Property:Definition
From Coastal Wiki
This is a property of type Text. It links to pages that use the form MstConcept.
F
Shaped like a fan, fanlike (Brusca, 1980). +
Flattened ellipsoid (Olenina ''et al.'', 2006) +
An indication of how far an organism can bend/flex without breaking or suffering damage -
High (>45°) / Low (10 – 45°) / None (<10°) +
A species which exhibits fluctuating densities (either undefined in the literature or otherwise not mentioned in the abundance terms/parameters described here). +
An organism able to propel itself though the air e.g. using wings, such as winged insects, birds +
Seabirds +
Stealing food from other birds in flight +
Description of the source of the organisms nurishment, i.e. what it feeds on +
Seabirds/Wader +
Seabirds/Wader +
A dense stand of large plants in which the upper branches (trees) or laminae (macroalgae) overlap to form a canopy that shades the under story of flora and fauna. +
An organism that forms a large area of close individuals forming a canopy (e.g. trees, large kelps). +
1) Length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the posterior end of the middle caudal rays. This measurement is used instead of standard length for fishes on which it is difficult to ascertain the end of the vertebral column, and instead of total length in fish with stiff, forked tail, e.g., tuna. Mostly used in fishery biology and not in systematics. (FishBase)
2) Fork length (FL) refers to the length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the end of the middle caudal fin rays and is used in fishes in which it is difficult to tell where the vertebral column ends. (Wikipedia)
3) Fork length (FL) can be specified as:<ul><li>Maximum length: Size (in cm) of the largest male/unsexed or female specimen ever caught. (FishBase)<li>Common length: Size (in cm) at which male/unsexed or female specimen(s) are commonly caught or marketed. (FishBase)</ul> +
Free living - little modification +
Eggs spawned into water column +
<0.5 psu +
Shaped like a funnel +
G
Descriptors of the relative size of gametes +
The mean period of time between reproduction by parent generation and the reproduction of the first filial generation (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998); recorded in years. +
Where the species degrades native genetic resources (by hybridizing with native fauna/flora). +
Specialist - e.g. planktivorous fish such as basking shark +
Where the respiratory organs also power and/or provide a feeding apparatus (muco-cilliary feeding) +
An organism that is able to glide through the air (e.g. using some form of membrane) but cannot propel itself through the air (e.g. flying fish) +
Specialist larval form in some freshwater bivalves, characterized by a bivalve shell, with or with a pair of hooks, and a long adhesive thread or tentacle. It lives as a temporary parasite on the gills or fins of fish. In some species a modified glochidium is termed a 'lasidium' before attachment and a 'haustorium' after attachment (Stachowitsch, 1992). +
Free-swimming four armed (lobed) ciliated larva of Platyhelminthes (see Ruppert & Barnes, 1994). +
Having separate sexes/genders (Barnes ''et al.'', 1993). +
fibrous protein in the mesoglea of sea fans (gorgonians) which forms the stiff skeleton of the colony. +
Appendages bear grasping claws (chelae) - e.g. arthropods, crabs, scorpions +
Vertebrate hands, feat, paws etc designed to grasp food items using claws, talons etc. +
1) Particle size 4 -16 mm. 2) Clean stone or shell gravel including dead maerl (Hiscock, 1996) 3) >80% gravel (Long, 2006). +
Mud with 5-30% gravel (see Long, 2006) +
Sand (50-90%) with gravel (>5%) and mud (see Long, 2006) +
Sand with 5-30% gravel (see Long 2006) +
Feeding on herbage, algae or phytoplankton by consuming the whole plant or the surface growth (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998) +
Generally mobile consumers of sessile prey (e.g. plants, hydroids) cropping exposed tissues usually without killing the whole individual or colony. +
Animals that rasp benthic algae (or sessile animals, such as bryozoan crusts) from the surface of macroalgal fronds and blades (Hiscock ''et al.'', 1999). +
Animals that rasp benthic algae (or sessile animals, such as bryozoan crusts) from inorganic particles e.g. sand grains (MarLIN; Hiscock ''et al.'', 1999). +
Animals that rasp benthic algae (or sessile animals, such as bryozoan crusts) from the substratum (MarLIN; Hiscock ''et al.'', 1999). +
Living in groups or communities, growing in clusters (Thompson, 1995) - where the organisms actively seek out members of the same species as adult or larvae/juveniles for protection from the environment, predators or for breeding +
Common in OSPAR Regions II, III +
seabirds? +
Deterministic growth or indeterminate growth resulting in single unitary individuals or modular (colonial) organisms. +
(expressed as µm, mm, cm per day/month/year) +
H
Traits that describe an organisms preferred habitat and its position within that habitat. +
A general term to describe how the organism lives in or interacts with its habitat (adapted from BIOTIC, Bolam ''et al.'', 2013). +
The Habitats Directive (Council Directive 92/43/EEC) ensures the conservation of a wide range of rare, threatened or endemic animal and plant species. Some 200 rare and characteristic habitat types are also targeted for conservation in their own right.
