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• Definitions of coastal terms
  ...ich the upstream part of an estuary or a lagoon slowly transform into land areas. ...cesses. The main types of coastal features are dunes, cliffs and low-lying areas, possibly protected by dikes or seawalls.
  79 KB (11,862 words) - 21:40, 1 April 2024
• Coastal Hydrodynamics And Transport Processes
  ...s at the site and the possible variations over the site plus the adjoining areas ...n preliminary design considerations for artificial beaches and reclamation areas fronted by natural slopes.
  29 KB (4,518 words) - 11:18, 6 July 2020
• Natural causes of coastal erosion
  ...n this way causes accumulative shore and shoal features in the deposition areas, at the expense of the downstream coast. An example of this is the Skaw Spi
  14 KB (2,169 words) - 17:21, 26 August 2022
• Human causes of coastal erosion
  ...astline. The result is that the erosion has been shifted to less resistant areas resulting in higher area losses per year. ...irs which retain a large part of the sediment discharge from the catchment areas (Fig.5). Perhaps the best-known example of coastal erosion related to sedi
  29 KB (4,651 words) - 22:27, 2 July 2022
• Seawall
  |definition= A structure separating land and water areas. It is designed to prevent coastal erosion and other damage due to wave act
  3 KB (523 words) - 13:06, 30 December 2022
• Statistical description of wave parameters
  ...H. 2022. A global evaluation of the JONSWAP spectra suitability on coastal areas. Ocean Engineering 266, 112756</ref>. ...sediment transport in the coastal zone. Waves originating from different areas may have different spectra. The directional spread of incoming waves for a
  24 KB (3,898 words) - 13:12, 23 November 2023
• Currents
  ...is strongest at large water depths away from the coastline and in confined areas, such as straits and tidal inlets. ...blem is that the sheltered areas will be exposed to sedimentation and such areas must, therefore, be avoided when planning small ports.
  14 KB (2,112 words) - 14:00, 20 January 2024
• FUTURECOAST project, UK
  ...one particular element of the coast is influenced by evolution in adjacent areas. Often these influences extend in a number of directions, thereby further c ...that are unlikely to alter significantly, i.e. hard rock coasts, and those areas that are susceptible to change, i.e. soft coasts.
  20 KB (3,041 words) - 12:04, 7 September 2020
• Threats to the coastal zone
  ...an demand of resources from the sea is increasing, particularly in coastal areas. ...ng sites, and agricultural and recreational areas, while utilising coastal areas as a dumping ground for sewage, garbage, and toxic wastes. The pressure on
  27 KB (4,061 words) - 18:28, 21 February 2024
• Coastal pollution and impacts
  ...levated concentrations in the seabed in areas where this material settles. Areas, which are also close to direct sources of input, are doubly at risk for ex
  26 KB (3,841 words) - 16:44, 20 February 2024
• Total economic value in coastal management practice
  ...sensus on regulations for coastal management. The issue of valuing coastal areas is not unique. Any management of publicly-owned natural systems and resourc Not all services provided by coastal areas are subject to externalities. Services not subject to external effects are
  11 KB (1,658 words) - 18:45, 3 March 2024
• Policy in Poland
  ...ction, extension and maintenance of the flood protection system of coastal areas, including repair of damages of this system;
  3 KB (382 words) - 22:57, 29 July 2019
• Transport and dispersion of pollutants, nutrients, tracers in mixed nearshore water
  ...or the interpretation of statistics of passive tracers released in coastal areas.
  19 KB (2,775 words) - 16:03, 7 October 2021
• Analysis of coastal processes with Empirical Orthogonal Functions
  ...he studied seabed domain), the components <math>e_{ki}</math> indicate the areas of highest variability.
  25 KB (4,098 words) - 15:59, 20 November 2021
• Blue carbon sequestration
  ...getation, sometimes over 10 000 km² in size. The most extensive areas are found in the tropics, where ''Thalassia'' is the dominant seagrass genu ...concept of mitigating climate change on a global scale by using all ocean areas potentially suitable for seaweed farming to produce vast amounts of algal b
  41 KB (6,267 words) - 13:40, 21 April 2024
• Tidal asymmetry and tidal inlet morphodynamics
  ...ronger due to the generation of shallow-water overtides in shallow coastal areas with a large semidiurnal tidal range (dominated by M2). The distortion of ==Tidal wave deformation in the presence of friction and intertidal areas==
  53 KB (8,417 words) - 12:56, 20 January 2024
• Common biomarkers for the assessment of marine pollution
  ...ion|polluted]] marine areas, while higher ones less [[pollution|polluted]] areas.
  24 KB (3,412 words) - 18:18, 5 November 2019
• Use of Lidar for coastal habitat mapping
  ...using Lidar in the coastal zone is its capacity of rapidly covering large areas which are otherwise difficult to survey with more conventional tools. Than ...ill not be applicable in areas with chronic moderate to high turbidity. In areas where the turbidity may be variable over a wide range of values, it is crit
  15 KB (2,393 words) - 22:55, 9 October 2023
• Environmental risk assessment of marine activities
  ...nd Farquhar, D. (1999). ''Identification of Marine Environmental High Risk Areas (MEHRA's) in the UK''. Department of the Environment, Transport and the Reg ...ature/legislation/birdsdirective/index_en.htm EC Birds Directive]</ref> or areas with a high value in recreational amenity or commercially exploitable biolo
  36 KB (5,430 words) - 20:20, 18 September 2023
• Case study risk analysis of marine activities in the Belgian part of the North Sea
  ...[[sensitivity]] analysis (see fig. 7) is set up to identify the vulnerable areas in the coastal and marine zone of Belgium. As the interests ([[sensitivity] ...rio in which the tourist and recreational values of the coastal and marine areas have been given special attention (see fig. 8);
  17 KB (2,600 words) - 21:25, 31 July 2019
• North Sea pollution from shipping: legal framework
  ...l areas more stringent discharge standards apply and ports bordering these areas have to supply sufficient receptions facilities. ...ria developed by IMO. The regulation makes it mandatory for ships entering areas covered by ship reporting systems to report in to the coastal authorities g
  52 KB (7,826 words) - 12:32, 12 July 2020
• Submarine groundwater discharge
  ...awater wedge is weak, it can be assumed that the interface between the two areas is sharp (Figure 1a). In such cases, during the winter period, the submarin ...cular diffusion a freshwater-seawater mixing zone is built between the two areas. The mixing causes the salt water in the deeper part of the aquifer to beco
  31 KB (4,626 words) - 12:46, 12 August 2021
• Interpolation of measured grain-size fractions
  ...e DCS. The level of confidence in this area is logically not as high as in areas with sufficient data density.
  9 KB (1,392 words) - 23:03, 16 October 2021
• Definitions, processes and models in morphology
  ...g yields enormous quantities of polluted sediments for which safe disposal areas on land or in the aquatic system have to be found. Information of sediments
  11 KB (1,603 words) - 22:20, 1 July 2020
• Coastal meteorology
  ...m through blocking and actually enhance precipitation and winds in coastal areas. Increased friction over the land decreases the surface winds, which cause
  14 KB (2,127 words) - 15:18, 7 April 2022
• Land-ocean interaction in the coastal zone
  ...ogy, of the coastal zone since 1993. Beginning in 2003, LOICZ expanded its areas of research to include social, political and economic sciences so that its The coastal Zone is one of the priority areas where society urgently needs advanced governance systems to set the stage f
  13 KB (1,995 words) - 17:08, 20 September 2020
• The Capacity Building Concept
  ...alised agencies were supposed to actively support capacity building in the areas for which they were technically qualified e.g. FAO in the rural sector and ...ltative Meeting on Training in Integrated Management of Coastal and Marine Areas for Sustainable Development, Sassari, Sardinia, Italy, 21-23 June, 1993. Un
  10 KB (1,426 words) - 15:36, 4 October 2021
• Formal Capacity Building
  ...as the tool to achieve the [[Sustainable Development]] of European coastal areas. ...entists. Therefore, human capacity building efforts need to be made in two areas:
  12 KB (1,722 words) - 15:10, 5 October 2021
• Video technology
  ...ing across a seabed covered with vegetation. The scene itself contains few areas with similar properties, there are many details, changes in light and colou
  14 KB (2,315 words) - 22:50, 29 June 2019
• The Integrated approach to Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)
  ...oastal spaces also support unique and especially fragile ecosystems, being areas of great environmental and aesthetic value. ...[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_Protection_Areas Special Protection Areas] designated under the [https://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/legislation/
  10 KB (1,378 words) - 13:00, 14 July 2020
• EU ICZM Recommendation
  ...isparity of natural systems and human activities with an impact on coastal areas
  3 KB (392 words) - 11:38, 1 August 2019
• Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM)
  ...eded to meet these objectives. It means integration of all relevant policy areas, sectors, and levels of administration. It means integration of the terrest ...climate change, which has far-reaching consequences for low-lying coastal areas, in many cases exceeds the local scale in terms of extent and complexity. A
  29 KB (3,962 words) - 20:24, 18 September 2023
• UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
  ...e idea that the sea could not be claimed by anyone contrary to terrestrial areas which are the only territories that can be occupied by a nation. The book w ...untries gradually gave up their claims on national sovereignty of maritime areas. From the XVIII^th century, the legislation for the sea started t
  30 KB (4,800 words) - 16:57, 1 February 2024
• Birds Directive, Habitats Directive, NATURA 2000
  All areas that are protected under the Birds and Habitats Directives form an ecologic NATURA 2000 is a network of protected areas across the EU, which was established in 1992.
