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• Oil spill monitoring
  * '''Passive systems''': Passive systems make use of sensors that detect the reflected or emitted electro-magnetic radiation from natura ...nt overpass, high spatial resolution and their day–night and all-weather sensors are essential for detecting large spills and monitoring ship and platform o
  12 KB (1,825 words) - 22:46, 9 February 2024
• Remote sensing
  ...ction depending on what they want to investigate. The data recorded by the sensors must be pre-processed (corrected, enhanced), analyzed (classified) and inte == Types of sensors==
  11 KB (1,586 words) - 18:47, 19 February 2024
• Optical remote sensing
  ...a can be processed and the restrictions with respect to the application of optical remote sensing. [[Remote sensing]] using satellite and airborne sensors is a powerful, operational tool for monitoring coastal zones. This technolo
  7 KB (935 words) - 13:12, 7 December 2023
• Argus video monitoring system
  ...thwest, the logistics, cost and data benefits soon drove the lab to an all-optical approach to nearshore sampling. This was boosted enormously by the early di ...n content of time exposure images has strongly supported the arguments for optical [[remote sensing]] as an important nearshore monitoring tool and has made t
  13 KB (1,959 words) - 15:21, 6 April 2021
• Use of Lidar for coastal habitat mapping
  *acquisition electronics and electro-optical components. ...2 nm) travels through the air-water interface to the bottom (Figure 4). An optical receiver on the aircraft detects the pulse reflections from both the seabed
  15 KB (2,393 words) - 22:55, 9 October 2023
• Manual Sediment Transport Measurements in Rivers, Estuaries and Coastal Seas
  ** 5.6.4: [[general principles of optical and acoustical instruments|Optical and acoustical sampling methods]]: *** [[Optical backscatter point sensor (OBS)]]
  5 KB (654 words) - 20:48, 19 August 2020
• Instrument characteristics of point-integrating suspended load samplers
  ...ther easily, especially in a silty environment. The sampling period of the optical and acoustical samplers is free. For time-averaging additional equipment sh ...on a relatively long sampling period (say 5 minutes). The accuracy of the optical and acoustical samplers is largely dependent on the number and accuracy of
  4 KB (599 words) - 16:38, 19 August 2020
• Measuring instruments for coasts
  ...acoustic samplers (see also [[pump samplers]] and [[general principles of optical and acoustical instruments]]). ...be used in conditions with both sand and silt particles in suspension. The optical instruments are relatively sensitive to fine mud particles. Hence, the mud
  12 KB (1,782 words) - 11:43, 7 September 2020
• Acoustic monitoring of marine mammals
  * [[General principles of optical and acoustical instruments]] * [[Acoustic backscatter profiling sensors (ABS)]]
  5 KB (788 words) - 11:38, 17 February 2024
• Measuring instruments for sediment transport
  ...e mechanical samplers to sophisticated optical and acoustical (electronic) sensors. Most instruments are used as point-integrating instruments which means the ...required using a pump sampler with the nozzle as close as possible to the optical/acoustic sensor.
  27 KB (3,920 words) - 22:17, 19 August 2020
• In situ measurement of wet bulk density
  ...measured [[in situ]] by mechanical, acoustic or nuclear radiation [[sensor|sensors]]. ...onic waves through the (fluid) mud layer. See also [[General principles of optical and acoustical instruments]].
  4 KB (584 words) - 14:46, 19 August 2020
• Instruments for bed level detection
  ...ts which can be used to produce bathymetric maps: mechanical, acoustic and optical instruments. ...S; acoustic bed level detectors (single and multi-beam echo sounders); and optical bed level detection.
