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• Threats to the coastal zone
  ...e recreation opportunities for local people and for tourists who travel at present the whole world. Tourism causes pressures on coastal [[ecosystem]]s by exce ...ffects on coastal environments unless the scale and type of activities are controlled. [[Biodiversity]] reduction, resource depletion, and human health problems
  27 KB (4,061 words) - 18:28, 21 February 2024
• Geological processes in the Anthropocene: the Po River Delta
  ...a rate of 25 m/yr. After 1600 A.D. the Po Delta started to become a human-controlled environment. The new Tramontana channel started to endanger the Venetian Re ==Present-day Po Delta==
  4 KB (621 words) - 18:08, 18 February 2024
• Real-time algae monitoring
  ...on turbidity. Since the initiation of spring phytoplankton blooms is light-controlled, accurate simulation of turbidity is assumed to be essential for adequate s ...om information bulletins to government officials and mussel farmers on the present and expected development of algal blooms in the area. The bulletins will be
  8 KB (1,124 words) - 22:53, 1 September 2020
• Common biomarkers for the assessment of marine pollution
  ...hem in determining the toxic effects of [[pollutant]]s, also when they are present at low, sub-lethal concentrations. ...induction in peripheral erythrocytes of fish exposed to xenobiotics under controlled conditions. Aquat. Toxicol. 78, S93-98.</ref> <ref>Lee, R.F., Steinert, S.,
  24 KB (3,412 words) - 18:18, 5 November 2019
• Measuring instruments for particle size and fall velocity
  ...in which particles are settling down in still water. Two small windows are present in the tube for enlighting (light beam) and for video-recordings. ...o is based on video camera recordings. The instrument comprises a computer controlled chamber (decelerator) with closing doors to slowly collect a sample of wate
  18 KB (2,803 words) - 20:15, 29 June 2019
• Optical Laser diffraction instruments (LISST)
  ...Figures 1c and 1d) at the end of the instrument-housing. Movable doors are present on both ends of the tube, which are programmed to open at regular intervals ...concentrations in the 32 size classes. When small numbers of particles are present, as can happen with coarse particles, the inversion can miss them due to no
  9 KB (1,258 words) - 21:00, 29 June 2019
• Sampling tools for the marine environment
  ...than one technique in order to sample the full range of benthic organisms present in an area. ...hydraulically-damped gravity corer has a slow rate of penetration that is controlled by a water-filled piston. Disturbance of the water-sediment interface is mi
  21 KB (3,409 words) - 22:24, 20 August 2020
• Mangroves
  ...the mangrove ecosystem. Macrobenthic species are commonly or occasionally present because they are migrating or because they are living in adjacent environme ...n, A. and Shi, S. 2019. The state of the world’s mangrove forests: past, present and future. Annu. Rev. Environ. Resour. 44: 89–115</ref>; Bozi et al., 20
  42 KB (6,310 words) - 17:09, 21 April 2024
• Experiences with beach nourishments in Portugal
  ...n this goal. However, there are some effects that cannot be satisfactorily controlled and it is therefore essential to adequately plan the use of this area, and ...e” policy as well as a “curative” one because of the severity of the present problems.