  7 KB (1,054 words) - 15:00, 7 October 2021
• Floating breakwaters
  ...ctures for marinas in semi-protected areas. They are especially suited for areas where the tidal range is high, as they follow the water-level. Floating bre ...mpared to conventional fixed breakwaters. They can be effective in coastal areas with mild wave environment conditions (significant wave height not much gre
  16 KB (2,356 words) - 15:28, 30 March 2024
• Harmful algal bloom
  ...na, but these events can be favoured by anthropogenic pressures in coastal areas. It is not known exactly how toxin producing algae develop. What is known, ...storms or coastal upwelling, enabling (re)colonisation of existing and new areas. Advection and dispersion of HABs, increasing turbulent shear forces breaki
  23 KB (3,458 words) - 22:27, 12 February 2024
• Stakeholder analysis
  ...r the concepts in the diagrams (for instance: more safety in the catchment areas), and then Quasta explores scenarios which are ''consistent'' with these di ...language was Spanish and the topic of discussion was restricted management areas for fisheries. The second workshop was part of the project 'Sustainable liv
  7 KB (1,007 words) - 17:34, 13 July 2020
• Decision support tools
  ...ment, for example, to specify and prioritize vulnerable locations and risk areas based on multiple criteria or to support the development of flood and salt ...king vulnerabilities of coastal sections and helps identify the vulnerable areas that require protection measures.
  12 KB (1,735 words) - 20:16, 18 September 2023
• Value Transfer
  * Coastal areas provides public goods and services, which generates difficulties for their
  6 KB (864 words) - 17:19, 15 July 2020
• Ballast water
  ...causes a massive spread of marine organisms from their native habitats to areas where they do not naturally occur. Ballast water is therefore widely regard * Guidelines on designation of areas for ballast water exchange (G14) (resolution MEPC.151(55));
  23 KB (3,270 words) - 21:49, 20 December 2023
• Effects of global climate change on European marine biodiversity
  ...corridors, which may restrict northward displacement of organisms in these areas.<ref name="Nicholls"> Nicholls, R.J.; Klein,R.J.T. (2005). Climate change a
  16 KB (2,428 words) - 13:04, 21 February 2024
• Measurements of biodiversity
  ...n communities, or in very harsh environments, but less adequate for larger areas, higher diversity or higher number of individuals<ref name=A21>Antao, L.H.,
  49 KB (7,689 words) - 12:26, 4 March 2024
• Biodiversity in the European Seas
  ...ts of the sea makes it extremely productive and one of the most productive areas in the world, with a wide range of [[plankton]], fish, seabirds and benthic ...e Atlantic Ocean. The morphology of the sea floor is dominated by two deep areas on both sides of the Mid Atlantic Ridge with depths down to 5 000 m and a s
  26 KB (3,907 words) - 18:35, 21 February 2024
• Sampling tools for the marine environment
  ...l proportion of these have the ability to effectively collect samples from areas of relatively coarse sediments which are characteristic of dredging sites. ...recommended for the collection of qualitative samples as a last resort in areas of coarse, unconsolidated sediments which are too rough or uneven to permit
  21 KB (3,409 words) - 22:24, 20 August 2020
• Contingent Valuation Method
  ...rces such as the protection of natural parks or [[biodiversity]] sensitive areas, which play an important role in guaranteeing the protection of local wildl ...., with and without the policy. Interdisciplinary work with other research areas, namely the biological sciences, is recommended;
  18 KB (2,682 words) - 23:08, 28 February 2022
• Impacts from maritime transport
  ...osed for fishing and shellfish extraction, and in most cases, the affected areas would not be re-opened until a few months later. When the Prestige sank, i
  9 KB (1,422 words) - 15:35, 20 September 2020
• Impacts originating from the tourism sector
  Direct effects are highly relevant in nearby areas from which leisure ports obtain supplies. In contrast, apart from other eff
  24 KB (3,485 words) - 17:12, 10 July 2020
• Impacts caused by increasing urbanization
  ...sures in the Mediterranean results from increasing urbanization of coastal areas. This article illustrates the entity of the phenomena and of values interes ...tries covered in this study. In the 30 years to 2000 densities in coastal areas increased by 49 percent, ranging from a low of 5 percent in Croatia, to a h
  16 KB (2,380 words) - 17:04, 15 July 2020
• Values of amenities in coastal zones
  ...The latter are divided into people that visit the coast or live in coastal areas but not in close proximity to the sea, and people that want to see the coas ...bly between the two sites. The Lido Di Dante has three relatively distinct areas, varying by the levels of development – the least developed end is the mo
  28 KB (4,449 words) - 22:00, 1 September 2020
• Marine Spatial Planning - the need for a common language
  ...as been placed on managing the multiple use of marine space, especially in areas where conflicts among users and the environment are already clear as, for e ...r protect marine [[biodiversity]], is through the delineation of protected areas in which human pressure is reduced or excluded. Today not only economic and
  36 KB (5,342 words) - 18:20, 16 February 2024
• Introduction of public participation
  ...the EU this principle means that they do not take action “(except in the areas which fall within its exclusive competence) unless it is more effective tha ...g the loss of natural habitat, by for example introducing Marine Protected Areas.
  19 KB (2,911 words) - 15:49, 8 August 2021
• Eutrophication in coastal environments
  ...[[seagrass]] meadows and perennial macroalgae, which are important nursery areas for coastal fish populations; ...ed area plays a role: small areas are recolonised more quickly than larger areas.
  18 KB (2,538 words) - 12:37, 30 March 2022
• Ocean acidification
  ...how neutral or positive responses. It also appears that bivalves in warmer areas may be more sensitive to low <math>pH</math>. ...ury CO₂ levels. Though CO₂ stimulates growth in some areas, coccolithophores in general are projected to be more lightly calcified und
  23 KB (3,325 words) - 17:13, 22 April 2024
• Mangroves
  ...is used for trees and shrubs that are found in shallow, sandy or [[mud]]dy areas (Karleskint, 1998<ref name=K98>Karleskint G. 1998. Introduction to marine b ...n located close to the water's edge, where frequent tidal flooding occurs. Areas that receive shallow flooding during high tide are home to mangrove species
  42 KB (6,310 words) - 17:09, 21 April 2024
• Seagrass meadows
  ...0. Seagrass Ecology. Cambridge University Press.</ref>. The most extensive areas are found in the tropics. The total area covered by seagrass meadows global ...ropean waters. There are several distinct areas of seagrass meadows. These areas are the Indo-Pacific region, the seas around Japan and Australia, the centr
  37 KB (5,414 words) - 20:23, 24 December 2023
• Ecological thresholds and regime shifts
  ...of estuaries|Coastal lagoons]] and enclosed seas often have large drainage areas relative to the sea surface. For example, the drainage area of the Baltic
  13 KB (1,919 words) - 12:33, 2 March 2024
• Marine habitats and ecosystems
  ...[[seagrass]]es protect the coastlines from wave action and erosion. Other areas provide sediment sinks or act as filtering systems.
