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• Hard coastal protection structures
  ...ardening in the US. Front. Ecol. Environ. 13: 301–307</ref>, and coastal structures exist along 9.4% of the coastline in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage ...ki articles are indicated where a more detailed discussion of hard coastal structures can be found. Large parts of this article are taken from the coastal engine
  15 KB (2,145 words) - 16:46, 27 September 2021
• Hard shoreline protection structures
  #Redirect[[Hard coastal protection structures]]
  47 bytes (5 words) - 18:59, 21 February 2019

Page text matches

• Groynes
  ...shore into the sea. [[Groyne]]s are examples of [[hard coastal protection structures]] which aim to [[coastal protection|protect]] the shoreline from [[coastal ...generally designed as a group comprising from a few to tens of individual structures (see [[Groynes as shore protection]]). A scheme of interacting groynes is s
  8 KB (1,248 words) - 17:16, 5 October 2021
• Port breakwaters and coastal erosion
  ...ted to pollution due to the harbour traffic, because the basins constitute structures relatively closed with any or little exchanges with the open sea. *Consequently, by refraction around the work, the coast is attacked hard by the waves downstream it, and there is a greater erosion due to the fact
  7 KB (1,098 words) - 16:44, 5 July 2020
• Detached shore parallel breakwaters
  ...intenance and lifetime service as well as the rebuilding or dismantling of structures when their lifetime is over. ...oast to reduce the energy attacking the coastline. The term “Low crested Structures” (LCSs) usually designates the most common [[detached breakwater]] types,
  6 KB (878 words) - 20:33, 4 July 2020
• Definitions of coastal terms
  Growth (vertical and/or horizontal) of morphological structures ([[#Beach|beach]], [[#Bar|bar]], [[#Dune|dune]], [[#Sand bank|sand bank]], # Applying a hard protective layer, a so-called [[armour layer]], on a breakwater or seawall,
  79 KB (11,862 words) - 21:40, 1 April 2024
• Natural causes of coastal erosion
  ...esponds to the [[Closure depth|closure depth]] and the landward limit to a hard boundary (seawall, cliff, ..). In the case of a dune coast the active zone ...fast process in case of soft cliffs (till, clay) and very slow in case of hard-rock cliffs. Other examples of ongoing natural erosion are given below.
  14 KB (2,169 words) - 17:21, 26 August 2022
• Human causes of coastal erosion
  ...ic equilibrium. If some parts are highly resistant to erosion (presence of hard outcrops or cliffs, for example), this can take a very long time. However, ==Interference with coastal structures==
  29 KB (4,651 words) - 22:27, 2 July 2022
• Detached breakwaters
  ...any old detached breakwaters in Italy have been transformed into submerged structures. Use of submerged breakwaters began in Italy in the 1980s and resulted in m ...water-level. Floating breakwaters are seldom used as shoreline management structures because they are not suitable for installation in the open sea.
  31 KB (4,715 words) - 23:55, 30 March 2024
• Dune stabilisation
  ...omoting natural dune development requires limiting negative interferences. Structures that obstruct sand supply to the beach by interrupting littoral drift shoul ==Artificial hard dune core==
  9 KB (1,306 words) - 19:25, 1 August 2023
• Seawall
  ...tion and storm surge, such as flooding. Seawalls are normally very massive structures because they are designed to resist the full force of waves and storm surge [[Image:Seawall structures.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Fig. 1. Examples of seawall structures.]]