All in all, over 1.000 animal and plant species, as well as 200 habitat types, listed in the directive's annexes are protected in various ways. +
(needs a definition) +
Annex II species (about 900): core areas of their habitat are designated as sites of Community importance (SCIs) and included in the Natura 2000 network. These sites must be managed in accordance with the ecological needs of the species. +
(needs a definition) +
Annex IV species (over 400, including many annex II species): a strict protection regime must be applied across their entire natural range within the EU, both within and outside Natura 2000 sites. +
Annex V species (over 90): Member States must ensure that their exploitation and taking in the wild is compatible with maintaining them in a favourable conservation status. +
(needs a definition) +
Occupying the ocean floor at depths exceeding ca 6000 m. Usually in trenches and canyons of the abyssal zone. (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Open waters of deep oceanic trenches, from ca 6000 m and below. +
Half cone with flattened ellipsoid (Olenina ''et al.'', 2006) +
Half parallelepiped (Olenina ''et al.'', 2006) +
Half sphere (dome) +
Both haploid and diploid forms, with gametophytes giving rise to haploid gametes, and sporophytes giving rise to haploid spores by meiosis +
A life cycle in which meiosis occurs in the zygote to produce the haploid phase but in which only the zygote is diploid (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Immobile hard substratum e.g. solid rock, concrete but including soft rocks, such as chalk. +
Mobile hard substratum, e.g. cobbles, pebbles that are regularly moved by wave action. +
Attached or stuck to hard substrata, e.g. dog whelk capsules +
Height above the surface of the substratum of an individual or single modular colony. e.g a blade of seagrass, a seaweed thallus, projecting tube worm, upright sea pen etc. +
The haploid and diploid phases are different in size and body shape; the gametophyte is often diminutive (small to microscopic). +
An organism that obtains nourishment from exogenous (external) organic material (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Calcite where more then 8wt.% CaCO3 is substituted by MgCO3. +
An organism that provides food or shelter for another organisms, e.g. the inhabited symbiont. May be a definitive host infected by an adult stage or an intermediate host infected by life stages (see Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Where the species impacts human health. +
Skeletal support provided by hydrostatic pressure from a fluid filled cavity (e.g. the coelum) surrounded by muscles. Hydrostatic pressure provides skeletal support in sea anemones, jellyfish, nematodes, annelids, echinoderms, and other groups. +
>40 psu +
Living above but close to the substratum (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
I
Provides taxonomic, conservation status, and distribution information on taxa that are facing a high risk of global extinction. http://www.iucnredlist.org/ +
Sea ice, icebergs and other ice-associated marine habitats. +
Information on the impact of introduced and invasive marine species has been recorded. These include impacts on native species, their habitats and ecosystems, human health and activity, transmission of diseases, etc. Descriptive terms of impacts were standardized and listed in a look-up table. These terms have been adapted from Hayes (2005). +
Species that have been introduced and maintained in captivity or cultivated for example those species that are farmed in aquaculture or mariculture facilities. +
Independant, individual organisms +
This describes any situation in which an invasive species is "accidentally" set free in the wild from aquaria sources leading to its introduction into a new area/region. +
This describes any situation in which an invasive species is intentionally planted or set free in the wild leading to its introduction into a new area/region. +
Where the species affects the behaviour of native species. +
A subzone of the sublittoral in which upward-facing rocks are dominated by erect algae, typically kelps; it can be further subdivided into the upper and lower infralittoral (based on Hiscock, 1985). The term is also used by Glémarec (1973) to refer to areas (étages) with a eurythermal environment of great seasonal and also daily and tidal amplitude. 1) lower The part of the infralittoral subzone which, on hard substrata, supports scattered kelp plants (a kelp park) or from which kelps are absent altogether and the seabed is dominated by foliose red and brown algae. It may be difficult to distinguish the lower infralittoralwhere grazing pressure prevents the establishment of foliose algae. 2) upper The part of the infralittoral subzone which, on hardsubstrata, is dominated by Laminariales forming a dense canopy, or kelp forest (based on Hiscock, 1985). +
Specialist - modified siphon to capture prey +
A symbiotic association in which one symbiont lives in close association with another, generally in the tube or burrow or actually within a body chamber of the host (Brusca, 1980). +
Liable to suffer minor damage, chips or cracks as result of physical impacts. +
Fertilization (gametes meet) within the body (or body cavity or accessory organ) of the individual +
Living within the system of cavities and channels formed by the spaces between grains in a sediment (interstitial space). +
Terms and definitions used in the World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRIMS). +
Country or sea area that is recorded as the known introduced range of the species. +
Species whose presence is uncertain, maybe reported as present anecdotally but not confirmed. +
Species that are known to be invasive- those species in whose cases evidence of impact has been recorded or which is spreading aggressively. +
Terms used to describe 'Invasiveness' of species. +
A species whose 'invasiveness' has not been specified in its introduced range. The species is known to be present and has been reported but there is no comment on its invasiveness. +
Species whose invasiveness is uncertain. +
Gametes similar in size, shape and behaviour, not differentiated into male or female (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998) +
Haploid and diploid phases morphologically identical +
1) Breeding several times per lifetime. 2) Organisms that have repeated reproductive cycles (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
J
Swimming is effected by contraction of the body or body cavity to produce a 'jet' of water, e.g. medusae and cephalopods (from Barnes ''et al.'', 2006) +
Organisms able to undertake a rapid jump or hop several times their own body length, using specialised limbs or appendages (e.g. sand hoppers, spring tails, grass hoppers etc) +
Early adult life stage of an organism that shares the morphology and ecology of the adult but is not capable of reproduction. +
K
composed of keratin, a fibrous protein rich cysteine constituent of intermediate filaments (keratin filaments), chief material in horn, hair, nails and the upper layer of skin (derived from Lawrence, 2005). +
In which the female of one species steals the food reserves or prey of a female of another species, to feed her own progeny (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998) +
L
Enclosed bodies of water, separated or partially separated from the sea by shingle, sand or sometimes rock and with a restricted exchange of water with the sea, yielding varying salinity regimes. +
Lance shaped and usually elongate (Brusca, 1980). +
>512 mm; likely to be stable (Hiscock, 1996). +
Large colonies of indivduals cooperating for mutual benefit, made up of thousnads or more individuals, often with a dominant matriach, e.g. social incests , bees etc. +
An independent, motile, developmental stage of an organism, that differs in morphology and ecology from the juvenile or adult stage, and undergoes a metamorphosis to become the juvenile or adult (adapted from Ruppert & Barnes, 1994; Barnes <em>et al.</em>, 2006). +
Description of how the larvae or juveniles develop into adults +
Description of the period of time over which larval settlement occurs. +
Duration of the larval stage recorded in days or months. +
A description of the preferred substratum for larval settlement +
