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• Definitions of coastal terms
  ...ated to the living environment is given in the article '''[[Definitions of marine ecological terms]]'''. ..., N.E. 2017. Shoreline management guidelines. DHI https://www.dhigroup.com/marine-water/ebook-shoreline-management-guidelines</ref> and from the USACE Coasta
  79 KB (11,862 words) - 21:40, 1 April 2024
• Waves
  ...rm surge]], are referred to as water-level variations. The short waves are wind waves and swell, whereas long waves are divided into [[surf beat]]s, [[harb ...rs considered <ref>Curto, D., Franzitta, V. and Guercio, A. 2021. SeaWave Energy. A Review of the Current Technologies and Perspectives. Energies 14, 6604</
  20 KB (2,992 words) - 16:09, 14 February 2024
• Statistical description of wave parameters
  ...wave group. The significant wave height can also be computed from the wave energy. For non-breaking waves it appears that <math>H_s \approx H_{m0} = 4 [<E> / ...r a time-series of individual waves is referred to as a spectral analysis. Wind wave periods (frequencies) often follow the so-called JONSWAP or Pierson-Mo
  24 KB (3,898 words) - 13:12, 23 November 2023
• Wave climate classification according to wind climate
  The different wind climates, which dominate different oceans and regions, cause correspondingl ...areas far from the coast. The longest waves move faster and dissipate less energy in the ocean than the shorter (steeper) waves. Extreme winds therefore prod
  6 KB (946 words) - 12:13, 16 September 2020
• Currents
  ===Wind-generated=== ...e. Wind-generated current speeds are typically less than 5 per cent of the wind speed.
  14 KB (2,112 words) - 14:00, 20 January 2024
• Closure depth
  ...waves and tides on depth of closure and potential for headland bypassing. Marine Geology 407: 60–75</ref>. For the outer closure depth Hallermeier (1983)< ...l sections where the energy of tides and waves is of the same order (mixed-energy coasts), the estimates for the closure depth according to the method of Kra
  23 KB (3,596 words) - 12:03, 24 April 2024
• Sea level rise
  ...akes into account the estimated influence of long-term fluctuations in the wind field and in the tide (the 18.6-year lunar nodal component, see [[Long-peri ...han 10 cm. The figure shows that long-term fluctuations in the annual mean wind field in the southern North Sea can explain part of the fluctuations. The r
  41 KB (6,164 words) - 16:08, 21 January 2024
• Shoreline management
  ..., N.E. 2017. Shoreline management guidelines. DHI https://www.dhigroup.com/marine-water/ebook-shoreline-management-guidelines</ref>: * Degradation of coastal water and marine ecosystems from land-based pollution including sediment run-off, fertilizer
  38 KB (5,697 words) - 22:31, 2 July 2022
• FUTURECOAST project, UK
  ...affect other units, which themselves give rise to a change in the level of energy/sediment input. ...ariations in sediment supply and forcing parameters, such as tide and wave energy. However, it is also important to look for situations where the system resp
  20 KB (3,041 words) - 12:04, 7 September 2020
• Threats to the coastal zone
  ...ng, land-based pressures, and other commercial activities) on 21 different marine ecosystems globally was estimated for each of eleven years spanning 2003– The reader is referred to the separate pages [[Effects of fisheries on marine biodiversity]] and [[Mariculture]]. These articles discuss how and why ecos
  27 KB (4,061 words) - 18:28, 21 February 2024
• Coastal pollution and impacts
  ...and degradations in marine environments: Implications from the literature. Marine Pollution Bulletin 52: 844-864.</ref>. ...ions continue globally, resulting in the steady degradation of coastal and marine [[ecosystem]]s. Indirect (or diffuse) inputs are usually widespread low-lev
  26 KB (3,841 words) - 16:44, 20 February 2024
• DeCyDe for Sustainability Policy tool
  ...lematic. Potential new problems in the future relate to the development of wind and wave power installations and, of course, the unknown effects of climate ...ment strategy which includes specific references to the coast and adjacent marine is in place?
  25 KB (3,543 words) - 21:40, 7 August 2021
• Oil spill monitoring
  ...monitor oil spills at sea is important due to the constant threat posed to marine wildlife and the ecosystem. Remote sensing can allow for early detection of ...tion from SAR Images Based on Attention U-Net Model Using Polarimetric and Wind Speed Information. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 19, 12315</ref>.
