Tester
Biological_Descriptors: CSV JSON
Distribution Descriptors: CSV JSON
Ecological Descriptors:CSVJSON
Species Importance To Society:CSVJSON
Contents
Biological_Descriptors
wikipagename | Label | Definition | Is trait of |
---|---|---|---|
Actinula | Actinula | Crawling larval stage of some hydoids (amend) | Larva |
Adult | Adult | The reproductively capable (mature), fully formed, usually longest lived, stage of an animals life cycle. | Lifestage |
AdultBody | Adult body | Attached or stuck to adult but not held in specialised appendage / receptacle | CementedAttached |
AdultBurrow | Adult burrow | Eggs are placed or retained within the parents burrow | EggClutchLocation |
AdultDiapause | Adult | DiapauseStage | |
AgeAtMaturity | Age at maturity | Age recorded in days, months, years. | Lifehistory |
AlternationOfGenerations | Alternation of generations | The alternation of generations, in the life cycle of an organism, that exhibit different modes of reproduction; typically sexual (diploid) and asexual (haploid) phases. Also termed metagenesis (Lincoln et al., 1998) (e.g. Daphnia, some rotifers) | ReproductiveType |
Amphiblastula | Amphiblastula | A poriferan larva, composed of a hollow ball of cells, with one hemisphere ciliated (Ruppert & Barnes, 1994). | Larva |
Anisogamous | Anisogamous | Having flagellate gametes of different size, shape or behaviour (from Bold, 1977 and Lincoln et al., 1998). | GameteType |
AnnualEpisodic | Annual episodic | Breeds every year but in one or more discrete periods initiated by some trigger (for example a lunar cycle). | Iteroparous |
AnnualProtracted | Annual protracted | Breeds every year over an extended or drawn out period. | Iteroparous |
ApomicticParthenogenesis | Apomictic parthenogenesis | Reproduction via single cells /eggs that are derived by mitosis (Barnes et al., 1993) - amictic. | AsexualReproduction |
Arrhenotoky | Arrhenotoky | Haploid males develop from unfertilized eggs and diploid females from fertilized eggs (adapted from Lincoln 'et al., 1998). | Gonochoristic |
AscidianTadpole | Ascidian tadpole | A free-swimming tadpole-like larva of ascidians, characterized by a head (bearing internal organs and adhesive papilla) and tail (with notochord and neural tube) (Stachowitsch, 1992). | Larva |
AsexualReproduction | Asexual reproduction | Reproduction not involving the exchange of genetic material, amictic, individuals derived form a single parent (Barnes et al., 2006); not involving the fusion of gametes (Lincoln et al., 1998) | ReproductiveType |
AttachedSediment | Sediment surface | Attached to the sediment surface e.g. by mucilagenous sheath such as used by necklace shells, and opistobranchs | CementedAttached |
Auricularia | Auricularia | First free-swimming larval stage of the Holothuroidea. It is characterized by a continuous and curving flagellated band (Stachowitsch, 1992). | Larva |
AutomicticParthenogenesis | Automictic parthenogenesis | Obligate self-fertilization (Lincoln et al., 1998) in which haploid eggs /gametes are produced by meiosis but diploidy is restored without fertilization. | Monoecious |
Biannual | <Biannual | Breeds less frequently than every two years. | Iteroparous |
BiannualEpisodic | Biannual episodic | Breeds every second year but in one or more discrete periods initiated by some trigger (for example a lunar cycle). | Iteroparous |
BiannualProtracted | Biannual protracted | Breeds once every two years over an extended or drawn out period. | Iteroparous |
Biological Descriptors | Biological Descriptors | Marine species traits | |
Bipinnaria | Bipinnaria | First of the two free-swimming larval forms in the asteroids, characterized by a ciliary band and the presence of arm-like projections (Stachowitsch, 1992; Ruppert & Barnes, 1994). | Larva |
Bivoltine | Bivoltine | Two generations per year (Barnes et al., 2006). | ReproductiveFrequency |
BodySize | Body size | A measurement of the size of the organism. Note - the measurement used to express body size varies within taxonomic groups. For example, some disciplines measure diameter, others carapace length, total body length or wing span. Also body size can vary with gender and life stage. | Biological Descriptors |
Bodylength | Body length | Maximum recorded linear body length (in millimetres) excluding appendages. | QuantitativeBodySize |
Brachioloaria | Brachiolaria | The second the two free-swimming larval forms in the asteroids, characterized by the appearance of three adhesive arms at the anterior end (Ruppert & Barnes, 1994; Stachowitsch, 1992). | Larva |
Broadcast | Broadcast | Both gametes are expelled (spawned) from the confines of the adult body or tissues, into the external fluid medium (water/air) | External |
BroodChamber | Brood chamber | Eggs retained by adult, usually in specialised cavity/appendage where the eggs develop to larval or juvenile stage | EggClutchLocation |
BroodingBehaviour | Brooding behaviour | Lifehistory | |
Budding | Budding | A form of asexual multiplication in which a new individual begins life as an outgrowth from the body of the parent. It may then separate to lead an independent existence or remain connected or otherwise associated to form a colonial organism (Barnes et al., 1993). | Vegetative |
CementedAttached | Cemented or attached | The surface or body part to which eggs are attached by the parent | EggClutchLocation |
ClutchSize | Clutch size | Number of eggs laid at one time - in organisms that may lay eggs in one or more batches. | Lifehistory |
Conaria | Conaria | Early larval stage in siphonophores, composed of a floating colony with disc-shaped float, and consists of a hollow sphere with aboral thickening (Stachowitsch, 1992). | Larva |
Copepodid | Copepodid (copepodite) | Free swimming larval stage, typically with five sub-stages, characterized by excretion through maxillary glands, and progressive increase in number of body segments and posterior appendages (see Stachowitsch, 1992). | Larva |
Coronate | Coronate | Free-swimming, lecithotrophic larva of Bryozoa | Larva |
Cydippid | Cydippid | Free-swimming spherical larva, composed of a simple gastrovascular system and short comb-rows; resembles typical adult ctenophore (see Stachowitsch, 1992, Ruppert & Barnes, 1994). | Larva |
Cyphonautes | Cyphonautes | Free-swimming bryozoan larva, the body is triangular, compressed and enclosed in a bivalve shell (see Ruppert & Barnes, 1994). | Larva |
Cypris | Cyprid (cypris) | Final lecithotrophic larval stage, characterized by bivalved carapace, compound eyes, prehensile antennules and thoraic appendages (cirri) (see Stachowitsch, 1992). | Larva |
Diameter | Diameter | The length of a straight line passing from side to side through the centre of a body or figure, especially a circle or sphere. Note: For diameter you can specify the measurement type (minimum, maximum, average), gender (male, female) and life stage. | TaxonSpecificBodySize |
DiapauseStage | Dormancy/Diapause Stage | Description of dormant stage | Lifehistory |
Diplontic | Diplontic | A life cycle characterized by a diploid adult stage producing haploid gametes by meiosis, the zygote forming by fusion of a pair of gametes (Lincoln et al., 1998). | LifeCycle |
DirectDevelopment | Direct development | Development without a larval stage | LarvalJuvenileDevelopment |
DispersalPotential | Larval or juvenile dispersal potential | Potential for dispersal provided by one or more larval/juvenile stages, recorded in m, km. | Lifehistory |
Doliolaria | Doliolaria | Second free-swimming larvae (after the auricularia) in the Holothuroidea. It is characterized by a series of flagellated rings around a barrel-shaped body (Ruppert & Barnes, 1994; Stachowitsch, 1992). | Larva |
Echinopluteus | Echinopluteus | Free-swimming larva of Echinoidea, distinguished by six pairs of arms, supported by skeletal rods (see Ruppert & Barnes, 1994; Stachowitsch, 1992). | Larva |
EggClutchLocation | Egg, egg mass or clutch location | Description of where fertilized eggs are placed or held | Lifehistory |
EggPropaguleSize | Egg or propagule size | Size (diameter) of macrogamete (egg or ovum) in µm, mm, cm. | Lifehistory |
EggSac | Egg sac | for example the egg sacs of copepods - carried by adult | EggClutchLocation |
Eggs | Eggs | DiapauseStage | |
Ephyra | Ephyra | Young, free-swimming medusa stage typically developing from attached scyphistoma or occasionally direct from a planula. Umbrella typically composed of eight, bifurcated arms (Stachowitsch, 1992). | Larva |
External | External | Egg/sperm meet and fertilize externally to parental individuals, tissues or confines of their bodies, but within the fluid medium | Fertilization |
Fecundity | Fecundity | Number of eggs reported produced per female per reproductive cycle. | Lifehistory |
Fertilization | Fertilization | Description of the location of fertilization, whereby in animals/macroalgae a gametes are fertilized or in plants pollination occurs. | Lifehistory |
Fission | Fission | A form of asexual multiplication involving division of the body into two or more parts each or all of which can grow into new individuals (Barnes et al., 1993). | Vegetative |
ForkLength | Fork length (FL) | 1) Length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the posterior end of the middle caudal rays. This measurement is used instead of standard length for fishes on which it is difficult to ascertain the end of the vertebral column, and instead of total length in fish with stiff, forked tail, e.g., tuna. Mostly used in fishery biology and not in systematics. (FishBase)
2) Fork length (FL) refers to the length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the end of the middle caudal fin rays and is used in fishes in which it is difficult to tell where the vertebral column ends. (Wikipedia) 3) Fork length (FL) can be specified as:
| TaxonSpecificBodySizeFish |
FreeWaterColumn | Free or water column | Eggs spawned into water column | EggClutchLocation |
GameteType | Gamete type | Descriptors of the relative size of gametes | Lifehistory |
GenerationTime | Generation time | The mean period of time between reproduction by parent generation and the reproduction of the first filial generation (Lincoln et al., 1998); recorded in years. | Lifehistory |
Glochidium | Glochidium | Specialist larval form in some freshwater bivalves, characterized by a bivalve shell, with or with a pair of hooks, and a long adhesive thread or tentacle. It lives as a temporary parasite on the gills or fins of fish. In some species a modified glochidium is termed a 'lasidium' before attachment and a 'haustorium' after attachment (Stachowitsch, 1992). | Larva |
GoettesLarva | Goette's larva | Free-swimming four armed (lobed) ciliated larva of Platyhelminthes (see Ruppert & Barnes, 1994). | Larva |
Gonochoristic | Gonochorisitc (dioecious) | Having separate sexes/genders (Barnes et al., 1993). | SexualReproduction |
HaploidDiploid | Haploid-diploid (haplodiplontic) | Both haploid and diploid forms, with gametophytes giving rise to haploid gametes, and sporophytes giving rise to haploid spores by meiosis | LifeCycle |
Haplontic | Haplontic | A life cycle in which meiosis occurs in the zygote to produce the haploid phase but in which only the zygote is diploid (Lincoln et al., 1998). | LifeCycle |
HardSubstrata | Rock (hard substrata) | Attached or stuck to hard substrata, e.g. dog whelk capsules | CementedAttached |
Heteromorphic | Heteromorphic | The haploid and diploid phases are different in size and body shape; the gametophyte is often diminutive (small to microscopic). | HaploidDiploid |
Instar | Instar | Any intermoult stage in the development of an arthropod (Lincoln et al., 1998) | Lifestage |
Internal | Internal | Fertilization (gametes meet) within the body (or body cavity or accessory organ) of the individual | Fertilization |
Isogamous | Isogamous | Gametes similar in size, shape and behaviour, not differentiated into male or female (Lincoln et al., 1998) | GameteType |
Isomorphic | Isomorphic | Haploid and diploid phases morphologically identical | HaploidDiploid |
Iteroparous | Iteroparous (polytely) | 1) Breeding several times per lifetime. 2) Organisms that have repeated reproductive cycles (Lincoln et al., 1998). | ReproductiveFrequency |
Juvenile | Juvenile | Early adult life stage of an organism that shares the morphology and ecology of the adult but is not capable of reproduction. | Lifestage |
Juveniles | Juveniles | DiapauseStage | |
Larva | Larva | An independent, motile, developmental stage of an organism, that differs in morphology and ecology from the juvenile or adult stage, and undergoes a metamorphosis to become the juvenile or adult (adapted from Ruppert & Barnes, 1994; Barnes et al., 2006). | Lifestage |
LarvalJuvenileDevelopment | Larval and juvenile development | Description of how the larvae or juveniles develop into adults | Lifehistory |
LarvalSettlement | Larval settlement period | Description of the period of time over which larval settlement occurs. | Lifehistory |
LarvalStageDuration | Duration of larval stage | Duration of the larval stage recorded in days or months. | Lifehistory |
LarvalSttlementSubstratum | Larval settlement substratum | A description of the preferred substratum for larval settlement | Lifehistory |
Lecithotrophic | Lecithotrophic | Development at the expense of internal resources (i.e. yolk) provided by the female (Barnes et al., 1993). | LarvalJuvenileDevelopment |
LifeCycle | Life cycle | The stages an organism passes through between the production of gametes by one generation and production of gametes by the next generation (Lincoln et al., 1998) | Lifehistory |
LifeSpan | Life span | life span/longevity, recorded in days, months, years. | Lifehistory |
Lifehistory | Life history | Traits that describe the life history characteristics of an organism | Biological Descriptors |
Lifestage | Life stages | Description of the larval and juvenile stages in the life cycle of an organism | Biological Descriptors |
Macrobiota | Macrobiota [2.0 - 200 mm] | Individual organisms with a mean body size between 2.0 and 200 mm. | QualitativeBodySize |
Megabiota | Megabiota [> 200 mm] | Individual organisms with a mean body size larger than 200 mm. | QualitativeBodySize |
Megalopa | Megalopa | Post larval stage of decapod Crustacea (Stachowitsch, 1992). | Larva |
Meiobiota | Meiobiota [0.2 - 2.0 mm] | Individual organisms with a mean body size between 0.2 and 2.0 mm. | QualitativeBodySize |
Metanauplius | Metanauplius | Second larval stage in decapod Crustacea; resembles the nauplius but with more appendages (see Stachowitsch, 1992). | Larva |
Microbiota | Microbiota [<0.2 mm] | Individual organisms with a mean body size smaller than 0.2 mm. | QualitativeBodySize |
Mitraria | Mitraria | A type of polychaete larva characterized by numerous long flotation bristles (Stachowitsch, 1992). | Larva |
Monoecious | Hermaphrodite (monoecious) | Both male and female reproductive organs in a single individual (animals) or flower (plants) (Lincoln et al., 1998). | SexualReproduction |
MullersLarva | Muller's larva | The free-swimming eight armed (lobed) ciliated larva of Platyhelminthes (see Rupert & Barnes, 1994). | Larva |
Multivoltine | Multivoltine | Many generations per year (Barnes et al., 2006). | ReproductiveFrequency |
Nauplius | Nauplius | Free-swimming larva, with a characteristic triangular shape, rostral horns in some, three pairs of appendages, and sometimes a nauplia eye. The number of nauplius stages varies between groups (see Stachowitsch, 1992). | Larva |
Nectochaeta | Nectochaeta | A polychaete larval stage where the first set of chaetal bundles and parapodia develop, although the ciliary girdle remains for swimming (see Stachowitsch, 1992). | Larva |
NoDiapause | None | DiapauseStage | |
NoOviparousCare | No care | Eggs are laid and abandoned by adult | Oviparous |
NoViviparousCare | No care | Offspring are abandoned by the adult | Viviparous |
NonSelfing | Non-selfing | Incapable of self-fertilization, due to physical or temporal separation of gametes, and/or self-incompatability genes | PermanentHermaphrodite |
Oogamous | Oogamous | Having large, non-motile eggs and small motile sperm (Lincoln et al., 1998). | GameteType |
Ophiopluteus | Ophiopluteus | Free-swimming larvae of Ophiuroidea, distinguished by four pairs of arms supported by skeletal rods (Stachowitsch, 1992). | Larva |
Oviparous | Oviparous | Egg laying; producing eggs that are laid and hatch externally (Lincoln et al., 1998). | DirectDevelopment |
OviparousCare | Parental Care | Parents, guard or protect the eggs/clutch e.g. birds, some reptiles | Oviparous |
Ovoviviparous | Ovoviviparous | Fully formed eggs are retained and hatched inside the maternal body and are released as live offspring (Lincoln et al., 1998). No nutrition is derived from the mother. | DirectDevelopment |