  4 KB (622 words) - 14:39, 24 September 2022
• Experiences with beach nourishments in Portugal
  ...tative Studies for Hazard and Risk Assessment, and for Planning of Coastal Areas''. Colectânea de Ideias sobre a Zona Costeira de Portugal, Associação Eu In littoral areas, huge amounts of sediment were dredged for works in other places, including
  37 KB (5,937 words) - 18:06, 18 January 2022
• Application and use of underwater video
  ...ten less. Due to this (and camera resolution limitations) relatively small areas are imaged compared to for example side-scan sonar.
  14 KB (2,095 words) - 13:21, 7 December 2023
• Geographical Information System (GIS)
  GIS technology can be utilised in all areas dealing with georeferenced information, including: *and many other areas.
  6 KB (875 words) - 16:53, 5 October 2021
• Public participation legislation
  ...lamation of land. These measures have been a necessity for living in these areas for centuries. Managing such activities calls for public involvement and th ...on or control do not cause damage to the environment of other States or of areas beyond the limits of national jurisdiction”.
  17 KB (2,514 words) - 15:57, 17 February 2024
• Pollution prevention, detection and mitigation in European coastal waters
  ...n activities. There are many sources of nutrient runoffs : unsewered urban areas, construction sites, combustion of fossil fuels by traffic, industries and ...n is more restricted and limited to specific coastal and adjacent offshore areas, especially in the Adriatic, Gulf of Lion and northern Aegean Sea. The main
  26 KB (3,940 words) - 16:24, 20 February 2024
• Continental shelf habitat
  * [[Rocky Shores|Hard-bottom communities]] occur in areas with strong currents. Because of the strong flows, the bottom consists of c * [[Sandy Shores|Soft-bottom communities]] occur in areas with weak currents. The seabed consists of fine sediments (fine sand, silt,
  11 KB (1,602 words) - 18:32, 22 February 2021
• Methodologies for assessing the capacity needs in ICZM
  ...s according to how they perceived their skills in the four core competency areas, namely: project program management, professional skills, ICM practice and * Areas to Enhance
  9 KB (1,232 words) - 17:52, 28 August 2020
• Mariculture
  ...eygondeau G, Wabnitz CCC, Troell M, Cheung WWL (2018) Global estimation of areas with suitable environmental conditions for mariculture species. PLoS ONE 13 Mariculture can play an important role, especially in rural areas, for food security, economic and social welfare.
  46 KB (6,591 words) - 18:12, 4 May 2024
• Current status of public participation in ICZM
  ...olvement of stakeholders in steering groups for the re-arrangement of dune areas or nature reserves In some geographical areas, there is specific information and knowledge available to the public, but n
  93 KB (13,500 words) - 15:11, 7 October 2021
• Effects of fisheries on marine biodiversity
  ...ic level]] of reported catches had declined over the years. For all marine areas, the trend has been a decline in the mean trophic level of the fisheries la ...on of sediment may affect the settlement and feeding of the biota in other areas<ref name="Jennings1998"/>. The effects of sediment resuspension include the
  33 KB (4,853 words) - 13:29, 1 February 2024
• Sand dune - Country Report, Great Britain
  ...owever, there are approximately 56,000ha of blown sand deposits, including areas afforested or otherwise affected by human use, which have not destroyed the ...considerable range of variation that exists between different geographical areas.
  30 KB (4,524 words) - 12:53, 23 June 2022
• Sand dune - Country Report, Sweden
  ...etter forms of the vegetation ''Salix arenaria'' may be dominant. In other areas, ''Empetrum nigrum'' may be present. ...increasing recreational pressure. ''Rosa rugosa'' is present in some dune areas and may be a long-term management problem.
  8 KB (1,254 words) - 09:29, 30 July 2019
• ALGADEC - Detection of toxic algae with a semi-automated nucleic acid biosensor
  ...utomatic detection of the different toxic algae species in three different areas in Europe: Skagerrak in Norway, the Galician coast in Spain and the area of
  10 KB (1,507 words) - 21:32, 1 September 2020
• Socio-economic evaluation
  ...asures the recreational value that visitors place on particular recreation areas (parks, beaches, woodland etc.). It is assumed that the costs in terms of t ...he environment effect). It is also possible to analyse differences between areas with the same type of property but with one important difference in environ
  10 KB (1,533 words) - 18:38, 3 March 2024
• Overexploitation
  ...abitat|open ocean]] or pelagic ecosystems, but also coastal and intertidal areas <ref>Thompson, R.C., Crowe, T.P. and Hawkins, S.J. 2002. Rocky intertidal ...cal conservation strategies, such as the designation of [[Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)]] and Marine Reserves and regulations regarding fishing gear and fis
  14 KB (2,013 words) - 13:06, 6 March 2022
• Salt marshes
  ...for their growth in height and width, saltmarsh communities can develop in areas with limited or no sediment supply. Examples include seawater-drenched clif ...Perennial species also benefit from establishment by seeds to colonize new areas. Conditions favorable for germination include a minimum bed level, where di
  28 KB (4,120 words) - 21:17, 24 April 2024
• Science-Policy Interaction
  ...extent to which knowledge exchange has successfully occurred, and identify areas and options for future improvement.
  24 KB (3,360 words) - 13:16, 2 February 2023
• Tsunami
  ...<http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/hazard/tsu_db.shtml></ref>. In low-lying coastal areas (less than 10 m elevation above mean sea level) tsunamis can penetrate seve ...Tsunami's are very rare events for each specific coastal location, even in areas that are very sensitive to submarine earthquakes. Experimental information
  28 KB (4,414 words) - 12:41, 25 April 2024
• The Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR)
  Key areas of research include:
  5 KB (737 words) - 22:49, 21 August 2020
• Human activities and nature conservation conflicts at the Kenyan coastline
  ..._fig2.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Figure 2: Mangrove creeks are highly productive areas providing fish and other products for subsistence and for the local market. ...try are therefore located next or adjacent to beach environments. In some areas, such as the coastal strip around Mombasa, the rapid development of tourism
  16 KB (2,479 words) - 14:59, 9 September 2020
• Thermohaline circulation of the oceans
  ...y occur during a Southern Ocean event (Fig. 4). In many sensitive coastal areas the sea-level rise could be over 1 meter. It is important to note that thi ...with more than five million people are located in these low-lying coastal areas.
  23 KB (3,524 words) - 17:38, 22 December 2020
• Bathymetry German Bight from X-band radar
  It is possible to determine the bathymetry of a shallow coastal areas using radar data. This article discusses measurements carried out during st ...ere the depth is clearly underestimated. The underestimation of the deeper areas is the main reason for the inclination of the trend lines from the y=x line
  11 KB (1,665 words) - 16:35, 28 January 2024
• Flood risk analysis study at the German Bight Coast
  ...n mean high tide (Mhwl) are a major factor inducing flood risks in coastal areas in Germany. The water level in the North Sea depends primarily on tides and ...ision, as it is possible to identify the actual existing conditions in the areas at risk on an object orientated level. This approach is however costly in t
  25 KB (3,734 words) - 11:46, 17 February 2024
• Non-native species invasions
  ...e of species invasion. Non-native species are found primarily in disturbed areas, such as harbours, bays, [[estuaries]] and semi-enclosed seas where the com ...from their physical re-location but by offering a way for its dispersal to areas that it wouldn’t be able to reach if the conditions were not changed. Suc
  27 KB (3,914 words) - 12:54, 21 February 2024
• Baltic Sea
  ...other side, the flora and fauna of the Baltic is unusual in that there are areas in which freshwater, brackish water and marine species co-exist. For exampl
  14 KB (2,085 words) - 15:24, 20 September 2020
• Carrying capacity and development of the Wadden Sea
  ...e and there is little space left for alternative locations or compensation areas. The aim of this article is to identify ways to handle some of the developm ...ecological status’ in water bodies including estuaries and coastal zone areas.