  37 KB (5,937 words) - 18:06, 18 January 2022
• Polyfluorinated compounds - a new class of global pollutants in the coastal environment
  ...deck of the ship approximately 16 m above sea level. The air samplers were controlled by a computer connected to the ship’s meteorological system avoiding inte ...B., Strynar, M.J. and Libelo, E.L. 2011. Polyfluorinated Compounds: Past, Present, and Future. Environ. Sci. Technol. 45: 7954–7961
  15 KB (2,151 words) - 13:08, 7 August 2020
• Carrying capacity and development of the Wadden Sea
  ...is a slowly developing activity, the rate of which can be almost directly controlled (start at a “safe scale” possible). Further favourable factors are: the ...the recovery of Seagrass in the Northern part of the Wadden Sea. However, present species dynamics show a significant deviation from (historic) reference con
  11 KB (1,721 words) - 12:53, 6 March 2022
• Algal bloom dynamics
  ...imate change. Eur. J. Phycol. 35: 307–314</ref>). The form in which N is present (nitrate or ammonium) also plays a role<ref name=Gli/>; diatoms prefer nitr ...pecies (diatoms, dinoflagellates), that dominate in eutrophic and nitrogen-controlled conditions<ref name=Ph></ref>, are therefore less sensitive to grazer dynam
  42 KB (6,475 words) - 18:18, 12 February 2024
• A review of biodiversity-ecosystem function research
  ...unction relationships were investigated by manipulating biodiversity under controlled conditions in the laboratory (Figure 2a, b) <ref name = "Covich"> Covich, A ...tion and biological interactions that occur in natural systems are largely controlled for. The inherent complexity of environmental systems resulted in increasin
  23 KB (3,263 words) - 12:54, 6 September 2020
• Observing small scale morphodynamic processes during storm events
  Here we present the use of an area covering observation method which is based on RADAR tech ...radar images gives the actual effective dispersion of the waves, which is controlled by the local water depth and current. Deviations from the undisturbed dispe
  7 KB (1,139 words) - 21:15, 26 January 2024
• FerryBox - Continuous and automatic water quality observations along transects
  ...e schematically shown in Fig. 2. For an unattended operation the system is controlled via position (by GPS) and an internal computer. The system is connected to ...ng, M. Marchand, S.E. Petersson (Eds.): European Operational Oceanography: Present and Future. Proc. 4th Int. Conference on EuroGOOS, EuroGOOS Publication ser
  15 KB (2,302 words) - 17:48, 29 June 2019
• The heat budget of tidal flats
  ...at passage points, i.e. in tidal inlets or tidal channels, to evaluate the present horizontal fluxes of heat, freshwater or suspended particulate matter (SPM) The present heat flux in the channel is proportional to the product of the volume flux
  6 KB (978 words) - 14:29, 22 August 2020
• Functional metabolites in benthic invertebrates
  ...ir energy demands. The release of translocated materials from the algae is controlled by chemical communication with the coral host. Specifically, the chemical s ...e unstable, tightly complexed (adsorbed or bound) with other molecules, or present in only trace amounts. Neurotransmitters, such as gammaaminobutyric acid (G
  8 KB (1,150 words) - 16:38, 5 October 2021
• MarBEF data management
  ...h was previously at risk of being lost. Now all this data has been quality controlled and brought together in a single, [http://mda.vliz.be/ properly archived sy ...c information on the ecosystem function and the diversity of the organisms present. Assessing the biodiversity of large areas based on field sampling is a lon
  6 KB (902 words) - 21:14, 21 February 2024
• Policy instruments for integrated coastal zone management
  ...ts environmental, social and economic needs. It can be used to regard both present and future generations’ needs. Planning as a policy instrument also encou Harmful environmental impacts are largely controlled through the compulsory environmental permits that cover all kinds of potent
  24 KB (3,649 words) - 16:22, 2 September 2020
• Groundwater management in low-lying coastal zones
  ...e mean high water level and before fluvial processes became dominant. The present saline groundwater was largely formed during this period. Saline intrusion ....H.P. 2015. Increasing a freshwater lens below a sandy creek ridge using a controlled artificial recharge and drainage system: a case study in the Netherlands. H
  42 KB (6,275 words) - 21:00, 30 March 2023
• Dynamics, threats and management of biogenic reefs
  ...candidate Special Areas of Conservation (cSACs). Discharges to the sea are controlled by a number of EC Directives, including the Dangerous Substances, Shellfish ...candidate Special Areas of Conservation (cSACs). Discharges to the sea are controlled by a number of EC Directives, including the Dangerous Substances, Shellfish
  69 KB (10,049 words) - 18:34, 7 March 2023
• Coastal observation systems
  ...omated cleaning and antifouling procedure of the box. All processes can be controlled remotely via the telemetry line from land. Data are transmitted and made av * Calibrating instruments by well-controlled in situ water samples
  39 KB (5,933 words) - 22:32, 25 October 2020
• Ecological restoration of estuaries in North Western Europe