Parenchymella | Parenchymella | A poriferan larva composed of a ciliated ball of cells (blastula), with a brief swimming phase (Ruppert & Barnes, 1994). | Larva |
Pediveliger | Pediveliger | A late veliger that is able to use its foot to crawl and provide temporary attachment | Larva |
Pelagosphaera | Pelagosphaera | The secondary free-swimming larva in Sipunculida, that develops from a non-feeding trochophore (Ruppert & Barnes, 1994). | Larva |
PermanentHermaphrodite | Permanent (synchronous) hermaphrodite | Capable of producing both ova and spermatozoa either at the same time (Barnes et al., 1993). | Monoecious |
Physiology | Physiology | Biological Descriptors | |
Pilidium | Pilidium | Free-swimming, helmet-shaped, larva of nemerteans (ribbon worms) with an apical tuft, apical sensory organs, oral lobes and oral ciliated band (see Stachowitsch, 1992, Rupert & Barnes, 1996). | Larva |
Planktotrophic | Planktotrophic | Feeding at least in part on materials captured from the plankton (Barnes et al., 1993). | LarvalJuvenileDevelopment |
Planula | Planula | A ciliated, free swimming larva; lacks a mouth but in older stages may include a gastrovascular cavity (Stachowitsch, 1992) | Larva |
Pollination | Pollination (plants) | Transfer of male gametophyte (pollen) to the 'female' part of a flower | Internal |
Protandrous | Protandrous | A condition of hermaphroditism in plants and animals where male gametes mature and are shed before female gametes mature (Holmes, 1979). | SequentialHermaphrodite |
Protogynous | Protogynous | A condition of hermaphroditism in plants and animals where female gametes mature and are shed before male gametes mature (Holmes 1979). | SequentialHermaphrodite |
Protonymphon | Protonymphon | Larval pycnogonid that bears three pairs of appendages, the chelicerae, palps and ovigerous legs (Ruppert & Barnes, 1996). | Larva |
Protozoea | Protozoea | Third larval stage in Decapoda, characterized by antennal locomotion (see Stachowitsch, 1992) | Larva |
PseudoArrhenotoky | Pseudo-arrhenotoky | Males develop from diploid fertilized eggs but subsequently eliminate or silence the paternal genome | Gonochoristic |
QualitativeBodySize | Qualitative body size | Body size measured in terms of mega, macro, meio/meso and micro. | BodySize |
QuantitativeBodySize | Quantitative body size | Body size measured in numerical values. | BodySize |
Rataria | Rataria | A later larval stage in siphonophores, composed of a floating colony with a disc-shaped float, and an elongated body surrounded by the rim of the growing disc (Stachowitsch, 1992) | Larva |
ReproductiveFrequency | Reproductive Frequency | Lifehistory | |
ReproductiveSeason | Reproductive season | A description of the season(s) or months of the year during which reproduction occurs | Lifehistory |
ReproductiveType | Reproductive type | Traits that describe how an organism reproduces or the mechanism by which reproduction is achieved. | Lifehistory |
SedimentSurface | Sediment surface | EggClutchLocation | |
Seeds | Seeds (plants) | DiapauseStage | |
SelfFertilizing | Self-fertilizing | Capable of self-fertilization | PermanentHermaphrodite |
Semelparous | Semelparous (monotely) | Breeding once per lifetime, or breeding only once then dying (Barnes et al., 2006). Organisms that only have one brood during their lifetime (Lincoln et al., 1998). | ReproductiveFrequency |
Semivoltine | Semivoltine | One generation every two years (Barnes et al., 2006). | ReproductiveFrequency |
SequentialHermaphrodite | Sequential hermaphrodite | Hermaphrodite in which the male and female organs mature (that is produce gametes) at different times in the reproductive cycle (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998) | Monoecious |
SexualReproduction | Sexual reproduction | 1) Reproduction involving the regular alternation of gamete formation by meiosis, and gamete fusion (karyogamy) to form a zygote (Lincoln et al.,1998). 2) Reproduction where recombination of genetic material, derived from more than one parent is possible (Barnes et al. 2006), true amphimixis involves random segregation of genes and random association of parental contribution (gametes). | ReproductiveType |
SpecialisedStage | Specialised stage | A specialised dormancy or diapause stage in the life cycle of the organism | DiapauseStage |
Spermcast | Spermcast | Male gametes are spawned and fertilize eggs within or attached to parent | Internal |
Sporogenesis | Sporogenesis | Reproduction via spores | ReproductiveType |
StandardLength | Standard length (SL) | 1) The measurement from the most anterior tip of the body to the midlateral posterior edge of the hypural plate (in fish with a hypural plate) or to the posterior end of the vertebral column (in fish lacking hypural plates). It may be restricted to the tip of the snout if the lower jaw projects. The base of the caudal fin (end of the vertebral column or posterior edge of the hypural plate) is determined by flexing the tail up while the caudal peduncle is held down. The resultant wrinkle or caudal flexure indicates the caudal base. It may also be determined by probing or dissection. Sometimes the posteriormost point is the last scale, the last pored scale or the beginning of the caudal fin rays. It is the usual scientific measurement for length of a fish except in Myxini, Petromyzontiformes, Elasmobranchii and Holocephali. This measurement is used because long-preserved fish often lose the tips of the caudal fin rays through breakage after the desiccation effect of alcohol. See total length and fork length. In Holocephali the length is usually taken from the tip of the snout to the origin of the upper caudal fin because the caudal filament breaks off frequently. In Scaridae it is taken back to the rear margin of the second to last lateral line scale, because the large scales obscure the point of caudal flexure. In small dead fish, the end point is detected by bending the caudal fin to one side. In fishery work, as a result of the use of the measuring board, standard-, fork- and total length are taken from the most anterior part of the head. Abbreviated as SL. (FishBase)
2) Standard length (SL) refers to the length of a fish measured from the tip of the snout to the posterior end of the last vertebra or to the posterior end of the midlateral portion of the hypural plate. Simply put, this measurement excludes the length of the caudal fin. (Wikipedia) Standard length measurements are used with Teleostei (most bony fish), while total length measurements are used with Myxini (hagfish), Petromyzontiformes (lampreys), and (usually) Elasmobranchii (sharks and rays), as well as some other fishes. (Wikipedia) 3) Standard length (SL) can be specified as: a) Maximum length: Size (in cm) of the largest male/unsexed or female specimen ever caught. (FishBase); b) Common length: Size (in cm) at which male/unsexed or female specimen(s) are commonly caught or marketed. (FishBase). | TaxonSpecificBodySizeFish |
TaxonSpecificBodySize | Taxon specific body size | The measure of body size specific to a taxonomic group. | QuantitativeBodySize |
TaxonSpecificBodySizeFish | Taxon specific body size: Fish | Fish measurement is the measuring of the length of individual fish and of various parts of their anatomy. These data are used in many areas of ichthyology, including taxonomy and fisheries biology. (Wikipedia) | TaxonSpecificBodySize |
TaxonSpecificBodySizeMacroAlgae | Taxon specific body size: Macroalgae | TaxonSpecificBodySize | |
TotalLength | Total length (TL) | 1) The greatest length of the whole body between the most anterior point of the body and the most posterior point, in a straight line, not over the curve of the body. Sometimes, when there are two equal lobes, the caudal rays are squeezed together and their tip is taken as the most posterior point (excluding the caudal filaments), or the longest lobe is squeezed to the midline (maximum length or extreme tip length). Also an imaginary line may be drawn between the two lobe tips and length to its mid-point taken as the most posterior point (total auxiliary length or bilobular length). Usually the tip of the most posterior lobe of the fin in normal position is taken as the posteriormost point (total normal length or natural tip length). Total length is used by taxonomists in Myxini, Petromyzontiformes, usually in Elasmobranchii and sometimes in other fishes. Standard length is usually employed with Teleostei. Abbreviated TL. (FishBase)
Total length measurements are used in slot limit and minimum landing size regulations. (Wikipedia) 3) Total length (TL) can be specified as:
| TaxonSpecificBodySizeFish |
Univoltine | Univoltine | One generation per year / annuals (Barnes et al., 2006). | ReproductiveFrequency |
Vegetation | Vegetation | Attached or stuck to vegetation, e.g. opistobranchs, mermaid purses, cephalopod eggs etc. | CementedAttached |
Vegetative | Vegetative reproduction | Asexual reproduction via somatic growth processes, fragmentation, fission, or budding (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998) | AsexualReproduction |
Veliger | Veliger | A free-swimming molluscan larva, characterized by lobed extensions of the peroral trochus (velum), larval shell and rudimentary foot (Stachowitsch, 1992). | Larva |
Viviparous | Viviparous | 1) Producing live offspring from within the body of the parent (Lincoln et al., 1998). 2) Development of an embryo within the body of the parent, in part, resources passing directly from parent to embryo (Barnes et al., 2006). | DirectDevelopment |
ViviparousCare | Parental care | Offspring are nurtured and protected by the adult | Viviparous |
Width | Width | A measurement or extent of something from side to side; the lesser of two or the least of three dimensions of a body (OED) Note: For width you can specify the measurement type (minimum, maximum, average), gender (male, female) and life stage. | TaxonSpecificBodySize |
WidthOfDisc | Width of disc (WD) | The greatest distance between the lateral tips of the pectoral fins in Rajiformes. (FishBase) | TaxonSpecificBodySizeFish |
Wingspan | Wingspan | In birds (Aves) - "the distance between the wing tips when the wings are held outstretched" (Wikipedia) or "wingtip to wingtip in flight" (BTO).
In winged insects (Insecta) - "may refer to the distance between the centre of the thorax to the apex of the wing doubled or to the width between the apices with the wings set with the trailing wing edge perpendicular to the body" (Wikipedia) Note: For wingspan you can specify the measurement type (minimum, maximum, average), gender (male, female) and life stage. | TaxonSpecificBodySize |
Zoea | Zoea | Fourth free-swimming larval stage of Decapoda, with thoracic appendages for locomotion (see Stachowitsch, 1992). | Larva |
Distribution_Descriptors
Distribution Descriptorswikipagename | Label | Definition | Is trait of |
---|---|---|---|
Abyssobenthic | Abyssobenthic (Abyssal) | Occupying the ocean floor from ca 4000 - 6000 m depth. Usually a more or less flat plain (Lincoln et al., 1998). | Benthic |
Abyssopelagic | Abyssopelagic (2500-6000 m) | Overlays the plains of the major ocean basins with a lower boundary of ca 6000 m. | Pelagic |
AlphaHaline | Alpha-haline | 36-40 psu | MarineSalinity |
AlphaMesohaline | Alpha-Mesohaline | 10-<18 psu | Mesohaline |
AlphaOligohaline | Alpha-Oligohaline | 3-<5 psu | Oligohaline |
AlphaPolyhaline | Alpha-Polyhaline | 25-<30 psu | Polyhaline |
AnchialineCaves | Anchialine caves | Coastal salt water habitats with no surface connection to the sea. | VerticalBiologicalZone |
Artificial | Artificial (man-made) | E.g. wood, metal or concrete structures. | HardImmobile |
Bathybenthic | Bathybenthic (Bathyal) | Occupying the ocean floor from ca 200 - 4000 m depth (Lincoln et al., 1998). | Benthic |
Bathylpelagic | Bathylpelagic (1000-2500 m) | Extends from ca 1000-2500 m. | Pelagic |
Bedrock | Bedrock | Any stable hard substratum, not separated into boulders or smaller sediment units. Includes soft rock-types such as chalk, peat and clay. (Hiscock et al., 1999; MarLIN) | HardImmobile |
Benthic | Benthic | Pertaining to the sea bed, river bed or lake floor (Lincoln et al., 1998). | VerticalBiologicalZone |
Benthopelagic | Benthopelagic | A zone of open water extending ca 100 m above the surface of the sea bed at all depths below the edge of the continental shelf. | Pelagic |
BetaHaline | Beta-Haline | 30-36 psu | MarineSalinity |
BetaMesohaline | Beta-Mesohaline | 5-<10 psu | Mesohaline |
BetaOligohaline | Beta-Oligohaline | 0.5-<3 psu | Oligohaline |
BetaPolyhaline | Beta-Polyhaline | 18-<25 psu | Polyhaline |
BiogenicReef | Biogenic reef | An elevated structure on the seabed built by calcareous or other concretion-forming organisms, or by chemical precipitation (Hiscock, 1996); for example by Modiolus modiolus or Sabellaria alveolata | FeaturesOther |
Brackish | Brackish | Environment | |
BrackishSalinity | Brackish | 0.5-<30 psu | Salinity |
BurrowDweller | Burrow dweller | Occupies or shares space in burrow constructed by other organisms. | FeaturesOther |
Cave | Cave | A hollow normally eroded in a cliff (or vertical rock) with the penetration being greater than the width of the entrance (Hiscock, 1996). | FeaturesOther |
Circalittoral | Circalittoral | The subzone of the rocky sublittoral below that dominated by algae (the infralittoral), and dominated by animals. No lower limit is defined, but species composition changes below about 40m to 80m depth, depending on depth of the seasonal thermocline. This subzone can be subdivided into the upper circalittoral where foliose algae are present and the lower circalittoral where they are not (see Hiscock, 1985). The term is also used by Glémarec (1973) to refer to two étages of the sediment benthos below the infralittoral: a "coastal circalittoral category with a eurythermal environment of weak seasonal amplitude (less than 10°C) varying slowly" and a "circalittoral category of the open sea with a stenothermal environment" (Hiscock, 1996). | Sublittoral |
CircalittoralOffshore | Circalittoral offshore | Typically occurs below 50-70 metres away from the influence of wave action. Aphotic with animal communities in stable or stenothermal and stenohaline conditions. Open sea (Connor et al., 1997). | Sublittoral |
Clay | Clay | 1) Sediment particles less than 0.004 mm in size (Wentworth, 1922). 2) A soft very fine-grained sedimentary rock composed primarily of clay-sized particles (Hiscock, 1996). | SedimentSoft |
CoarseCleanSand | Coarse clean sand | 1) Particle size 0.5 - 4 mm (Hiscock, 1996) | Sand |
CoarseSediments | Coarse sediments | Sediments composed of gravel and sand; inc. gravel, gravelly sand and sandy gravel (Long, 2006) | SedimentSoft |
Cobbles | Cobbles | 64-256 mm. May be rounded or flat. Substrata that are predominantly cobbles. | HardMobile |
CrevicesFissures | Crevices and fissures | A narrow crack in hard substratum where penetration is deeper than the width at the entrance; a crevice is <10 mm wide at the entrance, while a fissure is >10 mm (Hiscock ,1996) | FeaturesOther |
Demersal | Demersal | Living at or near the bottom of a sea or lake but having the capacity for active swimming (from Lincoln et al., 1998). | EnvironmentalPosition |
Depth | Depth | Maximum recorded depth below chart datum (expressed in metres). | Distribution Descriptors |
DepthRange | Depth range | Maximum to minimum recorded depth (expressed as metres below chart datum). | Depth |
DepthSubstratum | Depth in substratum | The depth within the substratum at which the organism is found (max recorded in metres). | Depth |
Distribution Descriptors | Distribution Descriptors | Fields and traits that describe the distribution of the species. | Marine species traits |
Elevation | Elevation | A measure of height above chart datum, recorded in metres | Distribution Descriptors |
EnclosedCoast | Enclosed coast or embayment | A marine inlet or harbour fully enclosed from the open sea except at the entrance, not normally open to the sea at two ends. The connection with the open sea is normally less restricted than is the case with lagoons (Hiscock, 1996). | Physiography |
Endophytic | Endophytic | A plant living within another plant (Lincoln et al., 1998) | EnvironmentalPosition |
Endozoic | Endozoic | Living within the body of an animal (Lincoln et al., 1998). | EnvironmentalPosition |
Environment | Environment | Broad descriptors of the major environmental regions | Distribution Descriptors |
EnvironmentalPosition | Environmental position | Position relative to substratum or fluid medium (air/water). | Habitat |
Epibenthic | Epibenthic | Living on the surface of the seabed. | EnvironmentalPosition |
Epifaunal | Epifaunal | An animal living on the surface of the substratum. | EnvironmentalPosition |
Epifloral | Epifloral | A plant living on the surface of the substratum. | EnvironmentalPosition |
Epilithic | Epilithic | Living on the surface of rock or other hard inorganic substrata | EnvironmentalPosition |