A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category. +
Development at the expense of internal resources (i.e. yolk) provided by the female (Barnes ''et al.'', 1993). +
The stages an organism passes through between the production of gametes by one generation and production of gametes by the next generation (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998) +
Traits that describe the life history characteristics of an organism +
Stone-boring; an organism that burrows into rock. +
A species which is observed to have a patchy distribution in terms of being common only at some locations. +
Three location types have been recorded to describe the native range and known introduced range of the species +
Specialist - filter feeding organ e.g. brachiopods, phoronids, bryozoans +
Where the species reduces aquaculture harvest or commercial/recreational gain. +
Where the species degrades amenities associated with public/tourist sites. +
Dominated by animals with no foliose algae but encrusting Rhodophycota patchy in grazed areas. The part of the circalittoral subzone on hard substrata below the maximum depth limit of foliose algae (based on Hiscock, 1985). +
The part of the infralittoral subzone which, on hard substrata, supports scattered kelp plants (a kelp park) or from which kelps are absent altogether and the seabed is dominated by foliose red and brown algae. It may be difficult to distinguish the lower infralittoral where grazing pressure prevents the establishment of foliose algae (based on Hiscock, 1985). +
The lower part of the shore only exposed (emersed) at the lowest part of the tide. +
The bottom of the littoral fringe. In the UK, characterized by he ''Pelvetia/Porphyra'' belt with patchy ''Verrucaria maura'' and ''Fucus spiralis'' (on sheltered shores). ''Verrucaria mucosa'' present above the main barnacle population. May also include salt marsh species on shale/pebbles in shelter (Hiscock, 1996). +
M
Species that comprise indicators or components of indicators for the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/eu-coast-and-marine-policy/marine-strategy-framework-directive/index_en.htm), with emphasis on Descriptors 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6. +
Macroalgal surfaces, such as kelps and fucoids. +
Individual organisms with a mean body size between 2.0 and 200 mm. +
Species for which some management action including prevention has been recorded in its introduced range. +
Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV +
Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV +
Common in OSPAR Region II +
30-40 psu (equals MNCR Full) +
Particle size 0.25-1mm (Hiscock, 1996) +
Disk, bell or umbrella shaped and often gelatinous (Barnes et al., 1988). +
5-<18 psu (equals MNCR Low, <18 psu) +
The upper aphotic zone and extends to a depth of ca 1000 m. +
Second larval stage in decapod Crustacea; resembles the nauplius but with more appendages (see Stachowitsch, 1992). +
Individual organisms with a mean body size smaller than 0.2 mm. +
Barnacle - limpet dominated, sometimes mussels, with ''Fucus vesiculosus'' and ''Ascophyllum nodosum. Mastocarpus stellatus'' and ''Palmaria palmata'' patchy in lower part. Usually quite a wide belt (Hiscock, 1996). +
Periodic movement of organisms between alternative habitats e.g. between areas for reproduction and one or more areas of non-reproductive activity, or between areas of foraging and areas used for other activities. Most migrations occur at predictable intervals triggered by stimuli e.g. unfavourable conditions. NB: Movements that do not include an obligatory return journey are classified as dispersal (Baretta-Bekker et al., 1992). +
A type of polychaete larva characterized by numerous long flotation bristles (Stachowitsch, 1992). +
Mixtures of a variety of sediment types, composed of pebble / gravel / sand / mud. This category includes muddy gravels, muddy sandy gravels, gravelly muds, and muddy gravelly sands. +
Skeleton composed of a mixture of any of aragonite, calcite, high magnesium calcite or amorphous CaCO3 +
Traits relating to the mode of life a species exhibits +
Generally coasts facing away from prevailing winds and without a long fetch but where strong winds can be frequent. +
1 to 3 knots (0.5-1.5 m/sec.) +
Organisms that grow by the repeated iteration of parts, e.g. the leaves, shoots and branches of a plant, the polyps of a coral or bryozoan. Modular organisms are almost always branched, though the connections between branches may separate or decay and the separated parts may in many cases then become physiologically independent (Begon ''et al.'', 2005). +
A species which exists to the exclusion of all other species including dense mats or in 100% of survey counts. +
Both male and female reproductive organs in a single individual (animals) or flower (plants) (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Resembling a crescent moon (see Olenina ''et al.'', 2006) +
Traits that describes specialized mouth parts +
Secretion of a simple or complex mucus mesh to filter food particles from water column (e.g polychaetes ''Chaetopterus'' and larvaceans. +
Mud and sandy muds where mud is the major fraction (see Long, 2006) +
Gravel (30-80%) with mud (see Long, 2006) +
Gravel (30-80%) with mud and sand (see Long, 2006) +
The free-swimming eight armed (lobed) ciliated larva of Platyhelminthes (see Rupert & Barnes, 1994). +
Many generations per year (Barnes ''et al.'', 2006). +
Swimming is effected by muscular contractions along the length of the body, which may be aided by body protrusions or structures (e.g. parapodia, fins). +
The proboscis has thickened, strongly muscular walls and can be retracted into a sheath. In other cases the pharynx is partially retracted and partially inverted. The mouth proper is located at the tip of the pharynx when fully everted. While some taxa have a jaw-less proboscis, others have jaws present as a bilaterally arranged pair, as one or two dorso-ventrally arranged pairs or as two pairs forming a cross. +
A symbiosis in which both organisms benefit; frequently a relationship of complete dependence. (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998) (cf.symbiosis, commensalism, parasite). +
N
Species that is native and endemic to a country or sea area i.e. a species that is unique to a location or habitat. +
Species that is native to an area but is not endemic to it i.e. a species that has a wide native range. +
Country or sea area which is the native range of the species. +
Where an invasive species migrates from a known introduced location to a new area/region using a natural mode/mechanism of dispersal; as the original location is part of its introduced range this pathway is included here. +
Free-swimming larva, with a characteristic triangular shape, rostral horns in some, three pairs of appendages, and sometimes a nauplia eye. The number of nauplius stages varies between groups (see Stachowitsch, 1992). +
A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future. +
A polychaete larval stage where the first set of chaetal bundles and parapodia develop, although the ciliary girdle remains for swimming (see Stachowitsch, 1992). +
Active swimming organisms that live in the water column and are able to move independently of the water mass (adapted from Lincoln <i>et al.</i>, 1998). +
Eggs are laid and abandoned by adult +
Offspring are abandoned by the adult +
Remaining within the same area (from Lincoln ''et al.'',1998). +
Incapable of self-fertilization, due to physical or temporal separation of gametes, and/or self-incompatability genes +
component that keeps the agglutinated particles of the non-massive skeleton together. +
small and individual structural elements that function as supporting structure/enclosure, e.g. spicules in sponges. +
Independent without a defined territory +
Non-feeding life stages (e.g. lecithotroph) +
Species that has not demonstrated any invasive traits in its introduced range. +
A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been evaluated against the criteria. +
O
The common indicators agreed by OSPAR for assessing the status of biodiversity in the North-East Atlantic cover marine mammals, seabirds, fish communities, seafloor habitats, pelagic habitats, non-indigenous species and food webs.