  3 KB (523 words) - 13:06, 30 December 2022
• Emergency Protection
  [[Category:Hard structures]]
  2 KB (355 words) - 12:09, 16 September 2020
• Perched beaches
  ...cept is often used in situations where the coastline has been fixed with a hard structure (seawall, revetment), which has accelerated erosion of the natura [[Category:Hard structures]]
  4 KB (628 words) - 18:42, 22 January 2024
• Coves - artificial formation and use
  ...ccur naturally (between to headlands) or artificially (between two coastal structures) and has specific functional characteristics. The [[cove]] concept is simi ...artificial pocket beaches will begin to form by themselves as soon as the structures have been built, however it is recommended to include initial beach fill in
  4 KB (646 words) - 17:40, 18 January 2022
• Currents
  ...re two-dimensional in the horizontal plane due to complex bathymetries and structures in the [[nearshore]] zone. ...partially rocky coastlines or along coastlines where coral reefs or other hard reefs are present. Irregular depth contours give rise to irregular wave pat
  14 KB (2,112 words) - 14:00, 20 January 2024
• Coast protection
  ...the coast and can eventually result in loss of natural coastal protection structures such as beaches and marshes (so-called [[coastal squeeze]]<ref> Doody, J.P. ...rotection practices are compared in the articles [[Hard coastal protection structures]] and [[Dealing with coastal erosion]].
  1 KB (169 words) - 17:59, 7 March 2023
• Sea defence
  Sea defence structures are important components that can help create a [[coastal squeeze]]<ref> Do * Different protection measures are described in [[Hard coastal protection structures]].
  1 KB (159 words) - 19:21, 9 February 2019
• Rip current
  Boundary rips are related to the presence of hard topographic structures (headlands, groynes, jetties) that locally shield the beach from obliquely ...ffshore structures - natural seabed structures or manmade structures. Such structures produce a longshore modulation of wave energy in the breaker zone by shield
  8 KB (1,278 words) - 10:16, 3 July 2022
• Sea level rise
  ...erosion, because of sediment retention behind upstream dams, hard coastal structures and/or conversion of mangrove forests to aquacultures <ref> Syvitski, J.P.,
  41 KB (6,164 words) - 16:08, 21 January 2024
• Shoreline management
  ...it comes to considering the most appropriate design scenarios for coastal structures. #Minimise the use of hard coastal protection schemes, give high priority to the quality of the natura
  38 KB (5,697 words) - 22:31, 2 July 2022
• Applicability of detached breakwaters
  It is recommended to use few large structures instead of many small structures in order to enhance the aesthetic appearance of a segmented breakwater sche ...and groynes can, to some extent, be avoided by optimising the shape of the structures. This is the subject of the next subsection.
  8 KB (1,250 words) - 15:00, 4 October 2021
• Groynes as shore protection
  ...e solutions but rather because groynes are widely applied shore protection structures and well suited to explain various basic morphological responses including ...easing littoral drift in the transport. Upper panel: Shoreline without any structures; middle panel: Effect of a single long groyne; bottom panel: Effect of a si
  21 KB (3,352 words) - 17:17, 5 October 2021
• Piers and trestles
  Piers are rather long structures with a horizontal deck on series of piles extending perpendicular to the co The supporting piles of these structures may have an impact on coastal processes. Especially if the number of piles
  1 KB (217 words) - 16:37, 5 July 2020
• Sea dikes
  :[[Hard coastal protection structures]] :[[Ecological enhancement of coastal protection structures]]
  653 bytes (80 words) - 22:35, 4 July 2023
• Hydrodynamic numerical models of wave-structure interaction
  ...esulting from [[wave overtopping]] and wave penetration through the porous structures, wave diffraction, run-up and wave breaking. Focusing on overtopping, addit ...e last decades in the numerical modelling of wave interaction with coastal structures to overcome these limitations. Nonlinear Shallow Water (NSW), Boussinesq-ty
  21 KB (3,036 words) - 16:03, 25 February 2023
• Argus applications
  ...ertidal beach. For example to evaluate the morphological impact of coastal structures, to investigate seasonal fluctuations in beach dynamics and [[beach nourish # [[Wave run-up]], to evaluate the stability of coastal structures such as [[seawall|seawalls]], harbour moles and [[revetment|revetments]]