Epipelagic | Epipelagic (0-200 m) | The photic zone, includes the open ocean influenced by light. The lower boundary is dependent on the depth of light penetration and is generally regarded extend to ca 200 m in depth. | Pelagic |
Epipelic | Epipelic | An organism that moves over the surface of sediment or lives at the sediment / water interface. | EnvironmentalPosition |
Epiphytic | Epiphytic | Living on the surface of a living plant but not parasitic upon it. | EnvironmentalPosition |
Epizooic | Epizooic | Living on the exterior of a living animal but not parasitic upon it. | EnvironmentalPosition |
Estuary | Estuary | Downstream part of a river where it widens to enter the sea; often with significant freshwater influence and predominantly comprising sediment habitats. | Physiography |
Eulittoral | Littoral | 1) The region between the highest and lowest extent of the tide on the shore. 2) The shore zone between the lowest and highest seasonal water level in a lake (Lincoln et al., 1998) | Benthic |
Exposed | Exposed | 1) Coasts which face the prevailing wind but which have a degree of shelter because of extensive shallow areas offshore, offshore obstructions, or a restricted (less than 90°) window to open water. These sites are not generally exposed to large waves or regular swell. 2) Open coasts facing away from prevailing winds but with a long fetch, and where strong winds are frequent. | WaveExposed |
ExtremelyExposed | Extremely exposed | Open coastlines which face into the prevailing wind and receive both wind-driven waves and oceanic swell without any offshore obstructions such as islands or shallows for several thousand kilometres and where deep water is close to the shore (50 m depth contour within about 300 m). | WaveExposed |
ExtremelySheltered | Extremely sheltered | Fully enclosed coasts with a fetch of no more than about 3 km. | WaveSheltered |
FeaturesOther | Features or other substratum | Descriptors of types of unusual or unique types of substratum or habitat | SubstratumHabitat |
FineCleanSand | Fine clean sand | Particle size 0.063 - 0.5 mm (Hiscock, 1996) | Sand |
Freshwater | Freshwater | Environment | |
FreshwaterSalinity | Freshwater | <0.5 psu | Salinity |
GravelShingle | Gravel or shingle | 1) Particle size 4 -16 mm. 2) Clean stone or shell gravel including dead maerl (Hiscock, 1996) 3) >80% gravel (Long, 2006). | CoarseSediments |
GravellyMud | Gravelly mud | Mud with 5-30% gravel (see Long, 2006) | Mixed |
GravellyMuddySand | Gravelly muddy sand | Sand (50-90%) with gravel (>5%) and mud (see Long, 2006) | Mixed |
GravellySand | Gravelly sand | Sand with 5-30% gravel (see Long 2006) | CoarseSediments |
Habitat | Habitat | Traits that describe an organisms preferred habitat and its position within that habitat. | Distribution Descriptors |
HabitatPreferences | Habitat Preferences | Distribution Descriptors | |
Hadobenthic | Hadobenthic (Hadal) | Occupying the ocean floor at depths exceeding ca 6000 m. Usually in trenches and canyons of the abyssal zone. (Lincoln et al., 1998). | Benthic |
Hadopelagic | Hadopelagic (>6000 m) | Open waters of deep oceanic trenches, from ca 6000 m and below. | Pelagic |
Hard | Hard | Hard substratum e.g. bedrock, concrete, boulders,cobbles and pebbles | SubstratumHabitat |
HardImmobile | Immobile hard | Immobile hard substratum e.g. solid rock, concrete but including soft rocks, such as chalk. | Hard |
HardMobile | Mobile hard | Mobile hard substratum, e.g. cobbles, pebbles that are regularly moved by wave action. | Hard |
HyperSaline | Hyper-saline | >40 psu | Salinity |
Hyperbenthic | Hyperbenthic | Living above but close to the substratum (Lincoln et al., 1998). | EnvironmentalPosition |
IceAssociated | Ice-Associated | Sea ice, icebergs and other ice-associated marine habitats. | VerticalBiologicalZone |
Infaunal | Infaunal | Benthic animals which live within the seabed. | EnvironmentalPosition |
Infralittoral | Infralittoral | A subzone of the sublittoral in which upward-facing rocks are dominated by erect algae, typically kelps; it can be further subdivided into the upper and lower infralittoral (based on Hiscock, 1985). The term is also used by Glémarec (1973) to refer to areas (étages) with a eurythermal environment of great seasonal and also daily and tidal amplitude. 1) lower The part of the infralittoral subzone which, on hard substrata, supports scattered kelp plants (a kelp park) or from which kelps are absent altogether and the seabed is dominated by foliose red and brown algae. It may be difficult to distinguish the lower infralittoralwhere grazing pressure prevents the establishment of foliose algae. 2) upper The part of the infralittoral subzone which, on hardsubstrata, is dominated by Laminariales forming a dense canopy, or kelp forest (based on Hiscock, 1985). | Sublittoral |
Interstitial | Interstitial | Living within the system of cavities and channels formed by the spaces between grains in a sediment (interstitial space). | EnvironmentalPosition |
Lagoon | Isolated saline water (lagoon) | Enclosed bodies of water, separated or partially separated from the sea by shingle, sand or sometimes rock and with a restricted exchange of water with the sea, yielding varying salinity regimes. | Physiography |
LargeBoulders | Large or very large boulders | >512 mm; likely to be stable (Hiscock, 1996). | HardImmobile |
Lithotomous | Lithotomous | Stone-boring; an organism that burrows into rock. | EnvironmentalPosition |
LowerCircalittoral | Lower circalittoral | Dominated by animals with no foliose algae but encrusting Rhodophycota patchy in grazed areas. The part of the circalittoral subzone on hard substrata below the maximum depth limit of foliose algae (based on Hiscock, 1985). | Circalittoral |
LowerInfralittoral | Lower infralittoral | The part of the infralittoral subzone which, on hard substrata, supports scattered kelp plants (a kelp park) or from which kelps are absent altogether and the seabed is dominated by foliose red and brown algae. It may be difficult to distinguish the lower infralittoral where grazing pressure prevents the establishment of foliose algae (based on Hiscock, 1985). | Infralittoral |
LowerLittoral | Lower littoral | The lower part of the shore only exposed (emersed) at the lowest part of the tide. | Eulittoral |
LowerLittoralFringe | Lower littoral fringe | The bottom of the littoral fringe. In the UK, characterized by he Pelvetia/Porphyra belt with patchy Verrucaria maura and Fucus spiralis (on sheltered shores). Verrucaria mucosa present above the main barnacle population. May also include salt marsh species on shale/pebbles in shelter (Hiscock, 1996). | Eulittoral |
Macroalgae | Macroalgae | Macroalgal surfaces, such as kelps and fucoids. | FeaturesOther |
Maerl | Maerl | Maerl beds formed by build up of maerl. | FeaturesOther |
Marine | Marine | Environment | |
MarineSalinity | Marine | 30-40 psu (equals MNCR Full) | Salinity |
MediumCleanSand | Medium clean sand | Particle size 0.25-1mm (Hiscock, 1996) | Sand |
Mesohaline | Mesohaline | 5-<18 psu (equals MNCR Low, <18 psu) | BrackishSalinity |
Mesopelagic | Mesopelagic (200-1000 m) | The upper aphotic zone and extends to a depth of ca 1000 m. | Pelagic |
MidEulittoral | Mid littoral | Barnacle - limpet dominated, sometimes mussels, with Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum nodosum. Mastocarpus stellatus and Palmaria palmata patchy in lower part. Usually quite a wide belt (Hiscock, 1996). | Eulittoral |
Mixed | Mixed | Mixtures of a variety of sediment types, composed of pebble / gravel / sand / mud. This category includes muddy gravels, muddy sandy gravels, gravelly muds, and muddy gravelly sands. | SedimentSoft |
ModeratelyExposed | Moderately exposed | Generally coasts facing away from prevailing winds and without a long fetch but where strong winds can be frequent. | WaveExposed |
ModeratelyStrong | Moderately strong | 1 to 3 knots (0.5-1.5 m/sec.) | TidalStrength |
Mud | Mud | 1) Particle size <0.063 mm (silt / clay fraction) (Hiscock, 1996) 2) >90% mud (Long, 2006) | MudSandyMud |
MudSandyMud | Mud and sandy mud | Mud and sandy muds where mud is the major fraction (see Long, 2006) | SedimentSoft |
MuddyGravel | Muddy gravel | Gravel (30-80%) with mud (see Long, 2006) | Mixed |
MuddySand | Muddy sand | Sand (50-90%) with mud (see Long, 2006) | MudSandyMud |
MuddySandyGravel | Muddy sandy gravel | Gravel (30-80%) with mud and sand (see Long, 2006) | Mixed |
Nekton | Nektonic (nekton) | Active swimming organisms that live in the water column and are able to move independently of the water mass (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998). | EnvironmentalPosition |
Neritic | Neritic | Water column overlying the continental shelf; surface to ca 200m depth. | Province |
Neustonic | Neustonic | Living on or under the surface film of open water. | EnvironmentalPosition |
Oceanic | Oceanic | Open waters beyond the continental shelf. | Province |
OffshoreSeabed | Offshore seabed | Seabed beyond three miles (5 km) from the shore. | Physiography |
Oligohaline | Oligohaline | 0.5-<5 psu (included under MNCR Low, <18 psu) | BrackishSalinity |
OpenCoast | Open coast | Any part of the coast not within a marine inlet, strait or lagoon, including offshore rocks and small islands. This includes MNCR types; linear coast, islands / rocks and semi-enclosed coast. | Physiography |
OtherSpecies | Other species | The surface of other species, e.g. shells or carapace. | FeaturesOther |
Overhangs | Overhang | An overhanging part of a rock formation. Typically the surface of the rock below the overhang receives some cover or shade from the overhang. | FeaturesOther |
Pebbles | Pebbles | 16-64 mm. May be rounded or flat. Substrata which are predominantly pebbles. | HardMobile |
Pelagic | Pelagic | Pertaining to the water column. Inhabiting the open sea, excluding the sea floor (rephrased from Lincoln et al., 1998). | VerticalBiologicalZone |
Physiography | Physiography | Coastal geomorphology and physical features. | Habitat |
Plankton | Planktonic (plankton) | Living in the fluid medium (water or air) but unable to maintain their position or distribution independently of the movement of the water/air mass (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998). | EnvironmentalPosition |
Pleustonic | Pleustonic | Living permanently at the water surface due to their own buoyancy, normally positioned partly in the water and partly in the air. | EnvironmentalPosition |
Polyhaline | Polyhaline | 18-<30 psu (included under MNCR Reduced, 18-30 psu) | BrackishSalinity |
Province | Province | Descriptors of the major 'regions' of the seas. | Distribution Descriptors |
RiaVoe | Ria or voe | Drowned river valleys of south-west Britain (ria) and Shetland (voe). Often with a greater presence of rock and more marine in character than estuaries. | Physiography |
Rockpools | Rockpool | 1) A pool of water among rocks left behind by the ebbing tide. 2) a depression in the littoral zone of a rocky seashore where, at low tide, seawater is left behind (Hiscock, 1996). | FeaturesOther |
Salinity | Salinity (regime) | The range of salinities in which the organism is recorded (scale taken from Reusser & Lee, 2011) | Habitat |
Saltmarsh | Salt marsh | A flat, poorly drained coastal swamp inundated by most high tides (Lincoln et al., 1998). | FeaturesOther |
Sand | Sand | 1) Particle size 0.063 -4 mm (Hiscock 1996) 2) >90% sand (Long, 2006) | SandMuddySand |
SandMuddySand | Sand and muddy sand | Sands and sands with mud where sand is the major fraction (see Long 2006) | SedimentSoft |
SandyGravel | Sandy gravel | 30 -80% gravel with sand (see Long, 2006). | CoarseSediments |
SandyMud | Sandy mud | Mud (50-90%) with sand | MudSandyMud |
SeaIce | Sea ice | The habitat provided by the surface of frozen sea water floating on the surface. Sea ice may form thin sheets, fast moving pieces, pack ice or large icebergs. | IceAssociated |
SeaLoch | Sea loch (Scotland), sea lough (Ireland) | Glacially formed inlets (fjords, fjards) of western Scotland and Ireland; typically elongate and deepened by glacial action with little freshwater influence. Often with narrows and sills dividing the loch into a series of basins. | Physiography |
Seagrass | Seagrass | Habitat associated with seagrass bed communities. | FeaturesOther |
SedimentSoft | Soft (sediment) | Particulate solid matter accumulated by natural processes (Hiscock, 1996) | SubstratumHabitat |
Sheltered | Sheltered | Coasts with a restricted fetch and/or open water window. Coasts can face prevailing winds but with a short fetch (< 20 km) or extensive shallow area offshore, or may face away from prevailing winds. | WaveSheltered |
SmallBoulders | Small boulders | 256 -512 mm; may be unstable. | HardImmobile |
SplashZone | Splash zone | Region of the shore immediately above the highest levels of the water that is subject to wetting by splash from breaking waves (Lincoln et al., 1998). | Supralittoral |
SprayZone | Spray Zone | Region of the shore immediately above the splash zone that is subject to wetting by the spray from breaking waves (Lincoln et al., 1998). | Supralittoral |
StraitSound | Strait or sound | Channels between the mainland and an island or between two islands which are open at both ends to the open coast (it does not refer to similar features or narrows within marine inlets). | Physiography |
Strandline | Strand-line | A line on the shore composing debris deposited by a receding tide; commonly used to denote the line of debris at the level of extreme high water (Lincoln et al., 1998). | FeaturesOther |
Strong | Strong | 3 to 6 knots (1.5-3 m/sec.) | TidalStrength |
Sublittoral | Sublittoral | 1) The zone exposed to air only at its upper limit by the lowest spring tides, although almost continuous wave action on extremely exposed coasts may extend the upper limit high into the intertidal region. The sublittoral extends from the upper limit of the large kelps and includes, for practical purposes in nearshore areas, all depths below the littoral. Various sub-zones are recognized (based on Hiscock, 1985). 2) The marine zone extending from the lowest limit of the intertidal to the outer edge of the continental slope (rephrased from Lincoln et al., 1998). | Benthic |
SublittoralFringe | Sublittoral fringe | The upper part of the sublittoral zone which is uncovered by the tide. On hard substrata, the zone is characterized by the kelps Laminaria digitata and Alaria esculenta. The lower limit of this zone is marked by the upper limit of the truly sublittoral kelp Laminaria hyperborea (based on Lewis, 1964; Hiscock, 1996). | Benthic |
SubstratumHabitat | Substratum | Description of the substratum on or in which an organism is found or recorded. | Habitat |
Supralittoral | Supralittoral | 1) The lower terrestrial zone, characteristically dominated by orange and white-to-grey lichens on hard substrata with scattered salt-tolerant higher plants and mosses (Hiscock, 1996). 2) The region of the shore directly above the highest water level and subject to wetting by spray or wave splash (Lincoln et al., 1998). | Benthic |
Terrestrial | Terrestrial | Environment | |
TidalStrength | Tidal streams and water flow (range) | The horizontal movement of water associated with the meteorological, oceanographical and topographical factors. High water flow rates result in areas where water is forced through or over restrictions for example narrows or around protruding offshore rocks. Tidal streams are associated with the rise and fall of the tide where as currents are defined as residual flow after the tidal element is removed (Hiscock, 1996). | Habitat |
Tolerance | Tolerance | Based on AMBI | Habitat |
TypeI | Type I | Species very sensitive to organic enrichment and present under unpolluted conditions (initial state). They include the specialist carnivores and some deposit-feeding tubicolous polychaetes. | Tolerance |
TypeII | Type II | Species indifferent to enrichment, always present in low densities with non-significant variations with time (from initial state, to slight unbalance). These include suspension feeders, less selective carnivores and scavengers. | Tolerance |
TypeIII | Type III | Species tolerant to excess organic matter enrichment. These species may occur under normal conditions, but their populations are stimulated by organic richment (slight unbalance situations). They are surface deposit-feeding species, as tubicolous spionids. | Tolerance |
TypeIV | Type IV | Second-order opportunistic species (slight to pronounced unbalanced situations). Mainly small sized polychaetes: subsurface deposit-feeders, such as cirratulids. | Tolerance |
TypeV | Type V | First-order opportunistic species (pronounced unbalanced situations). These are deposit- feeders, which proliferate in reduced sediments. | Tolerance |
