diving Seabird specific? Traits:DoubleCone 200 en Double cone Double cone (Olenina ''et al.'', 2006) Traits:DownwardConveyor 200 en Downward conveyor Organisms that live vertically in the sediment, typically heads-up at the surface, and that ingest particles at the surface and egest them as faeces at depth in the sediment (adapted from Kristensen ''et al.'', 2012). Traits:Drifter 200 en Drifter An organism whose movement is dependent on wind or water currents (e.g. ''Aurelia''). Traits:DrivingFishForward 200 en Driving Fish Forward seabird, cetaceans? Traits:Ecological Descriptors 200 en Ecological Descriptors Collection of traits relating to species ecology Traits:EcologicalInteraction 200 en Ecological Interaction Traits relating to how a species interacts with it's surrounding environment and other associated species. Traits:Ecophysiology 200 en Ecophysiology Traits that describe an physiological and environmental tolerance of an organism Traits:Ectoparasitic 200 en Ectoparasitic Parasitic on the outer surface of its host (adapted from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). Traits:Encrusting 200 en Encrusting Forms or resembles a crust over a substratum or other organisms Traits:Endoparasitic 200 en Endoparasitic Parasitic within the tissues or organs of its host (see Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). Traits:Endoskeleton 200 en Endoskeleton internal structure that supports the body of an organism Traits:Erect 200 en Erect Main visible parts of organism stand upright and above the surface of the substratum. Traits:EversiblePharynx 200 en Eversible pharynx Pharynx can be everted to engulf and/or seize food items Traits:Exoskeleton 200 en Exoskeleton (including shells) A rigid external structure that supports and/or protects the body of an organism and that is mainly completely secreted by the epidermis (derived from Lawrence 2005). Traits:ExternalTube 200 en External Tube A built-structure inhabited by an organism and essential to its survival, but not part of its body, composed of hardened (either rigid or flexible) secretions, with or without the addition of embedded particles, with those particles either selectively collected from the environment or passively becoming glued during formation (pers. comm. Read, G.). Traits:FaunalBeds 200 en Faunal beds Dense aggregation of animals that visually dominate the seabed or shore such as brittlestars (e.g. ''Ophiothrix fragilis'' ) or mussels (e.g. ''Mytilus edulis''). Traits:Feeding 200 en Feeding Traits related to how an organism feeds, the food type and feeding method exhibited by a species Traits:FeedingApparatus 200 en Feeding apparatus Description of the apparatus (mechanism) used to collect/capture food Traits:FeedingMethodBehaviour 200 en Feeding Method/Behaviour A description of how the oganism gathers food, and from where Traits:FilerBasket 200 en Filter basket Specialist e.g. sea squirts Traits:Filiform 200 en Filiform Slender and thread-like (Kozloff, 1996). Traits:Flabellate 200 en Flabellate Shaped like a fan, fanlike (Brusca, 1980). Traits:Flaccid 200 en Flaccid Soft, limp, flabby (Brusca, 1980). Traits:FlattenedEllipsoid 200 en Flattened Ellipsoid Flattened ellipsoid (Olenina ''et al.'', 2006) Traits:Flexibility 200 en Flexibility An indication of how far an organism can bend/flex without breaking or suffering damage - High (>45°) / Low (10 – 45°) / None (<10°) Traits:Floating 200 en Floating Seabirds/wader Traits:FlyerFlight 200 en Flyer (Flight) An organism able to propel itself though the air e.g. using wings, such as winged insects, birds Traits:Foliose 200 en Foliose Bearing leaves or leaf-like structures; having the appearance of a leaf. Traits:FollowingFishingBoats 200 en Following Fishing Boats Seabirds Traits:FoodPiracy 200 en Food Piracy Stealing food from other birds in flight Traits:FoodTypeDiet 200 en Food Type/Diet Description of the source of the organisms nurishment, i.e. what it feeds on Traits:FootPaddling 200 en Foot Paddling Seabirds/Wader Traits:FootStirring 200 en Foot Stirring Seabirds/Wader Traits:Forest 200 en Forest A dense stand of large plants in which the upper branches (trees) or laminae (macroalgae) overlap to form a canopy that shades the under story of flora and fauna. Traits:ForestForming 200 en Forest-forming An organism that forms a large