  10 KB (1,502 words) - 21:31, 10 August 2020
• Dune erosion
  *presence of hard engineered structures; ...amics of nearshore sandbars, as well as the effects of vegetation and hard structures. The morphodynamic processes include bed load and suspended sediment transp
  42 KB (6,534 words) - 12:05, 15 November 2023
• Coastal management
  ...protect the coast, and are usually cheaper to construct and maintain than hard construction techniques, and may be self-sustaining. However, as indicated
  2 KB (294 words) - 12:49, 8 October 2021
• Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)
  '''[[Hard coastal protection structures|Hard measures]]:''' <br/> '''[[Hard coastal protection structures|Hard measures]]:''' <br/>
  29 KB (3,962 words) - 20:24, 18 September 2023
• Floating breakwaters
  ...water-level. Floating breakwaters are seldom used as shoreline protection structures because they are not suitable for installation in the open sea. ...ng position of connections) are primary points of concern for this kind of structures. The wave-induced forces on the connections increase with peak wave period
  16 KB (2,356 words) - 15:28, 30 March 2024
• Consultation on Maritime Policy: the issue of Capacity Building
  ...als able to utilize research based knowledge within existing institutional structures and some lead will be needed from European institutions. '''Special thanks to Stella Maris Vallejo for her hard work and invaluable assistance'''
  31 KB (4,532 words) - 15:32, 6 October 2021
• Light revetments built-in into artificial dunes
  ...t|shore nourishments]]. The article considers the construction of built-in structures in artificial dunes and presents experiences from Poland. ...hese additional [[revetment|revetments]] are built as "[[gabions|gabion]]" structures (see Figure 1 and 2). If the revetment is uncovered after a storm, the arti
  4 KB (532 words) - 13:45, 16 February 2024
• Structural erosion
  ...of coastal erosion]] provides an overview of the different impacts of hard structures on the structural erosion of a stretch of coast. * [[Hard coastal protection structures]]
  1 KB (151 words) - 16:53, 27 March 2021
• Seawalls and revetments
  This article introduces the [[hard coastal protection structures]] seawalls and revetments. The article further explains how and why the app Seawalls or revetments are shore parallel structures at the transition between the low-lying (sandy) beach and the (higher) main
  13 KB (2,089 words) - 20:07, 18 September 2023
• Functional diversity in marine ecosystems
  ...ological niche. Species sharing an ecological niche generally have similar structures in order to achieve the greatest amount of fitness. This refers for example :[[Littoral]] rock and other hard substrata
  11 KB (1,570 words) - 12:30, 4 March 2024
• Sampling tools for the marine environment
  ...of cylindrical or cone-shaped netting bags mounted on rings or other rigid structures. It has wings or leaders which guide the fish towards the entrance of the b ...g tools (e.g. beam trawls) can be effectively employed. However, where the hard or uneven nature of the substrata precludes the use of a trawl it is often
  21 KB (3,409 words) - 22:24, 20 August 2020
• Mangroves
  ...isperse their offspring by water. They produce unusually large propagating structures or propagules. The embryo initiates germination on the seed, still attached * A further issue is the clearcutting of mangals for their hard wood. This wood is resistant against termites and therefore an important ex
  42 KB (6,310 words) - 17:09, 21 April 2024
• Coastal squeeze
  ...hrough coastal land claim. This often involves building [[coast protection|structures]] to protect the land and/or infrastructure from erosion and [[Sea defence| The ecological consequences of hard engineering interventions on retreating beaches entails the loss of biodive
  7 KB (1,034 words) - 13:09, 6 March 2022
• Typical examples of structural erosion
  ...ard coastal protection structures]]: Explains the possible impacts of hard structures on the structural erosion of a stretch of coast [[Category:Hard structures]]
  8 KB (1,293 words) - 20:50, 31 March 2021
• Experiences with beach nourishments in Portugal
  ...f littoral sand transport at Quarteira, Vilamoura Marina and other defence structures; ...defence of Vale do Lobo beach is essentially a soft one, complemented with hard measures over short extensions. The strategy is to maintain the natural bea
  37 KB (5,937 words) - 18:06, 18 January 2022
• Shoreline protection
  ...ventions|Soft coastal interventions]] and [[:Category:Hard structures|Hard structures]].