UltraSheltered | Ultra sheltered | Fully enclosed coasts with a fetch measured in tens or at most a few hundred metres. | WaveSheltered |
UnderBoulders | Under boulders | Habitat associated with the underside of boulders. | FeaturesOther |
UnderIce | Under ice | The habitat formed by the underside of ice sheets at the interface of frozen ice and fluid seawater. | IceAssociated |
UpperCircalittoral | Upper circalittoral | Dominated by animals with sparse foliose algae except where grazed. The part of the circalittoral subzone on hard substrata distinguished by the presence of scattered foliose algae amongst the dominating animals; its lower limit is the maximum limit of depth for foliose algae (based on Hiscock, 1985). | Circalittoral |
UpperEulittoral | Upper littoral | Barnacles and limpets present in quantity with Fucus vesiculosus and Ascophyllum although often this belt has only sparse algal cover compared with the lower eulittoral (Hiscock, 1996). | Eulittoral |
UpperInfralittoral | Upper infralittoral | The part of the infralittoral subzone which, on hard substrata, is dominated by Laminariales forming a dense canopy, or kelp forest (based on Hiscock, 1985). | Infralittoral |
UpperLittoralFringe | Upper littoral fringe | Top of the littoral fringe, characterized by Verrucaria maura with Littorina saxatilis and Littorina neritoides often present. May include saltmarsh species on shale/pebbles in shelter (Hiscock, 1996). | Eulittoral |
VerticalBiologicalZone | Vertical biological zone (or zonation) | A description of the vertical biological zone or zonation in which an organism resides. The zone is determined by depth, physical, chemical and biological factors. | Distribution Descriptors |
VeryExposed | Very exposed | 1) Open coasts which face into prevailing winds and which receive wind-driven waves and oceanic swell without any offshore obstructions for several hundred kilometres, but where deep water is not close to the shore (50 m depth contour further than about 300 m). 2) Open coasts adjacent to extremely exposed sites but which face away from prevailing winds. | WaveExposed |
VerySheltered | Very sheltered | Coasts with a fetch less than about 3 km where they face prevailing winds or about 20 km where they face away from prevailing winds, or which have offshore obstructions such as reefs or a narrow (<30°) open water window. | WaveSheltered |
VeryStrong | Very strong | >6 knots (>3 m/sec) | TidalStrength |
VeryWeak | Very weak | Negligible | TidalStrength |
WaveExposed | Wave exposed | Defined via traits - but included as some authors do not specify level of wave exposure. | WaveExposure |
WaveExposure | Wave exposure | Traits that describe the range of exposure to wave action in which the organism is recorded. | Habitat |
WaveSheltered | Wave sheltered | Defined via traits below - included as some authors do not specify | WaveExposure |
Weak | Weak | <1 knot (<0.5 m/sec) | TidalStrength |
Ecological_Descriptors
Ecological Descriptorswikipagename | Label | Definition | Is trait of |
---|---|---|---|
AccessoryFeedingStructures | Accessory feeding structures | Other structures such as palps, tentacles or a radiolar crown ("grooved palps"). There are forms of single pair of grooved palps nearly always attached dorsally or near the junction of the prostomium and peristomium, or multiple grooved palps sometimes forming a crown. Dorso lateral ciliated folds in the roof of the buccal cavity may be present in some polychaetes. | Tentacles |
Accretion | Accretion | An organism that constructs reefs or raised beds of accreted materials, e.g. bound sand in Sabellaria spp. | ReefBuilding |
AerialDipping | Aerial dipping | Dipping | |
AerialHawking | Aerial hawking | Hawking | |
Aggregations | Aggregations | An organism that constructs reefs and raised beds due to aggregation of large numbers of individuals via permanent or semi-permanent attachment e.g. mussels, oysters and Crepidula beds. | ReefBuilding |
AlgalGravel | Algal gravel | Constructs deep beds of calcareous algal nodules, e.g. maerl beds | BedForming |
Ambusher | Ambusher | Sedentary or sessile predators, that wait for prey to come to them, and may or may not use a final pounce, traps or lures (e.g. sea anemones, large hydroids, spiders) | Predator |
AmorphousCaCO3 | Amorphous CaCO3 | calcium carbonate that lacks a crystalline structure, or whose internal is so irregular that there is no characteristic external form. The term does not preclude the existence of any degree of order (Derived from Neuendorf et al. 2005) | CalcareousSkeleton |
AnchorShaped | Anchor-shaped | E.g. Ceratium spp. | BodyShape |
AppendagesPaddles | Appendages (paddles) | Swimming is effected one or more pairs of appendages (legs or paddles) e.g. the pleiopods of Isopod, Amphipod or Decapod crustaceans, or the legs of amphibious vertebrates. | Swimmer |
Aragonite | Aragonite | a crystalline form of calcium carbonate, e.g. one of the constituents of mollusc shells. | CalcareousSkeleton |
ArborescentArbuscular | Arborescent/Arbuscular | Having the shape or characteristics of a tree. | Erect |
AristolesLantern | Aristotle's lantern | Specialist - sea urchins | FeedingApparatus |
ArmsAppendages | Arms or appendages | Traits that describe specialized limbs or appendages used to catch or process food items. | FeedingApparatus |
Articulate | Articulate | Jointed, arthrous (Holmes, 1979). | BodyShape |
Autotroph | Autotroph | Self-feeding. An organism capable of synthesizing complex organic substances from simple inorganic substrates (Lincoln et al., 1998). | FoodTypeDiet |
BallooningKiting | Ballooning/Kiting | Use of a length of silk to be carried by the wind (e.g. spiders) | Drifter |
Beak | Beak | e.g. birds / cephalopods | MouthParts |
BedForming | Bed forming | An organism that lives in large aggregations or beds (e.g. brittlestars, mussels, oysters, Crepidula etc, sea squirts) | Biogenic |
Biodiffusor | Biodiffusor | Organisms whose activities that cause constant and random local sediment biomixing over short distances resulting in transport of sediment particles, analogous to molecular or eddy diffusion (from Kristensen et al., 2012). Includes epifaunal biodiffusers e.g. fiddler crabs; surficial biodiffusers e.g. Echinocardium; and gallery biodiffusers e.g. Nereis (Hediste) diversicolor. | SedimentReworking |
Biogenic | Bio-genic | Habitat features created by living things | HabitatModification |
BitingMacerating | Biting or macerating | Mouth parts designed to grasp and macerate food before swallowing (e.g. most vertebrates) | MouthParts |
BitingPiercing | Piercing or suctorial | Mouth parts designed to pierce outside of food or prey and feed on internal fluids or tissues | MouthParts |
Bivalved | Bivalved | Characteristically a shell of two calcareous valves joined by a flexible ligament. | BodyShape |
BlindEndedVentilation | Blind-ended ventilation | Organisms that live in 'I' or 'J' shaped burrows open at only one end where water is drawn through or diffuses out of the sediment e.g. Arenicola marina (adapted from Kristensen et al., 2012). | SedimentReworking |
BodyAccretion | Accretion | Build up or accumulation of sediment. | BodyShape |
BodyAlgalGravel | Algal gravel | Maerl; twig-like unattached (free-living) calcareous red algae, often a mixture of species and including species which form a spiky cover on loose small stones - 'hedgehog stones'. | BodyShape |
BodyForm | Body form | Traits relating to the form, shape and structure of the species | Ecological Descriptors |
BodyShape | Body shape | Overall shape of the individual or colony (modular forms) | BodyForm |
Browser | Browser | Feeding on parts of plants (e.g. shoots, leaves, twigs) or parts of other organisms (e.g. siphon nipping by fish). (Lincoln et al., 1998). | GrazerBrowser |
BuccalOrgansAbsent | Buccal organ absent or occluded | The buccal cavity lacks obvious differentiation of the wall and it is not eversible. Some species if buccal cavity present at all, is only a transient larval structure and becomes completely occluded. | EversiblePharynx |
BullateSaccate | Bullate/Saccate | Balloon or sac-like (Prescott, 1969). | BodyShape |
BurrowBuilder | Burrow builder | An organism that constructs permanent or semi-permanent burrows through physical excavation or chemical action. | HabitatModification |
Burrower | Burrower | An organism that moves through the substratum by burrowing or tunneling (e.g. earthworms, polychaetes). | Mobile |
Bysso-Pelagic | Bysso-pelagic | Use of a length of byssus thread (e.g. micro-molluscs, juvenile molluscs) or mucus (e.g Nemertesia planulae) to be carried by water flow | Drifter |
Calcareous | Calcareous | An organism that constructs reefs or biogenic structures composed of the calcareous skeletons of individuals or colonies (e.g. corals) | ReefBuilding |
CalcareousSkeleton | Calcareous | Skeleton composed of calcareous spicules (sponges/echinoderms), plates, spines, bones or other structures | Solid NonSolidCement NonSolidParticlesComp |
Calcite | Calcite | crystalline form of calcium carbonate, e. g. one of the constituents of mollusc shells and the skeletons of calcareous sponges. | CalcareousSkeleton |
CapitateClubbed | Capitate/Clubbed | Enlarged or swollen at the apex, with a ‘head’, clubbed (Prescott, 1969). | BodyShape |
Captacula | Captacula | specialist - scaphopods | FeedingApparatus |
Carnivore | Carnivore | An organism that feeds on animal tissue/meat. | Heterotroph |
CephalicSpines | Cephalic spines | specialist - chaetognaths | FeedingApparatus |
Chains | Chains | Forming chains of individuals | BodyShape |
Chemoautotroph | Chemoautotroph | An organism that obtains metabolic energy from oxidation of inorganic substrates such as sulphur, nitrogen or iron (e.g. some micro-organisms) (Lincoln et al., 1998). | Autotroph |
Chitinous | Chitinous | composed of chitin, a long-chain polymer of N-acetylglucosamine. It is the chief polysaccharide in fungal cell walls and in the exoskeleton of arthropods (derived form Lawrence, 2005). | Solid |
Choanocytes | Choanocytes | Special feeding cell of sponges | FeedingApparatus |
CiliaFlagella | Cilia/Flagella | Swimming is effected by beating of cilia and or flagella; includes the fused cilia of Ctenophores. | Swimmer |
Clathrate | Clathrate | Latticed (Holmes, 1979). | BodyShape |
Clawed | Clawed | e.g. Mammals | GraspingPaws |
Colonial (e.g. sea birds) | Colonial (e.g. sea birds) | Organisms that come together in large colonies (100 plus individuals) - often in the same area from season to season - usually for breeding purposes | Gregarious |
Commensal (with/on/in) | Commensal (with/on/in) | Symbiosis (q.v.) in which one species derives benefit from a common food supply, whilst the other species is not adversely affected (Lincoln et al., 1998). | Symbiotic |
ConeHalfSphere | Cone with half sphere | Cone with a half sphere (Olenina et al., 2006). | BodyShape |
Conical | Cone (Conical) | Cone shaped e.g. limpet-shaped, patelliform (adapted from Stachowitsch, 1992). | BodyShape |
ContactDipping | Contact dipping | Dipping | |
CoralSands | Coral (or similar) sands | Deposition of sands formed by the breakdown to the skeletons of living organisms | BedForming |
CrawlerWalkerClimber | Crawler/Walker/Climber | An organism that moves across, up or down the substratum via movements of its legs, appendages or muscles (e.g. Carcinus). | Mobile |
Creeper | Creeper | An organism that moves slowly or 'creeps' across the surface of the substratum | Mobile |
Cruising | Cruising | copepod / zooplankton specific?? | SearcherForager |
CrustoseHard | Crustose hard | Forming or resembling a crust (Thompson, 1995) that is solid or resistant to touch or pressure e.g. encrusting coralline algae or sea mats such as Umbonula littoralis. | Encrusting |
CrustoseSoft | Crustose soft | Forming or resembling a crust (Thompson, 1995) that yields to the touch or pressure e.g. the gelatinous colonies of Botryllus schlosseri or soft cushions of sponges such as Halichondria sp. | Encrusting |
Ctenidia | Ctenidia | e.g bivalve molluscs | Gills |
Cushion | Cushion | A mass or pillow of soft material. | Encrusting |
Cylindrical | Cylindrical | With straight sides and a circular section (Thompson, 1995). | BodyShape |
Dabbling | Dabbling | Seabirds/waders? | SearcherForager |
DeOxygenationTolerance | De-Oxygenation Tolerance | Min Value | Ecophysiology |
Dendroid | Dendroid | Branching irregularly – similar to that of a root system (Prescott, 1969). | BodyShape |
Dependancy | Dependency | Description of an organism's relationship with other organisms | ModeOfLife |
DepositFeeder | Deposit Feeder | An organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter within or on the substratum (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998). | FeedingMethodBehaviour |
Detritivore | Detritivore | An organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter (detritus) (Lincoln et al., 1998). | Heterotroph |
Diel | Diel | Daily, pertaining to a 24 hour period. | Migratory |
Digitate | Digitate | Having parts arranged like fingers on a hand (Holmes, 1979). | BodyShape |
Dipping | Dipping | seabird specific? | PursuitHunterCooperative |
DippingToSurface | Dipping to surface | Dipping | |
DispersalPotentialAdult | Dispersal potential (adult) | The distance over which the adult organism is able to roam, travel or disperse; the greatest potnetial or recorded distance. Does not acknowledge limitations due to geography, hydrography, or behavioural (territorial) constraints. | Movement |
Diving | Diving | Seabird specific? | PursuitHunterCooperative |
DoubleCone | Double cone | Double cone (Olenina et al., 2006) | BodyShape |
DownwardConveyor | Downward conveyor | Organisms that live vertically in the sediment, typically heads-up at the surface, and that ingest particles at the surface and egest them as faeces at depth in the sediment (adapted from Kristensen et al., 2012). | SedimentReworking |
Drifter | Drifter | An organism whose movement is dependent on wind or water currents (e.g. Aurelia). | Mobile |
DrivingFishForward | Driving Fish Forward | seabird, cetaceans? | PursuitHunterCooperative |
Ecological Descriptors | Ecological Descriptors | Collection of traits relating to species ecology | Marine species traits |
EcologicalInteraction | Ecological Interaction | Traits relating to how a species interacts with it's surrounding environment and other associated species. | Ecological Descriptors |
Ecophysiology | Ecophysiology | Traits that describe an physiological and environmental tolerance of an organism | Ecological Descriptors |
Ectoparasitic | Ectoparasitic | Parasitic on the outer surface of its host (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998). | Parasite |
Encrusting | Encrusting | Forms or resembles a crust over a substratum or other organisms | BodyShape |
Endoparasitic | Endoparasitic | Parasitic within the tissues or organs of its host (see Lincoln et al., 1998). | Parasite |
Endoskeleton | Endoskeleton | internal structure that supports the body of an organism | SupportingStructuresEnclosures |
Erect | Erect | Main visible parts of organism stand upright and above the surface of the substratum. | BodyShape |
EversiblePharynx | Eversible pharynx | Pharynx can be everted to engulf and/or seize food items | FeedingApparatus |
Exoskeleton | Exoskeleton (including shells) | A rigid external structure that supports and/or protects the body of an organism and that is mainly completely secreted by the epidermis (derived from Lawrence 2005). | SupportingStructuresEnclosures |
ExternalTube | External Tube | A built-structure inhabited by an organism and essential to its survival, but not part of its body, composed of hardened (either rigid or flexible) secretions, with or without the addition of embedded particles, with those particles either selectively collected from the environment or passively becoming glued during formation (pers. comm. Read, G.). | SupportingStructuresEnclosures |
FaunalBeds | Faunal beds | Dense aggregation of animals that visually dominate the seabed or shore such as brittlestars (e.g. Ophiothrix fragilis ) or mussels (e.g. Mytilus edulis). | BodyShape |
Feeding | Feeding | Traits related to how an organism feeds, the food type and feeding method exhibited by a species | Ecological Descriptors |
FeedingApparatus | Feeding apparatus | Description of the apparatus (mechanism) used to collect/capture food | Feeding |
FeedingMethodBehaviour | Feeding Method/Behaviour | A description of how the oganism gathers food, and from where | Feeding |
FilerBasket | Filter basket | Specialist e.g. sea squirts | Gills |
Filiform | Filiform | Slender and thread-like (Kozloff, 1996). | BodyShape |
Flabellate | Flabellate | Shaped like a fan, fanlike (Brusca, 1980). | BodyShape |
Flaccid | Flaccid | Soft, limp, flabby (Brusca, 1980). | BodyShape |
FlattenedEllipsoid | Flattened Ellipsoid | Flattened ellipsoid (Olenina et al., 2006) | BodyShape |