The biodiversity common indicators contributed assessments of the status biodiversity in the North-East Atlantic to the OSPAR Intermediate Assessment 2017. The assessments are published in the OSPAR Assessment Portal.
The indicators are based on information from monitoring programmes described in the Coordinated Environment Monitoring Programme (CEMP). The programmes are described in the Appendices to the CEMP Agreement. Detailed descriptions, including method descriptions for the indicator calculations, are included in the CEMP Guideline Agreements. +
The OSPAR Biological Diversity and Ecosystems Strategy sets out that the OSPAR Commission will assess which species and habitats need to be protected. This OSPAR List of Threatened and/or Declining Species and Habitats has been developed to fulfil this commitment. It is based upon nominations by Contracting Parties and observers to the Commission of species and habitats that they consider to be priorities for protection. +
Region I is the most northerly OSPAR region, characterised by its harsh climate and ice coverage although the ecosystems of this region are still rich. In spite of its low population density, human activities such as fishing and offshore petroleum production remain significant. +
The Greater North Sea is one of the busiest maritime areas. Offshore activities related to the exploitation of oil and gas reserves, and maritime traffic are very important. Two of the world's largest ports are situated on the North Sea coast, and the coastal zone is used intensively for recreation. +
The Celtic Seas region contains wide variations in coastal topography, from fjordic sea lochs, to sand dunes, bays, estuaries and numerous sandy beaches. The large range of habitats in the region supports a diverse fish fauna. Although traditional maritime activities, such as fishing, take place in the Celtic Seas, there is ongoing development of tourism. +
The bottom topography of Region IV and coastlines are highly diversified, including the continental shelf and slope and parts of the abyssal plain. Ecosystems in Region IV are very rich, support a rich fish fauna and have a particular importance for migratory birds. Main human activities in Region IV are fishing, maritime transport and tourism. +
Region V represents the deep waters of the North-East Atlantic extending across the abyssal plain and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and including many seamounts. There have been recent discoveries of a number of different fragile deep-sea habitats (such as hydrothermal vents, carbonate mounds, coral gardens and sponge communities). Human population in the region is restricted to the Azores Archipelago. The main human activities are fishing and maritime transport. +
Terms used to describe 'Occurrence' of species. +
Species which may be listed as alien or introduced but whose occurrence has not been specified. +
Species that are demonstrating aggressive spread and there is concern about its spread OR species where some concern has been recorded- this may be due to known records of its invasiveness and impacts in other areas of their known introduced range. +
Seabed beyond three miles (5 km) from the shore. +
0.5-<5 psu (included under MNCR Low, <18 psu) +
An organism which feeds on a mixed diet including plant and animal material (from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Different life stages migrate into different habitats, or part of habitat (e.g. copepods) (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Any part of the coast not within a marine inlet, strait or lagoon, including offshore rocks and small islands. This includes MNCR types; linear coast, islands / rocks and semi-enclosed coast. +
Organisms that live in a 'U' or 'Y' shaped burrow where water is drawn through the burrow (adapted from Kristensen ''et al.'', 2012). +
Free-swimming larvae of Ophiuroidea, distinguished by four pairs of arms supported by skeletal rods (Stachowitsch, 1992). +
(1) derived from, or showing the properties of a living organism; (2) containing carbon, applied to molecules. +
Species whose biological status is uncertain i.e. it is uncertain if the species is native or alien to the location. +
Species whose origins cannot be verified OR a species whose origin has not been specified in the source information. +
Where the species has a known but undefined or uncertain impact. +
The surface of other species, e.g. shells or carapace. +
Where the species dominates or outcompetes native species for resources and/or space. +
An ellipsoid on an elliptic base (Olenina ''et al.'', 2006) +
An overhanging part of a rock formation. Typically the surface of the rock below the overhang receives some cover or shade from the overhang. +
Egg laying; producing eggs that are laid and hatch externally (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Parents, guard or protect the eggs/clutch e.g. birds, some reptiles +
Fully formed eggs are retained and hatched inside the maternal body and are released as live offspring (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). No nutrition is derived from the mother. +
P
Appendages bear mucus laden papilae or tube feet (e.g. suspension feeding echinoderns, brittlestars, crinoids). +
In geometry, a parallelepiped is a three-dimensional figure formed by six parallelograms (the term rhomboid is also sometimes used with this meaning) +
An organism that is intimately associated with, and metabolically dependent on, another organism (termed the host) for completion of its life cycle and which is detrimental to the host (see Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998) +
An organism that is intimately associated with, and metabolically dependant on another living organism, for completion of its life cycle, and which is detrimental to the host to a lesser or greater extent. +
An organism intermediate between a parasite and a predator; e.g. hymenopterans where the larvae feed within the tissue of a living host, leading to the death of the host (adapted from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
A poriferan larva composed of a ciliated ball of cells (blastula), with a brief swimming phase (Ruppert & Barnes, 1994). +
Catching food on a filter held into flowing water (e.g. hydroids, sea fans, sea pens), or collecting the 'rain' of detritus on sticky apparatus other than a filter (e.g. Cucumaria frondosa, proboscis of echinurans) (MarLIN; Hiscock et al. 1999). +
Movement dependent on wind or water currents +
Where the species is a pathogen/parasite of native species or carrier of a pathogen/parasite which infects/parasitizes native species. +
In cases where pathway/vector is not specified/ cases of novel pathways/vectors. +
Unknown mechanisms of introduction were represented by a blank cell. +