  7 KB (1,105 words) - 13:16, 7 December 2023
• Measuring instruments for fluid velocity, pressure and wave height
  * electromagnetic velocity [[sensor|sensors]], * acoustic velocity [[sensor|sensors]] (point sensors and profilers),
  10 KB (1,442 words) - 20:14, 29 June 2019
• Nutrient analysers
  ...wo types of analyzers to measure nutrients: a wet chemical analyzer and an optical nitrate analyzer. A nutrient analyzer is an example of an [[oceanographic i Back to [[Instruments and sensors to measure environmental parameters]]
  8 KB (1,081 words) - 21:30, 16 January 2021
• Underwater video systems
  ...n seen in high-speed cameras. It should be said that the evolution of CMOS sensors is very fast, and that it probably soon will compete with the CCD. ...This cupola shaped optical window will, due to the refraction at the water/optical window/air interfaces, make it act as a diverging (negative) lens, that not
  18 KB (3,032 words) - 15:13, 22 August 2020
• Video technology
  ...changes can be read out from the camera tube as small current changes. The optical picture can thus (after amplification) be represented by a variation in vol Although modern cameras use solid-state image sensors (CCDs or CMOS), the signal emanating from them follows the standards that w
  14 KB (2,315 words) - 22:50, 29 June 2019
• Oxygen sensors
  Back to [[Instruments and sensors to measure environmental parameters]] ...two different types of sensors are described, the electrochemical and the optical type of oxygen sensor.
  15 KB (2,361 words) - 13:56, 20 August 2020
• Fluorescence sensors
  Fluorescence sensors can be used to study chlorophyll and to measure dissolved oxygen concentrat ...scence signal. Modern compact fluorometers use a wide range of proprietary optical configurations, including coaxial arrangements of the excitation and collec
  6 KB (823 words) - 17:52, 29 June 2019
• General principles of optical and acoustical instruments
  ...the calibration, measuring range and advantages of [[remote sensing]] with optical and acoustical instruments. ...chanical sampling methods. Although based on different physical phenomena, optical and acoustical sampling methods are very similar in a macroscopic sense. Fo
  9 KB (1,204 words) - 17:09, 26 October 2020
• Optical backscatter point sensor (OBS)
  ...elft Hydraulics Laboratory</ref>. This article gives an introduction of an optical backscatter (OBS) point [[sensor]], which can be used to measure [[turbidit [[Image:H5642figure1.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Figure 1: Optical backscatter point sensor (OBS)]]
  11 KB (1,594 words) - 11:42, 20 August 2020
• Acoustic point sensors (ASTM, UHCM, ADV)
  ...elft Hydraulics Laboratory</ref>. The article describes how acoustic point sensors can be used to measure velocity and sand concentrations. [[Image:H5645figure3.jpg|thumb|right|Figure 3: 5-fold sensors of ASTM]]
  12 KB (1,685 words) - 16:25, 8 September 2020
• Acoustic backscatter profiling sensors (ABS)
  ...and 2). An acoustic backscatter instrumentation package comprises acoustic sensors, data acquisition, storage and control electronics, and data extraction and * [[General principles of optical and acoustical instruments]]
  22 KB (3,217 words) - 11:14, 9 September 2020
• Optical Laser diffraction instruments (LISST)
  ....C. and Pottsmith, H.C. 2002. ''Laser Diffraction Method: two new sediment sensors''. Sequoia Inc., USA [http://www.sequoiasci.com].</ref>). Diffraction patte [[Image:H5643figure1b.jpg|thumb|none|250px|Figure 1b: Optical path and sampling volume]]
  9 KB (1,258 words) - 21:00, 29 June 2019
• Currents and turbulence by acoustic methods
  ...r is a more direct method to estimate turbulence using an [[Acoustic point sensors (ASTM, UHCM, ADV)#Point-measuring Acoustic Doppler Velocitymeter (ADV)|Acou ..., USA</ref>). This technique is used by ADV (R) (see also [[Acoustic point sensors (ASTM, UHCM, ADV)]] and is available in certain Doppler Profilers from RDI
  22 KB (3,631 words) - 22:30, 25 October 2020
• Sampling tools for the marine environment
  ...asure, for example, conductivity, temperature, pressure, [[fluorescence]], optical transmission, dissolved oxygen, and light levels. ...rface<ref> https://www.whoi.edu/what-we-do/explore/instruments/instruments-sensors-samplers/gravity-corer/ </ref>|.