  750 bytes (96 words) - 17:28, 3 September 2020
• Bulkheads
  [[Category:Hard structures]]
  2 KB (305 words) - 12:17, 16 September 2020
• Revetments
  ...as sloping structures and are often constructed as permeable rubble mound structures using natural stones or concrete blocks. Rubble mound armoring enhances wav ...consist of sand-filled geotextile fabric bags, mattresses and tubes. Such structures must be protected against UV-light to avoid weathering of the fabric. Sand-
  6 KB (972 words) - 23:01, 26 March 2024
• Coastal protection
  ...d the dynamic coastal landscape. Coastal protection often consists of hard structures such as revetments, [[#Breakwater|breakwaters]] or [[#Groyne|groynes]].}} * [[Hard coastal protection structures]]
  2 KB (249 words) - 18:20, 7 March 2023
• Continental shelf habitat
  ...trate: the [[Sandy Shores|soft-bottom communities]] and the [[Rocky Shores|hard-bottom communities]] * [[Rocky Shores|Hard-bottom communities]] occur in areas with strong currents. Because of the st
  11 KB (1,602 words) - 18:32, 22 February 2021
• Effects of fisheries on marine biodiversity
  ...ourage the development of a specialized associated community. Loss of such structures will also affect the survivorship of any associated species and prolong the A particular sensitive hard-bottom habitat are the deep-water coral communities of the ''Lophelia pert
  33 KB (4,853 words) - 13:29, 1 February 2024
• Coral reefs
  ...t corals that live in shallow, cold waters. Corals are wave resistant rock structures, created by calcium carbonate secreting animals and plants. Coral reefs pro ...begins when free-swimming coral larvae attach to submerged rocks or other hard substrate along the edges of islands or continents. The reef expands and wi
  27 KB (4,098 words) - 22:25, 5 April 2024
• Impact of tourism in coastal areas: Need of sustainable tourism strategy
  *tourist developments such as piers and other structures have been built directly on top of [[coral reefs]]; ...n of [[sediments]] to the maintenance of the beaches and foreshores. It is hard to find a unique solution for all those problems. However, the following p
  26 KB (3,689 words) - 17:28, 5 May 2023
• Topic:Engineering
  ==Hard measures== * [[Hard coastal protection structures]]
  1 KB (121 words) - 12:22, 20 February 2024
• Non-native species invasions
  ...s, breaking natural distribution boundaries and interfering with community structures. The unwanted hitchhikers are usually either well-hidden or too small to be ...lnerable to stochastic threats such as demographic or genetic drift. It is hard to predict what is the minimum viable population size. A generally accepted
  27 KB (3,914 words) - 12:54, 21 February 2024
• Principles of conservation, rehabilitation and restoration of estuarine and coastal habitats
  ...tion = Rehabilitation is the repair and replacement of essential ecosystem structures and functions in the context of ecoregional attainability in order to achie ...re-estuarisation. Longitudinally, the building of hard riparian protection structures, dykes and training walls has dislocated hydro-systems and limited access o
  23 KB (3,205 words) - 17:00, 2 March 2023
• Analysis of the ICZM process in The Netherlands
  ...second principle can be sum up with the slogan “soft wherever possible, hard only where necessary” (MinVenW, 2005). ...role. Thereby, flood safety is understand as to maintain flood protection structures and legislative safety standards, whereas erosion management constitutes to
  7 KB (1,104 words) - 22:27, 6 September 2020
• Accretion and erosion for different coastal types
  ...n to the phenomena described above, a non-optimal layout of the protective structures can result in additional trapping of sand. This typically happens in the sh Articles about structural erosion and the presence of structures:
  10 KB (1,662 words) - 18:11, 18 January 2022
• Coastal cities and sea level rise
  ...ound in several articles in the category [[:Category: Hard structures|Hard structures]]. The costs of coastal defenses depend on the intended level of protection *Investments in flood defense structures: dikes, river embankments, improvement of waterways, modernization of the d
  51 KB (7,528 words) - 12:22, 22 January 2024