One of the most important types of information in the practical approach to prevention and management of biological invasions is the identity of the pathways of introduction and details of vectors. These are necessary for the prevention of introduction of potentially invasive species and also for the containment of further spread of established invasions. Information on pathways and vectors of introduction of alien species has been recorded for the listed species where information was available. Descriptive terms describing pathways and vectors were standardized and listed as a look-up table. These terms have been adapted from Hayes (2005). +
A late veliger that is able to use its foot to crawl and provide temporary attachment +
Pertaining to the water column. Inhabiting the open sea, excluding the sea floor (rephrased from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
The secondary free-swimming larva in Sipunculida, that develops from a non-feeding trochophore (Ruppert & Barnes, 1994). +
Brush like (Prescott ,1969). +
Capable of producing both ova and spermatozoa either at the same time (Barnes ''et al.'', 1993). +
Engulfing prey/food item in cytoplasm +
composed of phosphoric acid or phosphates. +
An organism that obtains metabolic energy from light by a photochemical process such as photosynthesis (e.g. seaweeds, phytoplankton) (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Coastal geomorphology and physical features. +
Seabirds/wader +
Specialist - modified radula used to inject toxins, e.g. cone shells +
Free-swimming, helmet-shaped, larva of nemerteans (ribbon worms) with an apical tuft, apical sensory organs, oral lobes and oral ciliated band (see Stachowitsch, 1992, Rupert & Barnes, 1996). +
Branching like a feather – an elongate main axis with lateral branches or lobes (Prescott, 1969). +
Branched tentacles, used as filtration mechanism +
Living in the fluid medium (water or air) but unable to maintain their position or distribution independently of the movement of the water/air mass (adapted from Lincoln <i>et al.</i>, 1998). +
Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV +
Feeding at least in part on materials captured from the plankton (Barnes ''et al.'', 1993). +
This refers to invasive plant species which are unintentionally introduced into a new area/region carried on or with the habitat material of some intentionally planted flora. +
This refers to plant species which are planted intentionally for some purpose resulting in the introduction of an invasive plant into a new area/region (e.g. for erosion control). +
A ciliated, free swimming larva; lacks a mouth but in older stages may include a gastrovascular cavity (Stachowitsch, 1992) +
Living permanently at the water surface due to their own buoyancy, normally positioned partly in the water and partly in the air. +
Transfer of male gametophyte (pollen) to the 'female' part of a flower +
18-<30 psu (included under MNCR Reduced, 18-30 psu) +
An ambush predator that uses a sudden, rapid movement to 'pounce on, grab or swallow' its prey once the prey in within short range. +
Predatory behaviour in which one animal species captures a member of another species (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). OR mobile animals that attack kill and consume individual prey items, usually one at a time. +
Species that are known to be present in their introduced range and are subject to some control option. +
Common in OSPAR Regions II, III +
A condition of hermaphroditism in plants and animals where male gametes mature and are shed before female gametes mature (Holmes, 1979). +
A condition of hermaphroditism in plants and animals where female gametes mature and are shed before male gametes mature (Holmes 1979). +
Larval pycnogonid that bears three pairs of appendages, the chelicerae, palps and ovigerous legs (Ruppert & Barnes, 1996). +
Third larval stage in Decapoda, characterized by antennal locomotion (see Stachowitsch, 1992) +
Males develop from diploid fertilized eggs but subsequently eliminate or silence the paternal genome +
An organism that hunts in a team, pack, pod, flock, swarm etc +
An organism that chases after, catches and subdues mobile prey (e.g. predatory polychaetes, squid, fish, otter, seal, seabirds) +
Q
Body size measured in terms of mega, macro, meio/meso and micro. +
Body size measured in numerical values. +
R
Symmetrical about any plane passed perpendicular to the oral/aboral axis (Barnes ''et al.'', 1993). +
Specialist - protrusile anterior region of digestive tract; refers to chitinized teeth along the radular membrane (Stachowitsch, 1992). +
A species which is present at low or relatively low densities; used to describe single occurrences of the species where appropriate. +
A species which is found in relatively low to moderate densities (accounts for non-discrete nature of abundance terms/parameters described here). +
A species which is fluctuates between relatively low to high densities (accounts for such phenomena as population explosions). +
A later larval stage in siphonophores, composed of a floating colony with a disc-shaped float, and an elongated body surrounded by the rim of the growing disc (Stachowitsch, 1992) +
Species that have reported or recorded in error. +
Common in OSPAR Region II, III +
Where the movement of recreational equipment by humans results in the introduction of an invasive species into a new area/region. +
An organism that forms large areas of hard substratum for other organisms due to the scale of its aggregations (e.g. horse mussels), accretions (e.g. ''Sabellaria'') or its skeleton (e.g. corals). +
Organisms that excavate and maintain burrows in the sediment, which result in sediment transport from depth to the surface (adapted from Kristensen ''et al.'', 2012. +
A description of the season(s) or months of the year during which reproduction occurs +
Traits that describe how an organism reproduces or the mechanism by which reproduction is achieved. +
In the form of a mesh or net (Prescott, 1969). +
Drowned river valleys of south-west Britain (ria) and Shetland (voe). Often with a greater presence of rock and more marine in character than estuaries. +
Unlikely to be damaged as a result of physical impacts, e.g. hard or tough enough to withstand impact, or leathery or wiry enough to resist impact. +
1) A pool of water among rocks left behind by the ebbing tide. 2) a depression in the littoral zone of a rocky seashore where, at low tide, seawater is left behind (Hiscock, 1996). +
Rotational ellipsoid (Olenina ''et al.'', 2006) +
S
The range of salinities in which the organism is recorded (scale taken from Reusser & Lee, 2011) +
A flat, poorly drained coastal swamp inundated by most high tides (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Sands and sands with mud where sand is the major fraction (see Long 2006) +
30 -80% gravel with sand (see Long, 2006). +
An organism that feeds on dead or decaying organic material (see Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
An organism that feeds on carrion and organic refuse (e.g. crabs, whelks) (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Where research activities result in the unintentional release of an invasive species into a new area/region. +
Where research activities result in the intentional release of an invasive species into a new area/region. +