  21 KB (3,409 words) - 22:24, 20 August 2020
• Ships of opportunity and ferries as instrument carriers
  * bio-fouling can be more easily prevented (inline sensors), ...m/s. This already decreases the tendency for building bacterial slimes on sensors and tube surfaces. A small part of the water is filtered by a hollow-fibre
  4 KB (621 words) - 17:09, 18 August 2020
• Turbidity sensors
  ...elength of the incident radiation, the measuring angle, and on the shape, optical characteristics and size distribution of the suspended particles. In measur ===Nephelometers and other Optical Sensors===
  14 KB (2,148 words) - 15:04, 22 August 2020
• Instruments and sensors to measure environmental parameters
  ...o explains the properties of available [[oceanographic instruments]] and [[sensors]]. An oceanographic instrument generally consists of one or more [[sensors]] as well as a signal processing unit that converts the sensor signal and c
  7 KB (945 words) - 15:28, 3 September 2020
• HyMap: Hyperspectral seafloor mapping and direct bathymetry calculation in littoral zones
  ...operties, surface and [[sun glitter]] effects are corrected as well as the optical properties of water constituents in the water bulk. The physics based modul However, so far only hyperspectral airborne sensors such as AISA, ARES, CASI, HYMAP or ROSIS accomplish data rates that facilit
  19 KB (2,865 words) - 13:10, 7 December 2023
• Optical measurements in coastal waters
  ...nts) to measure optical properties in coastal waters. Attention is paid to optical measurements in general, regional characteristics and implications for [[re Optical measuments using satellite and airborne sensors is a powerful, operational tool for monitoring [[coastal zone]]s. This tech
  16 KB (2,211 words) - 21:29, 24 February 2024
• Monitoring coastal morphodynamics using high-precision multibeam technology
  ...opagation. Any ship movement is compensated for by rapidly sampling motion sensors. Dynamical vertical and horizontal positioning of the multibeam-transducer *[[General principles of optical and acoustical instruments]]
  11 KB (1,692 words) - 15:37, 20 September 2020
• Differentiation of major algal groups by optical absorption signatures
  ...ntral light source get reflected at the wall multiple times and travel for optical path lengths between 1-3 m until they reach the radiance sensor. Due to the ...ps in a monitoring system, techniques are needed to measure these specific optical properties. One possibility is to use the chlorophyll fluorescence excitati
  6 KB (896 words) - 15:39, 20 September 2020
• Remote sensing of zooplankton
  ...h sizes also bias results. Therefore, a new and promising concept for fast optical in-situ detection of zooplankton was developed that allows the investigatio ...The combination of digital imaging techniques combined with environmental sensors helps to achieve the goal of small-scale investigations over large ranges.
  10 KB (1,457 words) - 17:56, 18 February 2024
• Flow cytometer
  Back to [[Instruments and sensors to measure environmental parameters]] ...vidual cells to be deflected into different receptacles according to their optical characteristics. By the 1980’s, it was realised that flow cytometry had m
  7 KB (1,064 words) - 17:51, 29 June 2019
• Detecting the unknown - novelty detection of exceptional water reflectance spectra
  ...s in coastal waters can be performed by remote sensing using multispectral sensors on-board satellites. Many methods are in use which enable the detection and ...rent wavelengths, all of which will be used in the present algorithms. Bio-optical models often exclude several wavebands or give other wavelengths more weigh
  9 KB (1,381 words) - 15:36, 20 September 2020
• FerryBox - Continuous and automatic water quality observations along transects
  .... waves and currents, (2) bio-fouling can be more easily prevented (inline sensors), (3) no energy restrictions (in contrast to buoys), (4) easier maintenance ...pplied as well. The basic setup was extended to further sensors such as an optical nitrate sensor and an algal group detector as well as chemical analysers (a
  15 KB (2,302 words) - 17:48, 29 June 2019
• Dynamics and structure of the water and matter ex-change between the Wadden Sea and the German Bight
  ...or energy supply, data logger, telemetry units and standard meteorological sensors (Table 1). The overall length of the system amounts to some 15 metres, depe ...(SPMC) and chlorophyll fluorescence are derived by combination of indirect optical and acoustical detection methods with repeated sampling. SPMC of water samp