  12 KB (1,825 words) - 22:46, 9 February 2024
• Remote sensing
  | 1964 || First application of marine X-band (or microwave) radar for ocean wave imaging by Ijima et al. (1964<re ...ed, microwaves and radio waves (Fig. 2). Remote sensing involves measuring energy in spectral bands - discrete intervals of the EM spectrum. Satellite sensor
  11 KB (1,586 words) - 18:47, 19 February 2024
• Coastal mud belt
  ..., Rogers, W.E., Pednekar, P.S., Babu, M.T and Dineshkumar, P.K. 2017. Wave energy dissipation due to mudbanks formed off southwest coast of India. Est. Coast ..., Rogers, W.E., Pednekar, P.S., Babu, M.T and Dineshkumar, P.K. 2017. Wave energy dissipation due to mudbanks formed off southwest coast of India. Est. Coast
  24 KB (3,842 words) - 18:14, 13 January 2024
• Tidal asymmetry and tidal inlet morphodynamics
  ...n tidal asymmetry are ignored. Asymmetries related to density gradients or wind-driven currents are also left out of consideration. A discussion of these p ...gating. In the hypothetical case of no friction, conservation of the tidal energy flux along the channel requires up-channel amplification of the tidal ampli
  53 KB (8,417 words) - 12:56, 20 January 2024
• Waves and currents by X-band radar
  ...l for the protection of the coastal zone to estimate the eroding forces of wind, waves, and currents. Due to climate change and its impact on coastal prote ...rough water surface reflects a part of the incidence radar beams. Given a wind speed of more than approximately 3 m/s, the backscatter from sea surface be
  12 KB (1,894 words) - 11:32, 25 January 2024
• Environmental risk assessment of marine activities
  ...case study focusing Merchant Shipping in the [[Case study risk analysis of marine activities in the Belgian part of the North Sea|Belgian Part of the North S ==Environmental risk assessment of marine activities==
  36 KB (5,430 words) - 20:20, 18 September 2023
• Dune erosion
  ...rmation on the storm-dominated macrotidal coast of the southern North Sea. Marine Geology 276: 100–104</ref>, see also the article [[Dune development]]. Th *alongshore variability in wave energy and dune height.
  42 KB (6,534 words) - 12:05, 15 November 2023
• Marine Spatial Planning - the need for a common language
  ...its it can offer. It also briefly discusses some international examples of marine spatial planning today. ==Why do we need Marine Spatial Planning?==
  36 KB (5,342 words) - 18:20, 16 February 2024
• Mangroves
  ...of the subcategories within the section dealing with the biodiversity of [[marine habitats and ecosystems]]. It provides an overview of the characteristics, ...y areas (Karleskint, 1998<ref name=K98>Karleskint G. 1998. Introduction to marine biology. Harcourt Brace College Publishers. p.378</ref>). They replace [[s
  42 KB (6,310 words) - 17:09, 21 April 2024
• Seawater density
  ...seawater density is therefore prerequisite for understanding and modelling marine processes. ...putation of fundamental properties of seawater. Unesco technical papers in marine science 44</ref>). This expression holds for the temperature range <math> 0
  9 KB (1,257 words) - 23:06, 22 February 2021
• Ecological thresholds and regime shifts
  ! Marine Systems ...of 'stable state' should not be confounded with 'steady state'. Due to the energy flow through the system (food, light, water motion), an ecosystem moves aro
  13 KB (1,919 words) - 12:33, 2 March 2024
• Continental shelf habitat
  ...ne of the sub-categories within the section dealing with biodiversity of [[marine habitats and ecosystems]]. It gives an introduction to the characteristics, ...ating currents related to seabed topography (small scale) or driven by the wind (large scale). For more details, see the articles [[Shelf sea exchange with
  11 KB (1,602 words) - 18:32, 22 February 2021
• Current status of public participation in ICZM
  * National working group on ICZM and marine development * National marine park of alonissos-northern sporades
  93 KB (13,500 words) - 15:11, 7 October 2021
• Acoustic kelp bed mapping in shallow rocky coasts - case study Helgoland (North Sea)
  ...1). Kelps provide substrate, food and protection for hundreds of different marine fishes, invertebrates, or other macroalgal species. A change or loss will h ...vados (France). Cryptogamie Algol, 20, 35-42.</ref>, Australia: Australian Marine Conservation Society). In Europe, including Helgoland (Gehling & Bartsch, s
  12 KB (1,843 words) - 23:06, 16 October 2021
• Ocean circulation
  There are two main types of ocean currents: currents driven mainly by wind and currents mainly driven by [[Seawater density|density]] differences. Den ==Wind-driven ocean currents==
  17 KB (2,486 words) - 15:39, 3 May 2021
• Tsunami
  ...essive waves with wavelengths typically much larger than the wavelength of wind-generated waves and much smaller than the wavelength of tidal waves. }} ...dred m/s) covering distances of many thousands of kilometers without great energy loss.