  11 KB (1,721 words) - 12:53, 6 March 2022
• Accretion and erosion for different coastal types
  ...astward LDR of 5. This means that the transition section between these two areas will receive 5, but 10 will leave this section, which means a deficit of 5 ...s on the magnitude of the port and on the area and volume of the sheltered areas compared to the littoral drift rates. The sediment budgets for the initial
  10 KB (1,662 words) - 18:11, 18 January 2022
• Coastal cities and sea level rise
  ...: 3592</ref> shows that in 2020, 197–347 million people lived in coastal areas less than 2 m above sea level, of which 59% in tropical Asia and 10% in tro ...ban areas situated below the high water level at sea; more inland situated areas are also affected because an increasing sea level reduces the discharge cap
  51 KB (7,528 words) - 12:22, 22 January 2024
• Human Capacity Building
  ...entists. Therefore, Human Capacity Building efforts need to be made in two areas:
  5 KB (727 words) - 17:25, 28 August 2020
• Overview of Coastal Habitat Protection and Restoration in the United States
  ...across the board assessment of the condition and use of coastal and marine areas and resources and the efficiency and effectiveness of their governance. The ===Protected Areas Programs===
  15 KB (2,251 words) - 12:40, 8 October 2021
• Coastal Barrier Resources System
  ...mapped and incorporated into the Coastal Barrier Resources System (CBRS). Areas so designated are ineligible for direct or indirect Federal expenditures an ...ple that taxpayers should not subsidize or bear the risk of development in areas highly vulnerable to coastal hazards.
  8 KB (1,102 words) - 10:11, 25 July 2020
• Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary – Case Study
  Most marine areas within the US’s National Marine Sanctuary Program (NMSP) are open to some • To maintain areas for visitor, spiritual, and recreational opportunities which include cultur
  12 KB (1,771 words) - 10:09, 25 July 2020
• Number of marine species
  ...ands more awaiting formal descriptions. They further discovered and mapped areas in the ocean where marine species congregate, and documented long-term and
  7 KB (963 words) - 11:01, 29 February 2024
• Species extinction
  ...e suitable range of many species. Such changes have made highly productive areas, such as up-welling regions, become less productive due to changes in the [ ...na'') are highly endangered or extinct throughout their small distribution areas.
  25 KB (3,716 words) - 18:44, 23 February 2024
• Chesepeake Bay Program
  ...contaminants require major changes in land use, in the management of urban areas and in agricultural practices. Resent research has demonstrated that a maj
  14 KB (2,018 words) - 10:10, 25 July 2020
• Clean Water Act
  ...at this approach was producing increasingly severe water pollution in some areas and was not reducing pollution in others. After many years of debate a con
  11 KB (1,629 words) - 10:10, 25 July 2020
• US National Estuarine Research Reserve System
  ...gned to promote coastal stewardship. As of 2008, this network of protected areas includes 27 reserves. The program oversees more than one million acres (4, ...facilities and acquire new properties. As a national system of protected areas, the NERRS conducts the following core programs at each site:
  6 KB (789 words) - 18:08, 2 January 2021
• US National Wildlife Refuge System
  ...rgest and most ecologically comprehensive series of fully-protected marine areas under unified conservation management in the world. [[Category: Protected coastal and marine areas]]
  5 KB (723 words) - 14:02, 2 March 2023
• US Army Corps of Engineers’ Coastal Programs
  ...tion with the Corps. A major challenge of the program is determining which areas qualify for wetland protection. A [https://www.lrh.usace.army.mil/Portals/3 The USACE’s civil works in coastal regions fall into three broad areas: water infrastructure, environmental management and restoration, and respon
  9 KB (1,363 words) - 09:56, 25 July 2020
• US Sea Grant College Program
  ...n into sustained responses to those topics within the localized geographic areas where each university operates. The experiences of each member institution .../www.nsgo.seagrant.org/SG_Themes/sg_theme_areas.html</ref>. Thematic focus areas gather the intellectual resources from throughout the national network, sha
  10 KB (1,403 words) - 10:19, 25 July 2020
• Algal bloom dynamics
  ...y and Oceanography 63: 392-409</ref>). Algae blooms can extend over large areas, as illustrated in Fig. 1. ...ic]] phytoplankton. Organic matter and nutrients are stored in the soil in areas where net sedimentation occurs, but otherwise the recycling of nutrients in
  42 KB (6,475 words) - 18:18, 12 February 2024
• Marine Plankton
  ...s known as nitrogen fixation. It provides a valuable source of nitrogen in areas of the oceans where it is otherwise absent.
  34 KB (5,059 words) - 17:27, 25 April 2024
• Mediterranean seagrass ecosystem
  ...s. ''P. oceanica'' beds cover between 25,000 and 50,000 km2 of the coastal areas of the Mediterranean, corresponding to 25% of the sea bottom at depths betw ...ganic matter and nourishing salts than adjacent sediment of the bare sandy areas, and an army of different suspension-feeding animals such as feather stars,
  37 KB (5,390 words) - 17:55, 24 February 2023
• TBT and Imposex
  ...25 m, the contamination levels are still a concern, particularly close to areas of intense boating and associated activities, such as fishing and commercia ...enomenon was reported and for different species of snails, particularly in areas of intense maritime traffic. So far, imposex and [[TBT and intersex in peri
  13 KB (1,911 words) - 16:42, 1 September 2020
• A review of biodiversity-ecosystem function research
  ...arge data sets which are already available for many marine and terrestrial areas <ref name ="Raffaelli"/>.
  23 KB (3,263 words) - 12:54, 6 September 2020
• SPICOSA
  * '''Node 1''' produces reference material in the areas of social assessments, deliberation support tools, and methodology for econ
  5 KB (787 words) - 00:25, 11 November 2018
• WiSAR - Wind retrieval from synthetic aperture radar
  ...also small-scale wind features, which are especially important in coastal areas. However, satellite-borne synthetic aperture radars (SARs) offer this uniqu
  7 KB (1,053 words) - 11:43, 8 September 2020
• Using satellite data for global wave forecasts
  ...in the operational set-up to dissipate the wave energy in the ice covered areas. ...significant wave height on September 3rd 2007 at 0 UTC in the three model areas of the numerical DWD wave forecast system.
  11 KB (1,681 words) - 22:49, 29 June 2019
• Counting seabirds from ships and aircraft
  ...elopment in Germany|offshore wind farms]]. The need to designate protected areas at sea, e.g. according to the EU Wild Birds Directive, as well as shipping ...ies give information on the occurrence of birds in open waters and coastal areas and thus, particular attention is paid on the birds’ foraging behaviour d
  7 KB (1,017 words) - 12:24, 20 February 2024
• Sand dune - Country Report, Spain
  ...egree of soil erosion present in many parts of the northern coast, in many areas as a consequence of logging or withdrawal of Eucalyptus or ''Pinus'' planta ...ales, The Albufera of Valencia being the largest one that still keeps some areas with sand dunes, but the best dunes are part of the Devesa and El Saler sys
  29 KB (4,726 words) - 09:39, 30 July 2019
• Heavy metals
  ...can be unsufficient and the organisms will start showing effects. However, areas which experienced very high heavy metal pollution for centuries (like Restr ...tals introduced in the marine ecosystem are mostly concentrated in coastal areas, near densely populated and industrialized regions. Heavy metals are usuall
  5 KB (725 words) - 11:59, 1 September 2020
• Pollution and pelagic fish
  ...e toxic effects in fish in the 1960s. As they were sprayed on agricultural areas near the coast, the pesticides tended to end up in large doses in nearby ba
  3 KB (459 words) - 16:33, 14 February 2024
• Plastic in the Ocean
  [[Marine debris|Marine debris]] is found in all seas areas of the world – not only in densely populated regions, but also in remote ...tfishing, mainly by derelict fishing gear (e.g. nets) is a problem in many areas around the world. This is when a derelict gear item continues to fish thoug
  6 KB (881 words) - 17:51, 4 August 2020
• Diuron
  ...ition=Diuron is used as a herbicide on a variety of both crop and non-crop areas. It is also used as a mildewcide in paints and stains, and as an algaecide
  3 KB (411 words) - 14:10, 9 August 2020
• Introduction to MarBEF research
  threat is there and protection of marine species and conservation of marine areas are on the political agenda and have been for many years<ref name="ma"/>.