  13 KB (2,006 words) - 14:59, 2 July 2023
• Suspended particulate matter distribution in the North Sea
  ...ration depth is. One problem is also obvious: the algorithm to convert the optical information into SPM concentrations does not allow values greater than ~ 75 ...ing weather forecasts. Although the information retrieved from the optical sensors of satellites may not cover the whole North Sea due to cloud coverage, it i
  12 KB (1,825 words) - 22:56, 20 August 2020
• The Baltic Algae Watch System - a remote sensing application for monitoring cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea
  ...f vast areas on a regular basis in NRT. The main disadvantage is that most sensors cannot ”see” through clouds, which limits the monitoring ability at hig ...m at or close to the sea surface in the Baltic Sea is associated with high optical scattering properties rather than discolouring by absorption properties. Th
  25 KB (3,748 words) - 23:00, 21 August 2020
• Coastal observation systems
  ...r is pumped from a subsurface inlet into the measuring circuit of multiple sensors (see Diagram)). An important feature is the regular automated cleaning and ...ents (ammonia, nitrite/nitrate, o-phosphate, silicate). In the near future sensors for pCO2, alkalinity, a flow-cytometer and an instrument to measure genepro
  39 KB (5,933 words) - 22:32, 25 October 2020
• Biosensing
  ...ic biosensors for water quality monitoring. Proceeding of society of photo-optical instrumentation engineers (spie), 6619: 61921-61921</ref> ...BS)''' <ref name="hanchang"> Han-Chang, S. et al. (2013). Automated online optical biosensing system for continuous real-time determination of microcystin-LR
  8 KB (1,148 words) - 16:29, 31 July 2015
• In situ monitoring of eutrophication
  ...ication in coastal waters. [[Sensors]] detect and respond to electrical or optical signals and convert the physical, chemical or biological parameter into a s ...d at predefined depths to target water samples for further analysis. Other sensors to measure chemical or biological parameters such as dissolved oxygen, chlo
  14 KB (2,003 words) - 11:12, 20 February 2024
• European coastal and marine observatories (2020)
  ...ices for maintenance and quality control, as well as quality standards for sensors and data exchange. JERICO therefore proposes a Pan European approach for a ...llaborative work environment and tools for piloting gliders. The following sensors can be mounted on the gliders: CTD, Oxygen Optode, Fluorimeters (ChlA, CDOM
  47 KB (6,585 words) - 12:44, 8 September 2020
• Swash zone dynamics
  ...stem mounted above the swash zone, together with ultrasonic distance point sensors. Photo: Dr Chris Blenkinsopp, University of Bath, UK.]] ...olman and T. E. Baldock, 2011. Swash zone boundary conditions derived from optical remote sensing of swash zone flow patterns. Journal of Geophysical Research
  32 KB (4,942 words) - 12:58, 5 April 2021
• Shoreface profile
  ...iods where sediment transport is most significant. Bottom-mounted pressure sensors are most often employed for the determination of wave characteristics. This e2019JC015521</ref>. Acoustic and optical sensors are sensitive to air bubbles. Their use for determining suspended sediment
  59 KB (9,016 words) - 11:16, 19 April 2024
• Field Observation Techniques, State of the Art 2012
  ...to satellite or airplane-mounted sensors, however sometimes remote sensing sensors are mounted on a fixed platform. Different kind of observation techniques c ...ts implementation give a strong impetus to the development of new types of sensors and measuring strategies.
  15 KB (2,177 words) - 13:39, 7 December 2023
• Satellite-derived nearshore bathymetry
  ...bservations are also expensive. Airborne remote sensing with hyperspectral sensors has wide applications in nearshore coastal waters, not only for bathymetric ...white caps) and water column (e.g., sedimentation, turbidity and variable optical properties) originating from either atmospheric interference or ocean surfa
  32 KB (4,966 words) - 22:35, 9 February 2024
• Plankton remote sensing
  Satellite sensors detect the reflected light by the sea surface in different wavelengths. The ...sing of Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and a Potential Synthesized Framework. Sensors 12: 7778-7803</ref>. Once a bloom begins, an ocean colour sensor can make a
  7 KB (1,053 words) - 11:14, 20 February 2024