Flexibility | Flexibility | An indication of how far an organism can bend/flex without breaking or suffering damage - High (>45°) / Low (10 – 45°) / None (<10°) | BodyForm |
Floating | Floating | Seabirds/wader | SearcherForager |
FlyerFlight | Flyer (Flight) | An organism able to propel itself though the air e.g. using wings, such as winged insects, birds | Mobile |
Foliose | Foliose | Bearing leaves or leaf-like structures; having the appearance of a leaf. | BodyShape |
FollowingFishingBoats | Following Fishing Boats | Seabirds | SearcherForager |
FoodPiracy | Food Piracy | Stealing food from other birds in flight | PursuitHunterCooperative |
FoodTypeDiet | Food Type/Diet | Description of the source of the organisms nurishment, i.e. what it feeds on | Feeding |
FootPaddling | Foot Paddling | Seabirds/Wader | SearcherForager |
FootStirring | Foot Stirring | Seabirds/Wader | SearcherForager |
Forest | Forest | A dense stand of large plants in which the upper branches (trees) or laminae (macroalgae) overlap to form a canopy that shades the under story of flora and fauna. | Erect |
ForestForming | Forest-forming | An organism that forms a large area of close individuals forming a canopy (e.g. trees, large kelps). | Biogenic |
Fragile | Fragile | Likely to break, or crack as a result of physical impact; brittle or friable. | Fragility |
Fragility | Fragility | A qualitative estimate of the susceptibility of a species to physical damage. | BodyForm |
FreeLiving | Free living | Free living - little modification | HabitatModification |
FunnelShaped | Funnel Shaped | Shaped like a funnel | BodyShape |
GillRakers | Gill rakers | Specialist - e.g. planktivorous fish such as basking shark | Gills |
Gills | Gills | Where the respiratory organs also power and/or provide a feeding apparatus (muco-cilliary feeding) | FeedingApparatus |
Glider | Glider | An organism that is able to glide through the air (e.g. using some form of membrane) but cannot propel itself through the air (e.g. flying fish) | Mobile |
Globose | Globose | Approximately spherical, ovoid or globular (Brusca, 1980). | BodyShape |
Gorgonin | Gorgonin | fibrous protein in the mesoglea of sea fans (gorgonians) which forms the stiff skeleton of the colony. | Solid |
Grasping | Grasping | Tentacles that grab and grasp food items | Tentacles |
GraspingClaws | Grasping claws | Appendages bear grasping claws (chelae) - e.g. arthropods, crabs, scorpions | ArmsAppendages |
GraspingPaws | Grasping paws, hands, feet | Vertebrate hands, feat, paws etc designed to grasp food items using claws, talons etc. | ArmsAppendages |
Grazer | Grazer | Feeding on herbage, algae or phytoplankton by consuming the whole plant or the surface growth (Lincoln et al., 1998) | GrazerBrowser |
GrazerBrowser | Grazer/Browser | Generally mobile consumers of sessile prey (e.g. plants, hydroids) cropping exposed tissues usually without killing the whole individual or colony. | FeedingMethodBehaviour |
GrazerFrondsBlades | Grazer (fronds/blades) | Animals that rasp benthic algae (or sessile animals, such as bryozoan crusts) from the surface of macroalgal fronds and blades (Hiscock et al., 1999). | Grazer |
GrazerGrainsParticles | Grazer (grains / particles) | Animals that rasp benthic algae (or sessile animals, such as bryozoan crusts) from inorganic particles e.g. sand grains (MarLIN; Hiscock et al., 1999). | Grazer |
GrazerSurfaceSubstratum | Grazer (surface/substratum) | Animals that rasp benthic algae (or sessile animals, such as bryozoan crusts) from the substratum (MarLIN; Hiscock et al., 1999). | Grazer |
Gregarious | Gregarious | Living in groups or communities, growing in clusters (Thompson, 1995) - where the organisms actively seek out members of the same species as adult or larvae/juveniles for protection from the environment, predators or for breeding | Sociability |
GroundForaging | Ground Foraging | seabirds? | SearcherForager |
GrowthForm | Growth form (or type) | Deterministic growth or indeterminate growth resulting in single unitary individuals or modular (colonial) organisms. | BodyForm |
GrowthRate | Growth Rate | (expressed as µm, mm, cm per day/month/year) | Ecophysiology |
HabitatModification | Habitat modification | A general term to describe how the organism lives in or interacts with its habitat (adapted from BIOTIC, Bolam et al., 2013). | EcologicalInteraction |
HalfCone | Half cone | Half cone (Olenina et al., 2006) | BodyShape |
HalfConeFlattenedEllipsoid | Half cone with flattened ellipsoid | Half cone with flattened ellipsoid (Olenina et al., 2006) | BodyShape |
HalfParallelepiped | Half parallelepiped | Half parallelepiped (Olenina et al., 2006) | BodyShape |
HalfSphereDome | Half sphere (dome) | Half sphere (dome) | BodyShape |
Hawking | Hawking | PursuitHunterCooperative | |
HeightAboveSubstratum | Height (above substratum) | Height above the surface of the substratum of an individual or single modular colony. e.g a blade of seagrass, a seaweed thallus, projecting tube worm, upright sea pen etc. | BodyForm |
Herbivore | Herbivore | An organism which only feeds on plants, including phytoplankton. | Heterotroph |
Heterotroph | Heterotroph | An organism that obtains nourishment from exogenous (external) organic material (Lincoln et al., 1998). | FoodTypeDiet |
HighMagnesiumCalcite | High Magnesium Calcite | Calcite where more then 8wt.% CaCO3 is substituted by MgCO3. | CalcareousSkeleton |
Host | Host | An organism that provides food or shelter for another organisms, e.g. the inhabited symbiont. May be a definitive host infected by an adult stage or an intermediate host infected by life stages (see Lincoln et al., 1998). | Support |
HoverDipping | Hover dipping | Dipping | |
Hovering | Hovering | Bird/insect specific | PursuitHunterCooperative |
Hydrostatic | Hydrostatic skeleton | Skeletal support provided by hydrostatic pressure from a fluid filled cavity (e.g. the coelum) surrounded by muscles. Hydrostatic pressure provides skeletal support in sea anemones, jellyfish, nematodes, annelids, echinoderms, and other groups. | SupportingStructuresEnclosures |
Independant (Free living) | Independant (free living) | Independant, individual organisms | Dependancy |
InhalentSiphon | Inhalent siphon | Specialist - modified siphon to capture prey | FeedingApparatus |
Inquilinist | Inquilinist | A symbiotic association in which one symbiont lives in close association with another, generally in the tube or burrow or actually within a body chamber of the host (Brusca, 1980). | Symbiotic |
Intermediary | Intermediary | Liable to suffer minor damage, chips or cracks as result of physical impacts. | Fragility |
Introvert | Introvert | specialist - sipunculans | FeedingApparatus |
JetPropulsion | Jet propulsion | Swimming is effected by contraction of the body or body cavity to produce a 'jet' of water, e.g. medusae and cephalopods (from Barnes et al., 2006) | Swimmer |
Jumper/Hopper | Jumper/Hopper | Organisms able to undertake a rapid jump or hop several times their own body length, using specialised limbs or appendages (e.g. sand hoppers, spring tails, grass hoppers etc) | Mobile |
Keratinous | Keratinous | composed of keratin, a fibrous protein rich cysteine constituent of intermediate filaments (keratin filaments), chief material in horn, hair, nails and the upper layer of skin (derived from Lawrence, 2005). | Solid |
Kleptoparasitism | Kleptoparasitism | In which the female of one species steals the food reserves or prey of a female of another species, to feed her own progeny (Lincoln et al., 1998) | FeedingMethodBehaviour |
Lanceolate | Lanceolate | Lance shaped and usually elongate (Brusca, 1980). | BodyShape |
LargeInsectColonies | Large (insect colonies) | Large colonies of indivduals cooperating for mutual benefit, made up of thousnads or more individuals, often with a dominant matriach, e.g. social incests , bees etc. | SocialGroup |
Lophophore | Lophophore | Specialist - filter feeding organ e.g. brachiopods, phoronids, bryozoans | FeedingApparatus |
Lures | Lures | An organism that uses a lure to attract prey within range of its 'pounce' attack | Pouncing |
Massive | Massive | Bulky (Homes, 1979). | BodyShape |
Mat | Mat | A dense mass which blankets the substratum. | Encrusting |
Medusiform | Medusiform/Medusoid | Disk, bell or umbrella shaped and often gelatinous (Barnes et al., 1988). | BodyShape |
Migratory | Migration (migratory) | Periodic movement of organisms between alternative habitats e.g. between areas for reproduction and one or more areas of non-reproductive activity, or between areas of foraging and areas used for other activities. Most migrations occur at predictable intervals triggered by stimuli e.g. unfavourable conditions. NB: Movements that do not include an obligatory return journey are classified as dispersal (Baretta-Bekker et al., 1992). | Movement |
MixedCalcareousMaterial | Mixed Calcareous Material | Skeleton composed of a mixture of any of aragonite, calcite, high magnesium calcite or amorphous CaCO3 | CalcareousSkeleton |
Mixotroph | Mixotroph | An organism that exhibts both autotrophy and heterotrophy | FoodTypeDiet |
Mobile | Mobile | Capable of movement | Mobility |
Mobility | Mobility | Movement | |
ModeOfLife | Mode of Life | Traits relating to the mode of life a species exhibits | Ecological Descriptors |
Modular | Modular | Organisms that grow by the repeated iteration of parts, e.g. the leaves, shoots and branches of a plant, the polyps of a coral or bryozoan. Modular organisms are almost always branched, though the connections between branches may separate or decay and the separated parts may in many cases then become physiologically independent (Begon et al., 2005). | Growth Form |
Monoraphidioid | Monoraphidioid | Resembling a crescent moon (see Olenina et al., 2006) | BodyShape |
MouthParts | Mouth parts | Traits that describes specialized mouth parts | FeedingApparatus |
Movement | Movement | Traits relating to the movement of the species | Ecological Descriptors |
MucusMesh | Mucus mesh or net | Secretion of a simple or complex mucus mesh to filter food particles from water column (e.g polychaetes Chaetopterus and larvaceans. | FeedingApparatus |
Muscular Contraction (body length) | Muscular contraction (body length) | Swimming is effected by muscular contractions along the length of the body, which may be aided by body protrusions or structures (e.g. parapodia, fins). | Swimmer |
MuscularAxialProboscis | Muscular axial proboscis | The proboscis has thickened, strongly muscular walls and can be retracted into a sheath. In other cases the pharynx is partially retracted and partially inverted. The mouth proper is located at the tip of the pharynx when fully everted. While some taxa have a jaw-less proboscis, others have jaws present as a bilaterally arranged pair, as one or two dorso-ventrally arranged pairs or as two pairs forming a cross. | EversiblePharynx |
MutualistMutualism | Mutualist (mutualism) | A symbiosis in which both organisms benefit; frequently a relationship of complete dependence. (Lincoln et al., 1998) (cf.symbiosis, commensalism, parasite). | Symbiotic |
NonMigratoryResident | Non-migratory (resident) | Remaining within the same area (from Lincoln et al.,1998). | Migratory |
NonSolidCement | Non-solid; cement | component that keeps the agglutinated particles of the non-massive skeleton together. | Exoskeleton Endoskeleton ExternalTube |
NonSolidParticlesComp | Non-solid; particles | small and individual structural elements that function as supporting structure/enclosure, e.g. spicules in sponges. | Exoskeleton Endoskeleton ExternalTube |
NonTerritorial | Non-Territorial | Independent without a defined territory | Solitary |
Nonfeeding | Non-Feeding | Non-feeding life stages (e.g. lecithotroph) | FeedingMethodBehaviour |
Omnivore | Omnivore | An organism which feeds on a mixed diet including plant and animal material (from Lincoln et al., 1998). | Heterotroph |
OntogeneticMigration | Ontogenetic migration | Different life stages migrate into different habitats, or part of habitat (e.g. copepods) (Lincoln et al., 1998). | Migratory |
OpenEndedVentilation | Open-ended ventilation | Organisms that live in a 'U' or 'Y' shaped burrow where water is drawn through the burrow (adapted from Kristensen et al., 2012). | SedimentReworking |
OralPodia | Oral podia | Specialist - modified tube feet in holothurians | Tentacles |
Organic | Organic | (1) derived from, or showing the properties of a living organism; (2) containing carbon, applied to molecules. | NonSolidCement |
Other | Other | Drifter | |
OvalCylinder | Oval cylinder | An ellipsoid on an elliptic base (Olenina et al., 2006) | BodyShape |
Palps | Palps | Specialist - Protobranch molluscs | Tentacles |
Papillae | Papillae or tube feet | Appendages bear mucus laden papilae or tube feet (e.g. suspension feeding echinoderns, brittlestars, crinoids). | ArmsAppendages |
ParallelepipedRhomboid | Parallelepiped (rhomboid) | In geometry, a parallelepiped is a three-dimensional figure formed by six parallelograms (the term rhomboid is also sometimes used with this meaning) | BodyShape |
Parasite | Parasitic | An organism that is intimately associated with, and metabolically dependent on, another organism (termed the host) for completion of its life cycle and which is detrimental to the host (see Lincoln et al., 1998) | Dependancy |
ParasiticFeeding | Parasitic | An organism that is intimately associated with, and metabolically dependant on another living organism, for completion of its life cycle, and which is detrimental to the host to a lesser or greater extent. | FeedingMethodBehaviour |
Parasitoid | Parasitoid | An organism intermediate between a parasite and a predator; e.g. hymenopterans where the larvae feed within the tissue of a living host, leading to the death of the host (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998). | FeedingMethodBehaviour |
Passive | Passive | Catching food on a filter held into flowing water (e.g. hydroids, sea fans, sea pens), or collecting the 'rain' of detritus on sticky apparatus other than a filter (e.g. Cucumaria frondosa, proboscis of echinurans) (MarLIN; Hiscock et al. 1999). | SuspensionFeeder |
PassiveDrifter | Passive drifter | Movement dependent on wind or water currents | Drifter |
Pattering | Pattering | seabirds/wader | SearcherForager |
Penicillate | Penicillate | Brush like (Prescott ,1969). | BodyShape |
Phagocytosis | Phagocytosis | Engulfing prey/food item in cytoplasm | FeedingApparatus |
Phosphatic | Phosphatic | composed of phosphoric acid or phosphates. | Solid |
Photoautotroph | Photoautotroph | An organism that obtains metabolic energy from light by a photochemical process such as photosynthesis (e.g. seaweeds, phytoplankton) (Lincoln et al., 1998). | Autotroph |
PhotosyntheticPigment | Photosynthetic pigment(s) | Ecophysiology | |
PickingfromWaterSurface | Picking from the water surface | Seabirds/wader | SearcherForager |
PiercingToxic | Piercing | Specialist - modified radula used to inject toxins, e.g. cone shells | Radulae |
Pinnate | Pinnate | Branching like a feather – an elongate main axis with lateral branches or lobes (Prescott, 1969). | BodyShape |
PinnateBranching | Pinnate or branching | Branched tentacles, used as filtration mechanism | Tentacles |
Pisciform | Pisciform | Fish-like | BodyShape |
PlungeDiving | Plunge Diving | Plunging | |
Plunging | Plunging | Seabird specific? | PursuitHunterCooperative |
Pouncing | Pouncing | An ambush predator that uses a sudden, rapid movement to 'pounce on, grab or swallow' its prey once the prey in within short range. | Ambusher |
Predator | Predator (Hunter) | Predatory behaviour in which one animal species captures a member of another species (Lincoln et al., 1998). OR mobile animals that attack kill and consume individual prey items, usually one at a time. | FeedingMethodBehaviour |
Probing | Probing | seabirds/wader | SearcherForager |
PursuitDiving | Pursuit Diving | Diving | |
PursuitHunterCooperative | Pursuit hunter (co-operative) | An organism that hunts in a team, pack, pod, flock, swarm etc | Predator |
PursuitHunterIndividual | Pursuit Hunter (individual) | An organism that chases after, catches and subdues mobile prey (e.g. predatory polychaetes, squid, fish, otter, seal, seabirds) | Predator |
PursuitPlunging | Pursuit Plunging | Plunging | |
Radial | Radial | Symmetrical about any plane passed perpendicular to the oral/aboral axis (Barnes et al., 1993). | BodyShape |
Radulae | Radulae | Specialist - protrusile anterior region of digestive tract; refers to chitinized teeth along the radular membrane (Stachowitsch, 1992). | FeedingApparatus |
Rasping | Rasping | specialist - rasping radulla of grazing molluscs | Radulae |
ReefBuilding | Reef-building | An organism that forms large areas of hard substratum for other organisms due to the scale of its aggregations (e.g. horse mussels), accretions (e.g. Sabellaria) or its skeleton (e.g. corals). | Biogenic |