area of close individuals forming a canopy (e.g. trees, large kelps). Traits:Fragile 200 en Fragile Likely to break, or crack as a result of physical impact; brittle or friable. Traits:Fragility 200 en Fragility A qualitative estimate of the susceptibility of a species to physical damage. Traits:FreeLiving 200 en Free living Free living - little modification Traits:FunnelShaped 200 en Funnel Shaped Shaped like a funnel Traits:GillRakers 200 en Gill rakers Specialist - e.g. planktivorous fish such as basking shark Traits:Gills 200 en Gills Where the respiratory organs also power and/or provide a feeding apparatus (muco-cilliary feeding) Traits:Glider 200 en Glider An organism that is able to glide through the air (e.g. using some form of membrane) but cannot propel itself through the air (e.g. flying fish) Traits:Globose 200 en Globose Approximately spherical, ovoid or globular (Brusca, 1980). Traits:Gorgonin 200 en Gorgonin fibrous protein in the mesoglea of sea fans (gorgonians) which forms the stiff skeleton of the colony. Traits:Grasping 200 en Grasping Tentacles that grab and grasp food items Traits:GraspingClaws 200 en Grasping claws Appendages bear grasping claws (chelae) - e.g. arthropods, crabs, scorpions Traits:GraspingPaws 200 en Grasping paws, hands, feet Vertebrate hands, feat, paws etc designed to grasp food items using claws, talons etc. Traits:Grazer 200 en Grazer Feeding on herbage, algae or phytoplankton by consuming the whole plant or the surface growth (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998) Traits:GrazerBrowser 200 en Grazer/Browser Generally mobile consumers of sessile prey (e.g. plants, hydroids) cropping exposed tissues usually without killing the whole individual or colony. Traits:GrazerFrondsBlades 200 en Grazer (fronds/blades) Animals that rasp benthic algae (or sessile animals, such as bryozoan crusts) from the surface of macroalgal fronds and blades (Hiscock ''et al.'', 1999). Traits:GrazerGrainsParticles 200 en Grazer (grains / particles) Animals that rasp benthic algae (or sessile animals, such as bryozoan crusts) from inorganic particles e.g. sand grains (MarLIN; Hiscock ''et al.'', 1999). Traits:GrazerSurfaceSubstratum 200 en Grazer (surface/substratum) Animals that rasp benthic algae (or sessile animals, such as bryozoan crusts) from the substratum (MarLIN; Hiscock ''et al.'', 1999). Traits:Gregarious 200 en Gregarious Living in groups or communities, growing in clusters (Thompson, 1995) - where the organisms actively seek out members of the same species as adult or larvae/juveniles for protection from the environment, predators or for breeding Traits:GroundForaging 200 en Ground Foraging seabirds? Traits:GrowthForm 200 en Growth form (or type) Deterministic growth or indeterminate growth resulting in single unitary individuals or modular (colonial) organisms. Traits:GrowthRate 200 en Growth Rate (expressed as µm, mm, cm per day/month/year) Traits:HabitatModification 200 en Habitat modification A general term to describe how the organism lives in or interacts with its habitat (adapted from BIOTIC, Bolam ''et al.'', 2013). Traits:HalfCone 200 en Half cone Half cone (Olenina ''et al.'', 2006) Traits:HalfConeFlattenedEllipsoid 200 en Half cone with flattened ellipsoid Half cone with flattened ellipsoid (Olenina ''et al.'', 2006) Traits:HalfParallelepiped 200 en Half parallelepiped Half parallelepiped (Olenina ''et al.'', 2006) Traits:HalfSphereDome 200 en Half sphere (dome) Half sphere (dome) Traits:Hawking 200 en Hawking Traits:HeightAboveSubstratum 200 en Height (above substratum) Height above the surface of the substratum of an individual or single modular colony. e.g a blade of seagrass, a seaweed thallus, projecting tube worm, upright sea pen etc. Traits:Herbivore 200 en Herbivore An organism which only feeds on plants, including phytoplankton. Traits:Heterotroph 200 en Heterotroph An organism that obtains nourishment from exogenous (external) organic material (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). Traits:HighMagnesiumCalcite 200 en High Magnesium Calcite Calcite where more then 8wt.