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• Accretion and erosion for different coastal types
  ...n to the phenomena described above, a non-optimal layout of the protective structures can result in additional trapping of sand. This typically happens in the sh Articles about structural erosion and the presence of structures:
  10 KB (1,662 words) - 18:11, 18 January 2022
• Coastal cities and sea level rise
  ...ound in several articles in the category [[:Category: Hard structures|Hard structures]]. The costs of coastal defenses depend on the intended level of protection *Investments in flood defense structures: dikes, river embankments, improvement of waterways, modernization of the d
  51 KB (7,528 words) - 12:22, 22 January 2024
• Integrated Assessment
  ...tation on very basic assumptions in order to make underlying argumentative structures evident and improve the quality of debate. ...changing input and output data (soft linked models) or use a common shell (hard linked models). Only rarely integrated models are implemented with a single
  12 KB (1,633 words) - 14:45, 31 July 2020
• Species extinction
  * [[Hard coastal protection structures|Coastal protection structures]]
  25 KB (3,716 words) - 18:44, 23 February 2024
• Diversity and classification of marine benthic algae
  Seaweeds occur on any shore where a hard bottom or any other type of stable lacking flagella (as well as centrioles and other structures typical of the flagellar
  18 KB (2,692 words) - 22:17, 12 February 2024
• Meiofauna of Sandy Beaches
  ...iments, but also on underwater algae and higher plants as well as on other hard substrates. The heterogeneity of meiofaunal habitats is very large and meio * the mobile environment, by adhesion, special locomotion and reinforcing structures;
  22 KB (3,240 words) - 17:40, 30 December 2023
• Functional metabolites in benthic invertebrates
  ...e cases. Still, outstanding progress has been made towards elucidating the structures of mating pheromones in brown algae, and fishes. Whereas terpenes and other ...opisthobranchs accumulate and concentrate the deterrent chemicals in outer structures of the body, more exposed to attack. Thus, the round-shaped vesicles displa
  8 KB (1,150 words) - 16:38, 5 October 2021
• Oyster reef shore protection
  Oyster reefs are an example of biogenic reefs. Biogenic reefs are structures built with ecosystem engineer species that sustain themselves with self-gen ...rotection function they can perform, reducing the need for hard artificial structures. Oysters naturally aggregate and attach themselves to older shells, rocks,
  8 KB (1,247 words) - 19:38, 31 March 2024
• Wave energy converters
  ...l power by the wave–structure interaction between ocean waves and device structures (geometric optimization), (2) the transfer of mechanical power into electri ...ch dampens the largest waves. See also [[Wave energy converters in coastal structures]].
  62 KB (9,587 words) - 22:04, 7 May 2024
• Artificial reefs
  ...as site dependent factors are to be considered, design criteria for these structures are not easily defined a priori. ...., 2007. ''Environmental Design Guidelines for Low Crested Coastal Defence Structures'', Elsevier.</ref>). Un-corrected design of the structure by a wrong select
  41 KB (6,487 words) - 22:37, 2 July 2022
• Overtopping resistant dikes
  ...e years of testing with the Wave Overtopping Simulator. In: Coasts, marine structures and breakwaters, Adapting to change 2: 460-473</ref>. ...en overflowing) of the dikes; failure started at the landward slope of the structures<ref>Gerritsen, H. 2005. What happened in 1953? The Big Flood in the Netherl
  19 KB (3,217 words) - 00:20, 9 March 2023
• Deteriorated groynes
  ...ions were performed for the coastal segment and bathymetry without coastal structures. The results are presented in Figs. 3-7, where depth-averaged and near-bed [[Category:Hard structures]]
  25 KB (3,878 words) - 17:18, 3 September 2020
• Biogenic reefs of Europe and temporal variability
  Biogenic [[reef]]s can be described as hard compact structures created by the activity of living organisms. They do not share an uniform s ...wever, it can be gregarious under favorable conditions, forming large reef-structures (upto 30 cm high) (Hendrick and Foster-Smith, 2006<ref>Hendrick, V.J., Fos
  26 KB (3,875 words) - 18:26, 7 March 2023
• Dynamics, threats and management of dunes
  ...e sand is difficult. Since they are looking for a hard surface to walk on, hard paths must be built. A marked path (through fences and with educational pan ...roach. The goal is to protect developed areas, traditionally by using hard structures (Klein ''et al.'', 2001<ref>KLEIN R.J.T., NICHOLLS R.J., RAGOONADEN S., CAP
  15 KB (2,195 words) - 12:23, 8 October 2021
• Shore protection vegetation
  ...dth (beach slope) is a natural dynamic response if hard manmade or natural structures are absent (McLachlan et al., 2018<ref name=MD>McLachlan, A. and Defeo, O. ...ion is to strengthen a coastal-defense dune through the incorporation of a hard concrete or rocky core (Oderiz et al., 2020<ref> Oderiz, I., Knochelmann, N
  76 KB (10,699 words) - 12:24, 15 November 2023
• Dynamics, threats and management of biogenic reefs
  Biogenic [[reef]]s can be described as hard compact structures created by the activity of living organisms <ref name= "Biogenic reef">[[Bi ...s been suggested that a reef can increase in extent without the need for hard substratum (Holt ''et al.'', 1997<ref>HOLT T., HARTNOLL R. & HAWKINS S., 19
  69 KB (10,049 words) - 18:34, 7 March 2023
• Gravel Beaches
  ...to replenish [[Coast erosion|eroding beaches]], often in conjunction with structures such as rock or wooden [[groynes]] or offshore breakwaters. This is because ...n the supply of sediment from one point to another. However, where marine structures are constructed which cut of the supply from further up the coast, comparis
  40 KB (6,109 words) - 17:19, 24 February 2023
• Wave energy converters in coastal structures
  ...e designed to withstand. This will be the case, in particular, for all the structures built in shallow water where the depth imposes the maximal amplitude becaus These structures need therefore to be modernized and adapted to [[climate change]]. Adaptati
  20 KB (3,003 words) - 15:51, 25 February 2023
• Sand by-pass systems
  ...e classical processes of accretion of sediment at the up drift side of the structures and the erosion at the down drift side will start right after the construct ...jetty. Sediment will pass the structure. One of the main functions of the structures, stopping the sediment transport, is then not fulfilled anymore.)
  15 KB (2,517 words) - 18:13, 18 January 2022
• Wave overtopping
  ...=E18>EurOtop, 2018. Manual on wave overtopping of sea defences and related structures. An overtopping manual largely based on European research, but for worldwid ...roved guidance on roughness and crest width in overtopping of rubble mound structures along EurOtop. Coastal Engineering 176, 104152</ref>). The general form of
  7 KB (1,059 words) - 17:19, 24 January 2024

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