  28 KB (4,414 words) - 12:41, 25 April 2024
• Thermohaline circulation of the oceans
  ...he [[Seawater density|density of water]]. The water masses transport both energy (heat) and matter (solids, dissolved substances and gasses) around the glob ...e seawater at the surface of the ocean is intensively cooled by means of a wind-driven process called evaporative cooling. Only the pure water molecules ar
  23 KB (3,524 words) - 17:38, 22 December 2020
• Impact of tourism in coastal areas: Need of sustainable tourism strategy
  ...greater impact as the tourist developments are located at or near fragile marine [[ecosystems]]. A few examples: *nesting sites for endangered marine turtles have been destroyed and disturbed by large numbers of tourists on t
  26 KB (3,689 words) - 17:28, 5 May 2023
• Carrying capacity and development of the Wadden Sea
  ====Tidal energy==== [[Image:Tidal stream device.jpg|thumb|400px|right|A free-stream tidal energy device]]
  11 KB (1,721 words) - 12:53, 6 March 2022
• Eutrophication and climate change
  ...roblems and possibly increase the proliferation of harmful algal bloom. In marine and coastal waters, eutrophication occurs as a result of the additions of c ...t in large eutrophication effects, such as the growth of bio-fuels and bio-energy crops. To what degree will hotter, dryer summers in regions that are alread
  4 KB (534 words) - 12:30, 20 February 2024
• Meiofauna of Sandy Beaches
  ...gh the interstices. The deflection of bottom water currents (due to tides, wind, or waves) by bottom topography (ripples, animal mounds, stones, etc.) crea ...to the deep sea, is one the earth’s richest and most diverse community. Marine meiofauna still contains numerous undescribed species and higher taxa.
  22 KB (3,240 words) - 17:40, 30 December 2023
• Observing small scale morphodynamic processes during storm events
  ...to be dissipated within a short distance when arriving at the beach. This energy leads to a short but heavy increase in erosion, transport and re-deposition ...ments have been averaged over a full tidal cycle before and after a storm (wind speed 8-9 Bft.) to estimate the change in sediment mass of the observed are
  7 KB (1,139 words) - 21:15, 26 January 2024
• FerryBox - Continuous and automatic water quality observations along transects
  ...al coverage and temporal resolution required to determine the state of the marine environment and changes within it. Furthermore, the automatic systems on bu ...nts, (2) bio-fouling can be more easily prevented (inline sensors), (3) no energy restrictions (in contrast to buoys), (4) easier maintenance when the ferry
  15 KB (2,302 words) - 17:48, 29 June 2019
• Dynamics and structure of the water and matter ex-change between the Wadden Sea and the German Bight
  ...diameter of 40 cm. A cage is mounted on top which carries solar panels for energy supply, data logger, telemetry units and standard meteorological sensors (T ...because on the one hand ice may damage the pole, and on the other hand the energy supply of the solar panels may not be sufficient to operate the instruments
  13 KB (2,006 words) - 14:59, 2 July 2023
• Using satellite data for global wave forecasts
  ...ydrographie (BSH) are used in the operational set-up to dissipate the wave energy in the ice covered areas. ...ical Research, 97 (C9), 14453-14474.</ref>). Significant wave heights and wind speeds measured about every 5 km along the satellite paths are merged with
  11 KB (1,681 words) - 22:49, 29 June 2019
• Marine geo-information system for the North Sea seafloor
  ...gitude, depth) of observation. It includes data obtained during scientific marine and landside research as well as geodata compiled for economic and socioeco ...ke determination of location factors for the construction of e.g. offshore wind farms or areas suitable for sand and gravel recovery.