Regenerator | Regenerator | Organisms that excavate and maintain burrows in the sediment, which result in sediment transport from depth to the surface (adapted from Kristensen et al., 2012. | SedimentReworking |
Reticulate | Reticulate | In the form of a mesh or net (Prescott, 1969). | BodyShape |
Robust | Robust | Unlikely to be damaged as a result of physical impacts, e.g. hard or tough enough to withstand impact, or leathery or wiry enough to resist impact. | Fragility |
RotationalEllipsoid | Rotational ellipsoid | Rotational ellipsoid (Olenina et al., 2006) | BodyShape |
Saprophage | Saprophage | An organism that feeds on dead or decaying organic material (see Lincoln et al., 1998). | Heterotroph |
Scavenger | Scavenger | An organism that feeds on carrion and organic refuse (e.g. crabs, whelks) (Lincoln et al., 1998). | FeedingMethodBehaviour |
SearcherForager | Searcher/Forager | Active foragers that seek out prey usually of lower mobility (than themselves) e.g. arthropods (crabs, spiders) gastropods, starfish | Predator |
SeasonalEnvironment | Seasonal (environment) | A seasonal migration in order to remain within suitable environmental conditions. | Migratory |
SeasonalFeeding | Seasonal (feeding) | A seasonal migration for the purpose of following food or moving to suitable feeding grounds | Migratory |
SeasonalReproduction | Seasonal (reproduction) | A seasonal migration in order to reproduce. | Migratory |
SedimentReworking | Sediment reworking | Description of how an organism modifies or changes the physico-chemical nature of the habitat itself, e.g sediment reworking, deposition of faeces, or burrowing | HabitatModification |
Seizing | Seizing | Seabird specific - probably not - large predators that pounce and grab also | PursuitHunterCooperative |
Sessile | Sessile | Non-motile; permanently attached at the base (Lincoln et al., 1998) (e.g. Caryophyllia). | Mobility |
Setose | Setose (Hairy) | Appendages (arms, specialisted mothparts) used to capture suspended particulates | ArmsAppendages |
ShallowPlunging | Shallow plunging | Plunging | |
Shrub | Shrub | Having a very short stem with branches near the ground (Thompson, 1995). | Erect |
Siliceous | Siliceous | composed of silicon based spines, spicules or lattice, e.g. siliceous or glass sponges | Solid |
SimpleAxialProboscis | Simple axial proboscis | A sac-like proboscis relying on fluid pressure from the coelom for eversion. There is no particular development of musculature or glands. The worms tend to have reduced septa in the anterior part of the body allowing the contruction of the posterior part of the body to exert considerable force on the proboscis because of the free movement of the coelomic contents. Muscles associated with a thickened first septum (gular membrane) and the proboscis are used for retraction. | EversiblePharynx |
Skimming | Skimming | seabirds/wader | SearcherForager |
SmallTribePridePackPod | Small (tribe/pride/pack/pod) | Small group of individuals that work together for mutual benefit, often held together by familial (matriarchal/patriarchal) bonds (e.g. a pack or wolves, a pod of dolphin, a pride of lions, a tribe of humans). | SocialGroup |
Snatching | Snatching | Ambusher | |
Sociability | Sociability | Traits that describe an organism's behavioural interactions with members of the same species. | ModeOfLife |
SocialGroup | Social group | Cooperative groups of the same species - e.g. social insects, mammals | Sociability |
Solid | Solid | massive structure, e.i. not consisting of loose agglutinated particles. | Exoskeleton Endoskeleton ExternalTube |
Solitary | Solitary | Living alone, not gregarious (Thompson 1995). | Sociability |
Sphere | Sphere (spherical) | A sphere or globe | BodyShape |
Sponginous | Sponginous | composed of spongin, fibrous protein component of the horny sponges (derived from Lawrence, 2005). | Solid |
Stacks | Stacks | Stacks of indivudal cells/frustules (e.g. in diatoms), like a pack of cards. | BodyShape |
Stellate | Stellate | Arranged like a star. | BodyShape |
StickyMucus | Sticky or mucus covered | Tentacles used to collect particluate food (e.g. polychaete deposit feeders) | Tentacles |
Stinging | Stinging | Tentacles that bear stinging cells to catch, subdue prey (e.g. Cnidaria) | Tentacles |
Straplike | Straplike/Ribbonlike | In the form of a strap or ribbon. | BodyShape |
StunAttack | Stun attack | An organism that uses pulses of electricity or sound to stun prey (e.g. pistol shrimp) | Ambusher |
Substratum | Substratum | An organism that provide substratum for specific other organisms, rarely found on other organisms, a ubiquitous relationship. | Support |
SubsurfaceDepositFeeder | Sub-surface deposit feeder | An organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter within the substratum (e.g. Echinocardium cordatum) (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998). | DepositFeeder |
SubsurfaceSeizing | Subsurface seizing | Seizing | |
Suctorial | Suctorial (sucker bearing) | Appendages that bear suckers on muscular arms to hold and subdue prey (e.g cephalopods) | ArmsAppendages |
Support | Support | An organism that provides 'support' for other organisms, either as a host for a symbiote or parasite, or as substratum for epibiota. | ModeOfLife |
SupportingStructuresEnclosures | Supporting Structures and Enclosures | Hard framework, internal or external, which supports and protects softer parts of plant, animal or unicellular organism, and to which muscles usually attach in animals, includes skeletons (derived from Lawrence, 2005). | BodyForm |
SurfaceDabbling | Surface dabbling | Dabbling | |
SurfaceDepositFeeder | Surface deposit feeder | An organism that feeds on fragmented particulate organic matter on the surface of the substratum (e.g. Corophium volutator) (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998). | DepositFeeder |
SurfaceDipping | Surface dipping | Dipping | |
SurfaceDiving | Surface Diving | Diving | |
SurfacePlunging | Surface plunging | Plunging | |
SurfaceSeizing | Surface seizing | Seizing | |
SuspensionFeeder | Suspension feeder | Organisms that strain food from the surrounding water. They can range in complexity from sponges and corals to baleen whales. They live on organisms or debris that drifts past them, or they seek out small floating or swimming organisms (Charton, 2001). | FeedingMethodBehaviour |
Swimmer | Swimmer | An organism that moves through the water column via movements of its cilia, flagella, fins, legs or appendages, via undulatory movements of the body or via jet propulsion (e.g. Gadus, Loligo). | Mobile |
Swimming | Swimming | Seabirds/wader | SearcherForager |
SymbiontContribution | Symbiont contribution | Where some dietary component(s) are provided by symbiotic organisms (e.g. Anemonia with zooxanthellae). | Heterotroph |
Symbiotic | Symbiotic | An association between two organisms. The term may bused to describe all associations between organisms of the same or different species. It is usually reserved for associations that are mutually beneficial (adapted from Lincoln et al., 1998) | Dependancy |
Tadpole | Tadpole | Having the body form of a tadpole i.e. consisting of a round head with a tail. | BodyShape |
Talons | Talons | e.g. birds | GraspingPaws |
TempRange | Temperature range tolerated | Min/Max Value | Ecophysiology |
TemporaryAttachment | Temporary attachment | An organism that can temporarily attach to a substratum but is able to release its attachment, and move across (or through) it (i.e. sedentary) (e.g. Actinia). | Mobile |
Tentacles | Tentacles | A slender, flexible limb or appendage in an animal, especially around the mouth of an invertebrate, used for grasping or moving about, or bearing sense organs (OED). | FeedingApparatus |
Territorial | Territorial | Independent but maintains a defined territory | Solitary |
Trapezoid | Trapezoid/Trapezium | a convex quadrilateral with at least one pair of parallel sides is referred to as a trapezoid in American and Canadian English but as a trapezium in English | BodyShape |
Traps | Traps | An organism that uses traps such as sticky threads or webbing (e.g. spiders) | Ambusher |
TruncatedCone | Truncated cone | Cone with flattended top (Olenina et al., 2006) | BodyShape |
Tubicolous | Tube dwelling (tubicolous) | An organism that lives in a tube of its own construction (e.g. mucus, bound sand grains, Calcium carbonate etc). | HabitatModification |
Turbinate | Turbinate | Whorled (Brusca, 1980). | BodyShape |
Turf | Turf | The lowest stratum of erect branching or filiform species. | Erect |
UnderwaterSeizing | Underwater seizing | Seizing | |
UnderwaterSwimming | Underwater swimming | Swimming | |
Unitary | Unitary | Organisms that grow by a determinate pathway of development of a tightly canalized adult form, e.g. all arthropods and vertebrates (from Begon et al., 2005). | Growth Form |
UpwardsConveyor | Upward conveyor | Organisms that live vertically in the sediment, typically head-down at depth in the sediment, and that transport particles from depth to the sediment surface (adapted from Kristensen et al., 2012). | SedimentReworking |
Variable | Variable | mixed and variable material | NonSolidParticlesComp |
VentralBuccalOrgan | Ventral buccal organ | variable set of folds, musculature and glands, present on the ventral side of many polychaetes, is usually referred to as a ventral proboscis and is the most common form in Polychaetes. The ventral proboscis may be a simple eversible muscular pad, the outer end of these pharynges may be frilled and densely ciliated. Other species have the lateral walls of the proboscis folded and broadly connected ventrally to a deep buccal organ, others have a ventral proboscis also present. | EversiblePharynx |
VentralMuscularProboscis | Ventral muscular proboscis | The ventral and lateral walls of the buccal region are muscular and the lining is sclerotized into a varying number of eversible jaw pieces. The jaws are separated into a pair of ventral mandibles and two or more pairs of lateral maxillae. | EversiblePharynx |
Vermiform | Vermiform | Worm-like | BodyShape |
VermiformAnnulated | Vermiform annulated | Worm like but lacking true segments although annuli may be present, e.g. roundworms (Nematoda) and ribbon worms (Nemertea). | Vermiform |
VermiformSegmented | Vermiform segmented | Worm-like with the body divided into semi-independent, serially repeated units (Barnes et al., 1993) e.g. Annelida. | Vermiform |
VermiformUnsegmented | Vermiform Unsegmented | Worm-like where the external surface is divided into a chain of rings or 'annuli' by furrows giving the appearance of segments (Barnes et al., 1993). | Vermiform |
WadinginShallowWater | Wading in shallow water | SearcherForager | |
Whiplike | Whiplike | In the form of a whip. | BodyShape |
Species_Importance_To_Society
Species Importance To Societywikipagename | Label | Definition | Is trait of |
---|---|---|---|
Absent | Absent | Species that were reported at some time to be present but were not recorded subsequently are reported to be ‘Absent’. | Occurrence |
Abundance | Abundance | Abundance and population trends of species populations have been recorded where this information was available. | Introduced Species Catalog |
AbundanceAndDistributionOfMarineMammals | Abundance and Distribution of marine mammals (M4) | Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV | OSPARCommonIndicators |
Adverse habitat modification | Adverse habitat modification | Where the species physically alters the nature of the strata/habitat. | Impact |
Alien | Alien | Species introduced by man into places out of their natural range of distribution. | Origin |
Alters bio-geochemical/hydrologic cycles | Alters bio-geochemical/hydrologic cycles | Where the species alters the nature of chemical or water cycles. | Impact |
Alters trophic interactions | Alters trophic interactions | Where the species alters food web dynamics. | Impact |
Aquaculture: accidental | Aquaculture: accidental | Alien and potentially invasive species that have accidentally escaped from containment/ aquaculture facility into the wild. | Pathways/vector |
Aquaculture: deliberate | Traits:Pathways/vector | Alien and potentially invasive species that have been intentionally introduced for aquaculture. | Pathways/vector |
Aquatic transport | Aquatic transport | Where the species alters boat traffic or impedes ability of boats to navigate waterways. | Impact |
Bio-control: accidental translocation with deliberate bio-control release | Bio-control: accidental translocation with deliberate bio-control release | Where an introduction of a bio-control agent results in an unintentional introduction of an invasive species (which is carried directly on the bio-control agent itself or along with habitat material associated with the bio-control agent). | Pathways/vector |
Bio-control: deliberate translocation as a bio-control agent | Bio-control: deliberate translocation as a bio-control agent | Where a species (i.e. a bio-control agent) introduced to control a pest, weed or invasive species becomes a problem itself. | Pathways/vector |
BirdsDirective | Birds Directive | Europe is home to more than 500 wild bird species. But at least 32 % of the EU's bird species are currently not in a good conservation status. The Birds Directive aims to protect all of the 500 wild bird species naturally occurring in the European Union. | Species Importance To Society |
BirdsDirectiveAnnex1 | Birds Directive Annex 1 | 194 species and sub-species are particularly threatened. Member States must designate Special Protection Areas (SPAs) for their survival and all migratory bird species. | BirdsDirective |
BirdsDirectiveAnnex2 | Birds Directive Annex 2 | 82 bird species can be hunted. However, the hunting periods are limited and hunting is forbidden when birds are at their most vulnerable: during their return migration to nesting areas, reproduction and the raising of their chicks. | BirdsDirective |
BirdsDirectiveAnnex3 | Birds Directive Annex 3 | Overall, activities that directly threaten birds, such as their deliberate killing, capture or trade, or the destruction of their nests, are banned. With certain restrictions, Member States can allow some of these activities for 26 species listed here. | BirdsDirective |
BirdsDirectiveAnnex4 | Birds Directive Annex 4 | The directive provides for the sustainable management of hunting but Member States must outlaw all forms of non-selective and large scale killing of birds, especially the methods listed in this annex. | BirdsDirective |
BirdsDirectiveAnnex5 | Birds Directive Annex 5 | The directive promotes research to underpin the protection, management and use of all species of birds covered by the Directive, which are listed in this annex. | BirdsDirective |
Border Intercept | Border Intercept | Species that have been intercepted at borders as a result of detection procedures. | Occurrence |
CITES | CITES | CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival. Appendices I, II and III to the Convention are lists of species afforded different levels or types of protection from over-exploitation. | Species Importance To Society |
CITESAppendixI | CITES Appendix I | Appendix I lists species that are the most endangered among CITES-listed animals and plants (see Article II, paragraph 1 of the Convention). They are threatened with extinction and CITES prohibits international trade in specimens of these species except when the purpose of the import is not commercial (see Article III), for instance for scientific research. In these exceptional cases, trade may take place provided it is authorized by the granting of both an import permit and an export permit (or re-export certificate). Article VII of the Convention provides for a number of exemptions to this general prohibition. | CITES |
CITESAppendixII | CITES Appendix II | Appendix II lists species that are not necessarily now threatened with extinction but that may become so unless trade is closely controlled. It also includes so-called "look-alike species", i.e. species whose specimens in trade look like those of species listed for conservation reasons (see Article II, paragraph 2 of the Convention). International trade in specimens of Appendix-II species may be authorized by the granting of an export permit or re-export certificate. No import permit is necessary for these species under CITES (although a permit is needed in some countries that have taken stricter measures than CITES requires). Permits or certificates should only be granted if the relevant authorities are satisfied that certain conditions are met, above all that trade will not be detrimental to the survival of the species in the wild. (See Article IV of the Convention) | CITES |