• Integrated Assessment
  ...tation on very basic assumptions in order to make underlying argumentative structures evident and improve the quality of debate. ...changing input and output data (soft linked models) or use a common shell (hard linked models). Only rarely integrated models are implemented with a single
  12 KB (1,633 words) - 14:45, 31 July 2020
• Species extinction
  * [[Hard coastal protection structures|Coastal protection structures]]
  25 KB (3,716 words) - 18:44, 23 February 2024
• Diversity and classification of marine benthic algae
  Seaweeds occur on any shore where a hard bottom or any other type of stable lacking flagella (as well as centrioles and other structures typical of the flagellar
  18 KB (2,692 words) - 22:17, 12 February 2024
• Meiofauna of Sandy Beaches
  ...iments, but also on underwater algae and higher plants as well as on other hard substrates. The heterogeneity of meiofaunal habitats is very large and meio * the mobile environment, by adhesion, special locomotion and reinforcing structures;
  22 KB (3,240 words) - 17:40, 30 December 2023
• Functional metabolites in benthic invertebrates
  ...e cases. Still, outstanding progress has been made towards elucidating the structures of mating pheromones in brown algae, and fishes. Whereas terpenes and other ...opisthobranchs accumulate and concentrate the deterrent chemicals in outer structures of the body, more exposed to attack. Thus, the round-shaped vesicles displa
  8 KB (1,150 words) - 16:38, 5 October 2021
• Oyster reef shore protection
  Oyster reefs are an example of biogenic reefs. Biogenic reefs are structures built with ecosystem engineer species that sustain themselves with self-gen ...rotection function they can perform, reducing the need for hard artificial structures. Oysters naturally aggregate and attach themselves to older shells, rocks,
  8 KB (1,247 words) - 19:38, 31 March 2024
• Wave energy converters
  ...l power by the wave–structure interaction between ocean waves and device structures (geometric optimization), (2) the transfer of mechanical power into electri ...ch dampens the largest waves. See also [[Wave energy converters in coastal structures]].
  62 KB (9,587 words) - 22:04, 7 May 2024
• Artificial reefs
  ...as site dependent factors are to be considered, design criteria for these structures are not easily defined a priori. ...., 2007. ''Environmental Design Guidelines for Low Crested Coastal Defence Structures'', Elsevier.</ref>). Un-corrected design of the structure by a wrong select
  41 KB (6,487 words) - 22:37, 2 July 2022
• Overtopping resistant dikes
  ...e years of testing with the Wave Overtopping Simulator. In: Coasts, marine structures and breakwaters, Adapting to change 2: 460-473</ref>. ...en overflowing) of the dikes; failure started at the landward slope of the structures<ref>Gerritsen, H. 2005. What happened in 1953? The Big Flood in the Netherl
  19 KB (3,217 words) - 00:20, 9 March 2023
• Deteriorated groynes
  ...ions were performed for the coastal segment and bathymetry without coastal structures. The results are presented in Figs. 3-7, where depth-averaged and near-bed [[Category:Hard structures]]
  25 KB (3,878 words) - 17:18, 3 September 2020
• Biogenic reefs of Europe and temporal variability
  Biogenic [[reef]]s can be described as hard compact structures created by the activity of living organisms. They do not share an uniform s ...wever, it can be gregarious under favorable conditions, forming large reef-structures (upto 30 cm high) (Hendrick and Foster-Smith, 2006<ref>Hendrick, V.J., Fos
  26 KB (3,875 words) - 18:26, 7 March 2023
• Dynamics, threats and management of dunes
  ...e sand is difficult. Since they are looking for a hard surface to walk on, hard paths must be built. A marked path (through fences and with educational pan ...roach. The goal is to protect developed areas, traditionally by using hard structures (Klein ''et al.'', 2001<ref>KLEIN R.J.T., NICHOLLS R.J., RAGOONADEN S., CAP
  15 KB (2,195 words) - 12:23, 8 October 2021
• Shore protection vegetation