% CaCO3 is substituted by MgCO3. Traits:Host 200 en Host An organism that provides food or shelter for another organisms, e.g. the inhabited symbiont. May be a definitive host infected by an adult stage or an intermediate host infected by life stages (see Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). Traits:HoverDipping 200 en Hover dipping Traits:Hovering 200 en Hovering Bird/insect specific Traits:Hydrostatic 200 en Hydrostatic skeleton Skeletal support provided by hydrostatic pressure from a fluid filled cavity (e.g. the coelum) surrounded by muscles. Hydrostatic pressure provides skeletal support in sea anemones, jellyfish, nematodes, annelids, echinoderms, and other groups. Traits:Independant (Free living) 200 en Independant (free living) Independant, individual organisms Traits:InhalentSiphon 200 en Inhalent siphon Specialist - modified siphon to capture prey Traits:Inquilinist 200 en Inquilinist A symbiotic association in which one symbiont lives in close association with another, generally in the tube or burrow or actually within a body chamber of the host (Brusca, 1980). Traits:Intermediary 200 en Intermediary Liable to suffer minor damage, chips or cracks as result of physical impacts. Traits:Introvert 200 en Introvert specialist - sipunculans Traits:JetPropulsion 200 en Jet propulsion Swimming is effected by contraction of the body or body cavity to produce a 'jet' of water, e.g. medusae and cephalopods (from Barnes ''et al.'', 2006) Traits:Jumper/Hopper 200 en Jumper/Hopper Organisms able to undertake a rapid jump or hop several times their own body length, using specialised limbs or appendages (e.g. sand hoppers, spring tails, grass hoppers etc) Traits:Keratinous 200 en Keratinous composed of keratin, a fibrous protein rich cysteine constituent of intermediate filaments (keratin filaments), chief material in horn, hair, nails and the upper layer of skin (derived from Lawrence, 2005). Traits:Kleptoparasitism 200 en Kleptoparasitism In which the female of one species steals the food reserves or prey of a female of another species, to feed her own progeny (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998) Traits:Lanceolate 200 en Lanceolate Lance shaped and usually elongate (Brusca, 1980). Traits:LargeInsectColonies 200 en Large (insect colonies) Large colonies of indivduals cooperating for mutual benefit, made up of thousnads or more individuals, often with a dominant matriach, e.g. social incests , bees etc. Traits:Lophophore 200 en Lophophore Specialist - filter feeding organ e.g. brachiopods, phoronids, bryozoans Traits:Lures 200 en Lures An organism that uses a lure to attract prey within range of its 'pounce' attack Traits:Massive 200 en Massive Bulky (Homes, 1979). Traits:Mat 200 en Mat A dense mass which blankets the substratum. Traits:Medusiform 200 en Medusiform/Medusoid Disk, bell or umbrella shaped and often gelatinous (Barnes et al., 1988). Traits:Migratory 200 en Migration (migratory) Periodic movement of organisms between alternative habitats e.g. between areas for reproduction and one or more areas of non-reproductive activity, or between areas of foraging and areas used for other activities. Most migrations occur at predictable intervals triggered by stimuli e.g. unfavourable conditions. NB: Movements that do not include an obligatory return journey are classified as dispersal (Baretta-Bekker et al., 1992). Traits:MixedCalcareousMaterial 200 en Mixed Calcareous Material Skeleton composed of a mixture of any of aragonite, calcite, high magnesium calcite or amorphous CaCO3 Traits:Mixotroph 200 en Mixotroph An organism that exhibts both autotrophy and heterotrophy Traits:Mobile 200 en Mobile Capable of movement Traits:Mobility 200 en Mobility Traits:ModeOfLife 200 en Mode of Life Traits relating to the mode of life a species exhibits Traits:Modular 200 en Modular Organisms that grow by the repeated iteration of parts, e.g. the leaves, shoots and branches of a plant, the polyps of a coral or bryozoan. Modular organisms are almost always branched, though the connections between branches may separate or decay and the separated parts may in many cases then become physiologically independent (Begon ''et al.'', 2005). Traits:Monoraphidioid 200 en Monoraphidioid Resembling a crescent moon (see Olenina ''et al.'', 2006) Traits:MouthParts 200 en Mouth parts Traits that describes specialized mouth parts Traits:Movement 200 en Movement Traits relating to the movement of the species Traits:MucusMesh 200 en Mucus mesh or net Secretion of a simple or complex mucus