The habitat provided by the surface of frozen sea water floating on the surface. Sea ice may form thin sheets, fast moving pieces, pack ice or large icebergs. +
Glacially formed inlets (fjords, fjards) of western Scotland and Ireland; typically elongate and deepened by glacial action with little freshwater influence. Often with narrows and sills dividing the loch into a series of basins. +
Common in OSPAR Region II +
This refers to invasive species which exist as sessile or motile organisms on the surface of a seaplane. +
Active foragers that seek out prey usually of lower mobility (than themselves) e.g. arthropods (crabs, spiders) gastropods, starfish +
A seasonal migration in order to remain within suitable environmental conditions. +
A seasonal migration for the purpose of following food or moving to suitable feeding grounds +
A seasonal migration in order to reproduce. +
Description of how an organism modifies or changes the physico-chemical nature of the habitat itself, e.g sediment reworking, deposition of faeces, or burrowing +
Particulate solid matter accumulated by natural processes (Hiscock, 1996) +
Capable of self-fertilization +
Breeding once per lifetime, or breeding only once then dying (Barnes ''et al.'', 2006). Organisms that only have one brood during their lifetime (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
One generation every two years (Barnes ''et al.'', 2006). +
Hermaphrodite in which the male and female organs mature (that is produce gametes) at different times in the reproductive cycle (adapted from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998) +
Non-motile; permanently attached at the base (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998) (e.g. ''Caryophyllia''). +
1) Reproduction involving the regular alternation of gamete formation by meiosis, and gamete fusion (karyogamy) to form a zygote (Lincoln ''et al.'',1998). 2) Reproduction where recombination of genetic material, derived from more than one parent is possible (Barnes ''et al''. 2006), true amphimixis involves random segregation of genes and random association of parental contribution (gametes). +
Coasts with a restricted fetch and/or open water window. Coasts can face prevailing winds but with a short fetch (< 20 km) or extensive shallow area offshore, or may face away from prevailing winds. +
This refers to invasive species which exist as sessile or motile organisms on the hull of a ship. +
This refers to invasive species which are associated with internal ship cargo. +
This refers to invasive species which exist in various life stages in ballast of a fluid nature. +
This refers to invasive species which exist in various life stages in ballast of a solid nature. +
This accounts for an invasive species which has been vectored by a ship but the exact mechanism of action (ie: ballast, hull or cargo) has been unidentified in the literature. +
A sac-like proboscis relying on fluid pressure from the coelom for eversion. There is no particular development of musculature or glands. The worms tend to have reduced septa in the anterior part of the body allowing the contruction of the posterior part of the body to exert considerable force on the proboscis because of the free movement of the coelomic contents. Muscles associated with a thickened first septum (gular membrane) and the proboscis are used for retraction. +
Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV +
256 -512 mm; may be unstable. +
Small group of individuals that work together for mutual benefit, often held together by familial (matriarchal/patriarchal) bonds (e.g. a pack or wolves, a pod of dolphin, a pride of lions, a tribe of humans). +
Traits that describe an organism's behavioural interactions with members of the same species. +
Cooperative groups of the same species - e.g. social insects, mammals +
Species that are reported as present but only 'sometimes'. +
Country or sea area which is the known source area of the introduced species or population. The source area could be the native range of the species or a known introduced range. +
A specialised dormancy or diapause stage in the life cycle of the organism +
Region of the shore immediately above the highest levels of the water that is subject to wetting by splash from breaking waves (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
composed of spongin, fibrous protein component of the horny sponges (derived from Lawrence, 2005). +
Reproduction via spores +
Region of the shore immediately above the splash zone that is subject to wetting by the spray from breaking waves (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
1) The measurement from the most anterior tip of the body to the midlateral posterior edge of the hypural plate (in fish with a hypural plate) or to the posterior end of the vertebral column (in fish lacking hypural plates). It may be restricted to the tip of the snout if the lower jaw projects. The base of the caudal fin (end of the vertebral column or posterior edge of the hypural plate) is determined by flexing the tail up while the caudal peduncle is held down. The resultant wrinkle or caudal flexure indicates the caudal base. It may also be determined by probing or dissection. Sometimes the posteriormost point is the last scale, the last pored scale or the beginning of the caudal fin rays. It is the usual scientific measurement for length of a fish except in Myxini, Petromyzontiformes, Elasmobranchii and Holocephali. This measurement is used because long-preserved fish often lose the tips of the caudal fin rays through breakage after the desiccation effect of alcohol. See total length and fork length. In Holocephali the length is usually taken from the tip of the snout to the origin of the upper caudal fin because the caudal filament breaks off frequently. In Scaridae it is taken back to the rear margin of the second to last lateral line scale, because the large scales obscure the point of caudal flexure. In small dead fish, the end point is detected by bending the caudal fin to one side. In fishery work, as a result of the use of the measuring board, standard-, fork- and total length are taken from the most anterior part of the head. Abbreviated as SL. (FishBase)
2) Standard length (SL) refers to the length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the posterior end of the last vertebra or to the posterior end of the midlateral portion of the hypural plate. Simply put, this measurement excludes the length of the caudal fin. (Wikipedia)
Standard length measurements are used with Teleostei (most bony fish), while total length measurements are used with Myxini (hagfish), Petromyzontiformes (lampreys), and (usually) Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays), as well as some other fishes. (Wikipedia)
3) Standard length (SL) can be specified as: a) Maximum length: Size (in cm) of the largest male/unsexed or female specimen ever caught. (FishBase); b) Common length: Size (in cm) at which male/unsexed or female specimen(s) are commonly caught or marketed. (FishBase).