  8 KB (1,124 words) - 21:10, 21 February 2024
• MarBEF data management
  ...he diversity of the organisms present. Assessing the biodiversity of large areas based on field sampling is a long and expensive process. Therefore, tools p
  6 KB (902 words) - 21:14, 21 February 2024
• Effects of climate change on the Mediterranean
  ...here over 30 native (warm-water) species have already spread into northern areas. Almost all of the 100 fish species newly recorded in the Mediterranean are
  15 KB (2,170 words) - 13:39, 2 December 2020
• MarBEF examples of fishery effects
  ...the population is at risk of collapse and has been disappearing from other areas of its range including the [[Black Sea]] and parts of the Mediterranean<ref This example seems to have been repeated in other areas around the world where
  6 KB (908 words) - 13:42, 17 February 2024
• Biodiversity changes and ecosystem functioning
  ...diversity_changes_and_ecosystem_stability|experiments in different coastal areas of Europe]], have shown that the removal of key species does not always aff
  9 KB (1,256 words) - 11:48, 2 March 2024
• Future marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning research issues
  ...sues, which are now much clearer than before, but MarBEF has also revealed areas of weakness that require concentrated effort <ref name="ma">[https://www.re ...a habitat|deep seas]] and [[Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)|Marine Protected Areas]]. Many marine stations specialise in the study of coastal marine biodivers
  15 KB (2,229 words) - 18:36, 22 February 2021
• MarBEF booklet summary
  ...Sea|key microbes]] that participate in biogeochemical cycling in different areas around Europe. This provided further crucial data for understanding the lin ...ied [[Future marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning research issues|areas where further work is essential]] and that will require concentrated effort
  11 KB (1,571 words) - 13:22, 21 February 2024
• Declaration of Mutual Understanding for Data Sharing within MarBEF Theme 1
  ...yses of data were carried out at two levels: a) over large biogeographical areas across Europe, species inventories and schemes of phylogenetic relatedness,
  8 KB (1,297 words) - 11:59, 19 September 2020
• The Baltic Algae Watch System - a remote sensing application for monitoring cyanobacterial blooms in the Baltic Sea
  ...Collecting data using remote sensing techniques enables monitoring of vast areas on a regular basis in NRT. The main disadvantage is that most sensors canno ...lude that heavy blooms are not under sampled in cloud free areas and these areas are on average evenly distributed over the open Baltic Sea during summer mo
  25 KB (3,748 words) - 23:00, 21 August 2020
• Marine Protected Areas in Europe
  ...cond part of the article focuses on the implementation of Marine Protected Areas in Europe. An overview of the most important international/regional as well ...e to conserve ecologically valuable marine samples. Today Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are recognized by most countries and regions in the world as an impo
  20 KB (2,790 words) - 11:10, 25 September 2021
• Aegean Islands
  ...lan. For example, recently a law was passed to define the specific coastal areas for aquaculture development when the national plan for coastal zone managem ...s negative for the coastal environment (§8.1) and some actions to delimit areas should be taken (§8.3).
  4 KB (599 words) - 15:36, 13 March 2013
• Al Hoceima coast
  ...e of coastal landscapes, irrespective of their classification as protected areas, shall adopt measures to ensure the protection of coastal landscapes throug ...m of coastal ecosystems;</br>(iii) to monitor coastal aquifers and dynamic areas of contact or interface between fresh and salt water, which may be adversel
  11 KB (1,586 words) - 12:49, 6 August 2019
• Policy instruments for integrated coastal zone management
  ...the 1980s, when there was a shift away from dealing with narrower problem areas towards broader and more integrated assessments of environmental issues. En ...ng guidelines for improving activities and resource utilization in coastal areas. Planning is in this view implementing most of the other policy instruments
  24 KB (3,649 words) - 16:22, 2 September 2020
• Wave energy converters
  ...luding severe storms, but also saltwater corrosive effects and biofouling. Areas with a more consistent wave climate and narrow-band wave spectrum may there ...ddition, connection points to the electricity grid may not be available in areas where the conditions for wave energy generation are most favorable.
  62 KB (9,587 words) - 22:04, 7 May 2024
• Artificial reefs
  ...al conditions and needs. Most of the units are designed to provide nursery areas for fish, to permit a good water recirculation, promote current deflections
  41 KB (6,487 words) - 22:37, 2 July 2022
• Use of X-band and HF radar in marine hydrography
  ...by WERA. Two first-order Bragg peaks and the second-order sidebands (grey areas around the first-order peaks) can be seen. The two vertical grey lines mark ...e the in situ instruments always provide point measurements. Especially in areas with strong current shear due to topography or geostrophic effects, large d
  36 KB (5,694 words) - 16:25, 28 January 2024
• Integrated Coastal Zone Management: analysis of the environmental condition of the coastal area of the Northern Range of Trinidad
  ...n the steady increase of human activities along the coast and in its inner areas. This article presents an overview of its environmental condition and its c ...squatting, quarrying, and forest fires. Most expert estimates, that the areas of forest in the Northern Range have declined.
  20 KB (2,944 words) - 10:35, 10 August 2019
• OSPAR Convention (Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic) and OSPAR Commission
  ...c) and [[Barcelona Convention]] (for the Mediterranean) apply in these sea areas.</P> ...nd the marine ecosystem to maintain and, where practicable, restore marine areas affected
  10 KB (1,538 words) - 15:23, 1 August 2019
• HELCOM (Helsinki Commission) and Helsinki Convention
  == Joint HELCOM/OSPAR Work Programme on Marine Protected Areas == ...ent network of well managed marine protected areas (MPAs) for the maritime areas of both HELCOM (Baltic Sea) and OSPAR (North East Atlantic).</P>
  8 KB (1,182 words) - 20:16, 2 September 2020
• Deciding on Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) for ICZM
  ...mmes for coastal areas will vary from country to country and between local areas. ...g the coastal zone. Arguably this may be applied to strategies for coastal areas as well.
  6 KB (833 words) - 11:14, 25 July 2020
• ICZM Scoping Pressures and Drivers
  ...ers. Even the use of emoticon symbols has been used to good effect in some areas.
  3 KB (515 words) - 11:26, 25 July 2020
• ICZM Scoping Risks
  The objective of the '''Risk Identification''' is to identify key areas of uncertainty, to identify vulnerability, and to help identify measures to ...te change adds a new and challenging dimension to risk analysis in coastal areas, not only because of the uncertainty of its scale and impacts, but also bec
  3 KB (389 words) - 11:27, 25 July 2020
• Shore protection vegetation
  [[Image:BeachZones.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Fig. 1. Beach areas that alternately accrete and erode under the influence of waves.]] In temperate climate zones, muddy shores occur mainly in sheltered areas within bays, lagoons and estuaries. The dominant vegetation species are ''S
  76 KB (10,699 words) - 12:24, 15 November 2023
• What causes eutrophication?
  ...opogenic nutrient input: erosion and leaching from fertilized agricultural areas, sewage from cities and industrial waste water. Atmospheric deposition of n
  12 KB (1,760 words) - 15:05, 4 August 2023
• Dynamics, threats and management of biogenic reefs
  ...ef>). Many studies have reported extensive colonies in predominantly sandy areas (Warren and Sheldon, 1967<ref>WARREN P.J., SHELDON R.W., 1967. Feeding and ...f>). It also appears to favour locations around the edges of sand banks or areas with sand waves (Foster‐Smith, 2001<ref name= "Foster-Smith">FOSTER‐SMI
  69 KB (10,049 words) - 18:34, 7 March 2023
• How can Marine Sciences help?
  ...gy. It declares that special attention will be paid to priority scientific areas which cut across themes, e.g. marine related sciences and technologies with
  8 KB (1,136 words) - 12:08, 8 August 2019
• OSPAR and eutrophication
  ...maritime area and identifying the actions needed to achieve [[non-problem areas]].</P> It characterises maritime areas with regard to eutrophication as:
  4 KB (568 words) - 13:40, 30 July 2020
• Gravel Beaches
  ...ity studies of port extensions, derivation of sediment budgets for coastal areas and the appraisal of long term beach stability.
  40 KB (6,109 words) - 17:19, 24 February 2023
• Possible consequences of eutrophication
  ...organisms increase in relative importance versus crustacean zooplankton in areas where the natural species diversity has been affected by pollution, over-fi ...ans of rapid eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) recolonisation in former dieback areas. Aquatic Botany 82: 143-156</ref>.