mesh to filter food particles from water column (e.g polychaetes ''Chaetopterus'' and larvaceans. Traits:Muscular Contraction (body length) 200 en Muscular contraction (body length) Swimming is effected by muscular contractions along the length of the body, which may be aided by body protrusions or structures (e.g. parapodia, fins). Traits:MuscularAxialProboscis 200 en Muscular axial proboscis The proboscis has thickened, strongly muscular walls and can be retracted into a sheath. In other cases the pharynx is partially retracted and partially inverted. The mouth proper is located at the tip of the pharynx when fully everted. While some taxa have a jaw-less proboscis, others have jaws present as a bilaterally arranged pair, as one or two dorso-ventrally arranged pairs or as two pairs forming a cross. Traits:MutualistMutualism 200 en Mutualist (mutualism) A symbiosis in which both organisms benefit; frequently a relationship of complete dependence. (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998) (cf.symbiosis, commensalism, parasite). Traits:NonMigratoryResident 200 en Non-migratory (resident) Remaining within the same area (from Lincoln ''et al.'',1998). Traits:NonSolidCement 200 en Non-solid; cement component that keeps the agglutinated particles of the non-massive skeleton together. Traits:NonSolidParticlesComp 200 en Non-solid; particles small and individual structural elements that function as supporting structure/enclosure, e.g. spicules in sponges. Traits:NonTerritorial 200 en Non-Territorial Independent without a defined territory Traits:Nonfeeding 200 en Non-Feeding Non-feeding life stages (e.g. lecithotroph) Traits:Omnivore 200 en Omnivore An organism which feeds on a mixed diet including plant and animal material (from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). Traits:OntogeneticMigration 200 en Ontogenetic migration Different life stages migrate into different habitats, or part of habitat (e.g. copepods) (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). Traits:OpenEndedVentilation 200 en Open-ended ventilation Organisms that live in a 'U' or 'Y' shaped burrow where water is drawn through the burrow (adapted from Kristensen ''et al.'', 2012). Traits:OralPodia 200 en Oral podia Specialist - modified tube feet in holothurians Traits:Organic 200 en Organic (1) derived from, or showing the properties of a living organism; (2) containing carbon, applied to molecules. Traits:Other 200 en Other Traits:OvalCylinder 200 en Oval cylinder An ellipsoid on an elliptic base (Olenina ''et al.'', 2006) Traits:Palps 200 en Palps Specialist - Protobranch molluscs Traits:Papillae 200 en Papillae or tube feet Appendages bear mucus laden papilae or tube feet (e.g. suspension feeding echinoderns, brittlestars, crinoids). Traits:ParallelepipedRhomboid 200 en Parallelepiped (rhomboid) In geometry, a parallelepiped is a three-dimensional figure formed by six parallelograms (the term rhomboid is also sometimes used with this meaning) Traits:Parasite 200 en Parasitic An organism that is intimately associated with, and metabolically dependent on, another organism (termed the host) for completion of its life cycle and which is detrimental to the host (see Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998) Traits:ParasiticFeeding 200 en Parasitic An organism that is intimately associated with, and metabolically dependant on another living organism, for completion of its life cycle, and which is detrimental to the host to a lesser or greater extent. Traits:Parasitoid 200 en Parasitoid An organism intermediate between a parasite and a predator; e.g. hymenopterans where the larvae feed within the tissue of a living host, leading to the death of the host (adapted from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). Traits:Passive 200 en Passive Catching food on a filter held into flowing water (e.g. hydroids, sea fans, sea pens), or collecting the 'rain' of detritus on sticky apparatus other than a filter (e.g. Cucumaria frondosa, proboscis of echinurans) (MarLIN; Hiscock et al. 1999). Traits:PassiveDrifter 200 en Passive drifter Movement dependent on wind or water currents Traits:Pattering 200 en Pattering seabirds/wader Traits:Penicillate 200 en Penicillate Brush like (Prescott ,1969). Traits:Phagocytosis 200 en Phagocytosis Engulfing prey/food item