  8 KB (1,224 words) - 15:26, 20 September 2020
• Preparation of offshore wind farm development in Germany
  ...will boost significantly the export potential. Another driving factor for wind farm development in the sea is the aim of creating jobs, especially in stru ...y system. It has regulated for the first time feed-in-tariffs for offshore wind farms in the German coastal zone and the [[exclusive economic zone]] (EEZ)
  17 KB (2,618 words) - 12:21, 20 February 2024
• Wave energy converters
  ...00 TWh/yr (3.10¹³ kWh/yr), which is about 20% of the 2019 world energy consumption. However, due to technological and economic constraints, the ex ...usu (2021<ref>Rusu, L. and Rusu, E. 2021. Evaluation of the Worldwide Wave Energy Distribution Based on ERA5 Data and Altimeter Measurements. Energies 14, 39
  62 KB (9,587 words) - 22:04, 7 May 2024
• Use of X-band and HF radar in marine hydrography
  ...acter of the satellite- or airborne radar observations. The same holds for marine radars on board of ships. In contrast to the satellite systems, the inciden Marine microwave radar images were first used by Ijima et al. (1964<ref>Ijima, T.,
  36 KB (5,694 words) - 16:25, 28 January 2024
• Nearshore sandbars
  Under high-energy wave conditions, nearshore sandbars tend to be straight, with a parallel or ...ynamic characteristics and classification of beaches in England and Wales. Marine Geology 286: 1–20</ref>.
  24 KB (3,613 words) - 17:34, 14 November 2023
• Integrated Coastal Zone Management: analysis of the environmental condition of the coastal area of the Northern Range of Trinidad
  ...ls in marine environmental management: an example for offshore wind power. Marine Pollution Bulletin 44: iii–vii</ref>. Therefore, the coastal zone of the ...of the Northern Range vary from rugged high-energy rocky shorelines to low-energy depositional wetlands depending on the coastal topography and direction of
  20 KB (2,944 words) - 10:35, 10 August 2019
• Dynamics, threats and management of dunes
  ...ll as the impacts of human activities. In addition, the variability of the wind, both in the direction and magnitude, can play an important role in the mob ...nnell, 2008<ref>O'CONNELL J., 2008. Coastal Dune Protection & Restoration. Marine Extension Bulletin Woods Hole Sea Grant & Cape Cod Cooperative Extension.</
  15 KB (2,195 words) - 12:23, 8 October 2021
• Shore protection vegetation
  ...zone|swash]]: rapid recolonization through efficient dispersal of seeds by wind and currents, germination of seeds delayed until conditions are favorable ( ...macroinvertebrates affect plant nutrient dynamics. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 514–515: 87–94</ref>). Plants are adapted to the hi
  76 KB (10,699 words) - 12:24, 15 November 2023
• Dynamics, threats and management of salt marshes
  ..., are ecosystem engineers in that they can strongly attenuate hydrodynamic energy from tidal current and [[waves]] (Bouma ''et al.'', 2005<ref name= "Bouma05 ...es in the areas adjacent to the canopy because of conservation of mass and energy (Bouma ''et al.'', 2009). This biomechanical stress diversion can result in
  43 KB (6,451 words) - 18:31, 7 March 2023
• Wave energy converters in coastal structures
  ...ave energy conversion methods the reader is referred to the article [[Wave energy converters]]. ...electricity power on board even if they are docked. Integration of [[wave energy converters]] '''(WEC)''' in harbour structures will give substance to the n
  20 KB (3,003 words) - 15:51, 25 February 2023
• Coastal observation systems
  ...able scientific analyses of field data to improve our understanding of the marine environment, e.g. to enable assessments of the environmental quality and lo To observe our marine environment several options are nowadays available: FerryBoxes, Poles in sh
  39 KB (5,933 words) - 22:32, 25 October 2020
• Modelling coastal hydrodynamics
  :# Organised oscillatory flows (i.e., wind waves, infra-gravity waves), with time scales ranging from 10^-1 ...will induce the breaking of the waves, producing a severe increase in the marine turbulence level, and generating different types of currents, which may ext
  99 KB (15,083 words) - 13:37, 7 November 2021
• Dynamics of mud transport
  ...ne reaches these areas in combination with significant wave action (either wind waves or boat traffic induced waves), large clumps may break off, resulting ...edging, where a mud deposit is mechanically disturbed and liquefied in low-energy locations, such as lock entrances, with the purpose to accumulate the fluid
  28 KB (4,158 words) - 16:19, 27 February 2023

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