CITESAppendixIII | CITES Appendix III | Appendix III is a list of species included at the request of a Party that already regulates trade in the species and that needs the cooperation of other countries to prevent unsustainable or illegal exploitation (see Article II, paragraph 3, of the Convention). International trade in specimens of species listed in this Appendix is allowed only on presentation of the appropriate permits or certificates. (See Article V of the Convention) | CITES |
Canals: natural range expansion through man-made canals | Canals: natural range expansion through man-made canals | Where a canal, by joining two bodies of water which were not originally naturally joined, becomes a conduit for invasive species migration to a new area/region. | Pathways/vector |
ChangeInAverageTrophicLevelOfMarinePredatorsInTheBayOfBiscay | Change in average trophic level of marine predators in the Bay of Biscay (FW4) | Common in OSPAR Region IV | OSPARCommonIndicators |
ChangesInBiodiversityIndex | Changes in biodiversity index(s) (PH3) | Common in OSPAR Region III | OSPARCommonIndicators |
ChangesInPlanktonFunctionalTypesIndexRatio | Changes in plankton functional types (life form) index Ratio (PH1/FW5) | Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV | OSPARCommonIndicators |
Common | Common | A species with is abundant or present at moderate or relatively moderate densities. | Abundance |
Common to dominant | Common to dominant | A species which is found in relatively moderate to high densities (accounts for non-discrete nature of abundance terms/parameters described here). | Abundance |
ConditionOfBenthicHabitatCommunities | Condition of Benthic Habitat Communities (BH2) | Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV | OSPARCommonIndicators |
Consumes native species (predator or herbivore) | Consumes native species (predator or herbivore) | Where the species preys on native fauna or grazes on native flora. | Impact |
CriticallyEndangered | Critically Endangered (CR) | A taxon is Critically Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Critically Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild. | IUCNRedList |
Damage to marine structures or archaeology | Damage to marine structures or archaeology | Where the species degrades marine infrastructures or archaeological sites. | Impact |
DataDeficient | Data Deficient (DD) | A taxon is Data Deficient when there is inadequate information to make a direct, or indirect, assessment of its risk of extinction based on its distribution and/or population status. A taxon in this category may be well studied, and its biology well known, but appropriate data on abundance and/or distribution are lacking. Data Deficient is therefore not a category of threat. Listing of taxa in this category indicates that more information is required and acknowledges the possibility that future research will show that threatened classification is appropriate. It is important to make positive use of whatever data are available. In many cases great care should be exercised in choosing between DD and a threatened status. If the range of a taxon is suspected to be relatively circumscribed, and a considerable period of time has elapsed since the last record of the taxon, threatened status may well be justified. | IUCNRedList |
Debris: transport of species on human generated debris | Debris: transport of species on human generated debris | Where floating rafts of man-made materials become vectors for an invasive species. | Pathways/vector |
Detected in invasion pathway | Detected in invasion pathway | Species detected in invasion pathways for example in ballast water, or as a hull-fouling organism. | Occurrence |
Detected in the wild | Detected in the wild | Species that have been recorded as present in the wild with no further information. | Occurrence |
Dominant | Dominant | A species which is very abundant or present at high densities or relatively high densities. | Abundance |
Endangered | Endangered (EN) | A taxon is Endangered when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Endangered (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild. | IUCNRedList |
Eradicated | Eradicated | Species that have been subject to an eradication event and have been confirmed as eradicated. | Occurrence |
Eradication unconfirmed | Eradication unconfirmed | Species that have been subject to an eradication event but have not been confirmed as eradicated. | Occurrence |
Established | Established | Species that have become established in their introduced range. | Occurrence |
Established and expanding | Established and expanding | Species that have become established in their introduced range and are known to be increasing in abundance and expanding their range. | Occurrence |
Established and stable | Established and stable | Species that have become established in their introduced range but are not known to be spreading aggressively. | Occurrence |
ExtentOfPhysicalDamageToPredominantAndSpecialHabitats | Extent of Physical Damage to Predominant and Special Habitats (BH3) | Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV | OSPARCommonIndicators |
Extinct | Extinct (EX) | A taxon is Extinct when there is no reasonable doubt that the last individual has died. A taxon is presumed Extinct when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form. | IUCNRedList |
ExtinctInTheWild | Extinct in the Wild (EW) | A taxon is Extinct in the Wild when it is known only to survive in cultivation, in captivity or as a naturalized population (or populations) well outside the past range. A taxon is presumed Extinct in the Wild when exhaustive surveys in known and/or expected habitat, at appropriate times (diurnal, seasonal, annual), throughout its historic range have failed to record an individual. Surveys should be over a time frame appropriate to the taxon’s life cycle and life form. | IUCNRedList |
Extirpated | Extirpated | Species that were present but have been declared extinct. | Occurrence |
FAOASFISSpeciesForFisheryStatisticsPurposes | FAO-ASFIS: Species for Fishery Statistics Purposes | The FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Statistics and Information Branch (FIAS) collates world capture and aquaculture production statistics at either the species, genus, family or higher taxonomic levels in 2 346 statistical categories (2019 data release) referred to as species items. ASFIS list of species includes 12 771 species items selected according to their interest or relation to fisheries and aquaculture. For each species item stored in a record, codes (ISSCAAP group, taxonomic and 3-alpha) and taxonomic information (scientific name, author(s), family, and higher taxonomic classification) are provided. An English name is available for most of the records, and about one third of them have also a French and Spanish name. Information is also provided about the availability of fishery production statistics on the species item in the FAO databases. | Species Importance To Society |
Fisheries: accidental as bait | Fisheries: accidental as bait | This is where an invasive species is used as a bait resulting in its introduction into a new area/region. | Pathways/vector |
Fisheries: accidental with deliberate translocations of fish or shellfish | Fisheries: accidental with deliberate translocations of fish or shellfish | Where in the process of stocking a fishery an associated invasive species is unintentionally introduced into a new area/region. | Pathways/vector |
Fisheries: accidental with fishery products, packing or substrate | Fisheries: accidental with fishery products, packing or substrate | Where an invasive species is unintentionally introduced into a new area/region as a result of the movement of fishery related products or materials (ie: not the direct movement of fisheries stock). | Pathways/vector |
Fisheries: deliberate translocations of fish or shellfish to establish or support fishery | Fisheries: deliberate translocations of fish or shellfish to establish or support fishery | Where an invasive species is intentionally introduced into a new area/region for the purpose of stocking/replenishing/establishing a fishery industry based on the invasive species. | Pathways/vector |
Fluctuating | Fluctuating | A species which exhibits fluctuating densities (either undefined in the literature or otherwise not mentioned in the abundance terms/parameters described here). | Abundance |
Genetic impacts: hybridisation and introgression | Genetic impacts: hybridisation and introgression | Where the species degrades native genetic resources (by hybridizing with native fauna/flora). | Impact |
GreySealPupProduction | Grey seal pup production (M5) | Common in OSPAR Regions II, III | OSPARCommonIndicators |
HabitatsDirective | Habitats Directive | The Habitats Directive (Council Directive 92/43/EEC) ensures the conservation of a wide range of rare, threatened or endemic animal and plant species. Some 200 rare and characteristic habitat types are also targeted for conservation in their own right. All in all, over 1.000 animal and plant species, as well as 200 habitat types, listed in the directive's annexes are protected in various ways. | Species Importance To Society |
HabitatsDirectiveAnnexI | Habitats Directive Annex I | (needs a definition) | HabitatsDirective |
HabitatsDirectiveAnnexII | Habitats Directive Annex II | Annex II species (about 900): core areas of their habitat are designated as sites of Community importance (SCIs) and included in the Natura 2000 network. These sites must be managed in accordance with the ecological needs of the species. | HabitatsDirective |
HabitatsDirectiveAnnexIII | Habitats Directive Annex III | (needs a definition) | HabitatsDirective |
HabitatsDirectiveAnnexIV | Habitats Directive Annex IV | Annex IV species (over 400, including many annex II species): a strict protection regime must be applied across their entire natural range within the EU, both within and outside Natura 2000 sites. | HabitatsDirective |
HabitatsDirectiveAnnexV | Habitats Directive Annex V | Annex V species (over 90): Member States must ensure that their exploitation and taking in the wild is compatible with maintaining them in a favourable conservation status. | HabitatsDirective |
HabitatsDirectiveAnnexVI | Habitats Directive Annex VI | (needs a definition) | HabitatsDirective |
Human health | Human health | Where the species impacts human health. | Impact |
IUCNRedList | IUCN Red List | Provides taxonomic, conservation status, and distribution information on taxa that are facing a high risk of global extinction. http://www.iucnredlist.org/ | Species Importance To Society |
Impact | Impact | Information on the impact of introduced and invasive marine species has been recorded. These include impacts on native species, their habitats and ecosystems, human health and activity, transmission of diseases, etc. Descriptive terms of impacts were standardized and listed in a look-up table. These terms have been adapted from Hayes (2005). | Introduced Species Catalog |
In captivity/cultivated | In captivity/cultivated | Species that have been introduced and maintained in captivity or cultivated for example those species that are farmed in aquaculture or mariculture facilities. | Occurrence |
Individual release: accidental release by individuals | Individual release: accidental release by individuals | This describes any situation in which an invasive species is "accidentally" set free in the wild from aquaria sources leading to its introduction into a new area/region. | Pathways/vector |
Individual release: deliberate release by individuals | Individual release: deliberate release by individuals | This describes any situation in which an invasive species is intentionally planted or set free in the wild leading to its introduction into a new area/region. | Pathways/vector |
Induces novel behavioural or eco-physiological responses | Induces novel behavioural or eco-physiological responses | Where the species affects the behaviour of native species. | Impact |
Introduced Species Catalog | Introduced Species Catalog | Terms and definitions used in the World Register of Introduced Marine Species (WRIMS). | Species Importance To Society |
Introduced country and/or sea area | Introduced country and/or sea area | Country or sea area that is recorded as the known introduced range of the species. | Location Type |
Introduction unverified | Introduction unverified | Species whose presence is uncertain, maybe reported as present anecdotally but not confirmed. | Occurrence |
Invasive | Invasive | Species that are known to be invasive- those species in whose cases evidence of impact has been recorded or which is spreading aggressively. | Invasiveness |
Invasiveness | Invasiveness | Terms used to describe 'Invasiveness' of species. | Introduced Species Catalog |
Invasiveness Not specified | Invasiveness Not specified | A species whose 'invasiveness' has not been specified in its introduced range. The species is known to be present and has been reported but there is no comment on its invasiveness. | Invasiveness |
Invasiveness Uncertain | Invasiveness Uncertain | Species whose invasiveness is uncertain. | Invasiveness |
LeastConcern | Least Concern (LC) | A taxon is Least Concern when it has been evaluated against the criteria and does not qualify for critically Endangered, Endangered, Vulnerable or Near Threatened. Widespread and abundant taxa are included in this category. | IUCNRedList |
Locally common | Locally common | A species which is observed to have a patchy distribution in terms of being common only at some locations. | Abundance |
Location Type | Location Type | Three location types have been recorded to describe the native range and known introduced range of the species | Introduced Species Catalog |
Loss of aquaculture/commercial/recreational harvest or gain | Loss of aquaculture/commercial/recreational harvest or gain | Where the species reduces aquaculture harvest or commercial/recreational gain. | Impact |
Loss of public/tourist amenity | Loss of public/tourist amenity | Where the species degrades amenities associated with public/tourist sites. | Impact |
MSFDIndicators | MSFD Indicators | Species that comprise indicators or components of indicators for the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/marine/eu-coast-and-marine-policy/marine-strategy-framework-directive/index_en.htm), with emphasis on Descriptors 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6. | Species Importance To Society |
Management recorded | Management recorded | Species for which some management action including prevention has been recorded in its introduced range. | Invasiveness |
MarineBirdAbundance | Marine bird abundance (B1) | Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV | OSPARCommonIndicators |
MarineBirdBreedingSuccessFailure | Marine Bird Breeding Success / Failure (B3) | Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV | OSPARCommonIndicators |
MarineMammalBycatch | Marine mammal bycatch (M6) | Common in OSPAR Region II | OSPARCommonIndicators |
Monoculture | Monoculture | A species which exists to the exclusion of all other species including dense mats or in 100% of survey counts. | Abundance |
Native | Native | Species that is native to the country or sea area. | Origin |
Native - Endemic | Native - Endemic | Species that is native and endemic to a country or sea area i.e. a species that is unique to a location or habitat. | Origin |
Native - Non-endemic | Native - Non-endemic | Species that is native to an area but is not endemic to it i.e. a species that has a wide native range. | Origin |
Native country and/or native sea area | Native country and/or native sea area | Country or sea area which is the native range of the species. | Location Type |
Natural dispersal | Natural dispersal | Where an invasive species migrates from a known introduced location to a new area/region using a natural mode/mechanism of dispersal; as the original location is part of its introduced range this pathway is included here. | Pathways/vector |
NearThreatened | Near Threatened (NT) | A taxon is Near Threatened when it has been evaluated against the criteria but does not qualify for Critically Endangered, Endangered or Vulnerable now, but is close to qualifying for or is likely to qualify for a threatened category in the near future. | IUCNRedList |
Not invasive | Not invasive | Species that has not demonstrated any invasive traits in its introduced range. | Invasiveness |
NotEvaluated | Not Evaluated (NE) | A taxon is Not Evaluated when it has not yet been evaluated against the criteria. | IUCNRedList |
OSPARCommonIndicators | OSPAR Biodiversity Common Indicators | The common indicators agreed by OSPAR for assessing the status of biodiversity in the North-East Atlantic cover marine mammals, seabirds, fish communities, seafloor habitats, pelagic habitats, non-indigenous species and food webs.