in cytoplasm Traits:Phosphatic 200 en Phosphatic composed of phosphoric acid or phosphates. Traits:Photoautotroph 200 en Photoautotroph An organism that obtains metabolic energy from light by a photochemical process such as photosynthesis (e.g. seaweeds, phytoplankton) (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). Traits:PhotosyntheticPigment 200 en Photosynthetic pigment(s) Traits:PickingfromWaterSurface 200 en Picking from the water surface Seabirds/wader Traits:PiercingToxic 200 en Piercing Specialist - modified radula used to inject toxins, e.g. cone shells Traits:Pinnate 200 en Pinnate Branching like a feather – an elongate main axis with lateral branches or lobes (Prescott, 1969). Traits:PinnateBranching 200 en Pinnate or branching Branched tentacles, used as filtration mechanism Traits:Pisciform 200 en Pisciform Fish-like Traits:PlungeDiving 200 en Plunge Diving Traits:Plunging 200 en Plunging Seabird specific? Traits:Pouncing 200 en Pouncing An ambush predator that uses a sudden, rapid movement to 'pounce on, grab or swallow' its prey once the prey in within short range. Traits:Predator 200 en Predator (Hunter) Predatory behaviour in which one animal species captures a member of another species (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). OR mobile animals that attack kill and consume individual prey items, usually one at a time. Traits:Probing 200 en Probing seabirds/wader Traits:PursuitDiving 200 en Pursuit Diving Traits:PursuitHunterCooperative 200 en Pursuit hunter (co-operative) An organism that hunts in a team, pack, pod, flock, swarm etc Traits:PursuitHunterIndividual 200 en Pursuit Hunter (individual) An organism that chases after, catches and subdues mobile prey (e.g. predatory polychaetes, squid, fish, otter, seal, seabirds) Traits:PursuitPlunging 200 en Pursuit Plunging Traits:Radial 200 en Radial Symmetrical about any plane passed perpendicular to the oral/aboral axis (Barnes ''et al.'', 1993). Traits:Radulae 200 en Radulae Specialist - protrusile anterior region of digestive tract; refers to chitinized teeth along the radular membrane (Stachowitsch, 1992). Traits:Rasping 200 en Rasping specialist - rasping radulla of grazing molluscs Traits:ReefBuilding 200 en Reef-building An organism that forms large areas of hard substratum for other organisms due to the scale of its aggregations (e.g. horse mussels), accretions (e.g. ''Sabellaria'') or its skeleton (e.g. corals). Traits:Regenerator 200 en Regenerator Organisms that excavate and maintain burrows in the sediment, which result in sediment transport from depth to the surface (adapted from Kristensen ''et al.'', 2012. Traits:Reticulate 200 en Reticulate In the form of a mesh or net (Prescott, 1969). Traits:Robust 200 en Robust Unlikely to be damaged as a result of physical impacts, e.g. hard or tough enough to withstand impact, or leathery or wiry enough to resist impact. Traits:RotationalEllipsoid 200 en Rotational ellipsoid Rotational ellipsoid (Olenina ''et al.'', 2006) Traits:Saprophage 200 en Saprophage An organism that feeds on dead or decaying organic material (see Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). Traits:Scavenger 200 en Scavenger An organism that feeds on carrion and organic refuse (e.g. crabs, whelks) (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). Traits:SearcherForager 200 en Searcher/Forager Active foragers that seek out prey usually of lower mobility (than themselves) e.g. arthropods (crabs, spiders) gastropods, starfish Traits:SeasonalEnvironment 200 en Seasonal (environment) A seasonal migration in order to remain within suitable environmental conditions. Traits:SeasonalFeeding 200 en Seasonal (feeding) A seasonal migration for the purpose of following food or moving to suitable feeding grounds Traits:SeasonalReproduction 200 en Seasonal (reproduction) A seasonal migration in order to reproduce. Traits:SedimentReworking 200 en Sediment reworking Description of how an organism modifies or changes the physico-chemical nature of the habitat itself, e.g sediment reworking, deposition of faeces, or burrowing Traits:Seizing 200 en Seizing Seabird specific - probably not - large predators that pounce and grab also Traits:Sessile 200 en Sessile Non-motile; permanently attached at the base (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998) (e.g. ''Caryophyllia''). Traits:Setose 