  ...dth (beach slope) is a natural dynamic response if hard manmade or natural structures are absent (McLachlan et al., 2018<ref name=MD>McLachlan, A. and Defeo, O. ...ion is to strengthen a coastal-defense dune through the incorporation of a hard concrete or rocky core (Oderiz et al., 2020<ref> Oderiz, I., Knochelmann, N
  76 KB (10,699 words) - 12:24, 15 November 2023
• Dynamics, threats and management of biogenic reefs
  Biogenic [[reef]]s can be described as hard compact structures created by the activity of living organisms <ref name= "Biogenic reef">[[Bi ...s been suggested that a reef can increase in extent without the need for hard substratum (Holt ''et al.'', 1997<ref>HOLT T., HARTNOLL R. & HAWKINS S., 19
  69 KB (10,049 words) - 18:34, 7 March 2023
• Gravel Beaches
  ...to replenish [[Coast erosion|eroding beaches]], often in conjunction with structures such as rock or wooden [[groynes]] or offshore breakwaters. This is because ...n the supply of sediment from one point to another. However, where marine structures are constructed which cut of the supply from further up the coast, comparis
  40 KB (6,109 words) - 17:19, 24 February 2023
• Wave energy converters in coastal structures
  ...e designed to withstand. This will be the case, in particular, for all the structures built in shallow water where the depth imposes the maximal amplitude becaus These structures need therefore to be modernized and adapted to [[climate change]]. Adaptati
  20 KB (3,003 words) - 15:51, 25 February 2023
• Sand by-pass systems
  ...e classical processes of accretion of sediment at the up drift side of the structures and the erosion at the down drift side will start right after the construct ...jetty. Sediment will pass the structure. One of the main functions of the structures, stopping the sediment transport, is then not fulfilled anymore.)
  15 KB (2,517 words) - 18:13, 18 January 2022
• Wave overtopping
  ...=E18>EurOtop, 2018. Manual on wave overtopping of sea defences and related structures. An overtopping manual largely based on European research, but for worldwid ...roved guidance on roughness and crest width in overtopping of rubble mound structures along EurOtop. Coastal Engineering 176, 104152</ref>). The general form of
  7 KB (1,059 words) - 17:19, 24 January 2024
• Threats to Coral Reefs: the Effects of Chemical Pollution
  ...rowth form, including excessive sclerite production to form granuloma-like structures, and [[coral bleaching|bleaching]]. Bleaching is caused by loss of zooxanth ...ellular physiological effects of the MV Kyowa violet fuel-oil spill on the hard coral, Porites lobata. Environ Toxicol Chem., 25(12), 3171-3180.]</ref>. Wh
  20 KB (2,870 words) - 09:27, 7 October 2022
• Climate adaptation measures for the coastal zone
  ...elf-regulating capacity) against climate change impacts than hard man-made structures. ...tion measures aim to limit damage if (natural or manmade) flood protection structures fail or are overtopped by extreme water levels<ref name=I>IPCC, 2011. Summa
  30 KB (4,609 words) - 12:46, 15 November 2023
• Case study Northern Devon
  ...t1.2.pdf. Fisheries governance and the social processes that make up these structures are highly dynamic and this table should be read with that in mind.]'' ...this FLAG there is an aspiration across different sectors to build on the hard won successes in terms of representative capacity and relationships forged.
  14 KB (2,062 words) - 21:50, 1 August 2019
• Case study North Norfolk
  ...t1.2.pdf. Fisheries governance and the social processes that make up these structures are highly dynamic and this table should be read with that in mind.]'' Yet the FLAG has to work hard to overcome an historical apathy for collective action and the natural indi
  13 KB (1,935 words) - 21:50, 1 August 2019
• Rocky shore habitat
  ...very hot temperatures. Especially animals with a small body weight have a hard time. .... The light that is not used or dissipated can cause damage to subcellular structures.
  23 KB (3,539 words) - 22:36, 14 March 2021
• Coral Molecular Biomarkers
  ...ying such data to understanding their effects on populations and community structures and functions (Richmond 2004). Ecotoxicology aims to predict the effects o ...er discharge, fungicides, herbicides, construction materials of waterfront structures, and heat exchangers in power plants (Victor & Richmond 2005).