Tentacles used to collect particluate food (e.g. polychaete deposit feeders) +
Channels between the mainland and an island or between two islands which are open at both ends to the open coast (it does not refer to similar features or narrows within marine inlets). +
A line on the shore composing debris deposited by a receding tide; commonly used to denote the line of debris at the level of extreme high water (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
An organism that uses pulses of electricity or sound to stun prey (e.g. pistol shrimp) +
1) The zone exposed to air only at its upper limit by the lowest spring tides, although almost continuous wave action on extremely exposed coasts may extend the upper limit high into the intertidal region. The sublittoral extends from the upper limit of the large kelps and includes, for practical purposes in nearshore areas, all depths below the littoral. Various sub-zones are recognized (based on Hiscock, 1985). 2) The marine zone extending from the lowest limit of the intertidal to the outer edge of the continental slope (rephrased from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
The upper part of the sublittoral zone which is uncovered by the tide. On hard substrata, the zone is characterized by the kelps ''Laminaria digitata'' and ''Alaria esculenta''. The lower limit of this zone is marked by the upper limit of the truly sublittoral kelp ''Laminaria hyperborea'' (based on Lewis, 1964; Hiscock, 1996). +
An organism that provide substratum for specific other organisms, rarely found on other organisms, a ubiquitous relationship. +
Description of the substratum on or in which an organism is found or recorded. +
An organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter within the substratum (e.g. ''Echinocardium cordatum'') (adapted from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Appendages that bear suckers on muscular arms to hold and subdue prey (e.g cephalopods) +
An organism that provides 'support' for other organisms, either as a host for a symbiote or parasite, or as substratum for epibiota. +
Hard framework, internal or external, which supports and protects softer parts of plant, animal or unicellular organism, and to which muscles usually attach in animals, includes skeletons (derived from Lawrence, 2005). +
1) The lower terrestrial zone, characteristically dominated by orange and white-to-grey lichens on hard substrata with scattered salt-tolerant higher plants and mosses (Hiscock, 1996). 2) The region of the shore directly above the highest water level and subject to wetting by spray or wave splash (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
An organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter on the surface of the substratum (e.g. ''Corophium volutator'') (adapted from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). +
Organisms that strain food from the surrounding water. They can range in complexity from sponges and corals to baleen whales. They live on organisms or debris that drifts past them, or they seek out small floating or swimming organisms (Charton, 2001). +
An organism that moves through the water column via movements of its cilia, flagella, fins, legs or appendages, via undulatory movements of the body or via jet propulsion (e.g. ''Gadus'', ''Loligo''). +
Where some dietary component(s) are provided by symbiotic organisms (e.g. ''Anemonia'' with zooxanthellae). +
An association between two organisms. The term may bused to describe all associations between organisms of the same or different species. It is usually reserved for associations that are mutually beneficial (adapted from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998) +
T
The measure of body size specific to a taxonomic group. +
Fish measurement is the measuring of the length of individual fish and of various parts of their anatomy. These data are used in many areas of ichthyology, including taxonomy and fisheries biology. (Wikipedia) +
An organism that can temporarily attach to a substratum but is able to release its attachment, and move across (or through) it (i.e. sedentary) (e.g. ''Actinia''). +
A slender, flexible limb or appendage in an animal, especially around the mouth of an invertebrate, used for grasping or moving about, or bearing sense organs (OED). +
Independent but maintains a defined territory +
The horizontal movement of water associated with the meteorological, oceanographical and topographical factors. High water flow rates result in areas where water is forced through or over restrictions for example narrows or around protruding offshore rocks. Tidal streams are associated with the rise and fall of the tide where as currents are defined as residual flow after the tidal element is removed (Hiscock, 1996). +
1) The greatest length of the whole body between the most anterior point of the body and the most posterior point, in a straight line, not over the curve of the body. Sometimes, when there are two equal lobes, the caudal rays are squeezed together and their tip is taken as the most posterior point (excluding the caudal filaments), or the longest lobe is squeezed to the midline (maximum length or extreme tip length). Also an imaginary line may be drawn between the two lobe tips and length to its mid-point taken as the most posterior point (total auxiliary length or bilobular length). Usually the tip of the most posterior lobe of the fin in normal position is taken as the posteriormost point (total normal length or natural tip length). Total length is used by taxonomists in Myxini, Petromyzontiformes, usually in Elasmobranchii and sometimes in other fishes. Standard length is usually employed with Teleostei. Abbreviated TL. (FishBase)
2) Total length (TL) refers to the length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the tip of the longer lobe of the caudal fin, usually measured with the lobes compressed along the midline. It is a straight-line measure, not measured over the curve of the body. (Wikipedia)
Total length measurements are used in slot limit and minimum landing size regulations. (Wikipedia)
3) Total length (TL) can be specified as:<ul><li>Maximum length: Size (in cm) of the largest male/unsexed or female specimen ever caught. (FishBase)<li>Common length: Size (in cm) at which male/unsexed or female specimen(s) are commonly caught or marketed. (FishBase)</ul> +
a convex quadrilateral with at least one pair of parallel sides is referred to as a trapezoid in American and Canadian English but as a trapezium in English +
Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV +
Free-swimming larva characterised by apicla tuft of cilia and a girdle of cilia around the midregion (see Stachowitsch, 1992, Rupert & Barnes, 1996). +
Cone with flattended top (Olenina ''et al.'', 2006) +
An organism that lives in a tube of its own construction (e.g. mucus, bound sand grains, Calcium carbonate etc). +
Species very sensitive to organic enrichment and present under unpolluted conditions (initial state). They include the specialist carnivores and some deposit-feeding tubicolous polychaetes. +
Species indifferent to enrichment, always present in low densities with non-significant variations with time (from initial state, to slight unbalance). These include suspension feeders, less selective carnivores and scavengers. +
Species tolerant to excess organic matter enrichment. These species may occur under normal conditions, but their populations are stimulated by organic richment (slight unbalance situations). They are surface deposit-feeding species, as tubicolous spionids. +
Second-order opportunistic species (slight to pronounced unbalanced situations). Mainly small sized polychaetes: subsurface deposit-feeders, such as cirratulids. +
First-order opportunistic species (pronounced unbalanced situations). These are deposit- feeders, which proliferate in reduced sediments. +
Common in OSPAR Region IV +
U
Fully enclosed coasts with a fetch measured in tens or at most a few hundred metres. +
Habitat associated with the underside of boulders. +
The habitat formed by the underside of ice sheets at the interface of frozen ice and fluid seawater. +
Organisms that grow by a determinate pathway of development of a tightly canalized adult form, e.g. all arthropods and vertebrates (from Begon ''et al.'', 2005). +
One generation per year / annuals (Barnes ''et al.'', 2006). +
Dominated by animals with sparse foliose algae except where grazed. The part of the circalittoral subzone on hard substrata distinguished by the presence of scattered foliose algae amongst the dominating animals; its lower limit is the maximum limit of depth for foliose algae (based on Hiscock, 1985). +
Barnacles and limpets present in quantity with ''Fucus vesiculosus'' and ''Ascophyllum'' although often this belt has only sparse algal cover compared with the lower eulittoral (Hiscock, 1996). +
The part of the infralittoral subzone which, on hard substrata, is dominated by Laminariales forming a dense canopy, or kelp forest (based on Hiscock, 1985). +
Top of the littoral fringe, characterized by ''Verrucaria maura'' with ''Littorina saxatilis'' and ''Littorina neritoides'' often present. May include saltmarsh species on shale/pebbles in shelter (Hiscock, 1996). +
Organisms that live vertically in the sediment, typically head-down at depth in the sediment, and that transport particles from depth to the sediment surface (adapted from Kristensen ''et al.'', 2012). +
V
Attached or stuck to vegetation, e.g. opistobranchs, mermaid purses, cephalopod eggs etc. +
Asexual reproduction via somatic growth processes, fragmentation, fission, or budding (adapted from Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998) +
A free-swimming molluscan larva, characterized by lobed extensions of the peroral trochus (velum), larval shell and rudimentary foot (Stachowitsch, 1992). +
variable set of folds, musculature and glands, present on the ventral side of many polychaetes, is usually referred to as a ventral proboscis and is the most common form in Polychaetes. The ventral proboscis may be a simple eversible muscular pad, the outer end of these pharynges may be frilled and densely ciliated. Other species have the lateral walls of the proboscis folded and broadly connected ventrally to a deep buccal organ, others have a ventral proboscis also present. +
The ventral and lateral walls of the buccal region are muscular and the lining is sclerotized into a varying number of eversible jaw pieces. The jaws are separated into a pair of ventral mandibles and two or more pairs of lateral maxillae. +
Worm like but lacking true segments although annuli may be present, e.g. roundworms (Nematoda) and ribbon worms (Nemertea). +
Worm-like with the body divided into semi-independent, serially repeated units (Barnes et al., 1993) e.g. Annelida. +
Worm-like where the external surface is divided into a chain of rings or 'annuli' by furrows giving the appearance of segments (Barnes ''et al.'', 1993). +
A description of the vertical biological zone or zonation in which an organism resides. The zone is determined by depth, physical, chemical and biological factors. +
1) Open coasts which face into prevailing winds and which receive wind-driven waves and oceanic swell without any offshore obstructions for several hundred kilometres, but where deep water is not close to the shore (50 m depth contour further than about 300 m). 2) Open coasts adjacent to extremely exposed sites but which face away from prevailing winds. +
Coasts with a fetch less than about 3 km where they face prevailing winds or about 20 km where they face away from prevailing winds, or which have offshore obstructions such as reefs or a narrow (<30°) open water window. +
>6 knots (>3 m/sec) +
1) Producing live offspring from within the body of the parent (Lincoln ''et al.'', 1998). 2) Development of an embryo within the body of the parent, in part, resources passing directly from parent to embryo (Barnes ''et al.'', 2006). +
Offspring are nurtured and protected by the adult +
A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. +
W
Where the species alters water levels or causes nuisance fouling on boats/water structures. +
Defined via traits - but included as some authors do not specify level of wave exposure. +
Traits that describe the range of exposure to wave action in which the organism is recorded. +
Defined via traits below - included as some authors do not specify +
A measurement or extent of something from side to side; the lesser of two or the least of three dimensions of a body (OED)
Note: For width you can specify the measurement type (minimum, maximum, average), gender (male, female) and life stage. +
The greatest distance between the lateral tips of the pectoral fins in Rajiformes. (FishBase) +
In birds (Aves) - "the distance between the wing tips when the wings are held outstretched" (Wikipedia) or "wingtip to wingtip in flight" (BTO).
In winged insects (Insecta) - "may refer to the distance between the centre of the thorax to the apex of the wing doubled or to the width between the apices with the wings set with the trailing wing edge perpendicular to the body" (Wikipedia)
Note: For wingspan you can specify the measurement type (minimum, maximum, average), gender (male, female) and life stage. +
Z