  ...d ecology was the creation of flood control areas under the influence of a controlled reduced tide (CRT) <ref name="Maris2007">Maris T, Cox T, Temmerman S, De Vl The piecemeal application of present European environmental legislation has not been sufficient to change the ne
  36 KB (5,283 words) - 14:03, 2 March 2023
• Scaling Issues in Hydraulic Modelling
  ...n solutions to support man’s activities in the coastal zone. Many of our present-day engineering design techniques were developed using laboratory measureme ...t reality at a certain scale; the involved variables and boundaries can be controlled; measurements are in general easy to perform and the comprehension of the p
  54 KB (8,152 words) - 11:15, 7 September 2020
• Bioremediation of marine ecosystems
  ...ent cleanup are present: nitrogen and phosphor. In other words, the grease present in sewers should disappear naturally. Paradoxically, grease accumulates in ...table and programmed biodegradation. In other words bioaugmentation is the controlled addition of specially formulated microbial cultures that assist those found
  4 KB (621 words) - 16:32, 15 February 2024
• How to explore science capacity
  ...d/or Black Sea]] were selected and analysed. All the results were manually controlled to verify their relevance for the PEGASO project. In general, the subject a ...ec.europa.eu/ European Commission] itself. The first aim of LinkedIn is to present personal professional profiles and CVs, however, it is also possible to cre
  7 KB (1,087 words) - 11:25, 25 July 2020
• European coastal and marine observatories (2020)
  ...r the pressure of both monitoring requirements and oceanographic research. Present demands for such systems include reliable, high-quality and comprehensive o ...Genesis is (l-w-h; 1.40 – 0.87 – 1.11m) deployable down to 1400m, and controlled by a pilot from a container mounted on the research vessel. Since 2015, the
  47 KB (6,585 words) - 12:44, 8 September 2020
• Rocky shore habitat
  ...etween the highest and lowest limit of the tides. The upper limit is often controlled by physiological limits on species tolerance of temperature and drying. The ...This can be e.g. an alternation between a crusty form when the predator is present and a more delicate form (e.g. blade) when the predator is absent. Also the
  23 KB (3,539 words) - 22:36, 14 March 2021
• Physical processes and morphology of synchronous estuaries
  ...of river flows and both the quantity and nature of fluvial sediments. Thus present-day estuarine morphologies reflect adjustments to these longer-term, larger ...escription of all of the associated theoretical developments is beyond the present scope. Hence, having adopted a descriptive (rather than deductive) approach
  50 KB (7,345 words) - 17:09, 2 July 2020
• Swash zone dynamics
  ...lation at a given frequency on a given beach slope if the motion is solely controlled by gravity. This leads to swash saturation, where an increase in incident w ...heoretical value <math>\varepsilon \approx 2.5</math>, where saturation is controlled by swash-swash interaction as opposed to surf zone saturation. Spectra of t
  32 KB (4,942 words) - 12:58, 5 April 2021
• Shallow-water wave theory
  Where coastal structures are present, either on the shoreline or in the nearshore zone, waves may also be diffra ...e heights and periods, it is first necessary to determine each wave period present (by applying Fourier analysis techniques). Also, given that the pressure se
  86 KB (13,927 words) - 12:36, 3 May 2023
• Wave ripple formation
  ...ion. It follows that the growth of the amplitude of the bottom waviness is controlled by a balance between these two effects. If gravity prevails over drag, the ...flow when three-dimensional initial disturbances of the bottom profile are present. The analysis shows that brick-pattern ripples can be originated by the sim
  38 KB (6,021 words) - 21:14, 3 July 2020
• Natural variability and change in coastal ecosystems
  Present-day patterns in pelagic [[biodiversity]] are the result of the interaction ...auna]]. Particle fluxes to mid water depths in the adjacent sea are mainly controlled by fluvial discharge and primary production. Fluvial discharge could be res
  28 KB (4,152 words) - 12:34, 6 March 2022
• Tidal bore dynamics
  ...ean friction coefficient <math>c_D</math>. The tidal wave dynamics is then controlled, if we neglect fresh water discharge effects, by three dimensionless parame ...nonlinearity parameters. These results show that bore formation is mainly controlled by the competition between two physical processes: (a) the nonlinear distor
  46 KB (6,918 words) - 13:06, 20 January 2024
• The backbarrier tidal flats in the southern North Sea - A multidisciplinary approach to reveal the main driving forces shaping the system
  === The present article is by courtesy of Ocean Dynamics, where it was originally published ...icrobiol 71:7819-7830.</ref>). Although several other bacteria and archaea present could at least be addressed at a more general level by their molecular trac
  22 KB (3,418 words) - 22:48, 2 July 2023
• Embayed beaches
  ...that net offshore loss of sediment is limited (otherwise no beach would be present). Hence, the budget of the sand body comprised between the headlands is vir ...eadlands<ref>Short, A. D. and Masselink, G. 1999. Embayed and structurally controlled beaches. In Short, A. D., editor, Handbook of beach and shoreface morphodyn
  13 KB (2,008 words) - 16:12, 3 October 2021