  50 KB (7,106 words) - 12:42, 14 September 2020
• Coastal hydrodynamic and morphodynamic processes and engineering
  * [[Wave impact]] – stability of structures under wave attack * [[Turbulence]] – generation, coherent flow structures, dissipation, Kolmogorov theory, spectrum, shear stress, diffusion, mixing
  20 KB (2,422 words) - 12:26, 20 February 2024
• Morphology of estuaries
  **Channel fixation. Channel fixation by artificial embankments or other hard structures impedes the natural propensity of tidal channels to migrate and erode chann ...determined not only by river discharge, but also by the presence of sills (hard outcrops) in the channel bed. A more detailed discussion is presented in [[
  87 KB (13,505 words) - 12:18, 20 January 2024
• Harbour porpoise in the Belgian part of the North Sea
  ...of an adult harbor porpoise (''Phocoena phocoena'') head showing the nasal structures and the position of the larynx (LA). (a) overview. (b) detail of boxed area ...of fish who in their turn are attracted by the new habitats formed by the hard substrate of the foundations of the wind turbines (reef effect). Another pl
  77 KB (11,773 words) - 16:58, 17 February 2024
• Sand-filled geosystems in coastal engineering
  ...at attention has turned to the use of these materials on permanent coastal structures. Before they have been mostly applied on temporary and emergency works. Exp ..., J. (2007). Hydraulic stability of geotextile sand containers for coastal structures - effect of deformations and stability formulae, PhD Thesis: Leichtweiβ In
  33 KB (4,961 words) - 17:31, 20 May 2020
• Decision Support Systems for coastal risk assessment and management
  ...de a Digital Terrain model (Fig. 2) – as detailed as possible; hydraulic structures and infrastructures position, geometry; map of land-use including critical ...orities (municipalities, regional governments, ministry) and scattered and hard to obtain, due to miscommunication among the owners and confidentiality iss
  17 KB (2,405 words) - 11:54, 20 February 2024
• Extreme storms
  ...undation, beach or shore erosion, as well as damages to coastal protection structures or to infrastructure of developed coastal areas (see Figs. 1a-1f). The most ...the toe of structures protecting coastal areas and wave battering of such structures<ref name=Stull></ref>.
  25 KB (3,812 words) - 20:36, 18 September 2023
• Rhythmic shoreline features
  ...ath>L</math> is sometimes dictated by external constraints like human-made structures (e.g., groins or breakwaters, see Figure 1a) or the inherited geology (e.g ...eral orders of magnitude, roughly from 1 m to 100 km (see Figure 2). It is hard to think that they simply come out of random processes and their simplicity
  41 KB (6,530 words) - 10:19, 3 July 2022
• Swash zone dynamics
  ...us, the morphology is influenced by the presence of dunes, cliffs and hard structures at the landward extent of the beach, by conditions in the inner surf one, n
  32 KB (4,942 words) - 12:58, 5 April 2021
• Estuarine ecosystems
  ...g. 3). These mudflats are less suitable for organisms with an affinity for hard substratum but provide an important habitat for a range of burrowing invert ...s and marinas) are usually located right at the waterfront with supporting structures (roads, railways) that cut off the connections with the upper shore habitat
  22 KB (3,117 words) - 23:14, 20 January 2024
• Threats to cold water coral reefs, sand banks and seagrass habitats in the North Sea by climate change effects
  '''Reefs''' are hard mineral substrates such as rocks, till, or stones, primarily moraine ridges * biogenic hard substrates such as honeycomb (Sabellaria) reefs and mussel banks are presen
  14 KB (2,043 words) - 18:40, 7 March 2023
• Coastal and marine sediments
  ...rtz and clay minerals. Quartz is the only common rock mineral that is both hard (resistant to abrasion) and chemically stable at the Earth's surface. This ...ite CaAl₂Si₂O₈. These minerals are fairly hard, often with pink, white, or grey in color. About 40% of the lithosphere con
  56 KB (8,246 words) - 17:33, 30 December 2023
• Hard coastal protection structures
  ...ardening in the US. Front. Ecol. Environ. 13: 301–307</ref>, and coastal structures exist along 9.4% of the coastline in the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage ...ki articles are indicated where a more detailed discussion of hard coastal structures can be found. Large parts of this article are taken from the coastal engine
  15 KB (2,145 words) - 16:46, 27 September 2021
• Dealing with coastal erosion
  ===Shoreline stabilisation with hard measures=== ...the net littoral drift <math>S(x)</math> along the shoreline for different hard interventions, such as groynes or detached breakwaters.]]