  19 KB (2,819 words) - 11:05, 20 February 2024
• Modelling coastal hydrodynamics
  ...7-h oscillations). <br> It has long been recognized that in shallow water areas with a large tidal range, the nonlinear effects of tide–surge interaction ...100 time steps for each wave period, is still limited to relatively small areas, O (1 ~ 10 km), while phase averaged models are more relax in the spatial r
  99 KB (15,083 words) - 13:37, 7 November 2021
• Dynamics of mud transport
  [[Mud]] in coastal areas is mainly found in [[intertidal]] deposits <ref name= "ref 1">Eisma, D. et ...en better and be transported over longer distances or accumulate in deeper areas. For example, mud pebbles are formed along the low water line of the intert
  28 KB (4,158 words) - 16:19, 27 February 2023
• Ecological restoration of estuaries in North Western Europe
  ...he role of the [[tide]] is paramount, with a tidal range over 10 m in some areas. So, large macrotidal estuaries have developed there (the Elbe, the Weser, ...ectives means considering each estuary as a whole including peri-estuarine areas such as the flood plain, associated marshes and land claimed by humans esse
  36 KB (5,283 words) - 14:03, 2 March 2023
• Public outreach
  ...ykes]] safe? Will further heightening of the dykes help to protect coastal areas? Is there a limit up to which dykes can be heightened? Will some people hav ...d transport. Technology is not the only factor involved in work on coastal areas; issues like enviremental development and public support also play a role.
  21 KB (3,266 words) - 13:04, 13 July 2020
• Scaling Issues in Hydraulic Modelling
  ...rol of boundaries and the difficulty in measuring parameters in some model areas. ...and numerical modelling in order to decrease the lack of knowledge in some areas of Maritime Hydraulics. The problems to solve or which are not solved yet a
  54 KB (8,152 words) - 11:15, 7 September 2020
• Marine Biotechnology securing Environmental Health
  [[Category:Key Marine Biotechnology application areas]]
  2 KB (212 words) - 15:08, 28 July 2015
• Marine Biotechnology in Black Sea basin
  ...mme was developed by EU in order to tackle concrete initiatives looking at areas like transport, energy, the environment, maritime management, fisheries, mi
  11 KB (1,563 words) - 12:48, 9 March 2021
• OSPAR eutrophication assessment
  ...members to reduce [[phosphorus]] and [[nitrogen]] inputs into the maritime areas and to combat eutrophication to achieve a healthy environment where eutroph ...to eutrophication (non-problem areas, potential problem areas and problem areas).</P>
  17 KB (2,396 words) - 11:11, 20 February 2024
• Marine Biotechnology in France
  ...roach and stakeholders’ participation (e.g. pollutions, marine protected areas, coastal ecological engineering).<ref name="ddg">http://www.developpement-d ...nformal coordination structure with about 20 members with one of the focal areas (Axe 1) on marine genomics and blue chemistry (related to biotech)<ref name
  13 KB (1,781 words) - 11:26, 9 August 2019
• Marine Biotechnology in Portugal
  ...sis in detail the current state and perspectives for the six main maritime areas: 1.Food/feed from marine resources, 2.Offshore energy, 3.Equipment, repair ...rch via an annual non-thematic research programme which funds all research areas through competitive calls for proposals. The total funding budget for FCT i
  14 KB (2,008 words) - 10:00, 10 August 2019
• Marine Biotechnology in Spain
  ...petitiveness of the production network by increasing RDI activities in all areas and, particularly, in those sectors which are strategic for growth and the ...o encourage the scientific and innovative potential of the country towards areas which respond to the numerous problems faced by our society and which requi
  24 KB (3,418 words) - 09:59, 10 August 2019
• Marine Biotechnology in United Kingdom
  ...this time. Nevertheless, marine biotechnology is included in several focus areas of the numerous UK funding agencies. ...ategy Board (TSB)''' is the UK’s technology innovation agency in the UK. Areas relevant to marine biotechnology include Energy, Food, Healthcare, Bioscien
  11 KB (1,591 words) - 09:57, 10 August 2019
• EU Maritime Policy: Green Paper 2006
  ...ng with stakeholders, identifying gaps between sea-related sectoral policy areas and attempting to adopt best practice and learn from obstacles and challeng ...t might either provide benefits for a number of individual sectoral policy areas or help to resolve conflicts between them. It posed a number of questions r
  9 KB (1,418 words) - 17:17, 8 September 2020
• European Marine Strategy Framework Directive
  | Report on progress in the establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs)
  5 KB (708 words) - 09:18, 8 August 2019
• ACCOBAMS
  ...d shall co-operate to create and maintain a network of specially protected areas to conserve cetaceans.
  3 KB (403 words) - 12:54, 29 January 2013
• Past EU-funded coastal research projects
  * [[SISCAL]] Satellite-based information system of coastal areas and lakes ...pplied research on risk management strategies related to living in coastal areas
  7 KB (873 words) - 11:50, 17 February 2024
• Marine Biotechnology in Brasil
  ...A recent report identified over 500 groups potentially active across the areas comprising marine biotechnology interest, directly active in marine biotech
  7 KB (1,027 words) - 11:20, 9 August 2019
• Marine Biotechnology at Pan-European level
  ...h priorities for marine biotechnology research and identify some potential areas of common interest which might benefit from transnational cooperation in Eu ...verlap in some areas and more scattered interests in others. Four specific areas of activity were identified as those most likely to benefit from a co-ordin
  31 KB (4,415 words) - 10:05, 10 August 2019
• Marine Biotechnology Middle East summary
  ...ogy/knowledge transfer. It has generated two biotechnology startups in are areas of feeds for young fish and products to enhance fish reproduction; ...d applied research. Biotechnology and nanotechnology are two of the 11 R&D areas. The Science and Technology National Policy aims to develop Saudi Arabia’
  8 KB (1,054 words) - 09:54, 10 August 2019
• Marine Biotechnology in Costa Rica
  ...e need for a national policy on sustainable development for coastal marine areas, increased surveillance of marine resource extraction and termination of po
  4 KB (473 words) - 11:22, 9 August 2019
• Alien species in the Belgian part of the North Sea and adjacent estuaries
  ...et’) it is forbidden to introduce non-indigenous species into the marine areas under Belgian jurisdiction. ...nimum. Vessels should avoid taking on ballast water in shallow water or in areas where the screws touch the bottom sediments. Unnecessary ballast should be
  8 KB (1,291 words) - 12:25, 7 November 2013
• GIFS activity 1.2: Case study Nieuwpoort (Belgium) fisheries embedded in local tourism policy
  ...Historical time-series to reconstruct landings, catches, fleet and fishing areas from 1900. PhD Thesis. Ghent University (UGent): Gent. xiii, 242 pp. </ref> ...VO) intended to guide and support the Belgian sea fisheries cluster in all areas that contribute to the sustainability of fisheries. Both the Rederscentrale
  32 KB (4,809 words) - 14:05, 20 August 2014
• Fisheries in Blankenberge
  ...Historical time-series to reconstruct landings, catches, fleet and fishing areas from 1900. PhD Thesis. Ghent University (UGent): Gent. xiii, 242 pp.] </ref
  26 KB (3,911 words) - 12:46, 11 December 2014
• Fisheries in Oostduinkerke
  ...Historical time-series to reconstruct landings, catches, fleet and fishing areas from 1900. PhD Thesis. Ghent University (UGent): Gent. xiii, 242 pp.] </ref
  33 KB (4,913 words) - 12:42, 11 December 2014
• Fisheries in Nieuwpoort
  ...Historical time-series to reconstruct landings, catches, fleet and fishing areas from 1900. PhD Thesis. Ghent University (UGent): Gent. xiii, 242 pp.] </ref
  30 KB (4,452 words) - 12:42, 11 December 2014
• Fisheries in Oostende
  ...Historical time-series to reconstruct landings, catches, fleet and fishing areas from 1900. PhD Thesis. Ghent University (UGent): Gent. xiii, 242 pp.] </ref
  38 KB (5,499 words) - 12:43, 11 December 2014
• Study Cornwall and Scilly Isles
  ...lying ICZM principles and the designation of a network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) (and in England Marine Conservation Zones (MCZs). Natural England (a
  13 KB (1,925 words) - 22:10, 1 August 2019
• Case study Hastings
  ...lying ICZM principles and the designation of a network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) (and in England Marine Conservation Zones (MCZs). Natural England (a
  14 KB (1,997 words) - 21:49, 1 August 2019
• Case study Northern Devon
  ...ighly valuable natural environment assets (specifically: North Devon Coast Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, Exmoor National Park, North Devon UNESCO Bio ...ly vulnerable with few major employers, low wages and skills, coupled with areas of high deprivation. Although much reduced in scale, fishing still plays an
  14 KB (2,062 words) - 21:50, 1 August 2019
• Case study North Norfolk
  ...lying ICZM principles and the designation of a network of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) (and in England Marine Conservation Zones (MCZs). Natural England (a
  13 KB (1,935 words) - 21:50, 1 August 2019
• Women and social cohesion in coastal communities
  ...by policy makers and the general public, in spite of their presence in all areas of the sector. ...8). The role of women in the sustainable development of European fisheries areas, Pages 1- 82.