The biodiversity common indicators contributed assessments of the status biodiversity in the North-East Atlantic to the OSPAR Intermediate Assessment 2017. The assessments are published in the OSPAR Assessment Portal. The indicators are based on information from monitoring programmes described in the Coordinated Environment Monitoring Programme (CEMP). The programmes are described in the Appendices to the CEMP Agreement. Detailed descriptions, including method descriptions for the indicator calculations, are included in the CEMP Guideline Agreements. | Species Importance To Society |
OSPARListOfThreatenedAndOrDecliningSpeciesAndHabitats | OSPAR List of Threatened and/or Declining Species and Habitats | The OSPAR Biological Diversity and Ecosystems Strategy sets out that the OSPAR Commission will assess which species and habitats need to be protected. This OSPAR List of Threatened and/or Declining Species and Habitats has been developed to fulfil this commitment. It is based upon nominations by Contracting Parties and observers to the Commission of species and habitats that they consider to be priorities for protection. | Species Importance To Society |
OSPARRegionIArcticWaters | OSPAR Region I: Arctic Waters | Region I is the most northerly OSPAR region, characterised by its harsh climate and ice coverage although the ecosystems of this region are still rich. In spite of its low population density, human activities such as fishing and offshore petroleum production remain significant. | OSPARListOfThreatenedAndOrDecliningSpeciesAndHabitats |
OSPARRegionIIGreaterNorthSea | OSPAR Region II: Greater North Sea | The Greater North Sea is one of the busiest maritime areas. Offshore activities related to the exploitation of oil and gas reserves, and maritime traffic are very important. Two of the world's largest ports are situated on the North Sea coast, and the coastal zone is used intensively for recreation. | OSPARListOfThreatenedAndOrDecliningSpeciesAndHabitats |
OSPARRegionIIICelticSeas | OSPAR Region III: Celtic Seas | The Celtic Seas region contains wide variations in coastal topography, from fjordic sea lochs, to sand dunes, bays, estuaries and numerous sandy beaches. The large range of habitats in the region supports a diverse fish fauna. Although traditional maritime activities, such as fishing, take place in the Celtic Seas, there is ongoing development of tourism. | OSPARListOfThreatenedAndOrDecliningSpeciesAndHabitats |
OSPARRegionIVBayOfBiscayAndIberianCoast | OSPAR Region IV: Bay of Biscay and Iberian Coast | The bottom topography of Region IV and coastlines are highly diversified, including the continental shelf and slope and parts of the abyssal plain. Ecosystems in Region IV are very rich, support a rich fish fauna and have a particular importance for migratory birds. Main human activities in Region IV are fishing, maritime transport and tourism. | OSPARListOfThreatenedAndOrDecliningSpeciesAndHabitats |
OSPARRegionVWiderAtlantic | OSPAR Region V: Wider Atlantic | Region V represents the deep waters of the North-East Atlantic extending across the abyssal plain and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and including many seamounts. There have been recent discoveries of a number of different fragile deep-sea habitats (such as hydrothermal vents, carbonate mounds, coral gardens and sponge communities). Human population in the region is restricted to the Azores Archipelago. The main human activities are fishing and maritime transport. | OSPARListOfThreatenedAndOrDecliningSpeciesAndHabitats |
Occurrence | Occurrence | Terms used to describe 'Occurrence' of species. | Introduced Species Catalog |
Occurrence Not specified | Occurrence Not specified | Species which may be listed as alien or introduced but whose occurrence has not been specified. | Occurrence |
Of concern | Of concern | Species that are demonstrating aggressive spread and there is concern about its spread OR species where some concern has been recorded- this may be due to known records of its invasiveness and impacts in other areas of their known introduced range. | Invasiveness |
Origin | Origin | Terms used to describe the 'Origin' of species. | Introduced Species Catalog |
Origin uncertain | Origin uncertain | Species whose biological status is uncertain i.e. it is uncertain if the species is native or alien to the location. | Origin |
Origin unknown | Origin unknown | Species whose origins cannot be verified OR a species whose origin has not been specified in the source information. | Origin |
Other impact - undefined or uncertain | Other impact - undefined or uncertain | Where the species has a known but undefined or uncertain impact. | Impact |
Outcompetes native species for resources and/or space | Outcompetes native species for resources and/or space | Where the species dominates or outcompetes native species for resources and/or space. | Impact |
Pathogen/parasite or carrier of a pathogen/parasite | Pathogen/parasite or carrier of a pathogen/parasite | Where the species is a pathogen/parasite of native species or carrier of a pathogen/parasite which infects/parasitizes native species. | Impact |
Pathway/vector Other | Pathway/vector Other | In cases where pathway/vector is not specified/ cases of novel pathways/vectors. | Pathways/vector |
Pathway/vector Unknown | Pathway/vector Unknown | Unknown mechanisms of introduction were represented by a blank cell. | Pathways/vector |
Pathways/vector | Pathways/vector | One of the most important types of information in the practical approach to prevention and management of biological invasions is the identity of the pathways of introduction and details of vectors. These are necessary for the prevention of introduction of potentially invasive species and also for the containment of further spread of established invasions. Information on pathways and vectors of introduction of alien species has been recorded for the listed species where information was available. Descriptive terms describing pathways and vectors were standardized and listed as a look-up table. These terms have been adapted from Hayes (2005). | Introduced Species Catalog |
PlanktonBiomassAndOrAbundance | Plankton biomass and/or abundance (PH2) | Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV | OSPARCommonIndicators |
Plant introductions: accidental with deliberate plant translocations | Plant introductions: accidental with deliberate plant translocations | This refers to invasive plant species which are unintentionally introduced into a new area/region carried on or with the habitat material of some intentionally planted flora. | Pathways/vector |
Plant introductions: deliberate translocation of plant species | Plant introductions: deliberate translocation of plant species | This refers to plant species which are planted intentionally for some purpose resulting in the introduction of an invasive plant into a new area/region (e.g. for erosion control). | Pathways/vector |
Present/controlled | Present/controlled | Species that are known to be present in their introduced range and are subject to some control option. | Occurrence |
ProportionOfLargeFish | Proportion of large fish (Large Fish Index) (FC2) | Common in OSPAR Regions II, III | OSPARCommonIndicators |
Rare | Rare | A species which is present at low or relatively low densities; used to describe single occurrences of the species where appropriate. | Abundance |
Rare to common | Rare to common | A species which is found in relatively low to moderate densities (accounts for non-discrete nature of abundance terms/parameters described here). | Abundance |
Rare to dominant | Rare to dominant | A species which is fluctuates between relatively low to high densities (accounts for such phenomena as population explosions). | Abundance |
Recorded in error | Recorded in error | Species that have reported or recorded in error. | Occurrence |
RecoveryInThePopulationAbundanceOfSensitiveFishSpecies | Recovery in the population abundance of sensitive fish species (FC1) | Common in OSPAR Region II, III | OSPARCommonIndicators |
Recreational equipment: accidental with recreational equipment | Recreational equipment: accidental with recreational equipment | Where the movement of recreational equipment by humans results in the introduction of an invasive species into a new area/region. | Pathways/vector |
Reported | Reported | Species that are 'reported' to be present but with no further information. | Occurrence |
Scientific research: accidental release with research activities | Scientific research: accidental release with research activities | Where research activities result in the unintentional release of an invasive species into a new area/region. | Pathways/vector |
Scientific research: deliberate release with research activities | Scientific research: deliberate release with research activities | Where research activities result in the intentional release of an invasive species into a new area/region. | Pathways/vector |
SealAbundanceAndDistribution | Seal Abundance and Distribution (M3) | Common in OSPAR Region II | OSPARCommonIndicators |
Seaplanes: accidental as attached or free-living fouling organisms | Seaplanes: accidental as attached or free-living fouling organisms | This refers to invasive species which exist as sessile or motile organisms on the surface of a seaplane. | Pathways/vector |
Ships: accidental as attached or free-living fouling organisms | Ships: accidental as attached or free-living fouling organisms | This refers to invasive species which exist as sessile or motile organisms on the hull of a ship. | Pathways/vector |
Ships: accidental associated with cargo | Ships: accidental associated with cargo | This refers to invasive species which are associated with internal ship cargo. | Pathways/vector |
Ships: accidental with ballast water, sea water systems, live wells or other deck basins | Ships: accidental with ballast water, sea water systems, live wells or other deck basins | This refers to invasive species which exist in various life stages in ballast of a fluid nature. | Pathways/vector |
Ships: accidental with solid ballast | Ships: accidental with solid ballast | This refers to invasive species which exist in various life stages in ballast of a solid nature. | Pathways/vector |
Ships: general | Ships: general | This accounts for an invasive species which has been vectored by a ship but the exact mechanism of action (ie: ballast, hull or cargo) has been unidentified in the literature. | Pathways/vector |
SizeCompositionInFishCommunities | Size composition in fish communities (FW3) | Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV | OSPARCommonIndicators |
Sometimes present | Sometimes present | Species that are reported as present but only 'sometimes'. | Occurrence |
Source country and/or sea area | Source country and/or sea area | Country or sea area which is the known source area of the introduced species or population. The source area could be the native range of the species or a known introduced range. | Location Type |
Species Importance To Society | Species' Importance to Society | Marine species traits | |
TrendsInNewRecordsOfNonIndigenousSpeciesIntroducedByHumanActivities | Trends in New Records of Non-Indigenous Species (NIS) Introduced by Human Activities (NIS) | Common in OSPAR Regions II, III, IV | OSPARCommonIndicators |
TypicalSpeciesComposition | Typical species composition (BH1) | Common in OSPAR Region IV | OSPARCommonIndicators |
Vulnerable | Vulnerable (VU) | A taxon is Vulnerable when the best available evidence indicates that it meets any of the criteria A to E for Vulnerable (see Section V), and it is therefore considered to be facing a high risk of extinction in the wild. | IUCNRedList |
Water abstraction or nuisance fouling | Water abstraction or nuisance fouling | Where the species alters water levels or causes nuisance fouling on boats/water structures. | Impact |
references
References:
- Barnes R.S.K., Calow P., Olive P.J.W., Golding, D.W, and Spicer, J.I., 2006. The invertebrates: a new synthesis, Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd., Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
- Barnes R.S.K., Calow P., Olive P.J.W., Golding, D.W, and Spicer, J.I. 2006. The invertebrates: a new synthesis, Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd., Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
- Barnes R.S.K., Calow P., Olive P.J.W., Golding, D.W, and Spicer, J.I. 2006. The invertebrates: a new synthesis, Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
- Barnes R.S.K., Calow P., Olive P.J.W., Golding, D.W, and Spicer, J.I. 2006. The invertebrates: a new synthesis, Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
- Barnes R.S.K., Calow P., Olive P.J.W., Golding, D.W, and Spicer, J.I. 2006. The invertebrates: a new synthesis, Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd., Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
- Barnes R.S.K., Calow P., Olive P.J.W., Golding, D.W, and Spicer, J.I. 2006. The invertebrates: a new synthesis, Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
- Barnes R.S.K., Calow P., Olive P.J.W., Golding, D.W, and Spicer, J.I. 2006. The invertebrates: a new synthesis, Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd., Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
- Barnes R.S.K., Calow P., Olive P.J.W., Golding, D.W, and Spicer, J.I. 2006. The invertebrates: a new synthesis, Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
- Barnes R.S.K., Calow P., Olive P.J.W., Golding, D.W, and Spicer, J.I. 2006. The invertebrates: a new synthesis, Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd., Ruppert, E.E. & Barnes, R.D., 1994. Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, USA: Saunders College Publishing.
- Barnes, R.S.K., Calow, P. & Olive P.J.W., 1993. The invertebrates: a new synthesis. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
- Barnes, R.S.K., Calow, P. & Olive P.J.W., 1993. The invertebrates: a new synthesis. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
- Barnes, R.S.K., Calow, P. & Olive P.J.W., 1993. The invertebrates: a new synthesis. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
- Barnes, R.S.K., Calow, P. & Olive P.J.W., 1993. The invertebrates: a new synthesis. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
- Barnes, R.S.K., Calow, P. & Olive P.J.W., 1993. The invertebrates: a new synthesis. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
- Barnes, R.S.K., Calow, P. & Olive P.J.W., 1993. The invertebrates: a new synthesis. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
- Barnes, R.S.K., Calow, P. & Olive P.J.W., 1993. The invertebrates: a new synthesis. Oxford: Blackwell Science Ltd.
- Bold, H.C., 1977. The Plant Kingdom (4th ed.). New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Inc., Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
- Folk R.L. (1954). The distinction between grain size and mineral composition in sedimentary-rock nomenclature. The Journal of Geology, 344-359., Hiscock, K. (ed.), 1996. Marine Nature Conservation Review: rationale and methods. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.], Long D. (2006). BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
- Folk R.L. (1954). The distinction between grain size and mineral composition in sedimentary-rock nomenclature. The Journal of Geology, 344-359., Hiscock, K. (ed.), 1996. Marine Nature Conservation Review: rationale and methods. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.], Long D. (2006). BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
- Folk R.L. (1954). The distinction between grain size and mineral composition in sedimentary-rock nomenclature. The Journal of Geology, 344-359., Long D.,2006. BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
- Hiscock, K, Jackson, A. and Lear, D. (1999). Assessing seabed species and ecosystem sensitivities: existing approaches and development, October 1999 edition.Report to the Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions from the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN). Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth.
- Hiscock, K, Jackson, A. and Lear, D. (1999). Assessing seabed species and ecosystem sensitivities: existing approaches and development, October 1999 edition.Report to the Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions from the Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN).Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, Plymouth.
- Hiscock, K. (ed.), 1996. Marine Nature Conservation Review: rationale and methods. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.]
- Hiscock, K. (ed.), 1996. Marine Nature Conservation Review: rationale and methods. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.], Long D. (2006). BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
- Hiscock, K. (ed.), 1996. Marine Nature Conservation Review: rationale and methods. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.], Long D. (2006). BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
- Hiscock, K. (ed.), 1996. Marine Nature Conservation Review: rationale and methods. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.]
- Hiscock, K. (ed.), 1996. Marine Nature Conservation Review: rationale and methods. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.]
- Hiscock, K. (ed.), 1996. Marine Nature Conservation Review: rationale and methods. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.]
- Hiscock, K. (ed.), 1996. Marine Nature Conservation Review: rationale and methods. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.], Long D., (2006). BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
- Hiscock, K. (ed.), 1996. Marine Nature Conservation Review: rationale and methods. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.]
- Hiscock, K. (ed.), 1996. Marine Nature Conservation Review: rationale and methods. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.]
- Hiscock, K. (ed.), 1996. Marine Nature Conservation Review: rationale and methods. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.]
- Hiscock, K. (ed.), 1996. Marine Nature Conservation Review: rationale and methods. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee. [Coasts and seas of the United Kingdom. MNCR series.]
- Holmes, S., 1979. Henderson’s dictionary of biological terms. 9th ed. London: Hendersons.
- Holmes, S., 1979. Henderson’s dictionary of biological terms. 9th ed. London: Hendersons.
- IUCN. (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp.
- IUCN. (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp.
- IUCN. (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp.
- IUCN. (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp.
- IUCN. (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp.
- IUCN. (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp.
- IUCN. (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp.
- IUCN. (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp.
- IUCN. (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp.
- IUCN. (2012). IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria: Version 3.1. Second edition. Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. iv + 32pp.
- Lawrence, E. (ed.) (2005) Henderson's dictionary of Biology (13th edition). London, United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited.
- Lawrence, E. (ed.) (2005) Henderson's dictionary of Biology (13th edition). London, United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited.
- Lawrence, E. (ed.) (2005) Henderson's dictionary of Biology (13th edition). London, United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited.
- Lawrence, E. (ed.) (2005) Henderson's dictionary of Biology (13th edition). London, United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited.
- Lawrence, E. (ed.) (2005) Henderson's dictionary of Biology (13th edition). London, United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited.
- Lawrence, E. (ed.) (2005) Henderson's dictionary of Biology (13th edition). London, United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited.
- Lawrence, E. (ed.) (2005) Henderson's dictionary of Biology (13th edition). London, United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited.
- Lawrence, E. (ed.) (2005) Henderson's dictionary of Biology (13th edition). London, United Kingdom: Pearson Education Limited.
- Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
- Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
- Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
- Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
- Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
- Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
- Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
- Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
- Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
- Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
- Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
- Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
- Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
- Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
- Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
- Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
- Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
- Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
- Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
- Lincoln, R., Boxshall, G. & Clark, P., 1998. A dictionary of ecology, evolution and systematics (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University of Press.
- Long D. (2006). BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
- Long D. (2006). BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
- Long D. (2006). BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf, {{{reference}}}
- Long D., (2006). BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
- Long D., (2006). BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
- Long D., (2006). BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
- Long D., (2006). BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
- Long D., (2006). BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
- Long D., (2006). BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
- Long D., 2006. BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
- Long D., 2006. BGS detailed explanation of seabed sediment modified Folk classification. http://www.emodnet-seabedhabitats.eu/PDF/BGS%20detailed%20explanation%20of%20seabed%20sediment%20modified%20folk%20classification.pdf
- Neuendorf, K. K. E.; Mehl, J. P.; Jackson, J. A. (2005) Glossary of Geology (Fifth Edition). Alexandria, Virginia, USA; American Geological Institute.
- Ruppert, E.E. & Barnes, R.D., 1994. Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, USA: Saunders College Publishing.
- Ruppert, E.E. & Barnes, R.D., 1994. Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, USA: Saunders College Publishing.
- Ruppert, E.E. & Barnes, R.D., 1994. Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, USA: Saunders College Publishing.
- Ruppert, E.E. & Barnes, R.D., 1994. Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, USA: Saunders College Publishing., Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Ruppert, E.E. & Barnes, R.D., 1994. Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, USA: Saunders College Publishing.
- Ruppert, E.E. & Barnes, R.D., 1994. Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, USA: Saunders College Publishing.
- Ruppert, E.E. & Barnes, R.D., 1994. Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, USA: Saunders College Publishing.
- Ruppert, E.E. & Barnes, R.D., 1994. Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, USA: Saunders College Publishing.
- Ruppert, E.E. & Barnes, R.D., 1994. Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, USA: Saunders College Publishing., Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Ruppert, E.E. & Barnes, R.D., 1994. Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, USA: Saunders College Publishing., Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Ruppert, E.E. & Barnes, R.D., 1994. Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, USA: Saunders College Publishing., Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Ruppert, E.E. & Barnes, R.D., 1994. Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, USA: Saunders College Publishing., Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Ruppert, E.E. & Barnes, R.D., 1994. Invertebrate zoology (6th ed.). Fort Worth, USA: Saunders College Publishing., Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Smith, A. M., Key Jr., M.M, Gordon P.D. (2006) Skeletal mineralogy of bryozoans: Taxonomic and temporal patters. Earth-Science Reviews 78:287-306.
- Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Stachowitsch, M., 1992. The invertebrates: an illustrated glossary. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm
- http://www.fao.org/fishery/collection/asfis/en
- http://www.fishbase.org/Glossary/Glossary.php?q=fork+length&language=english&sc=is, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_measurement
- http://www.fishbase.org/Glossary/Glossary.php?q=standard+length&sc=is, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_measurement
- http://www.fishbase.org/Glossary/Glossary.php?q=total+length&sc=is, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_measurement
- http://www.fishbase.org/glossary/Glossary.php?q=disk+width&language=english&sc=is
- http://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/species-habitats/list-of-threatened-declining-species-habitats
- https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm
- https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm
- https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm
- https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm
- https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm
- https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/habitatsdirective/index_en.htm
- https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/birdsdirective/index_en.htm
- https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/birdsdirective/index_en.htm
- https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/birdsdirective/index_en.htm
- https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/birdsdirective/index_en.htm
- https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/birdsdirective/index_en.htm
- https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/birdsdirective/index_en.htm
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_measurement
- https://www.cites.org/, https://www.cites.org/eng/app/index.php
- https://www.cites.org/eng/app/index.php
- https://www.cites.org/eng/app/index.php
- https://www.cites.org/eng/app/index.php
- https://www.ospar.org/convention/the-north-east-atlantic/i
- https://www.ospar.org/convention/the-north-east-atlantic/ii
- https://www.ospar.org/convention/the-north-east-atlantic/iii
- https://www.ospar.org/convention/the-north-east-atlantic/iv
- https://www.ospar.org/convention/the-north-east-atlantic/v
- https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
- https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
- https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
- https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
- https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
- https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
- https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
- https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
- https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
- https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
- https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
- https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
- https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
- https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
- https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
- https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
- https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators
- https://www.ospar.org/work-areas/bdc/biodiversity-monitoring-assessment-1/biodiversity-common-indicators