  18 KB (2,830 words) - 16:57, 26 August 2022
• Hard shoreline protection structures
  #Redirect[[Hard coastal protection structures]]
  47 bytes (5 words) - 18:59, 21 February 2019
• Shore protection, coast protection and sea defence methods
  #Redirect[[Hard coastal protection structures]]
  47 bytes (5 words) - 19:09, 21 February 2019
• Nature-based shore protection
  Nature can offer shore protection in addition to or instead of manmade hard structures. Nature-based shore protection is provided by living shorelines that genera ...ewed the functionality of natural barriers as nature-based coastal defence structures. Their analyses and syntheses demonstrated the following: ''a) coastal habi
  69 KB (10,397 words) - 17:04, 17 April 2024
• Classification of sandy coastlines
  ...ve exposure. The geomorphological processes associated with these physical structures are also fundamental to the way in which the more dynamic habitats and ecos ...alt with in [[Dealing with coastal erosion]] and [[Hard coastal protection structures]].
  17 KB (2,622 words) - 20:46, 31 March 2021
• Stability of rubble mound breakwaters and shore revetments
  Extensive treatments on the stability of shore protection structures under the influence of waves and currents can be found in the ''Rock Manual ...ial reefs]] and [[Sand-filled geosystems in coastal engineering]]. Coastal structures can influence the shoreline morphology in several ways; this influence is d
  53 KB (8,270 words) - 18:27, 26 March 2024
• Sand spit
  ...currently sediment starved, after the protection of the promontory with a hard seawall. The sand spit is thinning and moving southward, causing erosion of ...depending on the type of morphodynamic feedback. Self-organized shoreline structures can also develop at low-angle wave incidence, triggered by other processes,
  11 KB (1,784 words) - 16:25, 9 May 2023
• Ecological enhancement of coastal protection structures
  ...n of ecosystems that reinforce the shore protection function of artificial structures. Examples discussed in this article are ecological enhancement with reef bu ...coastal stretches around the world have been armored with hard protection structures. For example, 14% of the United States coastline (Popkin, 2015<ref>Popkin,
  16 KB (2,325 words) - 21:09, 31 March 2024
• Shoreline retreat and recovery
  ..., especially in cases where the beach is backed by a natural or artificial hard structure. ...ots result from wave focusing through refraction over offshore bathymetric structures<ref>Healy, T.R. 1987. The importance of wave focusing in the coastal erosio
  29 KB (4,526 words) - 12:45, 24 April 2024
• Coral islands
  ...been degraded, recovery is more beneficial than technical repair with hard structures, in both environmental and cost aspects<ref name=F14/>. Recovery of the ree
  8 KB (1,229 words) - 20:45, 2 April 2024
• Wave collision on a vertical wall
  ...k has been believed to be a water hammer shock. When a metal hammer hits a hard wall an elastic compression wave will travel with the sound velocity from t ...>Kamel, A.M. 1968. Shock pressure caused by waves breaking against coastal structures. US Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Res. Rep. H- 68- 2</ref>).
  7 KB (1,237 words) - 19:00, 10 January 2023
• Wave transmission by low-crested breakwaters
  |definition= Low-crested breakwaters are manmade wave damping structures in nearshore waters with crest level just above or just below the still wat ...of incoming waves and thereby protect beaches against erosion. While these structures only partially reduce incoming waves, they offer several advantages over hi
  8 KB (1,271 words) - 19:43, 31 March 2024
• Beachrock
  |definition= Beachrocks are hard coastal sedimentary formations consisting of various beach sediments, lithi ...dern beachrock alters beach morphology in a way similar to hard artificial structures by modifying longshore and cross-shore sediment transport, see e.g. [[Detac
  5 KB (698 words) - 21:23, 6 April 2024