  15 KB (1,996 words) - 12:34, 28 November 2014
• Evaluate non market value of fishing activities
  ...d to pay to visit coastal sites because the access to recreational natural areas is mostly free. We chose to use the distance to travel by car to a coastal ...or port of Zeeland, contrary to the principle of heterogeneity of surveyed areas. In the end, about 2 000 complete and usable questionnaires were collected.
  10 KB (1,511 words) - 22:15, 31 July 2019
• Fishing past and present: Belgium
  '''Figure''': Eligible areas of the INTERREG 2 SEAS cross-border programme ...ist and Blankenberge were home to vessels of coastal fisheries and fishing areas at shorter distances.'''
  18 KB (2,788 words) - 12:46, 11 October 2019
• Case study GIFS project: Hastings
  ...involve voices rarely heard in marine planning from particularly deprived areas of the town. ...Hastings can be seen in the application of data to inform multiple policy areas locally and in other cross border regions. For example, the data from the e
  11 KB (1,631 words) - 10:12, 31 October 2014
• Legal framework for access to genetic resources
  ...diverse rights to the coastal states depending on the particular maritime areas. The state has full authority of the territorial waters (including the regu ...remain concerning the Nagoya Protocol, such as the distribution of MGR in areas consisting of different countries or in cases where the same MGR can be fou
  10 KB (1,527 words) - 16:11, 8 September 2020
• Rocky shore habitat
  Rocky intertidal areas are a biologically rich environment that can include several distinct habit ...tant egg cases for embryonic development, reduction of the exposed surface areas across which water loss takes place (thus accepting reduced gas exchange an
  23 KB (3,539 words) - 22:36, 14 March 2021
• Seawater intrusion and mixing in estuaries
  ...on and if they are distributed regularly along the estuary. Dead zones are areas along the main estuarine channel where water is stored during high water, w Even without any mixing, storage areas along the channel contribute to longitudinal dispersion, because of a non-z
  48 KB (7,481 words) - 15:07, 2 July 2023
• Coral Molecular Biomarkers
  ..., Downs et al. (2006) conducted a field study to assess damage in coral in areas not visibly oiled. They used molecular biomarkers to assess the sublethal c
  50 KB (7,106 words) - 12:42, 14 September 2020
• Morphology of estuaries
  ...oon (Italy). In many coastal lagoons, especially lagoons situated in urban areas, the sea inlet has been stabilized with jetties. In natural lagoons, the se ...all tidal lagoon inlet channels<ref>O'Brien, M.P. (1969) Equilibrium flow areas of inlets and sandy coasts. J.Waterw.Harbor Coast.Eng.Div. 95: 43-52 </ref>
  87 KB (13,505 words) - 12:18, 20 January 2024
• Physical processes and morphology of synchronous estuaries
  ...r. Surges are, therefore, large and dangerous where storms impact on large areas of shallow Continental Shelves.
  50 KB (7,345 words) - 17:09, 2 July 2020
• Harbour porpoise in the Belgian part of the North Sea
  ...tion, biology and ecology of the harbour porpoise in the BPNS and adjacent areas. Although information on the harbour porpoise is very exhaustive throughout ...they feed on sandeels and whiting, which are found on the seabed mostly in areas of strong tidal currents (see below in <span class="plainlinks">[http://www
  77 KB (11,773 words) - 16:58, 17 February 2024
• Beach Cusps
  ...ent of beach cusp bays. Opposite behaviour can be observed on depositional areas (the incipient beach cusp horns) where a slowing flow will cause further de
  11 KB (1,666 words) - 16:48, 7 October 2022
• Sand-filled geosystems in coastal engineering
  ...mponents (e.g. in the core of a breakwater, groyne or seawall), in coastal areas exposed to low wave energy and/or tidal regime, on projects where there is ...om PIANC<ref> PIANC (2011). The application of geosynthetics in waterfront areas, PIANC Report no. 113.</ref>;
  33 KB (4,961 words) - 17:31, 20 May 2020
• Decision Support Systems for coastal risk assessment and management
  ...pid assessment of coastal flooding and erosion risk, the prioritisation of areas where interventions are urgently required, the understanding of the effecti Based on a review of a range of existing DSSs which deal with coastal areas (Table 1), the main objectives of these tools are the analysis of vulnerabi
  17 KB (2,405 words) - 11:54, 20 February 2024
• Bedforms and roughness
  ...oint bars, braid bars and transverse bars), which usually are generated in areas with relatively large transverse flow components (bends, confluences, expan
  26 KB (4,021 words) - 12:32, 13 March 2023
• Sand transport
  ...d transport may be equally important. Bed load type transport dominates in areas where the mean currents are relatively weak in comparison with the wave mot
  42 KB (6,585 words) - 21:05, 30 December 2023
• Estuarine morphological modelling
  ...stem. Moreover, due to their position between land and sea, they are often areas of intense human activity. ...tidal channel and shoal system as a 1-D network with the shoals as storage areas for water and sediment (Wang et al.<ref name=W>Wang ZB, Karssen B, Fokkink
  36 KB (5,524 words) - 21:38, 28 June 2019
• Shelf sea exchange with the ocean
  ...Shelf.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Figure 1: Global map showing continental shelf areas in cyan. Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=61 ...(of order 1 km). These then need testing against detailed measurements in areas with contrasting conditions (hence varied processes).