200 en Setose (Hairy) Appendages (arms, specialisted mothparts) used to capture suspended particulates Traits:ShallowPlunging 200 en Shallow plunging Traits:Shrub 200 en Shrub Having a very short stem with branches near the ground (Thompson, 1995). Traits:Siliceous 200 en Siliceous composed of silicon based spines, spicules or lattice, e.g. siliceous or glass sponges Traits:SimpleAxialProboscis 200 en Simple axial proboscis A sac-like proboscis relying on fluid pressure from the coelom for eversion. There is no particular development of musculature or glands. The worms tend to have reduced septa in the anterior part of the body allowing the contruction of the posterior part of the body to exert considerable force on the proboscis because of the free movement of the coelomic contents. Muscles associated with a thickened first septum (gular membrane) and the proboscis are used for retraction. Traits:Skimming 200 en Skimming seabirds/wader Traits:SmallTribePridePackPod 200 en Small (tribe/pride/pack/pod) Small group of individuals that work together for mutual benefit, often held together by familial (matriarchal/patriarchal) bonds (e.g. a pack or wolves, a pod of dolphin, a pride of lions, a tribe of humans). Traits:Snatching 200 en Snatching Traits:Sociability 200 en Sociability Traits that describe an organism's behavioural interactions with members of the same species. Traits:SocialGroup 200 en Social group Cooperative groups of the same species - e.g. social insects, mammals Traits:Solid 200 en Solid massive structure, e.i. not consisting of loose agglutinated particles. Traits:Solitary 200 en Solitary Living alone, not gregarious (Thompson 1995). Traits:Sphere 200 en Sphere (spherical) A sphere or globe Traits:Sponginous 200 en Sponginous composed of spongin, fibrous protein component of the horny sponges (derived from Lawrence, 2005). Traits:Stacks 200 en Stacks Stacks of indivudal cells/frustules (e.g. in diatoms), like a pack of cards. Traits:Stellate 200 en Stellate Arranged like a star. Traits:StickyMucus 200 en Sticky or mucus covered Tentacles used to collect particluate food (e.g. polychaete deposit feeders) Traits:Stinging 200 en Stinging Tentacles that bear stinging cells to catch, subdue prey (e.g. Cnidaria) Traits:Straplike 200 en Straplike/Ribbonlike In the form of a strap or ribbon. Traits:StunAttack 200 en Stun attack An organism that uses pulses of electricity or sound to stun prey (e.g. pistol shrimp) Traits:Substratum 200 en Substratum An organism that provide substratum for specific other organisms, rarely found on other organisms, a ubiquitous relationship. Traits:SubsurfaceDepositFeeder 200 en Sub-surface deposit feeder An organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter within the substratum (e.g. ''Echinocardium cordatum'') (adapted from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). Traits:SubsurfaceSeizing 200 en Subsurface seizing Traits:Suctorial 200 en Suctorial (sucker bearing) Appendages that bear suckers on muscular arms to hold and subdue prey (e.g cephalopods) Traits:Support 200 en Support An organism that provides 'support' for other organisms, either as a host for a symbiote or parasite, or as substratum for epibiota. Traits:SupportingStructuresEnclosures 200 en Supporting Structures and Enclosures Hard framework, internal or external, which supports and protects softer parts of plant, animal or unicellular organism, and to which muscles usually attach in animals, includes skeletons (derived from Lawrence, 2005). Traits:SurfaceDabbling 200 en Surface dabbling Traits:SurfaceDepositFeeder 200 en Surface deposit feeder An organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter on the surface of the substratum (e.g. ''Corophium volutator'') (adapted from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). Traits:SurfaceDipping 200 en Surface dipping Traits:SurfaceDiving 200 en Surface Diving Traits:SurfacePlunging 200 en Surface plunging Traits:SurfaceSeizing 200 en Surface seizing Traits:SuspensionFeeder 200 en Suspension feeder Organisms that strain food from the surrounding water. They can range in complexity from sponges and corals to baleen whales. They live on organisms or debris that drifts past them, or they seek out small floating or swimming organisms (Charton, 2001). Traits:Swimmer 200 en Swimmer An organism that moves through the water column via movements of its cilia, flagella, fins, legs or appendages, via undulatory movements of the body or via jet propulsion (e.g. ''Gadus'', ''Loligo''). Traits:Swimming 200 en Swimming Seabirds/wader Traits:SymbiontContribution 200 en Symbiont contribution Where some dietary component(s) are provided by symbiotic organisms (e.g. ''Anemonia'' with zooxanthellae). Traits:Symbiotic 200 en Symbiotic An association between two organisms. The term may bused to describe all associations between organisms of the same or different species. It is usually reserved for associations that are mutually beneficial (adapted from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998) Traits:Tadpole 200 en Tadpole Having the body form of a tadpole i.e. consisting of a round head with a tail. Traits:Talons 200 en Talons e.g. birds Traits:TempRange 200 en Temperature range tolerated Min/Max Value Traits:TemporaryAttachment 200 en Temporary attachment An organism that can temporarily attach to a substratum but is able to release its attachment, and move across (or through) it (i.e. sedentary) (e.g. ''Actinia''). Traits:Tentacles 200 en Tentacles A slender, flexible limb or appendage in an animal, especially around the mouth of an invertebrate, used for grasping or moving about, or bearing sense organs (OED). Traits:Territorial 200 en Territorial Independent but maintains a defined territory Traits:Trapezoid 200 en Trapezoid/Trapezium a convex quadrilateral with at least one pair of parallel sides is referred to as a trapezoid in American and Canadian English but as a trapezium in English Traits:Traps 200 en Traps An organism that uses traps such as sticky threads or webbing (e.g. spiders) Traits:TruncatedCone 200 en Truncated cone Cone with flattended top (Olenina ''et al.'', 2006) Traits:Tubicolous 200 en Tube dwelling (tubicolous) An organism that lives in a tube of its own construction (e.g. mucus, bound sand grains, Calcium carbonate etc). Traits:Turbinate 200 en Turbinate Whorled (Brusca, 1980). Traits:Turf 200 en Turf The lowest stratum of erect branching or filiform species. Traits:UnderwaterSeizing 200 en Underwater seizing Traits:UnderwaterSwimming 200 en Underwater swimming Traits:Unitary 200 en Unitary Organisms that grow by a determinate pathway of development of a tightly canalized adult form, e.g. all arthropods and vertebrates (from Begon ''et al.'', 2005). Traits:UpwardsConveyor 200 en Upward conveyor Organisms that live vertically in the sediment, typically head-down at depth in the sediment, and that transport particles from depth to the sediment surface (adapted from Kristensen ''et al.'', 2012). Traits:Variable 200 en Variable mixed and variable material Traits:VentralBuccalOrgan 200 en Ventral buccal organ variable set of folds, musculature and glands, present on the ventral side of many polychaetes, is usually referred to as a ventral proboscis and is the most common form in Polychaetes. The ventral proboscis may be a simple eversible muscular pad, the outer end of these pharynges may be frilled and densely ciliated. Other species have the lateral walls of the proboscis folded and broadly connected ventrally to a deep buccal organ, others have a ventral proboscis also present. Traits:VentralMuscularProboscis 200 en Ventral muscular proboscis The ventral and lateral walls of the buccal region are muscular and the lining is sclerotized into a varying number of eversible jaw pieces. The jaws are separated into a pair of ventral mandibles and two or more pairs of lateral maxillae. Traits:Vermiform 200 en Vermiform Worm-like Traits:VermiformAnnulated 200 en Vermiform annulated Worm like but lacking true segments although annuli may be present, e.g. roundworms (Nematoda) and ribbon worms (Nemertea). Traits:VermiformSegmented 200 en Vermiform segmented Worm-like with the body divided into semi-independent, serially repeated units (Barnes et al., 1993) e.g. Annelida. Traits:VermiformUnsegmented 200 en Vermiform Unsegmented Worm-like where the external surface is divided into a chain of rings or 'annuli' by furrows giving the appearance of segments (Barnes ''et al.'', 1993). Traits:WadinginShallowWater 200 en Wading in shallow water Traits:Whiplike 200 en Whiplike In the form of a whip.