  34 KB (5,118 words) - 12:02, 29 June 2020
• Extreme storms
  ...stal areas (see Figs. 1a-1f). The most frequent natural hazards to coastal areas, namely flooding and erosion are usually induced by extreme storm events, r The description of risk sources in coastal areas helps to deliver the hydrologic and hydraulic boundary conditions needed to
  25 KB (3,812 words) - 20:36, 18 September 2023
• Marine biological valuation
  ...w value<ref name=D></ref>. Biological valuation is not a process to select areas for conservation according to quantitative objectives, but gives an overvie ...site, but no absolute values that could be used to compare different study areas<ref name=P>Pascual, M., Borja, A., Eede, S.V., Deneudt, K., Vincx, M., Galp
  21 KB (3,121 words) - 18:32, 3 March 2024
• Ecosystem services
  ...n help show ecosystem condition, identify unsustainable practices and risk areas, assess synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services and highlight p ...cosystem services. Current Biology 27(11): R507-R510</ref>. As such, these areas are some of the most exploited in the world. Marine environments are under
  28 KB (4,079 words) - 22:20, 6 April 2024
• Estuarine ecosystems
  ...e substratum can contain a high mud fraction, especially in the intertidal areas adjacent to the main tidal channels (Fig. 3). These mudflats are less suita Sediment deposition gradually increases the height of the intertidal areas until submergence only occurs at the highest tides. Accretion is stimulated
  22 KB (3,117 words) - 23:14, 20 January 2024
• Open ocean habitat
  The open oceans or pelagic [[ecosystems]] are the areas away from the coastal boundaries and above the seabed. It encompasses the e
  14 KB (2,153 words) - 13:08, 23 February 2021
• Characteristics of sedimentary shores
  ...onsists of low wetlands exposed to flooding. Dikes are often built in such areas. ...reef flat, 3) Late stage with lagoon and back-reef developed. Heavy dark areas show good coral growth. Adapted from <ref>Mergner H, Schuhmacher H (1974)</
  24 KB (3,854 words) - 16:00, 30 June 2020
• Ocean and shelf tides
  ...ing force injects energy in the oceans. For the semidiurnal tide, the main areas of input are the South Atlantic Ocean and the western part of the Indian Oc ...hat tidal energy dissipation takes place for about ¾ in the shallow shelf areas and for about ¼ by internal tidal wave breaking. Breaking internal tidal w
  27 KB (4,146 words) - 23:36, 19 January 2024
• European Platform for Biodiversity Research Strategy: Recommendations 2005 meeting
  *Create representative marine protected areas which factor climate change into their design. *Develop a framework that allows marine protected areas (MPAs) to be treated as designed experiments at the appropriate spatial and
  8 KB (1,083 words) - 17:18, 1 August 2019
• Pressures, impacts and policy responses in European coastal zones
  ...oastal zones: concepts, approaches, tools and case studies|multifunctional areas]]. However, resources and space in coastal zones are limited. When exploiti ...oastal urbanization over the past decades, because of urban development in areas prone to flooding and because of increase of population and capital investm
  20 KB (2,992 words) - 20:35, 18 January 2022
• Threats to cold water coral reefs, sand banks and seagrass habitats in the North Sea by climate change effects
  ...t the same time reach variety of species can be observed. That is why such areas are the first to experience the effects of sea level rise and other climate ...catastrophic oxygen depletion events or iced winters in nearshore shallow areas;
  14 KB (2,043 words) - 18:40, 7 March 2023
• Coastal and marine sediments
  ...ring occurs depends on the local climate, with rapid breakdown in tropical areas, favoured by abundant rainfall and high temperatures, and with slow weather ...nd calcium (Ca ). Supply of atmospheric dust may be a minor factor in most areas today, except from major deserts, e.g., the Sahara, but in the past it has
  56 KB (8,246 words) - 17:33, 30 December 2023
• North Atlantic Oscillation
  ...ence is smaller than average, westerlies are suppressed, northern European areas suffer cold dry winters and storms track are directed southwards toward the
  8 KB (1,246 words) - 20:12, 26 May 2023
• Effect of Climate Change in the Baltic Sea Area
  ...e-July). This was probably because the fish migrated later to the spawning areas close to the coast where they were caught. In contrast, nowadays, in much w # Most of middle and northern areas are determined by the temperate coniferous-mixed forest zone with long, col
  14 KB (2,207 words) - 12:17, 21 February 2024
• European Action Plan Theme Pollution prevention, detection and mitigation
  ...the development of observatories may help to identify the most threatened areas and establish priorities for their mitigation. Further analysis can be carr ...s and phosphates with their effects on eutrophication or anoxya of coastal areas, heavy metals which accumulates in organisms and have strong impacts on the
  27 KB (4,006 words) - 18:23, 23 February 2019
• Nature-based shore protection
  ...is mainly composed of croplands, paddy fields, water bodies and vegetated areas, and influences the effectiveness of tidal wetland creation for nature-base ...bitats. Most seagrasses colonize soft substrates such as sand in quiescent areas (i.e., wave-sheltered) (Koch et al., 2006<ref name="Koch">Koch, E.W., Sanfo
  69 KB (10,397 words) - 17:04, 17 April 2024
• Multifunctionality and Valuation in coastal zones: concepts, approaches, tools and case studies
  ...and impacts which originate from social and economic activities in coastal areas and (2) strategies for the integration of these conflicting interests into ...g uses. Sustainable decision making and management in such multifunctional areas thus requires the capacity to consider all different economic and social sp
  23 KB (3,467 words) - 18:50, 21 February 2024
• Multifunctionality and Valuation in coastal zones: introduction
  ...and impacts which originate from social and economic activities on coastal areas and discussing strategies for the integration of these conflicting interest ...different functions and uses which belong to different economic and social areas. As both resources and space in coastal zones are limited, conflicts are fr
  15 KB (2,274 words) - 18:44, 21 February 2024
• Oil spill pollution impact and recovery
  ...ines were the preferential method to remove oil from exposed rocky shores. Areas inaccessible to mechanical cleaning methods (over 60,000 m2 of rocky surfac ...f>, the biomass of large reef fish may have decreased by 25% to 50% in the areas most affected by the spill, and the biomass of large demersal fish by as mu
  32 KB (4,859 words) - 16:36, 15 February 2024
• Valuation and assessment of biodiversity
  ...the marine environment; different valuation criteria are needed for marine areas. Therefore, the European Commission has developed a Marine Strategy Directi ...rd Directives and the OSPAR guidelines were used to determine which marine areas have special ecological values in terms of high biodiversity. A scientifica
  12 KB (1,809 words) - 17:32, 2 March 2024
• Introduction to biodiversity of coastal and marine habitats and ecosystems
  ...l_coastal_and_marine_processes physical coastal and marine processes]. Key areas for the categorization of habitats and ecosystems are: ...ity ]] of these seas varies considerably depending on their depth, surface areas, climatic conditions, position in relation to the Gulf Stream, tidal range
  8 KB (1,167 words) - 19:01, 21 February 2024
• Capacity Building, Training and Education for ICZM in Europe
  Europe has been endowed with long coastlines and coastal areas characterized with diverse physical, environmental, socio-economic, and ins ...Policy]] provides an introduction to this document, its vision on coastal areas and ICZM as well as its relation to other EU policies.
  18 KB (2,660 words) - 15:13, 5 October 2021
• Application of Land and Ecosystem Accounts (LEAC)
  ...gional assessment for the Mediterranean and Black Sea coastal and maritime areas; and, ...the African and Near-east Mediterranean areas and East European temperate areas for the years 2000 and 2011. 16 out of the 44 classes of the CORINE nomencl
  27 KB (3,989 words) - 16:53, 26 December 2020
• Stability of rubble mound breakwaters and shore revetments
  ...e generally built to protect shorelines from ongoing erosion or to shelter areas from strong wave and current action. Shore protection structures can be div ...r slope (for instance, <math>\cot \alpha=1.33</math>); in earthquake-prone areas the critical slope angle is smaller.
  53 KB (8,270 words) - 18:27, 26 March 2024
• Ecological enhancement of coastal protection structures
  Marine infrastructure in areas frequented by ships and other transport vectors are particularly susceptibl
  16 KB (2,325 words) - 21:09, 31 March 2024
• Definitions of marine ecological terms
  Areas never reached by natural light. ...e.g. spring cohort, autumn cohort, monthly cohorts). In cold and temperate areas, where fish are long-lived, a cohort corresponds usually to fish born durin
  39 KB (5,335 words) - 13:31, 6 March 2022
• Governance policies for a blue bio-economy
  ...ased tools for nutrient offsetting and other ecosystem services in coastal areas<ref name=HG21/>.
  15 KB (2,228 words) - 12:39, 21 April 2024
• Seaweed (macro-algae) ecosystem services
  Wild seaweed populations occur globally in all coastal areas and occupy about 7 million km² <ref>Duarte, C.M., Gattuso, J.P., ...most entirely supplied by ''Kappaphycus/Eucheuma'' cultivation in tropical areas. Similarly, the 3.7 million tonnes of world production of [https://en.wikip
  35 KB (5,044 words) - 17:21, 16 February 2024
• Nautical depth of harbors and fairways
  ...lowest astronomical tide (LAT) or mean lower low water (MLLW) in non-tidal areas. }} ...ys are preferential deposit areas for fine sediments. Maintenance of these areas at sufficient depth for safe navigation is a major cost item for harbor aut
  9 KB (1,392 words) - 16:25, 27 February 2023
• Vulnerability and risk
  Floods are generally the most threatening hazard in coastal areas. Flood vulnerability can be expressed as the estimated amount of damage cau ...tion policies must compete for priority and funding with policies in other areas. The occurrence of a devastating hazard is usually sufficient to put risk r
  12 KB (1,762 words) - 17:15, 23 September 2023
• Oil sensitivity mapping
  ...oil spill response can help to minimise the effects for the most sensitive areas. For this purpose oil sensitivity maps have been developed, which consist o [[Image:Kleeberg_2.jpg|thumb|left|Fig. 2: Census areas for birds defined by GKSS.]]
  11 KB (1,656 words) - 18:48, 6 February 2024